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England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_political_background_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_events:_1686_to_1688" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_events:_1686_to_1688"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Timeline of events: 1686 to 1688 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_events:_1686_to_1688-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Dutch intervention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dutch_intervention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dutch intervention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dutch_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude:_1685_to_June_1688" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude:_1685_to_June_1688"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prelude: 1685 to June 1688 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude:_1685_to_June_1688-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invitation_to_William" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invitation_to_William"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Invitation to William </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invitation_to_William-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_preparations:_July_to_September_1688" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_preparations:_July_to_September_1688"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dutch preparations: July to September 1688 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_preparations:_July_to_September_1688-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision_to_invade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision_to_invade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Decision to invade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision_to_invade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_defensive_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_defensive_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 English defensive strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_defensive_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Invasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embarkation_of_the_army_and_the_Declaration_of_The_Hague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embarkation_of_the_army_and_the_Declaration_of_The_Hague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Embarkation of the army and the Declaration of The Hague </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embarkation_of_the_army_and_the_Declaration_of_The_Hague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing_and_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_and_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Crossing and landing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_and_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_collapse_of_James's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_collapse_of_James's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 The collapse of James's rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_collapse_of_James's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_revolutionary_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_revolutionary_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 The revolutionary settlement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_revolutionary_settlement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The revolutionary settlement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_revolutionary_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Scotland and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Dutch_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Dutch_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Anglo-Dutch alliance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anglo-Dutch_alliance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anglo-Dutch alliance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Dutch_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_decline_of_the_Dutch_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_decline_of_the_Dutch_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 The decline of the Dutch Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_decline_of_the_Dutch_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Assessment and historiography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment and historiography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Glorious Revolution</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorieryke_Rewolusie" title="Glorieryke Rewolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Glorieryke Rewolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الثورة المجيدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة المجيدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosa" title="Revolución Gloriosa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución Gloriosa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1_inqilab" title="Şanlı inqilab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şanlı inqilab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="ইংল্যান্ডের গৌরবময় বিপ্লব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ডের গৌরবময় বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-%C3%AAng_Kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Kong-êng Kek-bēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-êng Kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Славутая рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Славутая рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Славна революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Славна революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_dispac%27h_saoz" title="Eil dispac'h saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil dispac'h saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Gloriosa" title="Revolució Gloriosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució Gloriosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavn%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Slavná revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slavná revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glorious Revolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glorious Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuulus_revolutsioon" title="Kuulus revolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuulus revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ένδοξη Επανάσταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένδοξη Επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosa" title="Revolución Gloriosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución Gloriosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glora_Revolucio" title="Glora Revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glora Revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterrako_Iraultza_Loriatsua" title="Ingalaterrako Iraultza Loriatsua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingalaterrako Iraultza Loriatsua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF" title="انقلاب شکوهمند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب شکوهمند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorieuse_R%C3%A9volution" title="Glorieuse Révolution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glorieuse Révolution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_Ghl%C3%B3rmhar" title="An Réabhlóid Ghlórmhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Réabhlóid Ghlórmhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8abhlaid_Ghl%C3%B2rmhor" title="Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosa" title="Revolución Gloriosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Gloriosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EC%98%88_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="명예 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명예 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պանծալի հեղափոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանծալի հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="गौरवशाली क्रांति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गौरवशाली क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorioza_Revoluciono" title="Glorioza Revoluciono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Glorioza Revoluciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Agung" title="Revolusi Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDrlega_byltingin" title="Dýrlega byltingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýrlega byltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriosa_rivoluzione" title="Gloriosa rivoluzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gloriosa rivoluzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="המהפכה המהוללת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה המהוללת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სახელოვანი რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელოვანი რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloriosa_Revoluzion" title="Gloriosa Revoluzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gloriosa Revoluzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Славна револуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Славна револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="മഹത്തായ വിപ്ലവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹത്തായ വിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ثوره مجيده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثوره مجيده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Keagungan" title="Revolusi Keagungan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Keagungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glorious Revolution" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="गौरवमय क्रान्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गौरवमय क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%89%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="名誉革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="名誉革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_%C3%A6rerike_revolusjon" title="Den ærerike revolusjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den ærerike revolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_%C3%A6rerike_revolusjonen" title="Den ærerike revolusjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den ærerike revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonli_inqilob" title="Shonli inqilob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shonli inqilob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ځلاند اوښتون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځلاند اوښتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwalebna_rewolucja" title="Chwalebna rewolucja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chwalebna rewolucja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Gloriosa" title="Revolução Gloriosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Gloriosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_glorioas%C4%83" title="Revoluția glorioasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția glorioasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Славная революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Славная революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glorious Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A1vna_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Slávna revolúcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slávna revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Славна револуција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Славна револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavna_revolucija" title="Slavna revolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slavna revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainio_vallankumous" title="Mainio vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mainio vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84rorika_revolutionen" title="Ärorika revolutionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ärorika revolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மாண்புமிகு புரட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாண்புமிகு புரட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="การปฏิวัติอันรุ่งโรจน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติอันรุ่งโรจน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British revolution of 1688</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the English revolution of 1688 and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution in Scotland</a>. For the revolution of 1868 in Spain, see <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution (Spain)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Glorious Revolution (disambiguation)">Glorious Revolution (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Bloodless Revolution" redirects here. For the book on vegetarian history, see <a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution (book)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Glorious Revolution</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><a href="/wiki/File:William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham,_1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg/240px-William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg/360px-William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg/480px-William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1081" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Prince of Orange landing at <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> as depicted in an illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hoynck_van_Papendrecht" title="Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht">Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1688–1689</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> replaced as king by his <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_England" title="Category:History of England">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND,_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES,_and_other_PROVINCES,_CITIES,_MARKET_TOWNS,_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="NEW MAP OF THE KINGDOME of ENGLAND, Representing the Princedome of WALES, and other PROVINCES, CITIES, MARKET TOWNS, with the ROADS from TOWN to TOWN (1685)"><img alt="NEW MAP OF THE KINGDOME of ENGLAND, Representing the Princedome of WALES, and other PROVINCES, CITIES, MARKET TOWNS, with the ROADS from TOWN to TOWN (1685)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/150px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/225px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_004-A_NEW_MAP_OF_THE_KINGDOME_of_ENGLAND%2C_Representing_the_Princedome_of_WALES%2C_and_other_PROVINCES%2C_CITIES%2C_MARKET_TOWNS%2C_with_the_ROADS_from_TOWN_to_TOWN.jpeg/300px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="5500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England#English_unification_.2810th_century.29" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">English unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Norman_England" title="History of England">Norman period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death in England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glorious Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Social history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Government in medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England#History" title="Economy of England">History of the economy of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England#Political_history" title="Politics of England">History of the politics of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_England" title="List of wars involving England">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="England riots (disambiguation)">Riots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">By county</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bedfordshire" title="History of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Berkshire" title="History of Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">City of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buckinghamshire" title="History of Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambridgeshire" title="History of Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cheshire" title="History of Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornwall" title="History of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cumbria" title="History of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Derbyshire" title="History of Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Devon" title="History of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dorset" title="History of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="History of the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Essex" title="History of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gloucestershire" title="History of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_London" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Herefordshire" title="History of Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hertfordshire" title="History of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kent" title="History of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lancashire" title="History of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leicestershire" title="History of Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lincolnshire" title="History of Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk" title="History of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northamptonshire" title="History of Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northumberland" title="History of Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottinghamshire" title="History of Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxfordshire" title="History of Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rutland" title="History of Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shropshire" title="History of Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somerset" title="History of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Staffordshire" title="History of Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suffolk" title="History