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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filiform_papillae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filiform_papillae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Filiform papillae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filiform_papillae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungiform_papillae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungiform_papillae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fungiform papillae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungiform_papillae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foliate_papillae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foliate_papillae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Foliate papillae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foliate_papillae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumvallate_papillae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumvallate_papillae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Circumvallate papillae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumvallate_papillae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingual papillae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حليمة لسانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حليمة لسانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okusna_kvr%C5%BEica" title="Okusna kvržica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Okusna kvržica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papil%C2%B7la_lingual" title="Papil·la lingual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papil·la lingual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papila_lingual" title="Papila lingual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papila lingual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرزهای زبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرزهای زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%91%90_(%ED%98%80)" title="유두 (혀) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유두 (혀)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեզվի պտկիկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվի պտկիկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilla_linguale" title="Papilla linguale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papilla linguale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%B8%E7%8A%B6%E4%B9%B3%E9%A0%AD" title="糸状乳頭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="糸状乳頭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual_papillae" title="Lingual papillae – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lingual papillae" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezi%C4%8Dna_papila" title="Jezična papila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezična papila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielinysty" title="Kielinysty – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kielinysty" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ปุ่มลิ้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปุ่มลิ้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Lingual papillae</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu04_tongue2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Illu04_tongue2.jpg/250px-Illu04_tongue2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Illu04_tongue2.jpg/375px-Illu04_tongue2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Illu04_tongue2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="306" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anatomic landmarks of the tongue. Filiform papillae cover most of the dorsal surface of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, with fungiform interspaced. Just in front of the sulcus terminalis lies a V-shaped line of circumvallate papillae, and on the posterior aspects of the lateral margins of the tongue lie the foliate papillae.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gray1018.png/250px-Gray1018.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Gray1018.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="308" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Semidiagrammatic view of a portion of the mucous membrane of the tongue. Two fungiform papillae are shown. On some of the filiform papillae the epithelial prolongations stand erect, in one they are spread out, and in three they are folded in.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>papillae linguales</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_4102">birnlex_4102</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.1.04.013%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.1.04.013</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2837">2837</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.04.pdf">H3.04.01.0.03006 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma54819">54819</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553990" class="extiw" title="d:Q6553990">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lingual papillae</b> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>papilla</b>) are small structures on the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> that give it its characteristic rough texture. The four types of papillae on the human tongue have different structures and are accordingly classified as circumvallate (or vallate), fungiform, filiform, and foliate. All except the filiform papillae are associated with <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In living subjects, lingual papillae are more readily seen when the tongue is dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four types of papillae present on the tongue in humans: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filiform_papillae">Filiform papillae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Filiform papillae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1016.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Filiform papilla, magnified.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Filiform papillae</b> are the most numerous of the lingual papillae.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are fine, small, cone-shaped papillae found on the anterior surface of the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are responsible for giving the tongue its texture and are responsible for the sensation of touch. Unlike the other kinds of papillae, filiform papillae do not contain taste buds.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They cover most of the front two-thirds of the tongue's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They appear as very small, conical or cylindrical surface projections,<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are arranged in rows which lie parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_terminalis_(tongue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcus terminalis (tongue)">sulcus terminalis</a>. At the tip of the tongue, these rows become more transverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Histologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Histologically">Histologically</a>, they are made up of irregular <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> cores with a keratin–containing <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> which has fine secondary threads.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy keratinization of filiform papillae, occurring for instance in cats, gives the tongue a roughness that is characteristic of these animals. </p><p>These papillae have a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of their epithelium. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cone–like and elongated into dense, overlapping, brush-like threads. They also contain a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the other types of papillae. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungiform_papillae">Fungiform papillae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fungiform papillae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gray1017.png/220px-Gray1017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gray1017.png/330px-Gray1017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Gray1017.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Fungiform papillae, magnified and sectional diagram.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>fungiform papillae</b> are club shaped projections on the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, generally red in color. They are found on the tip of the tongue, scattered amongst the <a href="/wiki/Filiform_papillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Filiform papillae">filiform papillae</a> but are mostly present on the tip and sides of the tongue. They have <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a> on their upper surface which can distinguish the five tastes: <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">salty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>. They have a core of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. The fungiform papillae are innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh cranial nerve">seventh cranial nerve</a>, more specifically via the <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">submandibular ganglion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">chorda tympani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geniculate_ganglion" title="Geniculate ganglion">geniculate ganglion</a> ascending to the <a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">solitary nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foliate_papillae">Foliate papillae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foliate papillae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/220px-Gray1021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/330px-Gray1021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/440px-Gray1021.