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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_(1590s–1602)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_(1590s–1602)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins (1590s–1602)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_(1590s–1602)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(VOC)_(1602–1609)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(VOC)_(1602–1609)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (1602–1609)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(VOC)_(1602–1609)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands_(1609–1621)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands_(1609–1621)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (1609–1621)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands_(1609–1621)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian–Dutch_conflicts_(until_1661)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian–Dutch_conflicts_(until_1661)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Iberian–Dutch conflicts (until 1661)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian–Dutch_conflicts_(until_1661)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_colonisation_of_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_colonisation_of_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Dutch colonisation of Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_colonisation_of_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Dutch colonisation of the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_colonisation_of_Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_colonisation_of_Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Dutch colonisation of Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_colonisation_of_Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_Great_Britain_and_France_(1652–1795)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Great_Britain_and_France_(1652–1795)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Great_Britain_and_France_(1652–1795)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_era_(1795–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_era_(1795–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Napoleonic era (1795–1815)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_era_(1795–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Napoleonic_era_(1815–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Napoleonic_era_(1815–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Napoleonic_era_(1815–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization_(1942–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization_(1942–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Decolonization (1942–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization_(1942–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suriname_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.2</span> <span>Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dutch diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dutch language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_in_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_in_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Dutch in Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_in_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_in_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Dutch in South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_in_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Dutch in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Dutch in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placenames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placenames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Placenames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placenames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Scientific discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suriname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suriname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Suriname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suriname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.3</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territorial evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch colonial empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Beulanda" title="Keurajeuën Beulanda – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Beulanda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Ryk" title="Nederlandse Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederlandse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الهولندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الهولندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="هولند ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولند ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ওলন্দাজ ঔপনিবেশিক সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওলন্দাজ ঔপনিবেশিক সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-l%C3%A2n_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Hô-lân Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-lân Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Калоніі Нідэрландаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калоніі Нідэрландаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_trevadennel_an_Izelvroio%C3%B9" title="Impalaeriezh trevadennel an Izelvroioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh trevadennel an Izelvroioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_neerland%C3%A8s" title="Imperi neerlandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi neerlandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_koloni%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Nizozemská koloniální říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nizozemská koloniální říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumu_wa_Netherlands" title="Ufumu wa Netherlands – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ufumu wa Netherlands" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederl%C3%A4ndische_Kolonien" title="Niederländische Kolonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederländische Kolonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ολλανδικές αποικίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολλανδικές αποικίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_neerland%C3%A9s" title="Imperio neerlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio neerlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanda_Imperio" title="Nederlanda Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nederlanda Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbeheretar_Inperioa" title="Herbeheretar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbeheretar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="امپراتوری هلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_colonial_n%C3%A9erlandais" title="Empire colonial néerlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire colonial néerlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A2nske_koloanjes_en_hannelsposten" title="Nederlânske koloanjes en hannelsposten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederlânske koloanjes en hannelsposten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Holand%C3%A9s" title="Imperio Holandés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Holandés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="네덜란드 식민제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드 식민제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոլանդական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլանդական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="डच साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डच साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Nizozemsko kolonijalno carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nizozemsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_kolonial_Belanda" title="Imperium kolonial Belanda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium kolonial Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_coloniale_olandese" title="Impero coloniale olandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero coloniale olandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה ההולנדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה ההולנדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyderland%C5%B3_kolonijin%C4%97_imperija" title="Nyderlandų kolonijinė imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nyderlandų kolonijinė imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Холандско колонијално царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холандско колонијално царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Mpanjanaka_Neerlandey" title="Empira Mpanjanaka Neerlandey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Mpanjanaka Neerlandey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="डच साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डच साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ნიდერლანდიშ კოლონიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიდერლანდიშ კოლონიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Belanda" title="Empayar Belanda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_koloni%C3%ABn" title="Nederlandse koloniën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederlandse koloniën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オランダ海上帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ海上帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_nederlandske_koloniriket" title="Det nederlandske koloniriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det nederlandske koloniriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holenderskie_imperium_kolonialne" title="Holenderskie imperium kolonialne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holenderskie imperium kolonialne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Colonial_Neerland%C3%AAs" title="Império Colonial Neerlandês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Colonial Neerlandês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Neerlandez" title="Imperiul Neerlandez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Neerlandez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Колонии Нидерландов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонии Нидерландов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_coloniale_Olandesu" title="Impèriu coloniale Olandesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu coloniale Olandesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dutch Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemski_imperij" title="Nizozemski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizozemski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Холандско колонијално царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холандско колонијално царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Nizozemsko kolonijalno carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nizozemsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alankomaiden_siirtomaat" title="Alankomaiden siirtomaat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alankomaiden siirtomaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4ndernas_kolonier" title="Nederländernas kolonier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederländernas kolonier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Olandes" title="Imperyong Olandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Olandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இடச்சுப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடச்சுப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิดัตช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิดัตช์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollanda_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Hollanda İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollanda İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нідерландська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нідерландська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ولندیزی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولندیزی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="گوللاندىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گوللاندىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_H%C3%A0_Lan" title="Đế quốc Hà Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and the Netherlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dutch+colonial+empire%22">"Dutch colonial empire"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dutch+colonial+empire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dutch+colonial+empire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dutch+colonial+empire%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dutch+colonial+empire%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dutch+colonial+empire%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Dutch colonial empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Nederlandse koloniale rijk</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1602–1975<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Dutch colonial empire"><img alt="Flag of Dutch colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Dutch colonial empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of Dutch colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/85px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/128px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/170px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1045" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DutchEmpire15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DutchEmpire15.png/250px-DutchEmpire15.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DutchEmpire15.png/375px-DutchEmpire15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DutchEmpire15.png/500px-DutchEmpire15.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map marking territories that at some point were Dutch holdings <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1DF73D; color:black;"> </span> Territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></div><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008E16; color:black;"> </span> Territories administered by or originating from territories administered by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></div><br /> Tiny orange squares indicate smaller trading posts, the so-called <i>handelsposten</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Dutch_Expedition_to_the_East_Indies" title="First Dutch Expedition to the East Indies">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Dutch_Expedition_to_the_East_Indies" title="Second Dutch Expedition to the East Indies">second expedition</a> to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1595–1600</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">Company rule in the East Indies</a> started </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1602</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1621</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1598–1663</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Axis_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis power">Axis</a> occupation of the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1940–1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1949–1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom charter</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1975<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Dutch_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:96%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Dutch colonial conflicts</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>17th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Bantam (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Amboina" title="Capture of Amboina">Amboina (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malacca (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1607)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1607)">Mozambique (1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1608)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1608)">Mozambique (1608)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands (1609–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_invasion_of_Johor" title="Acehnese invasion of Johor">Johor (1613)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Macau (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Pescadores (1622–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Salvador">Salvador (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Luanda (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">Salvador (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Elmina (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Cuba (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">Batavia (1628–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Recife (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa" title="Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa">Taiwan (1635–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Liuqiu Island (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Porto_Calvo" title="Campaign of Porto Calvo">Porto Calvo (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Elmina (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">Goa (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Salvador (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Ceylon (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">Malacca (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">Luanda (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chile (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodia (1643–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">New Netherland (1643–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Tabocas (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Kombi (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Taiwan (1652)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652-54)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Recife (1652-54)">2nd Recife (1652-1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Colombo (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar (1658-1663)">Malabar (1658-1663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">New Netherland (1659–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Cape Colony (1659-1677)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Formosa (1661–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan-Dutch_War_(1670-1675)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan-Dutch War (1670-1675)">Ceylon (1670-1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masulipatnam" title="Battle of Masulipatnam">India (1673)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunajaya_rebellion" title="Trunajaya rebellion">Java (1674–80)</a></li></ul> <p><b>18th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="First Javanese War of Succession">Java (1704–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Second Javanese War of Succession">Java (1719–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Travancore–Dutch War">India (1739–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Java War (1741–1743)">Java (1741–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penfui" title="Battle of Penfui">Penfui (1749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Third Javanese War of Succession">Java (1749–57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Ceylon (1764-1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">India (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">Ceylon (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony (1795)</a></li></ul> <p><b>19th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%9307" class="mw-redirect" title="Java campaign of 1806–07">Java (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers (1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioners-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Interlude:_the_suppression_of_the_insurrection_of_Pattimura" title="Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies">Ambon (1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_expedition_to_Palembang" title="First expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_expedition_to_Palembang" title="Second expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Sumatra (1821–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_West_Coast_of_Borneo" title="Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo">Borneo (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bone_War" title="First Bone War">Bone (1824–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java (1825–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_on_the_west_coast_of_Sumatra" title="Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra">Aceh (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Ahanta_War" title="Dutch–Ahanta War">Ahanta (1837–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)">Bali (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)">Bali (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1849)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1849)">Bali (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Bovenlanden_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palembang Bovenlanden Expeditions">Palembang (1851–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_against_the_Chinese_in_Montrado" title="Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado">Montrado (1854–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_Expedition" title="Nias Expedition">Nias (1855–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1858)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1858)">Bali (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bone_War" title="Second Bone War">Bone (1858–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin_War" title="Banjarmasin War">Borneo (1859–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Shimonoseki">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasoemah_Expedition" title="Pasoemah Expedition">Pasoemah (1864–68)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast_expedition_of_1869%E2%80%9370" title="Dutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70">Gold Coast (1869–70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh (1873–1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_uprising_in_Mandor,_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo">Mandor (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi Uprising">Jambi (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Expedition" title="Edi Expedition">Edi (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombok and Karangasem (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_Expedition" title="Pedir Expedition">Pedir (1897–98)</a></li></ul> <p><b>20th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Expedition" title="Kerinci Expedition">Kerinci (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Bone_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Bone War">Bone (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Bali (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Bali (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Venezuela (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Indonesia (1941–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesia (1946–49)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Dutch colonial empire</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandse koloniale rijk</i>) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_chartered_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch chartered companies">Dutch chartered companies</a>—mainly the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>—and subsequently by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> (1581–1795), and by the modern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> after 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-Entrepot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entrepot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a>'s landing at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1652, it had colonial provinces in <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">eastern North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">the Cape</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">mainland India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Taiwan</a>. It also chartered new lands of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. </p><p>It was initially a trade-based system which derived most of its influence from merchant enterprise and from <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> control of international maritime shipping routes through strategically placed outposts, rather than from expansive territorial ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Entrepot_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entrepot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because small European trading-companies often lacked the capital or the manpower for large-scale operations, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> chartered larger organisations—the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company—in the early seventeenth century, based on England's model that was slowly developed a century before.