of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Warwickshire" title="History of Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_West_Midlands" title="History of the West Midlands">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wiltshire" title="History of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcestershire" title="History of Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">By city or town</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham" title="History of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bournemouth" title="History of Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brighton" title="History of Brighton">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bristol" title="History of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chester" title="History of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christchurch,_Dorset" title="History of Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colchester" title="History of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Coventry" title="History of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dover" title="History of Dover">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Folkestone" title="History of Folkestone">Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Leeds" title="History of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liverpool" title="History of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maidstone" title="History of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester" title="History of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Margate" title="History of Margate">Margate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Milton_Keynes" title="History of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham" title="History of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oxford" title="History of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plymouth" title="History of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poole" title="History of Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portsmouth" title="History of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="History of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sheffield" title="History of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shrewsbury" title="History of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southampton" title="History of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St_Albans" title="History of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Torquay" title="History of Torquay">Torquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wetherby" title="History of Wetherby">Wetherby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worcester" title="History of Worcester">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Worthing" title="History of Worthing">Worthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">York</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/16px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_England" title="Template:History of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_England" title="Template talk:History of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Glorious Revolution<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> was the deposition of <a href="/wiki/James_II_and_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II and VII">James II and VII</a> in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a>, and her Dutch husband, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William III of Orange">William III of Orange</a>, who was also James's nephew. The two ruled as <a href="/wiki/Joint_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint monarchs">joint monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> until Mary's death in 1694, when William became ruler in his own right. <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> as a political movement persisted into the late 18th century. William's invasion was the last successful <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_England" title="Invasion of England">invasion of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2007213-2">[1]</a> Despite his own <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, James became king in February 1685 with widespread backing from the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> majorities in England and Scotland, as well as largely Catholic Ireland. His policies quickly eroded support, and by June 1688, dissatisfaction turned into active, yet largely unarmed, resistance. The prospect of a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> following the birth of his son <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Edward">James Francis Edward</a> on 10 June led a group of domestic opponents to issue the <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">Invitation to William</a>, seeking Dutch support to remove him. The <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Dutch States General</a> and William were concerned that James might support <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>. Exploiting unrest in England and claiming to be responding to the invitation, William landed in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> with an expeditionary force on 5 November 1688. As William advanced on London, James's army disintegrated and he went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> on 23 December. In April 1689, while Dutch troops occupied London, <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Parliament</a> made William and Mary <a href="/wiki/Joint_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint monarchs">joint monarchs</a> of England and Ireland. A <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">separate but similar Scottish settlement</a> was made in June. Domestically, the Revolution confirmed the primacy of Parliament over the Crown in both England and Scotland. In terms of external policy, until his death in 1702, William combined the roles of Dutch <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> and British monarch. Both states thus became allies in resisting French expansion, an alliance which persisted for much of the 18th century, despite differing objectives. Under William's leadership, Dutch resources were focused on the land war with France, with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> taking the lead at sea. This was a significant factor in the Dutch Republic being overtaken as the leading European maritime power by Britain during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Despite his <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, James became king in 1685 with widespread backing in all three of his kingdoms. In June 1685, he quickly crushed Protestant risings in <a href="/wiki/Argyll%27s_Rising" title="Argyll's Rising">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">England</a>, but was forced into exile less than four years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125-3">[2]</a> Modern historians argue James failed to appreciate how much Royal power relied on support from the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>, and the loss of that support fatally damaged his regime. The vast majority of the gentry in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> were <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, while even in largely Catholic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> a disproportionate number were members of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. Although willing to accept James's personal religious beliefs, his backers did so only so long as he maintained the primacy of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. When his policies appeared to undermine the existing political and religious order, the result was to alienate his English and Scottish supporters and destabilise Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30-4">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/180px-King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/270px-King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg/360px-King_James_II_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3963" /></a><figcaption>James II & VII, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism#Ideology" title="Jacobitism">Stuart political ideology</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, who in 1603 had created a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">came from God</a>, and where the function of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> was simply to obey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-5">[4]</a> Disputes over the relationship between king and Parliament led to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a> and continued after the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> came to rely on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prerogative" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Prerogative">Royal Prerogative</a> since measures passed in this way could be withdrawn when he decided, rather than Parliament. However, it could not be used for major legislation or taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197844-6">[5]</a> Concern that Charles II intended to create an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> led to the 1679 to 1681 <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a>, dividing the English political class into those who wanted to 'exclude' James from the throne, mostly <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a>, and their opponents, mostly <a href="/wiki/Tories_(political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories (political faction)">Tories</a>. However, in 1685 many Whigs feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', while Tories were often strongly anti-Catholic, and their support assumed the continued primacy of the Church of England. Most importantly, it was seen as a short-term issue; James was 52, his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a> remained childless after 11 years, and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormsley2015189-7">[6]</a> There was much greater sympathy in Scotland for a 'Stuart heir', and the 1681 Succession Act confirmed the duty of all to support him, 'regardless of religion.