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Magnified diagram of a vertical section through some foliate papillae in a rabbit.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Foliate papillae</b> are short vertical folds and are present on each side of the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are located on the sides at the back of the tongue, just in front of the <a href="/wiki/Palatoglossal_arch" title="Palatoglossal arch">palatoglossal arch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fauces_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauces (anatomy)">fauces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scully2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four or five vertical folds,<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their size and shape is variable.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foliate papillae appear as a series of red colored, leaf–like ridges of <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">mucosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are covered with <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>, lack <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> and so are softer, and bear many taste buds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually bilaterally symmetrical. Sometimes they appear small and inconspicuous, and at other times they are prominent. Because their location is a high risk site for <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a>, and their tendency to occasionally swell, they may be mistaken as <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory disease">inflammatory disease</a>. Taste buds, the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">receptors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory sense">gustatory sense</a>, are scattered over the mucous membrane of their surface. Serous glands drain into the folds and clean the taste buds. <a href="/wiki/Lingual_tonsil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual tonsil">Lingual tonsils</a> are found immediately behind the foliate papillae and, when <a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperplastic">hyperplastic</a>, cause a prominence of the papillae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumvallate_papillae">Circumvallate papillae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circumvallate papillae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1015.png/220px-Gray1015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1015.png/330px-Gray1015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1015.png/440px-Gray1015.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Circumvallate papilla in vertical section, showing arrangement of the taste-buds and nerves</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>circumvallate papillae</b> (or <b>vallate papillae</b>) are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from 8 to 12. They are situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline. Each papillae consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane; the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa. The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillae and covered by stratified <a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelium">squamous epithelium</a>. Ducts of lingual <a href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary glands">salivary glands</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Von_Ebner%27s_gland" title="Von Ebner's gland">Von Ebner's glands</a> empty a <a href="/wiki/Serous" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous">serous</a> secretion into the base of the circular depression, which acts like a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>. The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumvallate papillae get special afferent taste innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis. The rest of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue gets taste innervation from the chorda tympani of cranial nerve VII, distributed with the lingual nerve of cranial nerve V. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingual papillae, particularly filiform papillae, are thought to increase the surface area of the tongue and to increase the area of contact and friction between the tongue and food.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may increase the tongue's ability to manipulate a bolus of food, and also to position food between the teeth during <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a> (chewing) and <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depapillation">Depapillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Depapillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some diseases, there can be depapillation of the tongue, where the lingual papillae are lost, leaving a smooth, red and possibly sore area. Examples of depapillating oral conditions include <a href="/wiki/Geographic_tongue" title="Geographic tongue">geographic tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">median rhomboid glossitis</a> and other types of <a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">glossitis</a>. The term glossitis, particularly <i>atrophic glossitis</i> is often used synonymously with depapillation. Where the entire dorsal surface of the tongue has lost its papillae, this is sometimes termed "bald tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-Scully2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional deficiency">Nutritional deficiencies</a> of iron, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> may cause depapillation of the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully2013_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papillitis/hypertrophy"><span id="Papillitis.2Fhypertrophy"></span>Papillitis/hypertrophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Papillitis/hypertrophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papillitis refers to inflammation of the papillae, and sometimes the term <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a> is used interchangeably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <b>foliate papillitis</b> the foliate papillae appear swollen. This may occur due to mechanical irritation, or as a reaction to an <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scully2013_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources state that foliate papilitis refers to inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_tonsil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual tonsil">lingual tonsil</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid tissue">lymphoid tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajendran2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajendran2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lingual" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lingual">lingual</a></i> is derived from the Latin word <i>lingua</i> meaning "tongue" or "speech". <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:papilla">Papilla</a></i></span> is from Latin, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>". </p><p><i>Vallate</i> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VAL</span>-ayt</i></a>) is from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vallum</i></span> (rampart, wall), and means "having a raised edge surrounding a depression". This refers to the circular mucosal elevation which surrounds the circumvallate papillae. </p><p><i>Fungiform</i> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FUN</span>-jif-orm</i></a>) is from the Latin words <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fungus</i></span> (mushroom) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">forma</i></span>, and means "shaped like a mushroom or fungus". </p><p><i>Foliate</i> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FOH</span>-lee-ət</i></a>) is from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">foliatus</i></span> (leafy), and means "shaped like a leaf". </p><p><i>Filiform</i> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FIL</span>-if-orm</i></a>) is from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">filum</i></span> (thread), and means "shaped like a filament or thread". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seven types of papillae are described in domestic mammals, with their presence and distribution being species-specific:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -Mechanical papillae: filiform, conical, lentiform, marginal; -Taste papillae: fungiform, circumvallate, foliate </p><p>Foliate papillae are fairly rudimentary structures in humans,<sup id="cite_ref-Norton2007_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing evolutionary vestiges of similar structures in many other mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1014.