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The companies' domination of global commerce contributed greatly to a commercial revolution and a cultural flowering in the Netherlands of the 17th century, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hsin-Hui_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsin-Hui-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their search for new trade passages between <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, Dutch navigators explored and charted distant regions such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, and parts of the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>, the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, chiefly from its most developed region known as <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prakash_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, the Dutch colonial empire began to decline as a result of being overwhelmed from the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> of 1780–1784, in which the Dutch Republic lost a number of its colonial possessions and trade monopolies to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, along with the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Mughal Bengal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> by the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ray_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobkirk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobkirk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, major portions of the empire survived until the advent of global <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Dutch Guiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DR1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three former colonial territories in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> islands around the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>—<a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>—remain as constituent countries represented within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-DR1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_Dutch_colonial_possessions">Former Dutch colonial possessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Former Dutch colonial possessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:History of the Netherlands">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo Belgicus"><img alt="Leo Belgicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/375px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prehistory of the Netherlands">Prehistory of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Roman_era" title="Netherlands in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons#Saxons_in_the_Netherlands" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">painting</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch colonial empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">evolution</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">WIC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Guianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Dutch_Republic" title="List of wars involving the Dutch Republic">List of wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_period" title="French period">French period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Revolution" title="Batavian Revolution">Batavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent country within the kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Netherlands">Economic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Amsterdam Entrepôt">Amsterdam Entrepôt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Whaling in the Netherlands">Whaling in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands" title="Military history of the Netherlands">Military history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Netherlands" title="List of wars involving the Netherlands">List of wars</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonial history</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">Language</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT history in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-language_literature" title="Dutch-language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries" title="Lists of Dutch inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_healthcare_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of healthcare in the Netherlands">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_heraldry" title="Dutch heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of religion in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This list does not include <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_East_India_Company_trading_posts_and_settlements" title="List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements">several former trading posts stationed by Dutch</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> in Japan. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> with <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">company rule</a> (1603–1949), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a> (1641–1795, 1818–1825), and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> (until 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a> (1605–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a> (1612–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Antilles">Dutch Antilles</a> (1954–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="New Netherlands">New Netherlands</a> (1614–1667, 1673–1674)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Dutch Guianas</a> (1616–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a> (1624–1662), and <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santisima_Trinidad_(Taiwan)" title="Santisima Trinidad (Taiwan)">Fort Noord-Holland</a>; 1663–1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a> (1627–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a> (1630–1654)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Dutch Mauritius</a> (1638–1710)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a> (1640–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a> (1665–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Surinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Surinam">Dutch Surinam</a> (1667–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Acadia)" title="New Holland (Acadia)">New Holland (Acadia)</a> (1674–1678)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_(1590s–1602)"><span id="Origins_.281590s.E2.80.931602.29"></span>Origins (1590s–1602)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins (1590s–1602)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voorcompagnie" title="Voorcompagnie">Voorcompagnie</a></div> <p>In the 1560s, the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coalition of rebel provinces united in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> with the 1581 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, in 1588 establishing the <i>de facto</i> independent northern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> (alias the United Provinces), whose sovereignty was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Antwerp_(1609)" title="Treaty of Antwerp (1609)">Treaty of Antwerp (1609)</a>. The eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was largely fought on the European continent, but war was also conducted against Phillip II's overseas territories, including Spanish colonies and the Portuguese metropoles, colonies, <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)#Portuguese_Feitorias_(c._1445)" title="Factory (trading post)">trading posts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a> belonging at that time to the King of Spain and Portugal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The port of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> had since 1517 been the main European market for products from India, drawing merchants from across Europe to purchase exotic commodities. But as a result of Portugal's incorporation in the Iberian Union with Spain by Philip II in 1580, all Portuguese territories were thereafter Spanish Habsburg branch territory, and thus all Portuguese markets were closed to the United Provinces. Thus, in 1595, the Dutch decided to set sail on their own to acquire products for themselves, making use of the "secret" knowledge of the Portuguese trade routes, which <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> had managed to acquire in Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coastal provinces of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> had been important hubs of the European maritime trade network for centuries prior to Spanish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer19656_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer19656-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1580s, the Eighty Years' War led many financiers and traders to emigrate from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, a major city in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> and then one of Europe's most important commercial centres, to Dutch cities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196519_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196519-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efficient access to capital enabled the Dutch in the 1580s to extend their trade routes beyond northern Europe to new markets in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. In the 1590s, Dutch ships began to trade with <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a> of Africa, towards the Indian Ocean, and the source of the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196520_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196520-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought the Dutch into direct competition with <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, which had dominated these trade routes for several decades, and had established colonial outposts on the coasts of Brazil, Africa and the Indian Ocean to facilitate them. The rivalry with Portugal, however, was not entirely economic: from 1580, after the death of the King of Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a>, and much of the Portuguese nobility in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a>, the Portuguese crown had been joined to that of Spain in an "<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>" under the heir of Emperor Charles V, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. By attacking Portuguese overseas possessions, the Dutch forced Spain to divert financial and military resources away from its attempt to quell Dutch independence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus began the several decade-long <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1590s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Voorcompagnie" title="Voorcompagnie">voorcompagnie</a>ën</i> ("pioneer companies") emerged, which were given "express instructions to focus on trade and engage in violence only in self-defense".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch took inspiration from England's many joint-stock companies and private investment, including <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastland_Company" title="Eastland Company">Eastland Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1594, the <i><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_Verre" title="Compagnie van Verre">Compagnie van Verre</a></i> ("Company of Far Lands") was founded in Amsterdam, with the aim of sending two fleets to the spice islands of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluku islands">Maluku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196522_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196522-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fleet sailed in 1596 and returned in 1597 with a cargo of pepper, which more than covered the costs of the voyage. The second voyage (1598–1599), returned its investors a 400% profit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of these voyages led to the founding of a number of companies competing for the trade. The competition was counterproductive to the companies' interests as it threatened to drive up the price of spices at their source in Indonesia whilst driving them down in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(VOC)_(1602–1609)"><span id="Establishment_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_.28VOC.29_.281602.E2.80.931609.29"></span>Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (1602–1609)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) (1602–1609)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">Evolution of the Dutch Empire</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright letterhead" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The present deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">East India Company</a> are seriously admonished to look into and give orders to the effect that the ships, which are already equipped or afterwards shall be equipped to sail to the East Indies, can have charge and instruction to damage the enemies and inflict harm on their persons, ships and goods by all means possible, so that they may with reputation not only continue their trade, but also expand it and make it grow, otherwise by neglecting this they will certainly lose it. For this was the principal reason why the Gentlemen States General have undertaken the union of the Companies and awarded them a charter and authorisation to inflict damage on the enemies." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands#Dutch_Republic" title="States General of the Netherlands">States-General</a> resolution 1 November 1603<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>As a result of the problems caused by inter-company rivalry, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie</i>, VOC) was founded in 1602. The charter awarded to the company by the States-General granted it sole rights, for an initial period of 21 years, to Dutch trade and navigation east of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and west of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a>. The directors of the company, the "<i>Heeren XVII</i>", were given the legal authority to establish "fortresses and strongholds", to sign treaties, to enlist both an army and a navy, and to wage defensive war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company itself was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>, similarly to its English rival that had been founded two years earlier, the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch enterprise, companies and government institutions were inspired by their English counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the VOC was founded, the problem of justifying attacks on Spanish and Portuguese ships became more acute when in February 1603, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(ship)" title="Santa Catarina (ship)">Santa Catarina</a></i> was captured off the coast of Singapore by three VOC ships under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Jacob van Heemskerck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Heemskerck returned to Amsterdam in 1604 with the enormous booty from the <i>Santa Catarina</i>, this caused a major controversy in the Dutch Republic about the legality, utility, and moral permissibility of this act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in September 1604 jurist <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> wrote a treatise titled <i>De Jure Praedae Commentarius</i> ("Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty"), later published in 1609 as <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Liberum" title="Mare Liberum">Mare Liberum, sive de jure quod Batavis competit ad Indicana commercia dissertatio</a></i> ("The Freedom of the Seas, Or, The Right Which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in the East Indian Trade"), in which the act of aggression was justified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, the States-General had already passed a resolution on 1 November 1603, authorising VOC ships "to damage the enemies and inflict harm on their persons, ships and goods by all means possible, so that they may with reputation not only continue their trade, but also expand it and make it grow".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a "critical" event according to several historical studies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Borschberg (2013) stating it "marked a major shift in policy of the VOC" and "set the cornerstone for the establishment of the Dutch colonial empire in Asia",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the resolution transformed the VOC "into an instrument of war and colonial expansion that was directed against the Iberian powers in Asia and later, of course, also against local Asian rulers and polities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuing their quest for alternative routes to Asia for trade, the Dutch were disrupting the Spanish-Portuguese trade, and they eventually ranged as far afield as the Philippines. The Dutch sought to dominate the commercial sea trade in Southeast Asia, going so far in pursuit of this goal as to engage in what other nations and powers considered to be little more than piratical activities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the negotiations for and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a> in the years 1608–1610, the Dutch sought to secure all sorts of commercially and strategically important positions in Southeast Asia, and the VOC rushed to conclude as many contracts as possible with local monarchs and polities in the so-called frontline regions: the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201341–42_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201341–42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands_(1609–1621)"><span id="Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands_.281609.E2.80.931621.29"></span>Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (1609–1621)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (1609–1621)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden,_1599,_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden%2C_1599%2C_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg/300px-Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden%2C_1599%2C_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden%2C_1599%2C_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg/450px-Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden%2C_1599%2C_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden%2C_1599%2C_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg/600px-Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden%2C_1599%2C_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Dutch map of the Banda Islands, dated c. 1599–1619</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands</a> was a process of military conquest from 1609 to 1621 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a>. The Dutch, having enforced a monopoly on the highly lucrative nutmeg production from the islands, were impatient with Bandanese resistance to Dutch demands that the Bandanese sell only to them. Negotiations collapsed after Bandanese village elders deceived and murdered the Dutch representative <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willemsz_Verhoeff" title="Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff">Pieter Willemsz Verhoeff</a>. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> the Dutch resorted to a forcible conquest of the islands, which became severely depopulated as a result of Coen’s massacres, forced deportations, and the resulting starvation and disease. </p><p>The Dutch East India Company, which was founded in 1602 as an amalgamation of 12 <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Voorcompagnie" title="Voorcompagnie">voorcompagnies</a></i></span>, had extensive financial interests in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">maritime Southeast Asia</a>, the source of highly profitable <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> which were in high demand in Europe. A Dutch expedition had already made contact with the islands in 1599, signing several contracts with Bandanese chiefs. The profitability of the spices was heightened by the fact that they grew nowhere else on Earth, making them extremely valuable to whoever controlled them. As the Dutch attempted to form a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over the spices and forbid the Bandanese from selling to any other group, they resisted, and the Dutch decided to conquer the islands by force. With the aid of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, the Dutch launched several military expeditions against the Bandanese. </p> The conquest culminated in the Banda massacre, which saw 2,800 Bandanese killed and 1,700 <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> by the Dutch. Along with starvation and constant fighting, the Bandanese felt they could not continue to resist the Dutch and negotiated a surrender in 1621. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a>, the official in charge of the fighting, expelled the remaining 1,000 Bandanese to <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>. With the Bandanese resistance ended, the Dutch secured their valuable monopoly on the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian–Dutch_conflicts_(until_1661)"><span id="Iberian.E2.80.93Dutch_conflicts_.28until_1661.29"></span>Iberian–Dutch conflicts (until 1661)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iberian–Dutch conflicts (until 1661)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groot_Desseyn" title="Groot Desseyn">Groot Desseyn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27,_1879,_oil_on_canvas,_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes,_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/220px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/330px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/440px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Battle of Guararapes</a> ended Dutch presence in Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DutchPortugueseWar1661.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DutchPortugueseWar1661.png/220px-DutchPortugueseWar1661.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DutchPortugueseWar1661.png/330px-DutchPortugueseWar1661.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DutchPortugueseWar1661.png/440px-DutchPortugueseWar1661.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Dutch and Portuguese colonial empires at their Treaty of the Hague war settlement in 1661</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch attacked most of Portugal's far-flung <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Southeast_Asia_and_the_spice_trade" title="Portuguese Empire">trading network</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, including Ceylon (modern <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa#Decline" title="History of Goa">Goa</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Iberian_Union_and_rivalry_with_the_Protestant_Powers_(1580–1663)" title="Portuguese Empire">attacks upon her commercial interests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Age_of_Discovery_(1415–1542)" title="Portuguese Empire">Africa</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle#Control_by_other_European_nations" title="Elmina Castle">Mina</a>), and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Even though the Portuguese had never been able to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they had been able to keep the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">coastal regions</a> under their control for a considerable time before the coming of the Dutch in war. Portugal's South American colony, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, was partially conquered by the United Provinces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1621, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (WIC) was set up and given a 25-year monopoly to those parts of the world not controlled by its East India counterpart: the Atlantic, the Americas and the west coast of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch also established a trading post in Ayutthaya, modern day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">King Naresuan</a>, in 1604.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, the "<a href="/wiki/Groot_Desseyn" title="Groot Desseyn">Grand Design</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">West India Company</a> involved attempting to corner the international trade in sugar by attacking Portuguese colonies in Brazil and Africa, seizing both the sugarcane plantations and the slave ports needed to resupply their labour. Although weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> with Spain, whose attention was focused elsewhere, the Portuguese were able to fight off the initial assault before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matanzas_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Matanzas Bay">Battle of Matanzas Bay</a> provided the WIC with the funds needed for a successful operation. <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen">Johan Maurits</a> was appointed governor of "<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">New Holland</a>" and landed at <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> in January 1637. In a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from <a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a> on the south to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Maranh%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="São Luís de Maranhão">Maranhão</a> in the north. The WIC also succeeded in conquering <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>, Saint Thomas, and <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> on the west coast of Africa. Both regions were also used as bases for Dutch privateers plundering Portuguese and Spanish trade routes. The dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640 and Maurits's recall in 1643 led to increased resistance from the Portuguese colonists who still made up a majority of the Brazilian settlers. The Dutch were finally overcome during the 1650s but managed to receive 4 million <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_real" title="Portuguese real">reis</a> (63 <a href="/wiki/Metric_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tons">metric tons</a> of gold) in exchange for extinguishing their claims over Brazil in the <a href="/wiki/1661_Treaty_of_the_Hague" class="mw-redirect" title="1661 Treaty of the Hague">1661 Treaty of the Hague</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_colonisation_of_Asia">Dutch colonisation of Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch colonisation of Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png/250px-Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png/375px-Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png/500px-Dutch_and_Portuguese_in_Asia_c_1665.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Primary Dutch and Portuguese settlements in Asia, c. 1665. With the exception of Jakarta and Deshima, all had been captured by the Dutch East India Company from Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The war between Phillip II's possessions and other countries led to a deterioration of the Portuguese Empire, as with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">loss of Ormuz</a> to England in 1622, but the Dutch Empire was the main beneficiary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The VOC began immediately to prise away the string of coastal fortresses that, at the time, comprised the Portuguese Empire. The settlements were isolated, difficult to reinforce if attacked, and prone to being picked off one by one, but nevertheless, the Dutch only enjoyed mixed success in its attempts to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Amboina</a> was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favourable monsoon winds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965189_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965189-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch found what they were looking for in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, conquered by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> in 1619, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> after the putative Dutch ancestors the Batavians, and which would become the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to drive out the Portuguese from their bases in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">finally succumbed in 1641</a> (after a second attempt to capture it), <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in 1656, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> in 1658, <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a> in 1662, and <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> in 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, the capital of the Portuguese Empire in the East, was unsuccessfully attacked by the Dutch in 1603 and 1610. Whilst the Dutch were unable in four attempts to capture <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from where Portugal monopolized the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">China-Japan trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>'s increasing suspicion of the intentions of the Catholic Portuguese led to their expulsion in 1639. Under the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku"><i>sakoku</i> policy</a>, from 1639 till 1854 (215 years), the Dutch were the only European power allowed to operate in Japan, confined in 1639 to <a href="/wiki/Hirado,_Nagasaki" title="Hirado, Nagasaki">Hirado</a> and then from 1641 at <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>. In the mid-17th century, the Dutch also explored the western Australian coasts, <a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin_in_Australia" title="List of place names of Dutch origin in Australia">naming many places</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Dutch tried to use military force to make <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a> open up to Dutch trade but the Chinese defeated the Dutch in <a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">a war over the Penghu islands</a> from 1623 to 1624, forcing the VOC to abandon <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> for Taiwan. Then Chinese defeated the Dutch again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Battle of Liaoluo Bay</a> in 1633.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201071_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201071-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch colonised <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> in 1638, several decades after three ships out of the Dutch Second Fleet sent to the Spice Islands were blown off course in a storm and landed there in 1598. They named it in honour of Prince <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">Stadtholder</a> of the Netherlands. The Dutch found the climate hostile and abandoned the island after several further decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Dutch established a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> at Tayouan (present-day <a href="/wiki/Anping_District" title="Anping District">Anping</a>), in the south of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, an island then largely dominated by Portuguese traders and known as <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>; and, in 1642 the Dutch took northern Formosa from the Spanish by force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Americas">Dutch colonisation of the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dutch colonisation of the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonization of the Americas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Dutch colonisation of the Guianas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam (Dutch colony)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png/200px-Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png/300px-Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png/400px-Dutch_Conquests_Brazil_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Dutch conquests in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch colonisation of the Americas started with many mixed results. In the Atlantic, the West India Company concentrated on wresting from Portugal its grip on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave</a> trade, and on opportunistic attacks on the Spanish treasure fleets on their homeward bound voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> on the north east coast of Brazil was captured in 1624 but only held for a year before it was recaptured by a joint Spanish-Portuguese expedition.,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196526_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196526-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1630, the Dutch occupied the Portuguese sugar-settlement of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and over the next few years pushed inland, annexing the sugar plantations that surrounded it. In order to supply the plantations with the manpower they required, a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">successful expedition was launched</a> from Brazil to capture the Portuguese slaving post of <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a> in 1637,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">successfully captured</a> the Portuguese settlements in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> in 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965112_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965112-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1642, the Dutch captured the Portuguese possession of <a href="/wiki/Axim" title="Axim">Axim</a> in Africa. By 1650, the West India Company was firmly in control of both the sugar and slave trades, and had occupied the Caribbean islands of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a> in order to guarantee access to the islands' <a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">salt-pans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike in Asia, Dutch successes against the Portuguese in Brazil and Africa were short-lived. Years of settlement had left large Portuguese communities under the rule of the Dutch, who were by nature traders rather than colonisers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965120_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965120-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1645, the Portuguese community at <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> rebelled against their Dutch masters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196526_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196526-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1654, the Dutch had been ousted from Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the intervening years, a Portuguese expedition had been sent from Brazil to recapture <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> in Angola, expelling the Dutch by 1648.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the north-east coast of North America, the West India Company took over a settlement that had been established by the <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_Company" title="New Netherland Company">Company of New Netherland</a> (1614–1618) at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Orange">Fort Orange</a> at <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relocated from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Nassau (North)">Fort Nassau</a> which had been founded in 1614. The Dutch had been sending ships annually to the Hudson River to trade fur since <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a>'s voyage of 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect its precarious position at Albany from the nearby English and French, the Company founded the fortified town of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> in 1625, at the mouth of the Hudson, encouraging settlement of the surrounding areas of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fur trade ultimately proved impossible for the company to monopolize due to the massive illegal private trade in furs, and the settlement of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> was unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1655, the nearby colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> was forcibly absorbed into New Netherland after ships and soldiers were sent to capture it by the Dutch governor, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Stuyvesant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Stuyvesant">Pieter Stuyvesant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its inception, the Dutch East India Company had been in competition with its counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English East India Company</a>, founded two years earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the same goods and markets in the East. In 1619, the rivalry resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Amboyna_massacre" title="Amboyna massacre">Amboyna massacre</a>, when several English Company men were executed by agents of the Dutch. The event remained a source of English resentment for several decades, and indeed was used as a <a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> as late as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> in the 1660s; nevertheless, in the late 1620s the English Company shifted its focus from Indonesia to India.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1643, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_occupation_of_Valdivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch occupation of Valdivia">established a settlement</a> in the ruins of the Spanish settlement of <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">southern Chile</a>. The purpose of the expedition was to gain a foothold on the west coast of the Americas, an area that was almost entirely under the control of Spain (the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, at least most of it to the east of the Philippines, being at the time almost a "Spanish lake"),<sup id="cite_ref-lytle_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytle-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to extract gold from nearby mines. Uncooperative indigenous peoples, who had <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">forced the Spanish to leave Valdivia in 1604</a> contributed to get the expedition to leave after some months of occupation. This occupation triggered the return of the Spanish to Valdivia and the building of <a href="/wiki/Valdivian_fort_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivian fort system">one of the largest defensive complexes</a> of colonial America.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kock_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kock-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_colonisation_of_Southern_Africa">Dutch colonisation of Southern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dutch colonisation of Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></div> <p>By the middle of the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company had overtaken Portugal as the dominant player in the spice and silk trade, and in 1652 founded a colony at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> on the southern African coast, as a victualing station for its ships on the route between Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch immigration in the Cape rapidly swelled as prospective colonists were offered generous grants of land and tax exempt status in exchange for producing the food needed to resupply passing ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cape authorities also imported a number of Europeans of other nationalities, namely Germans and French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>, as well as thousands of slaves from the East Indies, to bolster the local Dutch workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1933_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1933-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there was a degree of cultural assimilation between the various ethnic groups due to intermarriage and the universal adoption of the Dutch language, and cleavages were likelier to occur along social and racial lines.<sup id="cite_ref-NHOSA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHOSA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope expanded beyond the initial settlement and its borders were formally consolidated as the composite <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Dutch had subdued the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> peoples in the Cape and seized their traditional territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch military expeditions further east were halted when they encountered the westward expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to avoid being drawn into a protracted dispute, the Dutch government and the Xhosa chieftains agreed to formally demarcate their respective areas of control and refrain from trespassing on each other's borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Dutch proved unable to control their own settlers, who disregarded the agreement and crossed into Xhosa territory, sparking one of Southern Africa's longest colonial conflicts: the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stapleton_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Great_Britain_and_France_(1652–1795)"><span id="Rivalry_with_Great_Britain_and_France_.281652.E2.80.931795.29"></span>Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Great Britain and France (1652–1795)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1651, the English parliament passed the first of the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a> which excluded Dutch shipping from the lucrative trade between England and its Caribbean colonies, and led directly to the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries the following year, the first of three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> that would last on and off for two decades and slowly erode Dutch naval power to England's benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1661, amidst the Qing conquest of China, Ming general <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a> led a fleet to invade Formosa. The Dutch defense, led by governor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Coyett" title="Frederick Coyett">Frederick Coyett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">held out for nine months</a>. However, after Koxinga defeated Dutch reinforcements from Java, Coyett surrendered Formosa.