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200338–54-8">[7]</a> Over 95 percent of Scots belonged to the national church or kirk; even other Protestant sects were banned, and by 1680, Catholics were a tiny minority confined to parts of the aristocracy and the remote Highlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2009290–291-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopalians</a> had regained control of the kirk in 1660, leading to a series of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a> uprisings, but memories of the bitter religious conflicts of the Civil War period meant the majority preferred stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006153–155-10">[9]</a> In England and Scotland, most of those who backed James in 1685 wanted to retain existing political and religious arrangements, but this was not the case in Ireland. While he was guaranteed support from the Catholic majority, James was also popular among Irish Protestants, since the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> depended on Royal support for its survival, while <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> was dominated by Presbyterians who supported his tolerance policies. However, religion was only one factor; of equal concern for Catholics were laws barring them from serving in the military or holding public office, and land reform. In 1600, 90% of Irish land was owned by Catholics but following a series of confiscations during the 17th century, this had dropped to 22% in 1685.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Catholic and Protestant merchants in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and elsewhere objected to commercial restrictions placing them at a disadvantage to their English competitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006106–108-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_political_background_in_England">The political background in England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The political background in England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg/180px-Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg/270px-Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg/360px-Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>James's attempts to allow tolerance for English Catholics coincided with the October 1685 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> revoking it for <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>.</figcaption></figure> While James's supporters viewed hereditary succession as more important than his personal Catholicism, they opposed his policies of 'Tolerance' under which Catholics would be allowed to hold public office and engage in public life. Opposition was led by devout <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993124-13">[12]</a> who argued that the measures he proposed were incompatible with the oath he had sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England. According to opponents, demanding that Parliament approve his measures James was not only to be breaking his own word but requiring others to do the same. Parliament refused to comply, despite being "the most <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Parliament" title="Loyal Parliament">Loyal Parliament</a> a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> ever had".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691-14">[13]</a> Although historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, his stubborn and inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result. When the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to repeal the 1678 and 1681 <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Acts</a>, he suspended them in November 1685 and ruled by decree. Attempts to form a 'King's party' of Catholics, <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a> and dissident Scottish Presbyterians was politically short-sighted, since it rewarded those who joined the 1685 rebellions and undermined his supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006179–181-15">[14]</a> Demanding tolerance for Catholics was also badly timed. In October 1685 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a> revoking the 1598 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> which had given <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">French Protestants</a> the right to practise their religion; over the next four years, an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 went into exile, 40,000 of whom settled in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1980410-16">[15]</a> Combined with Louis's expansionist policies and the killing of 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Savoyard-Waldensian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard-Waldensian Wars">Vaudois Protestants</a> in 1686, it led to fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a Catholic counter-reformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosher19946–8-17">[16]</a> These concerns were reinforced by events in Ireland; the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Earl of Tyrconnell</a>, wanted to create a Catholic establishment able to survive James's death, which meant replacing Protestant officials at a pace that was inherently destabilising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006103-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_events:_1686_to_1688">Timeline of events: 1686 to 1688</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline of events: 1686 to 1688">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg/150px-The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg/225px-The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg/300px-The_Seven_Bishops_committed_to_the_Tower_in_1688_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2745" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Seven Bishops</a> prosecuted for <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a> in 1688</figcaption></figure> The majority of those who backed James in 1685 did so because they wanted stability and the rule of law, qualities frequently undermined by his actions. After suspending Parliament in November 1685, he sought to rule by decree; although the principle was not disputed, the widening of its scope caused considerable concern, particularly when judges who disagreed with its application were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978156–157-19">[18]</a> He then alienated many by perceived attacks on the established church; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton, Bishop of London</a>, was suspended for refusing to ban <a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_(Archbishop_of_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sharp (Archbishop of York)">John Sharp</a> from preaching after he gave an anti-Catholic sermon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter195696–98-20">[19]</a> He often made things worse by political clumsiness; to general fury, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Commission_of_1686" title="Ecclesiastical Commission of 1686">Ecclesiastical Commission of 1686</a> established to discipline the Church of England included suspected Catholics like the <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Hastings,_7th_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon">Earl of Huntingdon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195681-21">[20]</a> This was combined with an inability to accept opposition; in April 1687, he ordered <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, to elect a Catholic sympathiser named <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Farmer" title="Anthony Farmer">Anthony Farmer</a> as president, but as he was ineligible under the college statutes, the <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellows</a> elected <a href="/wiki/John_Hough_(bishop)" title="John Hough (bishop)">John Hough</a> instead. Both Farmer and Hough withdrew in favour of another candidate selected by James, who then demanded the fellows personally apologise on their knees for 'defying' him; when they refused, they were replaced by Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993130-22">[21]</a> Attempts to create an alternative 'Kings Party' were never likely to succeed, as English Catholics made up only 1.1% of the population and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> 4.4%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField2012695-23">[22]</a> Both groups were divided; since private worship was generally tolerated, Catholic moderates feared greater visibility would provoke a backlash. Among Nonconformists, while <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a> supported repeal of the Test Acts, the majority wanted to amend the 1662 Act of Uniformity and be allowed back into the Church of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978171–172-24">[23]</a> When James ensured the election of the Presbyterian John Shorter as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a> in 1687, he insisted on complying with the Test Act, reportedly because of a 'distrust of the King's favour...thus encouraging that which His Majesties whole Endeavours were intended to disannull.