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</li> <li id="toc-Acoustic_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Acoustic manifestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteor_shower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteor_shower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Meteor shower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteor_shower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_meteors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_meteors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable meteors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_meteors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شهاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atcakoc" title="Atcakoc – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Atcakoc" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="گؤی‌داشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤی‌داشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaru" title="Andaru – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Andaru" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahi_bintang" title="Tahi bintang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tahi bintang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Метэоры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метэоры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мэтэор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтэор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_(astronomia)" title="Meteor (astronomia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Meteor (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_cadente" title="Stella cadente – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Stella cadente" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren_wib" title="Seren wib – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seren wib" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoor" title="Meteoor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meteoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Μετέωρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετέωρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoro_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Meteoro (astronomía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meteoro (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoro" title="Meteoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meteoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoro_(astronomia)" title="Meteoro (astronomia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meteoro (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="شهاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_filante" title="Étoile filante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile filante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreige" title="Dreige – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dreige" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="星星過洲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="星星過洲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%B1" title="유성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ասուպներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասուպներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoro" title="Meteoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Meteoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteora" title="Meteora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meteora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מטאור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטאור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang_alih" title="Lintang alih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lintang alih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მეტეორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტეორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metey%C3%B2" title="Meteyò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Meteyò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteors" title="Meteors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meteors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoras" title="Meteoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meteoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoor" title="Meteoor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Meteoor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoroi" title="Meteoroi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Meteoroi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_(csillag%C3%A1szat)" title="Meteor (csillagászat) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Meteor (csillagászat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain-kintana" title="Tain-kintana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tain-kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მეტეორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეტეორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ ꯃꯊꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ ꯃꯊꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADng-bu%C4%83ng-chi%C3%B3" title="Sĭng-buăng-chió – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭng-buăng-chió" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6" title="ဥက္ကာပျံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥက္ကာပျံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlaltlamina" title="Citlaltlamina – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlaltlamina" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoor" title="Meteoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meteoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%98%9F" title="流星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="流星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoor" title="Meteoor – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meteoor" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorlar" title="Meteorlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meteorlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%E2%80%99oliday" title="Pa’oliday – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Pa’oliday" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoro" title="Meteoro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meteoro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachakawri" title="Pachakawri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachakawri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_starn" title="Shot starn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shot starn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9or" title="Météor – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Météor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteori" title="Meteori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meteori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usu%C9%A3" title="Usuɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Usuɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="ดาวตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meteor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Метеор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метеор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqbaefinz" title="Ndaundeiqbaefinz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqbaefinz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_b%C4%83ng" title="Sao băng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao băng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schitante_sitoele" title="Schitante sitoele – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schitante sitoele" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%AC%E5%9C%BA%E6%98%9F" title="搬场星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="搬场星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%98%9F" title="流星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流星" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%96" title="ⵓⵙⵓⵖ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵙⵓⵖ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131136#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body