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> were a series of three wars which took place between the English and the Dutch from 1652 to 1674. The causes included political disputes and increasing competition from merchant shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1652–54) had the naval advantage with larger numbers of more powerful "<a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>" which were well suited to the naval tactics of the era. The English also captured numerous Dutch merchant ships. <a href="/wiki/Holmes%27s_Bonfire" title="Holmes's Bonfire">Holmes's Bonfire</a> was a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Vlie" title="Vlie">Vlie</a> estuary in the Netherlands, executed by the English Fleet during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> on 19 and 20 August 1666. The attack, named after the commander of the landing force, Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Holmes_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Holmes (admiral)">Robert Holmes</a>, was successful in destroying by fire a large Dutch merchant fleet of 140 ships. During the same action, the town of <a href="/wiki/West-Terschelling" title="West-Terschelling">West-Terschelling</a> was burnt down, which caused outrage in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. </p><p>The Second Anglo-Dutch War was precipitated in 1664, when English forces moved to capture <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a> (1667), New Netherland was ceded to England in exchange for the English settlements in Suriname, which had been conquered by Dutch forces earlier that year. Though the Dutch would again take New Netherland in 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, it was returned to England the following year, thereby ending Dutch rule in continental North America, but leaving behind a large Dutch community under English rule that persisted with its language, church and customs until the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South America, the Dutch seized <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a> from the French in 1658 and drove off a French attempt to retake it a year later. However, it was returned to France in 1664, since the colony proved to be unprofitable. It was recaptured by the Dutch in 1676, but was returned again a year later, this time permanently. The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688 saw the Dutch <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> ascend to the throne, and win the English, Scottish, and Irish crowns, ending eighty years of rivalry between the Netherlands and England, while the rivalry with France remained strong. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Britain declared war on the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>, in which Britain seized the Dutch colony of Ceylon. Under the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris</a> (1783), Ceylon was returned to the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Negapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Negapatnam">Negapatnam</a> ceded to Britain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_era_(1795–1815)"><span id="Napoleonic_era_.281795.E2.80.931815.29"></span>Napoleonic era (1795–1815)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Napoleonic era (1795–1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg/220px-Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg/330px-Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg/440px-Grote_partij_bij_het_opperhoofd_van_Dejima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="3935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> trading post in Japan, c. 1805</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1795, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> invaded the Dutch Republic and turned the nation into a satellite of France, named the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>. Britain, which was at war with France, soon moved to occupy Dutch colonies in Asia, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">South Africa</a>, and the Caribbean.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> signed by Britain and France in 1802, the Cape Colony and the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch West Indies">Dutch West Indies</a> that the British had seized were returned to the Republic. <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> was not returned to the Dutch and was made a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a>. After the outbreak of hostilities between Britain and France again in 1803, the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">retook</a> the Cape Colony and the Dutch West Indies. The British also <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">invaded and captured the island of Java in 1811</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1806, Napoleon dissolved the Batavian Republic and established a monarchy with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a>, on the throne as King of the Netherlands. Louis was removed from power by Napoleon in 1810, and the country was ruled directly from France until its liberation in 1813. The following year, the independent Netherlands signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a> with Britain. All the colonies Britain had seized were returned to the Netherlands, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Guianas" title="Dutch colonisation of the Guianas">Dutch Guyana</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Napoleonic_era_(1815–1945)"><span id="Post-Napoleonic_era_.281815.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-Napoleonic era (1815–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif/320px-Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="320" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif/480px-Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif/640px-Dutch_East_Indies_Expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the Dutch East Indies in the Indonesian Archipelago</figcaption></figure> <p>After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, Europe's borders were redrawn at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. For the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> from Spain in 1581, the Dutch were reunited with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a> in a constitutional monarchy, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. The union lasted just 15 years. In 1830, a <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">revolution</a> in the southern half of the country led to the <i>de facto</i> independence of the new state of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The bankrupt Dutch East India Company was liquidated on 1 January 1800,<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp110_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp110-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its territorial possessions were nationalized as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Anglo-Dutch rivalry in Southeast Asia continued to fester over the port of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">ceded to the British East India Company</a> in 1819 by the sultan of Johore. The Dutch claimed that a treaty signed with the sultan's predecessor the year earlier had granted them control of the region. However, the impossibility of removing the British from Singapore, which was becoming an increasingly important centre of trade, became apparent to the Dutch, and the disagreement was resolved with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a>. Under its terms, the Netherlands ceded <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and their bases in India to the British, and recognized the British claim to Singapore. In return, the British handed over <a href="/wiki/Bencoolen_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bencoolen Presidency">Bencoolen</a> and agreed not to sign treaties with rulers in the "islands south of the Straits of Singapore". Thus the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">archipelago</a> was divided into two spheres of influence: a British one, on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, and a Dutch one in the East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the Dutch East Indies history, and that of the VOC before it, Dutch control over their territories was often tenuous, but was expanded over the course of the 19th century. Only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become the boundaries of modern-day Indonesia. Although highly populated and agriculturally productive <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> was under Dutch domination for most of the 350 years of the combined VOC and Dutch East Indies era, many areas remained independent for much of this time including <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871, all of the Dutch possessions on the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Dutch Gold Coast</a> were <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaties_of_1870-1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870-1871">sold to Britain</a>. The Dutch West India Company was abolished in 1791, and its colonies in Suriname and the Caribbean brought under the direct rule of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economies of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean had been based on the smuggling of goods and slaves into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>, but with the end of the slave trade in 1814 and the independence of the new nations of South and Central America from Spain, profitability rapidly declined. Dutch traders moved <i>en masse</i> from the islands to the United States or Latin America, leaving behind small populations with little income and which required subsidies from the Dutch government. <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_subordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and subordinates">The Antilles</a> were combined under one administration with Suriname from 1828 to 1845.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Slavery was not abolished in the Dutch Caribbean colonies until 1863, long after those of Britain and France, though by this time only 6,500 slaves remained. In Suriname, slave holders demanded compensation from the Dutch government for freeing slaves, whilst in <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, abolition of slavery in the French half in 1848 led slaves in the Dutch half to take their own freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Suriname, after the abolition of slavery, Chinese workers were encouraged to immigrate as <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">indentured labourers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were Javanese, between 1890 and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization_(1942–1975)"><span id="Decolonization_.281942.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Decolonization (1942–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decolonization (1942–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/120px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/180px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg/240px-Presiden_Sukarno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3156" data-file-height="4557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, leader of the Indonesian independence movement</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1942, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign">invaded the Netherlands East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch surrendered two months later in Java, with Indonesians initially welcoming the Japanese as liberators.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a> during the remainder of World War II saw the fundamental dismantling of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial state's</a> economic, political and social structures, replacing it with a Japanese regime.<sup id="cite_ref-VICKERSp85_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICKERSp85-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the decades before the war, the Dutch had been overwhelmingly successful in suppressing the small nationalist movement in Indonesia such that the Japanese occupation proved fundamental for Indonesian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-VICKERSp85_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICKERSp85-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> founded by Dutch socialist <a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a> in 1914, popular also with Dutch workers and sailors at the time, was in strategic alliance with <a href="/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a> (q.v.) as early as 1917 until the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a> and was particularly important in the fight against Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in the Second World War. The Japanese encouraged and backed Indonesian nationalism in which new indigenous institutions were created and nationalist leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> were promoted. The internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions, although the top positions were still held by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-VICKERSp85_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICKERSp85-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two days after the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Sukarno and fellow nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Hatta</a> unilaterally declared <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian independence">Indonesian independence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">A four-and-a-half-year struggle</a> followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony. Dutch forces eventually re-occupied most of the colonial territory and a guerrilla struggle ensued. The majority of Indonesians, and – ultimately – international opinion, favored independence, and in December 1949, the Netherlands <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference">formally recognized</a> Indonesian sovereignty. Under the terms of the 1949 agreement, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> remained under the auspices of the Dutch as <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Netherlands New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">its dispute</a> will be resolved by a year. The new Indonesian government under President Sukarno pressured for the territory to come under Indonesian control as Indonesian nationalists initially intended. Following United States pressure, the Netherlands transferred it to Indonesia under the 1962 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement">New York Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg/220px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg/330px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg/440px-Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_10019010_Groep_Nederlandse_kolonisten_op_de_bo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Dutch colonists in Suriname, 1920. Most Europeans left after independence in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suriname_and_the_Netherlands_Antilles">Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, under the "<a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>", the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles (at the time including Aruba) became a composite state, known as the "Tripartite Kingdom of the Netherlands". The former colonies were granted autonomy, save for certain matters including defense, foreign affairs and citizenship, which were the responsibility of the Realm. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/1969_Cura%C3%A7ao_uprising" title="1969 Curaçao uprising">unrest in Curaçao</a> led to Dutch marines being sent to quell rioting. In 1973, negotiations started in Suriname for independence, and full independence was granted in 1975, marking the end of the Dutch colonial empire, with 60,000 emigrants taking the opportunity of moving to the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogozinski_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogozinski-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> was allowed to secede from the Netherlands Antilles federation, and was pressured by the Netherlands to move to independence within ten years. However, in 1994, it was agreed that its status as a Realm in its own right could continue.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogozinski_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogozinski-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles were dissolved</a>. Effective on that date, Curaçao and Sint Maarten acceded to the same country status within the Kingdom that Aruba already enjoyed. The islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba were granted a status similar to Dutch municipalities, and are now sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-time_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verwantschapslanden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Verwantschapslanden.png/220px-Verwantschapslanden.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Verwantschapslanden.png/330px-Verwantschapslanden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Verwantschapslanden.png/440px-Verwantschapslanden.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary countries and federated states which were significantly colonised by the Dutch. In the Netherlands, these countries are sometimes known as <i><a href="/wiki/Verwantschapslanden" title="Verwantschapslanden">verwantschapslanden</a></i> (kindred countries).</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, the Dutch do not celebrate their imperial past, and colonial history is not featured prominently in Dutch schoolbooks. This perspective on their imperial past has only recently started to shift.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> in March 2019, 50% of respondents in the Netherlands said they felt some level of pride in the Dutch colonial empire, while 6% felt ashamed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_diaspora">Dutch diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dutch diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch diaspora">Dutch diaspora</a></div> <p>In some Dutch colonies, there are major ethnic groups of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> ancestry descending from emigrated Dutch settlers. In South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch" title="Cape Dutch">Cape Dutch</a> are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher people</a> of Sri Lanka and the <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a> of Indonesia as well as the <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creoles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> are mixed race people of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> descent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the U.S., there have been three American presidents of Dutch descent: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, the first president who was not of British descent, and whose first language was Dutch, the 26th president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the 32nd president, elected to four terms in office (1933 to 1945) and the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G.S._Smithard;_J.S._Skelton_(1909)_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/G.S._Smithard%3B_J.S._Skelton_%281909%29_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg/220px-G.S._Smithard%3B_J.S._Skelton_%281909%29_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/G.S._Smithard%3B_J.S._Skelton_%281909%29_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg/330px-G.S._Smithard%3B_J.S._Skelton_%281909%29_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/G.S._Smithard%3B_J.S._Skelton_%281909%29_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg/440px-G.S._Smithard%3B_J.S._Skelton_%281909%29_-_The_Voortrekkers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="2282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a> in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi;_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi%3B_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi%3B_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi%3B_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi%3B_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi%3B_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_gezin_J.J._Kunst_in_Tjimahi%3B_Fritjof_met_theemuts_en_Betty_met_Tom_op_schoot_TMnr_60011286.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Dutch family in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, 1902</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_language">Dutch language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dutch language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_in_Southeast_Asia">Dutch in Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dutch in Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, the Dutch language has no official status<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as some legal codes are still available only in Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian language <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">inherited many words</a> from Dutch, both in words for everyday life, and as well in scientific or technological terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar argues that 20% of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> words can be traced back to Dutch words.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_in_South_Asia">Dutch in South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dutch in South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The century and half of Dutch rule in Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka) and southern India left few to no traces of the Dutch language.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_in_the_Americas">Dutch in the Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dutch in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, Dutch is the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 82% of the population can speak Dutch fluently<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, Dutch is the official language but a first language for only 7–8% of the population;<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though most of the population is fluent in Dutch, which is generally the language of education.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of the three northern Antilles, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>, is predominantly English-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, an extinct dialect of Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Jersey Dutch</a>, was spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was noted to still be spoken as late as 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. President Martin Van Buren, raised in a Dutch-speaking enclave in New York, had Dutch as his native language.