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006235-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/180px-James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/270px-James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/360px-James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_c._1703_attributed_to_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>, circa 1703, whose birth in June 1688 created the possibility of a Catholic dynasty.</figcaption></figure> To ensure a compliant Parliament, James required potential <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MPs</a> to be approved by their local <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</a>; eligibility for both offices required positive answers in writing to the 'Three Questions', one being a commitment to repeal of the Test Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978127–129-26">[25]</a> In addition, local government and town corporations were purged to create an obedient electoral machine, further alienating the county gentry who had formed the majority of those who backed James in 1685.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988146-27">[26]</a> On 24 August 1688, writs were issued for a general election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988150-28">[27]</a> The expansion of the military caused great concern, particularly in England and Scotland, where memories of the Civil War left huge resistance to <a href="/wiki/Standing_armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing armies">standing armies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1987184-29">[28]</a> In Ireland, Talbot replaced Protestant officers with Catholics; James did the same in England, while basing the troops at <a href="/wiki/Hounslow" title="Hounslow">Hounslow</a> appeared a deliberate attempt to overawe Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds198096–97-30">[29]</a> In April 1688, he ordered his <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a> read in every church; when the <a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and six other bishops refused, they were charged with <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a> and confined in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. Two events turned dissent into a crisis; the birth of <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a> on 10 June created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, while the acquittal of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Seven Bishops</a> on 30 June destroyed James's political authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006235–236-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_intervention">Dutch intervention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dutch intervention">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude:_1685_to_June_1688">Prelude: 1685 to June 1688</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude: 1685 to June 1688">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Relief_1885.jpg/220px-Relief_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Relief_1885.jpg/330px-Relief_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Relief_1885.jpg/440px-Relief_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> refugees, whose expulsion from France in 1685 helped create a sense that Protestant Europe was under threat.</figcaption></figure> In 1677, James's elder daughter and heir Mary married her Protestant cousin <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> of the main provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. The two initially shared common objectives in wanting Mary to succeed her father, while French ambitions in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> threatened both English and Dutch trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197881–82-32">[31]</a> Although William sent James <a href="/wiki/Scots_Brigade" title="Scots Brigade">troops</a> to help suppress the 1685 <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a>, their relationship deteriorated thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005175-33">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, continued <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">French expansion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">expulsion of the Huguenots</a> meant William assumed another war was inevitable, and although the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> preferred peace, the majority accepted he was correct. This view was widely shared throughout Protestant Europe; in October 1685, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg</a> renounced his French alliance for one with the Dutch. In July 1686, other Protestant states formed the anti-French <a href="/wiki/League_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Augsburg">League of Augsburg</a>, with Dutch support; securing or neutralising English resources, especially the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, now became key to both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton200363–64-34">[33]</a> Following a skirmish between French and Dutch naval vessels in July 1686, William concluded English neutrality was not enough and he needed their active support in the event of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001187-35">[34]</a> His relationship with James was affected by the fact both men relied on advisors with relatively limited views; in William's case, mainly English and Scots Presbyterian exiles, the latter with close links to the Protestant minority in Ireland, who saw Tyrconnell's policies as a threat to their existence. Having largely alienated his Tory support base, James depended on a small circle of Catholic converts like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland">Sunderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Drummond,_1st_Earl_of_Melfort" title="John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort">Melfort</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Drummond,_4th_Earl_of_Perth" title="James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth">Perth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlozier2000233–234-36">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Willem_III_(1650-1702),_prins_van_Oranje,_SK-A-879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg/180px-Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg/270px-Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg/360px-Portret_van_Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje%2C_SK-A-879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="5464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> of Guelders, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht and Overijssel</figcaption></figure> Suspicions increased when James sought William's backing for repealing the <a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a>; he predictably refused, further damaging their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978213–214-37">[36]</a> Having previously assumed he was guaranteed English support in a war with France, William now worried he might face an Anglo-French alliance, despite assurances by James he had no intention of doing so. Historians argue whether these assurances were genuine, but James did not fully appreciate the distrust caused by his domestic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006256-38">[37]</a> In August 1687, William's cousin <a href="/wiki/William_Nassau_de_Zuylestein,_1st_Earl_of_Rochford" title="William Nassau de Zuylestein, 1st Earl of Rochford">de Zuylestein</a> travelled to England with condolences on the death of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a>'s mother, allowing him to make contact with the political opposition. Throughout 1688, his English supporters provided William detailed information on public opinion and developments, very little of which was intercepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988222-39">[38]</a> In October 1687, after fourteen years of marriage and multiple miscarriages, it was announced the Queen was pregnant, Melfort immediately declaring it was a boy. When James then wrote to Mary urging her to convert to Catholicism, it convinced many