that enters the Earth's atmosphere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Meteor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Meteor (disambiguation)">Meteor (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falling_star_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Falling star (disambiguation)">Falling star (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_star_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Shooting star (disambiguation)">Shooting star (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg/250px-Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg/375px-Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg/500px-Cosmic_Fireball_Falling_Over_ALMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Meteor seen from the site of the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> (ALMA)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>meteor</b>, known colloquially as a <b><dfn>shooting star</dfn></b>, is a glowing streak of a small body (usually <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a>) going through Earth's atmosphere, after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-IMO-meteoroid_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMO-meteoroid-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a streak of light via its rapid motion and sometimes also by shedding glowing material in its wake. Although a meteor may seem to be a few thousand feet from the Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meteors typically occur in the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> at altitudes from 76 to 100 km (250,000 to 330,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-MIT-pje_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-pje-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMS-2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root word <i>meteor</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <i>meteōros</i>, meaning "high in the air".<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millions of meteors occur in Earth's atmosphere daily. Most meteoroids that cause meteors are about the size of a grain of sand, i.e. they are usually millimeter-sized or smaller. Meteoroid sizes can be calculated from their mass and density which, in turn, can be estimated from the observed meteor trajectory in the upper atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ-18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ-18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteors may occur in <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">showers</a>, which arise when Earth passes through a stream of debris left by a comet, or as "random" or "sporadic" meteors, not associated with a specific stream of <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>. A number of specific meteors have been observed, largely by members of the public and largely by accident, but with enough detail that orbits of the meteoroids producing the meteors have been calculated. The atmospheric velocities of meteors result from the movement of Earth around the Sun at about 30 km/s (67,000 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-earthfact_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-earthfact-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the orbital speeds of meteoroids, and the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">gravity well</a> of Earth. </p><p>Meteors become visible between about 75 to 120 km (47 to 75 mi) above Earth. They usually disintegrate at altitudes of 50 to 95 kilometres (31 to 59 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-meteorsandtheirparentcomets_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteorsandtheirparentcomets-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteors have roughly a fifty percent chance of a daylight (or near daylight) collision with Earth. Most meteors are, however, observed at night, when darkness allows fainter objects to be recognized. For bodies with a size scale larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) to several meters meteor visibility is due to the atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Ram_pressure" title="Ram pressure">ram pressure</a> (not friction) that heats the meteoroid so that it glows and creates a shining trail of gases and melted meteoroid particles. The gases include vaporised meteoroid material and atmospheric gases that heat up when the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere. Most meteors glow for about a second. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meteors were not known to be an astronomical phenomenon until early in the nineteenth century. Before that, they were seen in the West as an atmospheric phenomenon, like lightning, and were not connected with strange stories of rocks falling from the sky. In 1807, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> chemistry professor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Silliman" title="Benjamin Silliman">Benjamin Silliman</a> investigated a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> that fell in <a href="/wiki/Weston_meteorite" title="Weston meteorite">Weston, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jefferson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silliman believed the meteor had a cosmic origin, but meteors did not attract much attention from astronomers until the spectacular meteor storm of November 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-1833leonids_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1833leonids-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People all across the eastern United States saw thousands of meteors, radiating from a single point in the sky. Careful observers noticed that <a href="/wiki/Radiant_(meteor_shower)" title="Radiant (meteor shower)">the radiant</a>, as the point is called, moved with the stars, staying in the constellation Leo.<sup id="cite_ref-AJSA-1834_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJSA-1834-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The astronomer <a href="/wiki/Denison_Olmsted" title="Denison Olmsted">Denison Olmsted</a> extensively studied this storm, concluding that it had a cosmic origin. After reviewing historical records, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Matthias_Olbers" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers">Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers</a> predicted the storm's return in 1867, drawing other astronomers' attention to the phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Anson_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Anson Newton">Hubert A. Newton</a>'s more thorough historical work led to a refined prediction of 1866, which proved correct.<sup id="cite_ref-1833leonids_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1833leonids-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a>'s success in connecting the <a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">Leonids</a> (as they are called) with comet <a href="/wiki/Tempel-Tuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempel-Tuttle">Tempel-Tuttle</a>, the cosmic origin of meteors was firmly established. Still, they remain an atmospheric phenomenon and retain their name "meteor" from the Greek word for "atmospheric".<sup id="cite_ref-AP-318_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-318-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fireball">Fireball</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fireball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides" title="List of bolides">List of bolides</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/220px--%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="Взрыв_метеорита_над_Челябинском_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_15_02_2013_avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Camera recording of a <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">superbolide</a> passage above <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a>, Russia on 15th February 2013. The object in this video is estimated to be 17 to 20 metres (56 to 66 ft) in diameter before atmospheric entry.