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The mouth. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward."><img alt="The mouth. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gray1014.png/120px-Gray1014.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gray1014.png/180px-Gray1014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gray1014.png/240px-Gray1014.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mouth. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide9uuu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Papillae and other tongue landmarks"><img alt="Papillae and other tongue landmarks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Slide9uuu.JPG/120px-Slide9uuu.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Slide9uuu.JPG/180px-Slide9uuu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Slide9uuu.JPG/240px-Slide9uuu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papillae and other tongue landmarks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papillae_foliatae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foliate papillae"><img alt="Foliate papillae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Papillae_foliatae.jpg/120px-Papillae_foliatae.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Papillae_foliatae.jpg/180px-Papillae_foliatae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Papillae_foliatae.jpg/240px-Papillae_foliatae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foliate papillae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide1kaka.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Floor of mouth. Deep dissection. Anterior view."><img alt="Floor of mouth. Deep dissection. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Slide1kaka.JPG/120px-Slide1kaka.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Slide1kaka.JPG/180px-Slide1kaka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Slide1kaka.JPG/240px-Slide1kaka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floor of mouth. Deep dissection. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2kaka.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Floor of mouth. Deep dissection. Anterior view."><img alt="Floor of mouth. Deep dissection. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Slide2kaka.JPG/120px-Slide2kaka.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Slide2kaka.JPG/180px-Slide2kaka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Slide2kaka.JPG/240px-Slide2kaka.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Floor of mouth. Deep dissection. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filiform_papillae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A picture showing filiform papillae taken using a USB microscope."><img alt="A picture showing filiform papillae taken using a USB microscope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Filiform_papillae.jpg/120px-Filiform_papillae.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Filiform_papillae.jpg/180px-Filiform_papillae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Filiform_papillae.jpg/240px-Filiform_papillae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A picture showing filiform papillae taken using a USB microscope.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingual_papillae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Norton2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton2007_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorton_N2007" class="citation book cs1">Norton N (2007). <i>Netter's head and neck anatomy for dentistry</i>. illustrations by Netter FH. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1929007882" title="Special:BookSources/978-1929007882"><bdi>978-1929007882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netter%27s+head+and+neck+anatomy+for+dentistry&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1929007882&rft.au=Norton+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray's40e-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray's40e_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Standring_(editor_in_chief)]2008" class="citation book cs1">Susan Standring (editor in chief)] (2008). "Chapter 33: NECK AND UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT". <i>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (40th ed.). [Edinburgh]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0443066849" title="Special:BookSources/978-0443066849"><bdi>978-0443066849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+33%3A+NECK+AND+UPPER+AERODIGESTIVE+TRACT&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=%5BEdinburgh%5D&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0443066849&rft.au=Susan+Standring+%28editor+in+chief%29%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histologyguide.com/slideview/MHS-208-tongue/14-slide-1.html?x=64088&y=17763&z=12.5">"Tongue | Gastrointestinal Tract"</a>. <i>histologyguide.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histologyguide.com&rft.atitle=Tongue+%7C+Gastrointestinal+Tract&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistologyguide.com%2Fslideview%2FMHS-208-tongue%2F14-slide-1.html%3Fx%3D64088%26y%3D17763%26z%3D12.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scully2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scully2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scully2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scully2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scully2013_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scully2013_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully_C2013" class="citation book cs1">Scully C (2013). <i>Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment</i> (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 401, 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702049484" title="Special:BookSources/9780702049484"><bdi>9780702049484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+and+maxillofacial+medicine+%3A+the+basis+of+diagnosis+and+treatment&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=401%2C+402&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780702049484&rft.au=Scully+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_H_RPawlina,_W2011" class="citation book cs1">Ross, H R; Pawlina, W (2011). <i>Histology: A text and atlas</i>. Baltimore, MD.: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7200-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-7200-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histology%3A+A+text+and+atlas&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD.&rft.pub=Lippincott%2C+Williams%2C+and+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7200-6&rft.au=Ross%2C+H+R&rft.au=Pawlina%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajendran2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rajendran2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajendran_ASundaram_S2014" class="citation book cs1">Rajendran A; Sundaram S (10 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology</i></a> (7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-3800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-3800-4"><bdi>978-81-312-3800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shafer%27s+Textbook+of+Oral+Pathology&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences+APAC&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft.isbn=978-81-312-3800-4&rft.au=Rajendran+A&rft.au=Sundaram+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnhtAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig,_Liebich2020" class="citation book cs1">König, Liebich (2020). <i>Veterinary anatomy of domestic animals: textbook and colour atlas</i> (7th, updated and extended ed.). Stuttgart ; New York: Georg Thieme Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-13-242933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-13-242933-8"><bdi>978-3-13-242933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+anatomy+of+domestic+animals%3A+textbook+and+colour+atlas&rft.place=Stuttgart+%3B+New+York&rft.edition=7th%2C+updated+and+extended&rft.pub=Georg+Thieme+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-13-242933-8&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+Liebich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingual+papillae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual papilla">Lingual papilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallate_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallate papilla">Vallate papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliate papilla">Foliate papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungiform_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungiform papilla">Fungiform papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiform_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Filiform papilla">Filiform papilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Path</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">Ventral posteromedial nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste#Basic_tastes" title="Taste">Basic tastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent_fiber" title="Special visceral afferent fiber">Special visceral afferent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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