he was seeking a Catholic heir, one way or the other and may have been a deciding factor in whether to invade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoak199624-40">[39]</a> Early in 1688, <a href="/wiki/A_letter,_writ_by_Mijn_Heer_Fagel_(Pensioner_of_Holland)_to_Mr._James_Stewart_(Advocate);_giving_an_account_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Orange%27s_thoughts_concerning_the_repeal_of_the_test,_and_the_penal_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="A letter, writ by Mijn Heer Fagel (Pensioner of Holland) to Mr. James Stewart (Advocate); giving an account of the Prince and Princess of Orange's thoughts concerning the repeal of the test, and the penal laws">a pamphlet</a> circulated in England written by Dutch <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Fagel" title="Gaspar Fagel">Gaspar Fagel</a>; this guaranteed William's support for freedom of worship for Dissenters and retaining the Test Acts, unlike James who offered tolerance in return for repeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006256–257-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagel1688-42">[41]</a> In April 1688, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> announced tariffs on Dutch <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> imports, along with plans to support the Royal Navy in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. James immediately denied making any such request, but fearing it was the prelude to a formal alliance, the Dutch began preparing a military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005191-43">[42]</a> On the pretext of needing additional resources to deal with <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">French privateers</a>, in July the States General authorised an additional 9,000 sailors and 21 new warships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrud'homme_van_Reine2009287-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invitation_to_William">Invitation to William</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Invitation to William">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_of_Romney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Earl_of_Romney.jpg/150px-Earl_of_Romney.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Earl_of_Romney.jpg/225px-Earl_of_Romney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Earl_of_Romney.jpg/300px-Earl_of_Romney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sydney,_1st_Earl_of_Romney" title="Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney">Henry Sydney</a>, who drafted the <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">Invitation to William</a></figcaption></figure> The success of William's invasion would partly depend on domestic support, and at the end of April William met with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Orford" title="Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford">Edward Russell</a>, unofficial envoy for the Whig opposition. In a conversation recorded by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a>, he requested a formal invitation asking him to "rescue the nation and the religion", with a projected date of end September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1966225-45">[44]</a> William subsequently claimed he was 'forced' to take control of the conspiracy when Russell warned him the English would rise against James even without his help, and he feared this would lead to a republic, depriving his wife of her inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1966231-46">[45]</a> Although this version is strongly disputed, Zuylestein returned to England in June, ostensibly to congratulate James on his new son, in reality to co-ordinate with William's supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988238–239-47">[46]</a> Spurred by the prospect of a Catholic successor, the "<a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">Invitation to William</a>" was quickly drafted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sydney,_1st_Earl_of_Romney" title="Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney">Henry Sydney</a>, later described by Whig historians as "the great wheel on which the Revolution rolled".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988222-39">[38]</a> <a href="#cite_note-48">[b]</a> The signatories provided no considerable political power, but they were selected to make it seem like they represented a broad spectrum, and provided William with an essential propaganda tool.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael200312-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1988418-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds">Danby</a>, a Tory, and <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a>, a Whig; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, for the church; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot,_Duke_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lumley,_1st_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough">Lumley</a> for the army, and finally Russell and Sydney for the navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006271-51">[49]</a> They promised to support a Dutch landing, but stressed the importance of acting quickly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006272-52">[50]</a> The Invitation was carried to The Hague on 30 June by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington" title="Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington">Rear Admiral Herbert</a>, disguised as a common sailor. Meanwhile, William's ally <a href="/wiki/William_Bentinck,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland">Bentinck</a> launched a propaganda campaign in England, which presented him as a "true Stuart", but one without the faults of either James or Charles II. Much of the "spontaneous" support for William on his landing was organised by Bentinck and his agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaydonLevillain2016150-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_preparations:_July_to_September_1688">Dutch preparations: July to September 1688</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch preparations: July to September 1688">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1672_Dutch_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1672_Dutch_War.jpg/180px-1672_Dutch_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1672_Dutch_War.jpg/270px-1672_Dutch_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1672_Dutch_War.jpg/360px-1672_Dutch_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch were concerned by their vulnerable eastern border. In 1672, an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a> allowed France to nearly over-run the Republic.</figcaption></figure> William's key strategic purpose was creating a defensive coalition that would block further French expansion in Europe, an objective not shared by the majority of his English supporters. In 1672, an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a> had enabled France to bypass Dutch forward defences and <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">nearly over-run</a> the Republic, so ensuring an anti-French ruler was vital to prevent a repetition. As an <a href="/wiki/Hochstift" title="Hochstift">ecclesiastical principality</a> of the Holy Roman Empire, Cologne's ruler was nominated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a>, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Leopold_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leopold I">Emperor Leopold I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978153-54">[52]</a> Both Louis and James were in dispute with Innocent over the right to appoint Catholic bishops and clergy; when the old Elector died in June 1688, Innocent and Leopold ignored the French candidate in favour of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clemens_of_Bavaria" title="Joseph Clemens of Bavaria">Joseph Clemens of Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2004251–252-55">[53]</a> After 1678, France continued its expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, including the 1683 to 1684 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">War of the Reunions</a>, additional territorial demands in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Palatinate</a>, and construction of forts at <a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traben-Trarbach" title="Traben-Trarbach">Traben-Trarbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy199520-56">[54]</a> This presented an existential threat to Habsburg dominance, guaranteeing Leopold's support for the Dutch, and negating French attempts to build German alliances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005198-57">[55]</a> William's envoy Johann von Görtz assured Leopold English Catholics would not be persecuted and intervention was to elect a free Parliament, not depose James, a convenient fiction that allowed him to remain neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2004255-58">[56]</a> Although his English supporters considered a token force sufficient, William assembled 260 transport ships and 15,000 men, nearly half the 30,000 strong <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a>. With France on the verge of war, their absence was of great concern to the States General and Bentinck hired 13,616 German mercenaries to man Dutch border fortresses, freeing elite units like the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Brigade" title="Scots Brigade">Scots Brigade</a> for use in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200838-59">[57]</a> The increase could be presented as a limited precaution against French aggression, as the Dutch would typically double or triple their army strength in wartime;<a href="#cite_note-61">[c]</a> William instructed his experienced deputy <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Schomberg</a> to prepare for a campaign in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1966232–233-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision_to_invade">Decision to invade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decision to invade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg/220px-Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg/330px-Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg/440px-Abraham_Hulk_-_Fishing_Boats_by_the_Coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>A Dutch herring fleet. French tariffs on this lucrative trade helped William build domestic support for military intervention.