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fireball</b> is a brighter-than-usual meteor which can be also seen during daylight. The <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) defines a fireball as "a meteor brighter than any of the planets" (<a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> −4 or greater).<sup id="cite_ref-meteor-13871_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteor-13871-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Meteor_Organization" title="International Meteor Organization">International Meteor Organization</a> (an amateur organization that studies meteors) has a more rigid definition. It defines a fireball as a meteor that would have at least magnitude of −3 if seen at <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a>. This definition corrects for the greater distance between an observer and a meteor near the horizon. For example, a meteor of magnitude −1 at 5 degrees above the horizon would be classified as a fireball because, if the observer had been directly below the meteor, it would have appeared as magnitude −6.<sup id="cite_ref-IMO-fireball_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMO-fireball-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fireballs reaching apparent magnitude −14 or brighter are called <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belton_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IAU has no official definition of "bolide", and generally considers the term synonymous with "fireball". Astronomers often use "bolide" to identify an exceptionally bright fireball, particularly one that explodes in a <a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">meteor air burst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sometimes called detonating fireballs. It may also be used to mean a fireball which creates audible sounds. In the late twentieth century, bolide has also come to mean any object that hits Earth and explodes, with no regard to its composition (asteroid or comet).<sup id="cite_ref-Google-Book-jR84AAAAIAAJ_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-Book-jR84AAAAIAAJ-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>bolide</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> βολίς (<i>bolis</i>) <sup id="cite_ref-myet-bolide_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myet-bolide-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can mean <i>a missile</i> or <i>to flash</i>. If the magnitude of a bolide reaches −17 or brighter it is known as a <a href="/wiki/Superbolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superbolide">superbolide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belton_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belton-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Google-Book-3Hd8Lw1hExUC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google-Book-3Hd8Lw1hExUC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relatively small percentage of fireballs hit Earth's atmosphere and then pass out again: these are termed <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireballs</a>. Such an event happened in <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Daylight_1972_Fireball" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Daylight 1972 Fireball">broad daylight over North America in 1972</a>. Another rare phenomenon is a <a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">meteor procession</a>, where the meteor breaks up into several fireballs traveling nearly parallel to the surface of Earth. </p><p>A steadily growing number of fireballs are recorded at the <a href="/wiki/American_Meteor_Society" title="American Meteor Society">American Meteor Society</a> every year.<sup id="cite_ref-AMS-Fireballs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-Fireballs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are probably more than 500,000 fireballs a year,<sup id="cite_ref-AMS-FAQ_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-FAQ-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most go unnoticed because most occur over the ocean and half occur during daytime. A <a href="/wiki/European_Fireball_Network" title="European Fireball Network">European Fireball Network</a> and a NASA All-sky Fireball Network detect and track many fireballs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0.1em auto;"> <caption>Fireball Sightings reported to the American Meteor Society <sup id="cite_ref-AMS-Fireballs_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-Fireballs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th width="55">2008 </th> <th width="55">2009 </th> <th width="55">2010 </th> <th width="55">2011 </th> <th width="55">2012 </th> <th width="55">2013 </th> <th width="55">2014 </th> <th width="55">2015 </th> <th width="55">2016 </th> <th width="55">2017 </th> <th width="55">2018 </th> <th width="55">2019 </th> <th width="55">2020 </th> <th width="55">2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Number</b></td> <td>734</td> <td>676</td> <td>953</td> <td>1,660</td> <td>2,183</td> <td>3,599</td> <td>3,789</td> <td>4,250</td> <td>5,391</td> <td>5,510</td> <td>5,993</td> <td>6,978</td> <td>8,259</td> <td>9,629 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_atmosphere">Effect on atmosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effect on atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ionization trail" and "Dark flight (astronomy)" redirect here. For the movie, see <a href="/wiki/Dark_Flight" title="Dark Flight">Dark Flight</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif/220px-P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif/330px-P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif/440px-P10220XX.01.49.MESZ.14.08.2019.Berlin.Perseiden.x1.0.gif 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A meteoroid of the <a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseids</a> with a size of about ten millimetres entering the earth's atmosphere in real time. The meteoroid is at the bright head of the trail, and the ionisation of the <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">mesosphere</a> is still visible in the tail.</figcaption></figure> <p>The entry of meteoroids into Earth's atmosphere produces three main effects: ionization of atmospheric molecules, dust that the meteoroid sheds, and the sound of passage. During the entry of a meteoroid or asteroid into the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a>, an <b>ionization trail</b> is created, where the air molecules are <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a> by the passage of the meteor. Such ionization trails can last up to 45 minutes at a time. </p><p>Small, <a href="/wiki/Sand-grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand-grain">sand-grain</a> sized meteoroids are entering the atmosphere constantly, essentially every few seconds in any given region of the atmosphere, and thus ionization trails can be found in the upper atmosphere more or less continuously. When radio waves are bounced off these trails, it is called <a href="/wiki/Meteor_burst_communications" title="Meteor burst communications">meteor burst communications</a>. Meteor radars can measure atmospheric density and winds by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Decay_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay rate">decay rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a> of a meteor trail. Most meteoroids burn up when they enter the atmosphere. The left-over debris is called <i>meteoric dust</i> or just meteor dust. Meteor