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_in_Africa">Dutch in Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dutch in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest linguistic legacy of the Netherlands was in its colony in South Africa, which attracted large numbers of Dutch farmer (in Dutch, <i><a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a></i>) settlers, who spoke a simplified form of Dutch called <i><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></i>, which is largely <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with Dutch. After the colony passed into British hands, the settlers spread into the hinterland, taking their language with them. As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 10 million people for whom Afrikaans is either a primary and secondary language, compared with over 22 million speakers of Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2018)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a> with Dutch linguistic roots are <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> still spoken in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saramaccan_language" title="Saramaccan language">Saramaccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a> still spoken in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Dutch_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbice Dutch Creole">Berbice</a> an extinct language in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Pecok</a> spoken but in danger of extinction in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; Albany Dutch spoken but in danger of extinction in the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Extinct <a href="/wiki/Dutch-based_creole_languages" title="Dutch-based creole languages">Dutch-based creole languages</a> include: <a href="/wiki/Skepi_Dutch_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Skepi Dutch Creole">Skepi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>); <a href="/wiki/Negerhollands" title="Negerhollands">Negerhollands</a> (aka "Negro Dutch"), <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Jersey Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a> (U.S.), and <a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placenames">Placenames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Placenames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin" title="List of place names of Dutch origin">List of place names of Dutch origin</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Dutch_origin_in_Australia" title="List of place names of Dutch origin in Australia">List of place names of Dutch origin in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg/220px-GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg/330px-GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg/440px-GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7276" data-file-height="4964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> as it appeared in 1664. Under British rule it became known as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some towns of New York and areas of New York City, once part of the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> have names of Dutch origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a> (after Bouwerij, construction site), <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> (from Conyne Eylandt, modern Dutch spelling Konijneneiland: Rabbit island) and <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> (meaning "Island of the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States</a>"). The last Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Stuyvesant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Stuyvesant">Pieter Stuyvesant</a>, has bequeathed his name to a street, a neighborhood and a few schools in New York City, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant,_New_York" title="Stuyvesant, New York">Stuyvesant</a>. Many of the towns and cities along the Hudson in upstate New York have placenames with Dutch origins (for example <a href="/wiki/Yonkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonkers">Yonkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haverstraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverstraw">Haverstraw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claverack,_New_York" title="Claverack, New York">Claverack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staatsburg,_New_York" title="Staatsburg, New York">Staatsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catskill_(town),_New_York" title="Catskill (town), New York">Catskill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinderhook (town), New York">Kinderhook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeymans,_New_York" title="Coeymans, New York">Coeymans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer,_New_York" title="Rensselaer, New York">Rensselaer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watervliet,_New_York" title="Watervliet, New York">Watervliet</a>). <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a>, one of the four that make up Long Island, is also of Dutch origin. The <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill river</a> that flows into the <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> at Philadelphia is also a Dutch name meaning hidden or skulking river.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many towns and cities in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> share names with cities in the Netherlands, such as <a href="/wiki/Alkmaar,_Suriname" title="Alkmaar, Suriname">Alkmaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wageningen,_Suriname" title="Wageningen, Suriname">Wageningen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groningen,_Suriname" title="Groningen, Suriname">Groningen</a>. The capital of <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a> and the capitals of both <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Eustatius">Saint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> are named <a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba" title="Oranjestad, Aruba">Oranjestad</a>. The first is named after the Dutch Prince Willem II van Oranje-Nassau (William of Orange-Nassau) and the two others after the first part of the current Dutch royal dynasty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many of South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Largest_Metropolitan_areas_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest Metropolitan areas in South Africa">major cities</a> have Dutch names i.e. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaapstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaapstad">Kaapstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vereeniging" title="Vereeniging">Vereeniging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanderbijlpark" title="Vanderbijlpark">Vanderbijlpark</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The country name <i>New Zealand</i> originated with Dutch <a href="/wiki/Cartographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a>, who called the islands <i>Nova Zeelandia</i>, after the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StatenLandt_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatenLandt-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> subsequently anglicized the name to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian island state <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> is named after Dutch <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>, who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November 1642. He first named the island Anthony van Diemen's Land after his sponsor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Diemen" title="Anthony van Diemen">Anthony van Diemen</a>, the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. The name was later shortened to <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> by the British. It was officially renamed in honor of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> is named after the Dutch ship named Arnhem. The captain of the Arnhem (Willem van Coolsteerdt) also named the large island, east of Arnhem <a href="/wiki/Groote_Eylandt" title="Groote Eylandt">Groote Eylandt</a>, in modern Dutch spelling Groot Eiland: Large Island. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg/220px-Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg/330px-Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg/440px-Stadthuys_Christ_Church_Malacca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Stadthuys in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, believed to be the oldest Dutch building in Asia<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Reformed_Church_(organ_and_pulpit),_Vosburg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28organ_and_pulpit%29%2C_Vosburg.JPG/220px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28organ_and_pulpit%29%2C_Vosburg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28organ_and_pulpit%29%2C_Vosburg.JPG/330px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28organ_and_pulpit%29%2C_Vosburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28organ_and_pulpit%29%2C_Vosburg.JPG/440px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28organ_and_pulpit%29%2C_Vosburg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Christian cross, altar, pulpit, and organ in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vosburg" title="Vosburg">Vosburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>In the Surinamese capital of Paramaribo, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Paramaribo)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo)">Fort Zeelandia</a> still stands today. The city itself also have retained most of its old street layout and architecture, which is part of the world's UNESCO heritage. In the centre of Malacca, Malaysia, the <a href="/wiki/Stadthuys" title="Stadthuys">Stadthuys Building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Malacca" title="Christ Church, Malacca">Christ Church</a> still stand as a reminder of Dutch occupation. There are still archaeological remains of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Goede_Hoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Goede Hoop">Fort Goede Hoop</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Orange">Fort Orange</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch architecture is easy to see in Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Eustatius">Saint Eustatius</a>. The Dutch style buildings are especially visible in <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a>, with its steeply pitched gables, large windows and soaring finials.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch architecture can also be found in Sri Lanka, especially in <a href="/wiki/Galle_Fort" title="Galle Fort">Galle</a> where the Dutch fortification and canal have been retained intact, even to an extent the former tropical Villas of the VOC officials. Some of the most prominent example of these architecture is the former governor's mansion in Galle, currently known as <a href="/wiki/Amangalla" title="Amangalla">Amangalla Hotel</a> and the Old Dutch Reformed Church. In the capital Colombo, many of the Dutch and Portuguese architecture around <a href="/wiki/Fort_(Colombo)" title="Fort (Colombo)">The Fort</a> have been demolished during the British period, few of the remaining include <a href="/wiki/Old_Colombo_Dutch_Hospital" title="Old Colombo Dutch Hospital">Old Colombo Dutch Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolvendaal_Church" title="Wolvendaal Church">Wolvendaal Church</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the period of Dutch colonisation in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, a distinctive type of architecture, known as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch architecture</a>, was developed. These style of architecture can be found in historical towns such as <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch" title="Stellenbosch">Stellenbosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swellendam" title="Swellendam">Swellendam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulbagh" title="Tulbagh">Tulbagh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graaff-Reinet" title="Graaff-Reinet">Graaff-Reinet</a>. In the former Dutch capital of Cape Town, nearly nothing from the VOC era have survived except the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Good_Hope" title="Castle of Good Hope">Castle of Good Hope</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the Dutch already started erecting buildings shortly after they arrived on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>, most Dutch-built constructions still standing today in Indonesia stem from the 19th and 20th centuries. Forts from the colonial era, used for defense purposes, still line a number of major coastal cities across the archipelago. The largest number of surviving Dutch buildings can be found on Java and Sumatra, particularly in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasuruan" title="Pasuruan">Pasuruan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawahlunto" title="Sawahlunto">Sawahlunto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>. There are also significant examples of 17–19th century Dutch architecture around <a href="/wiki/Banda_Neira" title="Banda Neira">Banda Neira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut" title="Nusa Laut">Nusa Laut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saparua" title="Saparua">Saparua</a>, the former main spices islands, which due to limited economic development have retained many of its colonial elements. Another prominent example of Dutch colonial architecture is <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rotterdam" title="Fort Rotterdam">Fort Rotterdam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>. The earlier Dutch construction mostly replicate the architecture style in the Homeland (such as <a href="/wiki/Toko_Merah" title="Toko Merah">Toko Merah</a>). However these buildings were unsuitable to tropical climate and expensive to maintain. And as a result the Dutch officials begun to adapt to the tropical condition by applying native elements such as wide-open veranda, ventilation and indigenous high pitch roofing into their <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Indies_country_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Indies country houses">villas</a>. "In the beginning (of the Dutch presence), Dutch construction on Java was based on colonial architecture which was modified according to the tropical and local cultural conditions," Indonesian art and design professor Pamudji Suptandar wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was dubbed <i>arsitektur Indis</i> (Indies architecture), which combines the existing traditional Hindu-Javanese style with European forms.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta">Many public buildings</a> still standing and in use in Jakarta, such as the presidential palace, the finance ministry and the performing arts theater, were built in the 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">classicist</a> style. At the turn of the 20th century and partially due to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy" title="Dutch Ethical Policy">Dutch Ethical Policy</a>, the number of Dutch people migrating to the colony grew with economic expansion. The increasing number of middle class population led to the development of Garden Suburbs in major city across the Indies, many of the houses were built in various style ranging from the Indies style, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance</a> to modern <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>. Some examples of these residential district include <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> in Jakarta, Darmo in Surabaya, Polonia in Medan, Kotabaru in Yogyakarta, New Candi in Semarang and as well as most of North Bandung.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia also became an experimental ground for Dutch Art Deco architectural movement such as <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Zakelijkheid" title="Nieuwe Zakelijkheid">Nieuwe Zakelijkheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Indies_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Indies Style">Nieuw Indische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_School" title="Amsterdam School">Amsterdam School</a>. Several famous architect such as <a href="/wiki/Wolff_Schoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolff Schoemaker">Wolff Schoemaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Maclaine_Pont" title="Henri Maclaine Pont">Henri Maclaine Pont</a> also made an attempt to modernize indigenous architecture, resulting several unique design such as Pohsarang Church and <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology" title="Bandung Institute of Technology">Bandung Institute of Technology</a>. The largest stock of these Art Deco building can be found in the city of Bandung, which "architecturally" can considered the most European city in Indonesia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since Indonesia's independence, few governments have shown interest in the conservation of historical buildings. Many architecturally grand buildings have been torn down in the past decades to erect shopping centres or office buildings e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hotel_des_Indes_(Batavia)" title="Hotel des Indes (Batavia)">Hotel des Indes (Batavia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Society,_Batavia" title="Harmony Society, Batavia">Harmony Society, Batavia</a>. Presently, however, more Indonesians have become aware of the value of preserving their old buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"A decade ago, most people thought I was crazy when they learned of my efforts to save the old part of Jakarta. A few years later, the negative voices started to disappear, and now many people are starting to think with me: how are we going to save our city. In the past using the negative sentiment towards the colonial era was often used as an excuse to disregard protests against the demolition of historical buildings. An increasing number of people now see the old colonial buildings as part of their city's overall heritage rather than focusing on its colonial aspect.", leading Indonesian architect and conservationist Budi Lim said.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Great_Post_Road.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Java_Great_Post_Road.svg/300px-Java_Great_Post_Road.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Java_Great_Post_Road.svg/450px-Java_Great_Post_Road.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Java_Great_Post_Road.svg/600px-Java_Great_Post_Road.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Great Post Road</a></i> (Grote Postweg), spanning West to East <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beyond Indonesia's art deco architecture also much of the country's rail and road infrastructure as well as its major cities were built during the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Indonesia's main cities were mere rural townships before colonial industrialization and urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples on Java include the capital Jakarta and Bandung, outside Java examples include <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menado" class="mw-redirect" title="Menado">Menado</a> city. Most main railroads and rail stations on Java as well as the main road, called <a href="/wiki/Daendels" class="mw-redirect" title="Daendels">Daendels</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Great Post Road</a> (Dutch: Grote Postweg)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Governor General commissioning the work, connecting west to east Java were also built during the Dutch East Indies era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1800 and 1950, Dutch engineers created an infrastructure including 67,000 kilometers (42,000 mi) of roads, 7,500 kilometers (4,700 mi) of railways, many large bridges, modern irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares (5,400 sq mi) of rice fields, several international harbors, and 140 public drinking water systems. These Dutch constructed public works became the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg/220px-Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg/330px-Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg/440px-Hollandse_plantage_in_Bengalen_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4283.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6152" data-file-height="3948" /></a><figcaption>Dutch plantation in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>, 1665</figcaption></figure> <p>Crops such like coffee, tea, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> were all introduced by the Dutch. The Dutch were the first to start the spread of the coffee plant in Central and South America, and by the early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> was the third largest producer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1778, the Dutch brought cacao from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and commenced mass production.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently Indonesia is the world's second largest producer of natural rubber, a crop that was introduced by the Dutch in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco was introduced from the Americas and in 1863, the first plantation was established by the Dutch. Today Indonesia is not only the oldest industrial producer of tobacco, but also the second largest consumer of tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_discoveries">Scientific discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scientific discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1891. The <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> was firstly described by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ouwens" title="Peter Ouwens">Peter Ouwens</a> in Indonesia in 1912 after an airplane crash in 1911 and rumors about living <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Komodo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Komodo Island">Komodo Island</a> in 1910.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suriname">Suriname</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Suriname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>-born football players and Dutch-born football players of Surinamese descent, like <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vanenburg" title="Gerald Vanenburg">Gerald Vanenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruud_Gullit" title="Ruud Gullit">Ruud Gullit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard" title="Frank Rijkaard">Frank Rijkaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Davids" title="Edgar Davids">Edgar Davids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Seedorf" title="Clarence Seedorf">Clarence Seedorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kluivert" title="Patrick Kluivert">Patrick Kluivert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aron_Winter" title="Aron Winter">Aron Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georginio_Wijnaldum" title="Georginio Wijnaldum">Georginio Wijnaldum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_van_Dijk" title="Virgil van Dijk">Virgil van Dijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink" title="Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink">Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink</a> have turned out to play for the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Dutch national team</a>. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Mijnals" title="Humphrey Mijnals">Humphrey Mijnals</a>, who played for both <a href="/wiki/Suriname_national_football_team" title="Suriname national football team">Suriname</a> and the Netherlands, was elected Surinamese footballer of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another famous player is <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kamperveen" title="André Kamperveen">André Kamperveen</a>, who captained Suriname in the 1940s and was the first Surinamese to play professionally in the Netherlands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Suriname discourages dual citizenship and Surinamese-Dutch players who have picked up a Netherlands passport – which, crucially, offers legal work status in almost any European league – are barred from selection to the national team.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, inspired by the success of teams with <a href="/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules" title="FIFA eligibility rules">dual nationals</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Algeria_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Algeria at the FIFA World Cup">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Football_Association" title="Surinamese Football Association">SVB</a> president John Krishnadath submitted a proposal to the national assembly to allow dual citizenship for athletes with the then-goal of reaching the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> finals.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to support this project, a team with professional players of Surinamese origin was assembled and played an exhibition match on 26 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Andre_Kamperveen_Stadion" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Kamperveen Stadion">Andre Kamperveen Stadion</a>. The project is managed by <a href="/wiki/Nordin_Wooter" title="Nordin Wooter">Nordin Wooter</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Endt" title="David Endt">David Endt</a>, who have set up a presentation and sent invitations to 100 players of Surinamese origin, receiving 85 positive answers. <a href="/wiki/Dean_Gorr%C3%A9" title="Dean Gorré">Dean Gorré</a> was named to coach this special selection. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> supported the project and granted insurance for the players and clubs despite the match being unofficial.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2019, it was announced that a so-called sports passport would allow Dutch professional footballers from the Surinamese diaspora to represent Suriname.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suriname also has a <a href="/wiki/Suriname_national_korfball_team" title="Suriname national korfball team">national korfball team</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">korfball</a> being a Dutch sport. <a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a> is also practised in Suriname, as are popular among the Dutch sports of <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troefcall" title="Troefcall">troefcall</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ajax_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax Cape Town">Ajax Cape Town</a> were a professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team named and owned by <a href="/wiki/Ajax_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajax Amsterdam">Ajax Amsterdam</a>, replicating their crest and colours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Dutch sport of <a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">korfball</a> is administered by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Korfball_Federation" title="South African Korfball Federation">South African Korfball Federation</a>, who manage the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_korfball_team" title="South Africa national korfball team">South Africa national korfball team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2019_IKF_World_Korfball_Championship" title="2019 IKF World Korfball Championship">2019 IKF World Korfball Championship</a> was held in August 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia_2">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Indonesia" title="Football in Indonesia">Indonesian football league</a> started around 1930 in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch colonial">Dutch colonial</a> era. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team" title="Indonesia national football team">Indonesian men's team</a> was the first Asian team to qualify for the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>; in <a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938 FIFA World Cup</a> they played as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies national football team">Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is now the most popular sport in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, in terms of annual attendance, participation and revenue and it is played on all levels, from children to middle-aged men.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Tennis_Association" title="Indonesian Tennis Association">Indonesian Tennis Association</a> was also founded during Dutch rule in 1935, and has a long history of fielding its national <a href="/wiki/Fed_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed Cup">Fed Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Fed_Cup_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia Fed Cup team">team</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Davis_Cup_team" title="Indonesia Davis Cup team">team</a>, although the first participation's in the 60s were not till after independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> remains a popular sport, with the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Indonesian Volleyball Federation">Indonesian Volleyball Federation</a> organising both the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_men%27s_Proliga" title="Indonesian men's Proliga">Men's Pro Liga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_women%27s_Proliga" title="Indonesian women's Proliga">women's Pro Liga</a> and administers the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Indonesia men's national volleyball team">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Indonesia women's national volleyball team">women's national teams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch sport of <a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">korfball</a> is also practised, and there is a <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_national_korfball_team" title="Indonesia national korfball team">national korfball team</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_evolution">Territorial evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Territorial evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire">Evolution of the Dutch Empire</a></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1630.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1630"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1630" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dutchempire1630.png/120px-Dutchempire1630.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dutchempire1630.png/180px-Dutchempire1630.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dutchempire1630.png/240px-Dutchempire1630.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1630</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1650.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1650"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1650" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dutchempire1650.png/120px-Dutchempire1650.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dutchempire1650.png/180px-Dutchempire1650.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dutchempire1650.png/240px-Dutchempire1650.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1650</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1674.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1674"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1674" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dutchempire1674.png/120px-Dutchempire1674.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dutchempire1674.png/180px-Dutchempire1674.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dutchempire1674.png/240px-Dutchempire1674.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1674</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1700.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1700"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dutchempire1700.png/120px-Dutchempire1700.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dutchempire1700.png/180px-Dutchempire1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dutchempire1700.png/240px-Dutchempire1700.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1700</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1750.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1750[citation needed]"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1750[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dutchempire1750.png/120px-Dutchempire1750.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dutchempire1750.png/180px-Dutchempire1750.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dutchempire1750.png/240px-Dutchempire1750.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1750<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1795.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1795[citation needed]"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1795[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dutchempire1795.png/120px-Dutchempire1795.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dutchempire1795.png/180px-Dutchempire1795.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dutchempire1795.png/240px-Dutchempire1795.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1795<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1830.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1830"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dutchempire1830.png/120px-Dutchempire1830.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dutchempire1830.png/180px-Dutchempire1830.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dutchempire1830.png/240px-Dutchempire1830.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire prior to World War II"><img alt="The Dutch Empire prior to World War II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG/120px-Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG/180px-Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG/240px-Dutch_Empire_preWWII.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire prior to World War II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutchempire1960.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1960"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dutchempire1960.png/120px-Dutchempire1960.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dutchempire1960.png/180px-Dutchempire1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dutchempire1960.png/240px-Dutchempire1960.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dutch Empire in 1975"><img alt="The Dutch Empire in 1975" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png/120px-Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png/180px-Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png/240px-Map_of_Dutch_Empire_in_1980.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dutch Empire in 1975</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands" title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_East_India_Company_trading_posts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dutch East India Company trading posts">List of Dutch East India Company trading posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Colonies_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of the Colonies (Netherlands)">Ministry of the Colonies (Netherlands)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Controversy exists as to precise the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">origins of the Eighty Years' War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reproduced from Boxer (1965), p.101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First language or "mother tongue", of 58% of the population, second language for 24%,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first European name for New Zealand was <i>Staten Landt</i>, the name given to it by the Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>, who in 1642 became the first European to see the islands. Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in 1615 off the southern tip of South America by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a>, which had been named <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Staten Landt</a>, meaning "Land of the (Dutch) States-General".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191737565.timeline.0001">"Dutch empire"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191737565.timeline.0001">10.1093/acref/9780191737565.timeline.0001</a> (inactive 1 November 2024)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Dutch+empire&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191737565.timeline.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191737565.timeline.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entrepot-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Entrepot_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Entrepot_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2003" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2003). <i>Empires and Entrepots: Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585–1713</i>. London: Hambledon Press. pp. x–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852850227" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852850227"><bdi>978-1852850227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Entrepots%3A+Dutch%2C+the+Spanish+Monarchy+and+the+Jews%2C+1585%E2%80%931713&rft.place=London&rft.pages=x-xii&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1852850227&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2009" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Kerry (2009). <i>Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 322–342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88586-7"><bdi>978-0-521-88586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+Empire%3A+Forced+Migration+in+the+Dutch+East+India+Company&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=322-342&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88586-7&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). <i>Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 2–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904744955" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904744955"><bdi>978-1904744955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+South+Africa%3A+Early+Settlers+at+the+Cape%2C+1652%E2%80%931708&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=2-13&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1904744955&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsin-Hui-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hsin-Hui_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsin-Hui2008" class="citation book cs1">Hsin-Hui, Chiu (2008). <i>The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624–1662</i>. Leiden: Tuta Sub Aegide Pallas. pp. 3–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004165076" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004165076"><bdi>978-9004165076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+%27civilizing+Process%27+in+Dutch+Formosa%3A+1624%E2%80%931662&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=3-8&rft.pub=Tuta+Sub+Aegide+Pallas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004165076&rft.aulast=Hsin-Hui&rft.aufirst=Chiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2007" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Ann Richmond (2007). <i>Explorers of the New World Time Line</i>. Dayton, Ohio: Teaching & Learning Company. pp. 53–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429113175" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429113175"><bdi>978-1429113175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorers+of+the+New+World+Time+Line&rft.place=Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=53-59&rft.pub=Teaching+%26+Learning+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1429113175&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ann+Richmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tong-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tong_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunie_T._Tong2016" class="citation book cs1">Junie T. Tong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7"><bdi>978-1-317-13522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Society+in+21st+Century+China%3A+Chinese+Culture+Versus+Western+Markets&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13522-7&rft.au=Junie+T.+Tong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UQGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esposito_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190"><i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i></a>. Vol. 1: Abba – Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZcohRpc4OsC%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanda, J. N (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Bengal: the unique state</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-149-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-149-2</bdi></a>. <q>Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, maize, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+the+unique+state&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company.+p.+10.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-149-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_(historian)" title="Om Prakash (historian)">Om Prakash</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320">Empire, Mughal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>History of World Trade Since 1450</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">John J. McCusker</a>, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, <i>World History in Context</i>. Retrieved 3 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ray_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011" class="citation book cs1">Indrajit Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 57, 90, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=57%2C+90%2C+174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.au=Indrajit+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobkirk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobkirk_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobkirk1992" class="citation book cs1">Hobkirk, Michael (1992). <i>Land, Sea or Air?: Military Priorities- Historical Choices</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 77–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312074937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312074937"><bdi>978-0312074937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Sea+or+Air%3F%3A+Military+Priorities-+Historical+Choices&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=77-80&rft.pub=Palgrave-Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0312074937&rft.aulast=Hobkirk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalio, Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/big-cycles-over-last-500-years-ray-dalio/">"The Big Cycles of the Dutch and British Empires and Their Currencies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130930/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/big-cycles-over-last-500-years-ray-dalio/">Archived</a> 1 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></i>, 21 May 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DR1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Guno (2014). Essed, Philomena; Hoving, Isabel (eds.). <i>Dutch Racism</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. pp. 315–316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042037588" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042037588"><bdi>978-9042037588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Racism&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=315-316&rft.pub=Rodopi+B.V.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9042037588&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Guno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario9.htm">"Victimario Histórico Militar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victimario+Hist%C3%B3rico+Militar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremilitari.com%2Fguias%2Fvictimario9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidal, Prudencio. (1888)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer19656-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer19656_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196519-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196519_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196520-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196520_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scammel (1989), p.20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201338_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorschberg2013">Borschberg 2013</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabb1966" class="citation journal cs1">Rabb, Theodore K. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592793">"Investment in English Overseas Enterprise, 1575-1630"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 70–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2592793">10.2307/2592793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592793">2592793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Investment+in+English+Overseas+Enterprise%2C+1575-1630&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-81&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2592793&rft.aulast=Rabb&rft.aufirst=Theodore+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196522-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196522_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196523_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201339_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorschberg2013">Borschberg 2013</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer196524_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabb1966" class="citation journal cs1">Rabb, Theodore K. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592793">"Investment in English Overseas Enterprise, 1575-1630"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 70–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2592793">10.2307/2592793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592793">2592793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Investment+in+English+Overseas+Enterprise%2C+1575-1630&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-81&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2592793&rft.aulast=Rabb&rft.aufirst=Theodore+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/09a25f61-f84c-4e87-9f3b-b2241ff194ae/content">"Competitive Collaboration: The Dutch and English East India Companies & The Forging of Global Corporate Political Economy (1650-1700)"</a>. <i>DukeSpace</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DukeSpace&rft.atitle=Competitive+Collaboration%3A+The+Dutch+and+English+East+India+Companies+%26+The+Forging+of+Global+Corporate+Political+Economy+%281650-1700%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F09a25f61-f84c-4e87-9f3b-b2241ff194ae%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201340_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorschberg2013">Borschberg 2013</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201341–42-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorschberg201341–42_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorschberg2013">Borschberg 2013</a>, p. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogozinski (2000), p.62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965189-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoxer1965189_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoxer1965">Boxer 1965</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shipp, p.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlussé1989" class="citation journal cs1">Blussé, Leonard (1 January 1989). "Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang". <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>145</b> (2): 357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003260">10.1163/22134379-90003260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57527820">57527820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Pioneers+or+cattle+for+the+slaughterhouse%3F+A+rejoinder+to+A.R.T.+Kemasang&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=357&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57527820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bluss%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201071-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201071_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2010">Wills (2010)</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNBWudWBOsQC&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&pg=PA362">Cook 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123093659/https://books.google.com/books?id=aNBWudWBOsQC&pg=PA362&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w6y7UteUHsjlsASdwYLYCQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=1633%20zheng%20dutch&f=false">Archived</a> 23 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TV6f2XWG6t4C&dq=1633+zheng+dutch&pg=PA122">Li (李) 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715080833/http://www.s4ulanguages.com/21.html">Archived</a> 15 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>:<i>Cort, Bondigh ende Waerachtigh Verhael Wan't schandelyck over-geven ende verlaten vande voorname Conquesten van Brasil...;</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies (1974), p.89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McEvedy (1998), p.44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lytle-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lytle_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytle_Schurz1922" class="citation cs2">Lytle Schurz, William (1922), "The Spanish Lake", <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, <b>5</b> (2): 181–94, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Sharpe. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76560-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76560-256-5"><bdi>978-0-76560-256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pillaging+the+Empire%3A+Piracy+in+the+Americas+1500%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-76560-256-5&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Kris+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRgFqADzOLkC%26q%3DBrouwer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kock-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kock_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKock" class="citation web cs1">Kock, Robbert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/">"Dutch in Chile"</a>. Colonial Voyage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.html">the original</a> on 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+in+Chile&rft.pub=Colonial+Voyage.com&rft.aulast=Kock&rft.aufirst=Robbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialvoyage.com%2Fdutchchile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). <i>Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 13–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904744955" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904744955"><bdi>978-1904744955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+South+Africa%3A+Early+Settlers+at+the+Cape%2C+1652%E2%80%931708&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=13-35&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1904744955&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2004" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Gavin (2004). <i>An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa</i>. New York: Springer, Publishers. pp. 29–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306485381" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306485381"><bdi>978-0306485381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Archaeology+of+Colonial+Identity%3A+Power+and+Material+Culture+in+the+Dwars+Valley%2C+South+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29-33&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0306485381&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1933-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1933_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry: Cape Colony. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHOSA-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHOSA_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbengaGiliomee2007" class="citation book cs1">Mbenga, Bernard; Giliomee, Hermann (2007). <i>New History of South Africa</i>. Cape Town: Tafelburg, Publishers. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0624043591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0624043591"><bdi>978-0624043591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+South+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Tafelburg%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0624043591&rft.aulast=Mbenga&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Giliomee%2C+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stapleton-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stapleton_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2010" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Thomas (2010). <i>A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313365898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313365898"><bdi>978-0313365898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+South+Africa%3A+From+the+Dutch-Khoi+Wars+to+the+End+of+Apartheid&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0313365898&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McEvedy (1988), p.46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyett1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Coyett" title="Frederick Coyett">Coyett, Frederick</a> (1903) [First published 1675 in <i> 't verwaerloosde Formosa</i>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/formosaunderdut01campgoog#page/n428/mode/1up">"Arrival and Victory of Koxinga"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, William</a> (ed.). <i>Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island</i>. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 412–459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789576380839" title="Special:BookSources/9789576380839"><bdi>9789576380839</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/04007338">04007338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrival+and+Victory+of+Koxinga&rft.btitle=Formosa+under+the+Dutch%3A+described+from+contemporary+records%2C+with+explanatory+notes+and+a+bibliography+of+the+island&rft.place=London&rft.pages=412-459&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F04007338&rft.isbn=9789576380839&rft.aulast=Coyett&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fformosaunderdut01campgoog%23page%2Fn428%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven C. A. Pincus, <i>Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668</i> (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2001), p.260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp110-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp110_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition</i>. London: MacMillan. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.1300%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SarDesai, pp.92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick (2003). <i>Indonesia</i>. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2"><bdi>1-74059-154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-154-2&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1994" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, A. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/3"><i>A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s</i></a></span>. Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw/page/3">3–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2"><bdi>1-86373-635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationinwaitingi00schw%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogozinski (1999), pp.213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogozinski (1999), pp.213–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115073136/http://www.bataviabooks.com/Chinese.htm">"オリックス銀行・カードローンの申し込み方"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bataviabooks.com/Chinese.htm">the original</a> on 15 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B3%E3%81%97%E8%BE%BC%E3%81%BF%E6%96%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bataviabooks.com%2FChinese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.wanadoo.nl/javas/Vertellingen/Koesoebjono/JavaneseInSuriname.htm">Javanese in Suriname strive to preserve origins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407202219/http://home.wanadoo.nl/javas/Vertellingen/Koesoebjono/JavaneseInSuriname.htm">Archived</a> 7 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L., Klemen, 1999–2000, <i>The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> however <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Mainland</a> itself have been <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">occupied by</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940 ".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1991), p. 195. Vickers (2005), pp.85, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VICKERSp85-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERSp85_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERSp85_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERSp85_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers (2005), page 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adam-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adam_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam,_Asvi_WarmanAnwar,_Dewi_Fortuna2005" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Asvi Warman; Anwar, Dewi Fortuna (2005). <i>Violent Internal Conflicts in Asia Pacific: Histories, Political Economics, and Policies</i>. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+Internal+Conflicts+in+Asia+Pacific%3A+Histories%2C+Political+Economics%2C+and+Policies&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Adam%2C+Asvi+Warman&rft.au=Anwar%2C+Dewi+Fortuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogozinski-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogozinski_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogozinski_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogozinski, pp.296–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officielebekendmakingen.nl – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/stb-2010-387.html">Besluit van 23 September 2010 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de artikelen I en II van de Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002125516/http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2375096.ece/Netherlands_Antilles_to_cease_to_exist_as_a_country">"Netherlands Antilles to cease to exist as a country"</a>. <i>NRC</i>. Amsterdam. 1 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.nl/international/article2375096.ece/Netherlands_Antilles_to_cease_to_exist_as_a_country">the original</a> on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRC&rft.atitle=Netherlands+Antilles+to+cease+to+exist+as+a+country&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.nl%2Finternational%2Farticle2375096.ece%2FNetherlands_Antilles_to_cease_to_exist_as_a_country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideindonesia.org/stories/being-indo-22031411">A 2011 series of critical analysis featured in <i>Inside Indonesia</i>, the English-language media forum of the <i>Indonesian Resources and Information Program</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630094616/http://www.insideindonesia.org/stories/being-indo-22031411">Archived</a> 30 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwen" class="citation web cs1">van Leeuwen, Lizzy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321152546/http://www.insideindonesia.org/weekly-articles-103-jan-mar-2011/postcolonial-neglect-in-holland-20031930">"Postcolonial neglect in Holland, Colonial and anticolonial sentiments lead Dutch scholars to ignore and marginalize Indies postcolonial history"</a>. <i>2011 article series called 'Being Indo' featured in Inside Indonesia</i>. Inside Indonesia, the English-language media forum of the Indonesian Resources and Information Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insideindonesia.org/weekly-articles-103-jan-mar-2011/postcolonial-neglect-in-holland-20031930">the original</a> on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+article+series+called+%27Being+Indo%27+featured+in+Inside+Indonesia.&rft.atitle=Postcolonial+neglect+in+Holland%2C+Colonial+and+anticolonial+sentiments+lead+Dutch+scholars+to+ignore+and+marginalize+Indies+postcolonial+history.&rft.aulast=van+Leeuwen&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Fweekly-articles-103-jan-mar-2011%2Fpostcolonial-neglect-in-holland-20031930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/a-third-of-brits-proud-of-former-empire-survey/1762798">"A third of Brits proud of former empire: Survey"</a>. <i>Anadolu Agency</i>. 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=A+third+of+Brits+proud+of+former+empire%3A+Survey&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Feurope%2Fa-third-of-brits-proud-of-former-empire-survey%2F1762798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1103087/people-s-pride-in-former-empires-2019/">"Share of respondents who felt that their country's former empire was something to be proud or ashamed of in 2019"</a>. Statista.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Share+of+respondents+who+felt+that+their+country%27s+former+empire+was+something+to+be+proud+or+ashamed+of+in+2019&rft.pub=Statista.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1103087%2Fpeople-s-pride-in-former-empires-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker (1998), p.202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammon (2005), p.2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Booij (1995), p.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sneddon (2003), p.162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maier, Hendrik M. (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/ies/050208/">"A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia"</a>. <i>EScholarship</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EScholarship&rft.atitle=A+Hidden+Language+%E2%80%93+Dutch+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.cdlib.org%2Fies%2F050208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerJones1998" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-362-8"><bdi>978-1-85359-362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bilingualism+and+Bilingual+Education&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-362-8&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sylvia+Prys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgtSqB9oqDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/">"The World Factbook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsuriname%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bron: Zevende algemene volks- en woningtelling 2004, Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nt.html#People">CIA – The World Factbook – Netherlands Antilles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205173858/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nt.html">Archived</a> 5 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/aruba/">"The World Factbook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Faruba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aruba.com/about/language.php">Languages of Aruba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427154026/http://www.aruba.com/about/language.php">Archived</a> 27 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2014/51/papiaments-de-meest-gesproken-taal-op-bonaire-en-engels-op-saba-en-sint-eustatius">"Papiamento most-spoken language on Bonaire, English on Saba and St Eustatius"</a>. <i>Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek</i>. 18 December 2014. <q>First languages (2013) English: Sint Eustatius 85%, Saba 93%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+Statistiek&rft.atitle=Papiamento+most-spoken+language+on+Bonaire%2C+English+on+Saba+and+St+Eustatius&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fnieuws%2F2014%2F51%2Fpapiaments-de-meest-gesproken-taal-op-bonaire-en-engels-op-saba-en-sint-eustatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longreads.cbs.nl/the-caribbean-netherlands-in-numbers-2022/what-percentage-of-the-population-speaks-dutch/">"The Caribbean Netherlands in numbers 2022, What percentage of the population speaks Dutch?"</a>. <i>Statistics Netherlands (CBS)</i>. 2022. <q>Main languages (2021) English: Sint Eustatius 81%, Saba 83%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Netherlands+%28CBS%29&rft.atitle=The+Caribbean+Netherlands+in+numbers+2022%2C+What+percentage+of+the+population+speaks+Dutch%3F&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flongreads.cbs.nl%2Fthe-caribbean-netherlands-in-numbers-2022%2Fwhat-percentage-of-the-population-speaks-dutch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sint-maarten.net/population/culture/language">"What are the languages of Sint Maarten?"</a>. <i>sint-maarten.net</i>. 2022. <q>English is the primary language of communication among the locals as well as the tourists who visit Sint Maarten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sint-maarten.net&rft.atitle=What+are+the+languages+of+Sint+Maarten%3F&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sint-maarten.net%2Fpopulation%2Fculture%2Flanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/landen-en-gebieden/sint-maarten">"Zakendoen in Sint-Maarten (Doing business in Sint Maarten)"</a>. <i>Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland</i> (in Dutch). 25 January 2021. <q>De voertaal op het hele eiland is Engels. (The main language on the whole island is English.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rijksdienst+voor+Ondernemend+Nederland&rft.atitle=Zakendoen+in+Sint-Maarten+%28Doing+business+in+Sint+Maarten%29&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rvo.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Flanden-en-gebieden%2Fsint-maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/185/a12.html">"Appendix 2. Non-English Dialects in America. 8. Dutch. Mencken, H.L. 1921. The American Language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, New York: Times Books. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805069228" title="Special:BookSources/9780805069228"><bdi>9780805069228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Van+Buren%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+8th+President%2C+1837%E2%80%931841&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780805069228&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiU_kd-iAcgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822163610/http://www.minbuza.nl/en/welcome/Netherlands#a7">"About the Netherlands"</a>. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minbuza.nl/en/welcome/Netherlands#a7">the original</a> on 22 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Dutch+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minbuza.nl%2Fen%2Fwelcome%2FNetherlands%23a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taalunieversum.org/taal/vragen/antwoord/4/">"Hoeveel mensen spreken Nederlands als moedertaal?"</a> [How many people speak Dutch as mother tongue?] (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Taalunie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Taalunie">Nederlandse Taalunie</a>. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoeveel+mensen+spreken+Nederlands+als+moedertaal%3F&rft.pub=Nederlandse+Taalunie&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaalunieversum.org%2Ftaal%2Fvragen%2Fantwoord%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatenLandt-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StatenLandt_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, John (21 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3">"Tasman's achievement"</a>. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tasman%27s+achievement&rft.pub=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Feuropean-discovery-of-new-zealand%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-nz.org/discovery1.html">"The Discovery of New Zealand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115228/http://www.history-nz.org/discovery1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-nz.org%2Fdiscovery1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Select chronology of renaming' <i>Parliament of Tasmania</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm">http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422111627/http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/php/BecomingTasmania/BTAppend2.htm">Archived</a> 22 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.tourism.gov.my/consumer/destinations/item.asp?item=stadthuys">Tourism.gov.my</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainsDamerica.html">Dutch Colonial Remains</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161409/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/remainsDamerica.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossculturedtraveler.com/Heritage/Archives/Curacao.htm">Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles Heritage Site of the Month</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303185548/http://www.crossculturedtraveler.com/Heritage/Archives/Curacao.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Indonesian)</span>Suptandar, Pamudji <i>Tokoh Pejuang Kemerdekaan, Pembangunan, Dan Pendidikan.