</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of September, an invasion remained in the balance, with the States General fearing a French attack via <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> while their army was in England. However, the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Belgrade</a> on 6 September seemed to presage an Ottoman collapse and release Austrian resources for use in Germany. Hoping to act before Leopold could respond and relieve pressure on the Ottomans, Louis attacked <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1688)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1688)">Philippsburg</a>. With France now committed in Germany, this greatly reduced the threat to the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKayScott198441-63">[60]</a> Instead, Louis attempted to intimidate the States General, and on 9 September, his envoy <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_de_Mesmes_(diplomat)" title="Jean-Antoine de Mesmes (diplomat)">D'Avaux</a> handed them two letters. The first warned an attack on James meant war with France, the second any interference with French operations in Germany would end with the destruction of the Dutch state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200841-64">[61]</a> Both misfired; convinced Louis was trying to drag him into war, James told the Dutch there was no secret Anglo-French alliance against them, although his denials only increased their suspicions. By confirming France's primary objective was the Rhineland, the second allowed William to move troops from the eastern border to the coast, even though most of the new mercenaries had yet to arrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978178–179-65">[62]</a> On 22 September, the French seized over 100 Dutch ships, many owned by Amsterdam merchants; in response, on 26 September the Amsterdam City Council agreed to back William.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200839–40-66">[63]</a> This was a significant decision since the Council dominated the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland_and_West_Friesland" title="States of Holland and West Friesland">States of Holland</a>, the most powerful political body in the Dutch Republic which contributed nearly 60% of its budget. French troops entered the Rhineland on 27 September and in a secret session held on 29th, William argued for a <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive strike">pre-emptive strike</a>, as Louis and James would "attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find the occasion". This was accepted by the States, with the objective left deliberately vague, other than making the English "King and Nation live in a good relation, and useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this State".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200837-67">[64]</a> Following their approval, the Amsterdam financial market raised a loan of four million guilders in only three days, with further financing coming from various sources, including two million guilders from the banker <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lopes_Suasso" title="Francisco Lopes Suasso">Francisco Lopes Suasso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200852-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[d]</a> The biggest concern for Holland was the potential impact on the Dutch economy and politics of William becoming ruler of England; the claim he had no intention of "removing the King from the throne" was not believed. These fears were arguably justified; William's access to English resources permanently diminished Amsterdam's power within the Republic and its status as the world's leading commercial and financial centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2016206–207-71">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_defensive_strategy">English defensive strategy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English defensive strategy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Legge,_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Legge%2C_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg/180px-George_Legge%2C_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Legge%2C_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg/270px-George_Legge%2C_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Legge%2C_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg/360px-George_Legge%2C_1st_Baron_Dartmouth_by_John_Riley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_1st_Baron_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a>, commander of the English fleet.</figcaption></figure> Neither James nor Sunderland trusted Louis, correctly suspecting that his support would continue only so long as it coincided with French interests, while Mary of Modena claimed his warnings were simply an attempt to drag England into an unwanted alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978194-72">[68]</a> As a former naval commander, James appreciated the difficulties of a successful invasion, even in good weather, and as autumn approached, the likelihood seemed to diminish. With the Dutch on the verge of war with France, he did not believe the States General would allow William to make the attempt; if they did, his army and navy were strong enough to defeat it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978195-73">[69]</a> Reasonable in theory, his reliance on the loyalty and efficiency of the military proved deeply flawed. Both the army and the navy remained overwhelmingly Protestant and anti-Catholic; in July, only personal intervention by James prevented a naval mutiny when a Catholic captain held <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> on his ship. The transfer of 2,500 Catholics from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Irish Army">Royal Irish Army</a> to England in September led to clashes with Protestant troops, some of his most reliable units refused to obey orders, and many of their officers resigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978196-74">[70]</a> When James demanded the repatriation of all six regiments of the Scots Brigade in January 1688,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001196-75">[71]</a> William refused but used the opportunity to purge those considered unreliable, a total of 104 officers and 44 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds198461-76">[72]</a> Some may have been Williamite agents, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Belasyse_(died_1717)" title="Henry Belasyse (died 1717)">Colonel Belasyse</a>, a Protestant with over 15 years of service who returned to his family estates in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and made contact with Danby. The promotion of Catholic former Brigade officers like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buchan" title="Thomas Buchan">Thomas Buchan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cannon_(general)" title="Alexander Cannon (general)">Alexander Cannon</a> to command positions led to the formation of the Association of Protestant Officers, which included senior veterans like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Trelawny" title="Charles Trelawny">Charles Trelawny</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Kirke" title="Percy Kirke">Percy Kirke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2009136-77">[73]</a> On 14 August, Churchill offered his support to William, helping convince him it was safe to risk an invasion; although James was aware of the conspiracy, he took no action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005195–196-78">[74]</a> One reason may have been fears over the impact on the army; with a notional strength of 34,000, it looked impressive on paper but morale was brittle while many were untrained or lacked weapons. It also had to fill policing roles previously delegated to the militia, which had been deliberately allowed to decay; most of the 4,000 regular troops brought