dust particles can persist in the atmosphere for up to several months. These particles might affect climate, both by scattering electromagnetic radiation and by catalyzing chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-443141a_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-443141a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteoroids or their fragments achieve <b>dark flight</b> after deceleration to <a href="/wiki/Terminal_velocity" title="Terminal velocity">terminal velocity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMO-meteorites_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMO-meteorites-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dark flight starts when they decelerate to about 2–4 km/s (4,500–8,900 mph). <sup id="cite_ref-AMS-Fireball_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-Fireball-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger fragments fall further down the <a href="/wiki/Strewn_field" title="Strewn field">strewn field</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colours">Colours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Meteor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Leonid_Meteor.jpg/220px-Leonid_Meteor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Leonid_Meteor.jpg/330px-Leonid_Meteor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Leonid_Meteor.jpg/440px-Leonid_Meteor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3054" /></a><figcaption>A meteor of the <a href="/wiki/Leonid_meteor_shower" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid meteor shower">Leonid meteor shower</a>; the photograph shows the meteor, afterglow, and wake as distinct components</figcaption></figure> <p>The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues, depending on the chemical composition of the meteoroid, and the speed of its movement through the atmosphere. As layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize, the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals. Colours of meteors depend on the relative influence of the metallic content of the meteoroid versus the superheated air plasma, which its passage engenders:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Orange-yellow (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>)</li> <li>Yellow (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>)</li> <li>Blue-green (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>)</li> <li>Violet (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>)</li> <li>Red (atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_manifestations">Acoustic manifestations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acoustic manifestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sound generated by a meteor in the upper atmosphere, such as a <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a>, typically arrives many seconds after the visual light from a meteor disappears. Occasionally, as with the <a href="/wiki/Leonid_meteor_shower" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid meteor shower">Leonid meteor shower</a> of 2001, "crackling", "swishing", or "hissing" sounds have been reported,<sup id="cite_ref-find-87854873_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-find-87854873-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurring at the same instant as a meteor flare. These are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Electrophonic_sounds" title="Electrophonic sounds">electrophonic sounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar sounds have also been reported during intense displays of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auroral-sounds_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auroral-sounds-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auroral-acoustics_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auroral-acoustics-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AG16-155_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG16-155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JRASC-373K_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRASC-373K-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theories on the generation of these sounds may partially explain them. For example, scientists at NASA suggested that the turbulent ionized wake of a meteor interacts with <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>, generating pulses of <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. As the trail dissipates, <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> of electromagnetic power could be released, with a peak in the <a href="/wiki/Power_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Power spectrum">power spectrum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio frequencies">audio frequencies</a>. Physical <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a> induced by the electromagnetic impulses would then be heard if they are powerful enough to make grasses, plants, eyeglass frames, the hearer's own body (see <a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">microwave auditory effect</a>), and other conductive materials vibrate.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-ast26_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-ast26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposed mechanism, although proven plausible by laboratory work, remains unsupported by corresponding measurements in the field. Sound recordings made under controlled conditions in Mongolia in 1998 support the contention that the sounds are real.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-321596_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-321596-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>(Also see <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a>.)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meteor_shower">Meteor shower</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Meteor shower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_showers" title="List of meteor showers">List of meteor showers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteor_burst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Meteor_burst.jpg/250px-Meteor_burst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Meteor_burst.jpg/330px-Meteor_burst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Meteor_burst.jpg/500px-Meteor_burst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Multiple meteors photographed over an extended <a href="/wiki/Exposure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure time">exposure time</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor shower</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg/250px-PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg/330px-PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg/500px-PSM_V18_D201_Shower_of_perseids_sept_6_and_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a> on chart</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor shower</a> is the result of an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> or other source. The passage of Earth through cosmic debris from comets and other sources is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_showers" title="List of meteor showers">recurring event</a> in many cases. Comets can produce debris by water vapor drag, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a> in 1951,<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard-464W_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-464W-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by breakup. Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, some of its ice vaporizes and a certain amount of meteoroids are shed. The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail" (as opposed to a comet's "dust tail" caused by the very small particles that are quickly blown away by solar radiation pressure). </p><p>The frequency of <a href="/wiki/Fireball_(meteor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireball (meteor)">fireball</a> sightings increases by about 10–30% during the weeks of <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">vernal equinox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fireball_season_NASA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fireball_season_NASA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> falls are more common during the northern hemisphere's spring season. Although this phenomenon has been known for quite some time, the reason behind the anomaly is not fully understood by scientists. Some researchers attribute this to an intrinsic variation in the meteoroid population along Earth's orbit, with a peak in big fireball-producing debris around spring and early summer. Others have pointed out that during this period the ecliptic is (in the northern hemisphere) high in the sky in the late afternoon and early evening. This means that fireball radiants with an asteroidal source are high in the sky (facilitating relatively high rates) at the moment the meteoroids "catch up" with Earth, coming from behind going in the same direction as Earth. This causes relatively low relative speeds and from this low entry speeds, which facilitates survival of meteorites.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also generates high fireball rates in the early evening, increasing chances of eyewitness reports. This explains a part, but perhaps not all of the seasonal variation. Research is in progress for mapping the orbits of the meteors to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-camera_network_NASA_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camera_network_NASA-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_meteors">Notable meteors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable meteors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Notable_objects" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object § Notable objects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg/220px-Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg/330px-Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg/440px-Meteoroid_size_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of approximate sizes of notable impactors with the <a href="/wiki/Hoba_meteorite" title="Hoba meteorite">Hoba meteorite</a>, a Boeing 747 and a New Routemaster bus</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>1992 – Peekskill, New York</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Peekskill_Meteorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Peekskill Meteorite">Peekskill Meteorite</a> was recorded on October 9, 1992 by at least 16 independent videographers.<sup id="cite_ref-uwo-peeks_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwo-peeks-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eyewitness accounts indicate the fireball entry of the Peekskill meteorite started over West Virginia at 23:48 UT (±1 min). The fireball, which traveled in a northeasterly direction, had a pronounced greenish colour, and attained an estimated peak visual magnitude of −13. During a luminous flight time that exceeded 40 seconds the fireball covered a <a href="/wiki/Ground_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground path">ground path</a> of some 430 to 500 mi (700 to 800 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Nature-6464_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-6464-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One meteorite recovered at <a href="/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York" title="Peekskill, New York">Peekskill, New York</a>, for which the event and object gained their name, had a mass of 27 lb (12.4 kg) and was subsequently identified as an H6 monomict breccia meteorite.<sup id="cite_ref-MB-75_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MB-75-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The video record suggests that the Peekskill meteorite had several companions over a wide area. The companions are unlikely to be recovered in the hilly, wooded terrain in the vicinity of Peekskill.</dd> <dt>2009 – Bone, Indonesia</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide" title="2009 Sulawesi superbolide">large fireball</a> was observed in the skies near <a href="/wiki/Watampone" title="Watampone">Bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia on October 8, 2009. This was thought to be caused by an asteroid approximately 10 m (33 ft) in diameter. The fireball contained an estimated energy of 50 kilotons of TNT, or about twice the <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Nagasaki atomic bomb</a>. No injuries were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-NEO165_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO165-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2009 – Southwestern US</dt> <dd>A large bolide was reported on 18 November 2009 over southeastern California, northern Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and Colorado. At 00:07 local time a security camera at the high altitude <a href="/wiki/Willard_L._Eccles_Observatory" title="Willard L. Eccles Observatory">W. L. Eccles Observatory</a> (9,610 ft (2,930 m) above sea level) recorded a movie of the passage of the object to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-YT-XiL1UGbHXSI_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT-XiL1UGbHXSI-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YT-kE109bKQESw_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YT-kE109bKQESw-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a spherical "ghost" image slightly trailing the main object (likely a lens reflection of the intense fireball), and a bright fireball explosion associated with the breakup of a substantial fraction of the object. An object trail continued northward after the fireball. The shock from the final breakup triggered seven seismological stations in northern Utah. The seismic data yielded a terminal location of the object at 40.286 N, −113.191 W, altitude 90,000 ft (27 km).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is above the Dugway Proving Grounds, a closed Army testing base.</dd> <dt>2013 – Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> was an extremely bright, exploding fireball, or <a href="/wiki/Superbolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superbolide">superbolide</a>, measuring about 17 to 20 m (56 to 66 ft) across, with an estimated mass of 11,000 tonnes as the relatively small <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> entered Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL20130301_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL20130301-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-061_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-061-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the largest natural object known to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska event</a> in 1908. Over 1,500 people were injured, mostly by glass from shattered windows caused by the <a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">air burst</a> approximately 25 to 30 km (80,000 to 100,000 ft) above the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">environs of Chelyabinsk</a>, Russia on 15 February 2013. An increasingly bright streak was observed during morning daylight with a large contrail lingering behind. At no less than one minute and up to at least three minutes after the object peaked in intensity (depending on distance from trail), a large concussive blast was heard that shattered windows and set-off car alarms, which was followed by a number of smaller explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-20130215_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20130215-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2019 – Midwestern United States</dt> <dd>On November 11, 2019, a meteor was spotted streaking across the skies of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> Area, security cameras, dashcams, webcams, and video doorbells captured the object as it burned up in the earth's atmosphere. The <a href="/wiki/Superbolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superbolide">superbolide</a> meteor was part of the <a href="/wiki/Taurids" title="Taurids">South Taurids</a> meteor shower.