</i> (Publisher: Penerbit Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8398-86-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-8398-86-6">979-8398-86-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Indonesian)</span>Article by Dr. Mauro Rahardjo, architect, lecturer and founder of <a href="/wiki/Feng_Shui" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Shui">Feng Shui</a> School Indonesia and Indonesian Feng Shui Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://arsitekturindis.wordpress.com/category/arsitektur/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316115232/http://arsitekturindis.wordpress.com/category/arsitektur/">Archived</a> 16 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034518/http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL57_070809.pdf">"Designing colonial cities: the making of modern town planning in the Dutch East Indies and Indonesia 1905–1950"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL57_070809.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designing+colonial+cities%3A+the+making+of+modern+town+planning+in+the+Dutch+East+Indies+and+Indonesia+1905%E2%80%931950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FIIAS_NL57_070809.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lim, Budy <i>The past in the present: architecture in Indonesia.</i> (Publisher: NAI Rotterdam, 19 January 2007) See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719225202/http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6168503-pride-of-indonesia-world-expos-indonesia-pavilion">"Pride of Indonesia – World Expo's Indonesia Pav"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6168503-pride-of-indonesia-world-expos-indonesia-pavilion">the original</a> on 19 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pride+of+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+World+Expo%27s+Indonesia+Pav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allvoices.com%2Fcontributed-news%2F6168503-pride-of-indonesia-world-expos-indonesia-pavilion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pac-nl.org/printable/0000009476138d504/00000094761396407.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727161507/http://www.pac-nl.org/printable/0000009476138d504/00000094761396407.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/2006/cilt23/sayi_1/interview.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722001916/http://jfa.arch.metu.edu.tr/archive/0258-5316/2006/cilt23/sayi_1/interview.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Melvin and Sonnenburg, Penny <i>Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia.</i> (publisher: ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, ca, usa, 2003) P.716 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For images see the website of the 'Royal Institute of language, geography and ethnology' (KITLV): <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/en/collecties/nederlands-indie_in_fotos,_1860-1940/kitlv">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128171930/http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?%2Fen%2Fcollecties%2Fnederlands-indie_in_fotos%2C_1860-1940%2Fkitlv">Archived</a> 28 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Melvin and Sonnenburg, Penny <i>Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia.</i> (publisher: ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, ca, usa, 2003) P.215, 716 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daendels (1762–1818), a pro-French Governor-General, originally named the road: <i>La Grand Route</i>. In Indonesian it is called <i>Jalan Raya Pos</i>. A documentary narrated by Indonesian author <a href="/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer">Pramoedya Ananta Toer</a> was made about the road in 1996. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282626/">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170545/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0282626/">Archived</a> 5 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravesteijn, Wim "Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 1800–1950," in Comparative Technology Transfer and Society, Volume 5, Number 1, 1 April 2007(Publisher: Project MUSE <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506133533/http://muse.jhu.edu/">Archived</a> 6 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) pp. 32–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/comparative_technology_transfer_and_society/v005/5.1ravesteijn.html">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216200847/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative_technology_transfer_and_society%2Fv005%2F5.1ravesteijn.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1542-0132">1542-0132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ico.org/coffee_story.asp">International Coffee organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108145141/http://www.ico.org/coffee_story.asp">Archived</a> 8 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chocolatemonggo.com/aboutchoco/INDOhistory.htm">Chocolate website.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213104104/http://www.chocolatemonggo.com/aboutchoco/INDOhistory.htm">Archived</a> 13 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penot, Eric. <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>From shifting agriculture to sustainable rubber complex agroforestry systems (jungle rubber) in Indonesia: an history of innovations production and adoption process.<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> (Bogor, 1997).<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132455/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/publications?do=view_pub_detail&pub_no=RP0010-04">"Publication | World Agroforestry Center"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/publications?do%3Dview_pub_detail%26pub_no%3DRP0010-04">the original</a> on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publication+%26%23124%3B+World+Agroforestry+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestrycentre.org%2Fsea%2Fpublications%3Fdo%253Dview_pub_detail%2526pub_no%253DRP0010-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Indonesian)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah05.shtml">[10]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411142607/http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah05.shtml">Archived</a> 11 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055955/http://www.olympischstadion.nl/nl/2_nieuws/?news_id=913">"Het debuut van Humphrey Mijnals"</a>. Olympisch Stadion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympischstadion.nl/nl/2_nieuws/?news_id=913">the original</a> on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Het+debuut+van+Humphrey+Mijnals&rft.pub=Olympisch+Stadion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympischstadion.nl%2Fnl%2F2_nieuws%2F%3Fnews_id%3D913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm2014" class="citation news cs1">Boehm, Charles (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710233414/https://www.soccerwire.com/news/nt/international-men/stefano-rijssel-seattle-sounders-and-the-strange-case-of-surinamese-soccer/">"Stefano Rijssel, Seattle Sounders and the strange case of Surinamese soccer"</a>. <i>Soccerwire</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soccerwire.com/news/nt/international-men/stefano-rijssel-seattle-sounders-and-the-strange-case-of-surinamese-soccer/">the original</a> on 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soccerwire&rft.atitle=Stefano+Rijssel%2C+Seattle+Sounders+and+the+strange+case+of+Surinamese+soccer&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soccerwire.com%2Fnews%2Fnt%2Finternational-men%2Fstefano-rijssel-seattle-sounders-and-the-strange-case-of-surinamese-soccer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730174341/https://www.natiosuriname.com/2014/11/suriprofs-geinformeerd-over-wk-2018.html">"Suriprofs geïnformeerd over WK 2018-project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natiosuriname.com/2014/11/suriprofs-geinformeerd-over-wk-2018.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suriprofs+ge%C3%AFnformeerd+over+WK+2018-project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natiosuriname.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fsuriprofs-geinformeerd-over-wk-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153629/http://www.natiosuriname.com/2014/11/fifa-bereidt-om-suriprofs-te-verzekeren.html">"FIFA bereidt om Suriprofs te verzekeren"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natiosuriname.com/2014/11/fifa-bereidt-om-suriprofs-te-verzekeren.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Indonesian+soccer+fans%27+world+of+pain&rft.date=2010-06-26&rft.au=Tom+Allard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld-cup-2010%2Fworld-cup-news%2Findonesian-soccer-fans-world-of-pain-20100625-z9q5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey_Belford2011" class="citation news cs1">Aubrey Belford (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/world/asia/04iht-indonesia04.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"In Indonesia, a Scandal Over Soccer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangwahyu.web.id/sejarah-pbvsi/">the original</a> on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+PBVSI+-&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.au=wahyawaludin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangwahyu.web.id%2Fsejarah-pbvsi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon2005" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich (2005). <i>Sociolinguistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1998" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Colin (1998). <i>Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education</i>. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300134926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300134926"><bdi>978-0300134926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matters+of+Exchange%3A+Commerce%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Science+in+the+Dutch+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300134926&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Harold+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNBWudWBOsQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooij1995" class="citation book cs1">Booij, G.E. 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(1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchseaborneemp0000boxe"><i>The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800</i></a></span>. Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Seaborne+Empire+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdutchseaborneemp0000boxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1969" class="citation book cs1">Boxer, C.R. 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Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091310714" title="Special:BookSources/9780091310714"><bdi>9780091310714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Seaborne+Empire+1415%E2%80%931825&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780091310714&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugueseseabor0000boxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1974" class="citation book cs1">Davies, K.G. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northatlanticwor04kgda"><i>The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816607136" title="Special:BookSources/9780816607136"><bdi>9780816607136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Atlantic+World+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780816607136&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=K.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthatlanticwor04kgda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_(李)2006" class="citation book cs1">Li (李), Qingxin (庆新) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TV6f2XWG6t4C"><i>Maritime Silk Road (海上丝绸之路英)</i></a>. 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Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+the+North+America&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvedy1998" class="citation book cs1">McEvedy, Colin (1998). <i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Pacific</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstler2005" class="citation book cs1">Ostler, Nicholas (2005). <i>Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World</i>. Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Word%3A+A+Language+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogozinski2000" class="citation book cs1">Rogozinski, Jan (2000). <i>A Brief History of the Caribbean</i>. Plume.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rogozinski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai1997" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D.R. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeastasiapas00sard"><i>Southeast Asia: Past and Present</i></a></span>. Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813333014" title="Special:BookSources/9780813333014"><bdi>9780813333014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780813333014&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheastasiapas00sard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScammel1989" class="citation book cs1">Scammel, G.V. (1989). <i>The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Imperial+Age%3A+European+Overseas+Expansion+c.+1400%E2%80%931715&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Scammel&rft.aufirst=G.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James (2003). <i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i>. UNSW Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipp1997" class="citation book cs1">Shipp, Steve (1997). <i>Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule</i>. McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macau%2C+China%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Portuguese+Colony%27s+Transition+to+Chinese+Rule&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Shipp&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl"><i>American Colonies: The Settling of North America</i></a></span>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780142002100" title="Special:BookSources/9780142002100"><bdi>9780142002100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies%3A+The+Settling+of+North+America&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780142002100&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancolonies00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2005" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6"><bdi>0-521-54262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-54262-6&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderni00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndewegGalen_A._Irwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Andeweg" title="Rudy Andeweg">Andeweg, Rudy B.</a>; Galen A. Irwin (2005). <i>Governance and Politics of the Netherlands</i> (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-3529-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-3529-7"><bdi>1-4039-3529-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Politics+of+the+Netherlands&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4039-3529-7&rft.aulast=Andeweg&rft.aufirst=Rudy+B.&rft.au=Galen+A.+Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, C. R.</a> (1957). <i>The Dutch in Brazil, 1624–1654</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752668765">752668765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+in+Brazil%2C+1624%E2%80%931654&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752668765&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromleyE.H._Kossmann1968" class="citation book cs1">Bromley, J.S.; E.H. Kossmann (1968). <i>Britain and the Netherlands in Europe and Asia: Papers delivered to the Third Anglo-Dutch Historical Conference</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00046-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00046-3"><bdi>978-1-349-00046-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Netherlands+in+Europe+and+Asia%3A+Papers+delivered+to+the+Third+Anglo-Dutch+Historical+Conference&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-349-00046-3&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft.au=E.H.+Kossmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorn1998" class="citation book cs1">Corn, Charles (1998). <i>The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade</i>. Kodansha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-249-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-249-8"><bdi>1-56836-249-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scents+of+Eden%3A+A+History+of+the+Spice+Trade&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56836-249-8&rft.aulast=Corn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewulf2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dewulf, J. (Spring 2011). "The Many Meanings of Freedom: The Debate on the Legitimacy of Colonialism in the Dutch Resistance, 1940–1949". <i>Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History</i>. <b>12</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcch.2011.0002">10.1353/cch.2011.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162354782">162354782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Colonialism+and+Colonial+History&rft.atitle=The+Many+Meanings+of+Freedom%3A+The+Debate+on+the+Legitimacy+of+Colonialism+in+the+Dutch+Resistance%2C+1940%E2%80%931949&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcch.2011.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162354782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dewulf&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphickHermann_Giliomee1989" class="citation book cs1">Elphick, Richard; Hermann Giliomee (1989). <i>The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840</i> (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6211-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6211-4"><bdi>0-8195-6211-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+South+African+Society%2C+1652%E2%80%931840&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Maskew+Miller+Longman&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8195-6211-4&rft.aulast=Elphick&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hermann+Giliomee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaastra2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Femme_Gaastra" title="Femme Gaastra">Gaastra, Femme S.</a> (2003). <i>The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline</i>. Zutphen, Netherlands: Walburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5730-241-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5730-241-1"><bdi>978-90-5730-241-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+East+India+Company%3A+Expansion+and+Decline&rft.place=Zutphen%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Walburg&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-5730-241-1&rft.aulast=Gaastra&rft.aufirst=Femme+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klooster, Wim. <i>The Dutch Moment: War, Trade, and Settlement in the Seventeenth-Century Atlantic World</i> (2016)</li> <li>Klooster, Wim, and Gert Oostindie. <i>Realm between Empires: The Second Dutch Atlantic, 1680-1815</i> (Cornell UP, 2018) 348 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=52928">online review</a></li> <li>Koekkoek, René, Anne-Isabelle Richard, and Arthur Weststeijn. "Visions of Dutch Empire: Towards a Long-Term Global Perspective." Bijdragen en Mededelingen Betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden 132.2 (2017): 79–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/360429/Dutch.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Legêne, Susan. "The European character of the intellectual history of Dutch empire." <i>BMGN-Low Countries Historical Review</i> 132.2 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmgn-lchr.nl/articles/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10344/">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125105838/https://www.bmgn-lchr.nl/articles/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10344/">Archived</a> 25 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Noorlander, Danny L. <i>Heaven's Wrath: The Protestant Reformation and the Dutch West India Company in the Atlantic World</i> (Cornell UP, 2019).</li> <li>Noorlander, D. L. "The Dutch Atlantic world, 1585–1815: Recent themes and developments in the field." <i>History Compass</i> (2020): e12625.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Panikkar" title="K. M. Panikkar">Panikkar, K. M.</a> (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.</li> <li>Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., <i>A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires</i> (Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Netherlands and its colonies" pp 314–401. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/">excerpt</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6vw">entire text online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma1990" class="citation book cs1">Postma, Johannes M. (1990). <i>The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36585-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36585-6"><bdi>0-521-36585-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+in+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%2C+1600%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-36585-6&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Johannes+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesseling1997" class="citation book cs1">Wesseling, H.L. (1997). <i>Imperialism and Colonialism: Essays on the History of Colonialism</i>. London: Greewood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30431-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30431-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30431-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+Colonialism%3A+Essays+on+the+History+of+Colonialism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greewood&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30431-6&rft.aulast=Wesseling&rft.aufirst=H.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADutch+colonial+empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonial_empire&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocsite.nl/">De VOCsite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/">Dutch and Portuguese Colonial History</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voc-kenniscentrum.nl/">VOC Kenniscentrum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Z6rZhPcCY"><span class="plainlinks">Dutch East Indies Documentary</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/en/">The Atlas of Mutual Heritage database</a>, showing the Dutch empire 1600–1800.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible open navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_colonies" title="Template talk:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch colonial empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1602–1798)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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