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It traveled east to west ending its flight somewhere near <a href="/wiki/Wellsville,_Missouri" title="Wellsville, Missouri">Wellsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/250px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/330px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/500px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>World map of large meteoric events <i>(also see <a href="#Fireball">Fireball</a> below)</i> <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In a range of countries networks of sky observing installations have been set up to monitor meteors. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FRIPON" title="FRIPON">FRIPON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Meteor_Network" title="North American Meteor Network">North American Meteor Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fireball_Network" title="Desert Fireball Network">Desert Fireball Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fireball_Network" title="European Fireball Network">European Fireball Network</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orionid_meteor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orionid meteor"><img alt="Orionid meteor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Orionid_meteor.jpg/330px-Orionid_meteor.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Orionid_meteor.jpg/500px-Orionid_meteor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Orionid_meteor.jpg/550px-Orionid_meteor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orionids" title="Orionids">Orionid</a> meteor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteor_Bolide.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sporadic bolide over the desert of Central Australia and a Lyrid (top edge)"><img alt="Sporadic bolide over the desert of Central Australia and a Lyrid (top edge)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Meteor_Bolide.JPG/500px-Meteor_Bolide.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Meteor_Bolide.JPG/960px-Meteor_Bolide.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sporadic bolide over the desert of Central Australia and a <a href="/wiki/Lyrids" title="Lyrids">Lyrid</a> (top edge)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_Down_on_a_Shooting_Star.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Meteor (center) seen from the International Space Station"><img alt="Meteor (center) seen from the International Space Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Looking_Down_on_a_Shooting_Star.JPG/500px-Looking_Down_on_a_Shooting_Star.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Looking_Down_on_a_Shooting_Star.JPG/960px-Looking_Down_on_a_Shooting_Star.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meteor (center) seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Possible meteor (center) photographed from Mars, March 7, 2004, by MER Spirit"><img alt="Possible meteor (center) photographed from Mars, March 7, 2004, by MER Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg/254px-Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg/381px-Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg/508px-Earth_Sol63A_UFO-A067R1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Possible meteor (center) photographed from Mars, March 7, 2004, by <a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">MER <i>Spirit</i></a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter: The sequence shows fragment W turning into a fireball on the planet's dark side"><img alt="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter: The sequence shows fragment W turning into a fireball on the planet's dark side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg/330px-SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg/500px-SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg/960px-SL9ImpactGalileo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> colliding with Jupiter: The sequence shows fragment W turning into a <a href="#Fireball">fireball</a> on the planet's dark side</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Meteor_Society" title="American Meteor Society">American Meteor Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fireball_Network" title="Desert Fireball Network">Desert Fireball Network</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireballs_Aotearoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fireballs Aotearoa (page does not exist)">Fireballs Aotearoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrometeor">Hydrometeor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Meteor_Organization" title="International Meteor Organization">International Meteor Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">Leonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteor_showers" title="List of meteor showers">List of meteor showers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrids" title="Lyrids">Lyrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Meteor_Network" title="North American Meteor Network">North American Meteor Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orionids" title="Orionids">Orionids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseids" title="Perseids">Perseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollmann%27s_hypothetical_bolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollmann's hypothetical bolide">Tollmann's hypothetical bolide</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1414a/">"Cosmic Fireball Falling Over ALMA"</a>. <i>ESO Picture of the Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESO+Picture+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=Cosmic+Fireball+Falling+Over+ALMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1414a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeteor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMO-meteoroid-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMO-meteoroid_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.net/glossary#letterm">"Glossary International Meteor Organization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Meteor_Organization" title="International Meteor Organization">International Meteor Organization</a> (IMO)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+International+Meteor+Organization&rft.pub=International+Meteor+Organization+%28IMO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.net%2Fglossary%23letterm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeteor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M-W_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meteor">"meteor"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=meteor&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmeteor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeteor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBronshten2012" class="citation book cs1">Bronshten, V. A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snL8CAAAQBAJ&q=meteor+adiabatic+heating&pg=PA5"><i>Physics of Meteoric Phenomena</i></a>. Science. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-7222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-7222-3"><bdi>978-94-009-7222-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Meteoric+Phenomena&rft.series=Science&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-7222-3&rft.aulast=Bronshten&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnL8CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmeteor%2Badiabatic%2Bheating%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeteor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob King. 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