from Scotland in October had to be stationed in London to keep order. In October, attempts were made to restore the militia but many members were reportedly so angry at the changes made to local corporations, James was advised it was better not to raise them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1973671–672-79">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/150px-Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/225px-Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/300px-Thomas_Osborne%2C_1st_Duke_of_Leeds_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds">Lord Danby</a>, one of the Immortal Seven and William's agent in Northern England</figcaption></figure> Widespread discontent and growing hostility to the Stuart regime were particularly apparent in North-East and South-West England, the two landing places identified by William. A Tory whose brother <a href="/wiki/Sir_Jonathan_Trelawny,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet">Jonathan</a> was one of the Seven Bishops, Trelawny's commitment confirmed support from a powerful and well-connected <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> bloc, allowing access to the ports of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and Torbay. In the north, a force organised by Belasyse and Danby prepared to seize <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, its most important city, and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, its largest port.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006285-80">[76]</a> Herbert had been replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_1st_Baron_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a> as commander of the fleet when he defected in June but many captains owed him their appointments and were of doubtful loyalty. Dartmouth suspected Berkeley and <a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_1st_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a> of plotting to overthrow him; to monitor them, he placed their ships next to his and minimised contact between the other vessels to prevent conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2004-81">[77]</a> A lack of funds meant that excluding fireships and light scouting vessels, only 16 warships were available in early October, all <a href="/wiki/Third_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third rate">third rates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fourth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth rate">fourth rates</a> that were short of both men and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchett170314–17-82">[78]</a> While <a href="/wiki/The_Downs_(ship_anchorage)" title="The Downs (ship anchorage)">the Downs</a> was the best place to intercept a cross-Channel attack, it was also vulnerable to a surprise assault, even for ships fully manned and adequately provisioned. Instead, James placed his ships in a strong defensive position near <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Historic_Dockyard" title="Chatham Historic Dockyard">Chatham Dockyard</a>, believing the Dutch would seek to establish naval superiority before committing to a landing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004138-83">[79]</a> While this had been the original plan, winter storms meant conditions deteriorated rapidly for those on the transports; William therefore decided to sail in convoy and avoid battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrud'homme_van_Reine2009291-84">[80]</a> The easterly winds that allowed the Dutch to cross prevented the Royal Navy leaving the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> estuary and intervening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004138-83">[79]</a> The English fleet was outnumbered 2:1, undermanned, short of supplies, and in the wrong place. Key landing locations in the south-west and Yorkshire had been secured by sympathisers, while both army and navy were led by officers whose loyalty was questionable. Even early in 1686, foreign observers doubted the military would fight for James against a Protestant heir, and William claimed only to be securing the inheritance of his wife Mary. While still a dangerous undertaking, the invasion was less risky than it seemed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1973679-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Invasion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embarkation_of_the_army_and_the_Declaration_of_The_Hague">Embarkation of the army and the Declaration of The Hague</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Embarkation of the army and the Declaration of The Hague">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_Landing_at_Brixham,_Torbay,_5_November_1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/180px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/270px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg/360px-William_III_Landing_at_Brixham%2C_Torbay%2C_5_November_1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>William III by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wyck" title="Jan Wyck">Jan Wyck</a>, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688.</figcaption></figure> The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret. The English envoy <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_White" title="Ignatius White">Ignatius White</a>, the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: "an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament". Louis threatened an immediate declaration of war if William proceeded and sent James 300,000 livres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern1972259-86">[82]</a> Embarkations, begun on 22 September (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), had been completed on 8 October, and the expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest. On 30 September/10 October (<a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>/Gregorian calendars) William issued the Declaration of The Hague (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000 copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after the landing in England,<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales. He would respect the position of James.<a href="#cite_note-89">[e]</a> William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power; the establishment of the "manifestly illegal" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> and to remove the Fellows of <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>. William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Acts</a> and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary. James's attempt to pack Parliament was in danger of removing "the last and great remedy for all those evils".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck198974–75-90">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg/220px-Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg/330px-Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg/440px-Het_oorlogsschip_Brielle_op_de_Maas_voor_Rotterdam_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2539.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6410" data-file-height="4186" /></a><figcaption>William boarding Den Briel.</figcaption></figure> "Therefore", William continued, "we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors ... this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as is possible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck198974–75-90">[85]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">4/14</a> October, William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or to conquer England, a claim which remains controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001199-91">[86]</a> The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers. Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set the expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically, such an enterprise would take at least some months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004137-92">[87]</a> Being ready after the last week of September / first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month. However, this year they came early. For three weeks, the invasion fleet was prevented by adverse south-westerly gales from departing from the naval port of <a href="/wiki/Hellevoetsluis" title="Hellevoetsluis">Hellevoetsluis</a> and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure. However, on <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">14/24</a> October, it became the famous "<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Wind" title="Protestant Wind">Protestant Wind</a>" by turning to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1973201–221-93">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_and_landing">Crossing and landing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crossing and landing">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Pennant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Church_Pennant.svg/200px-Church_Pennant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Church_Pennant.svg/300px-Church_Pennant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Church_Pennant.svg/400px-Church_Pennant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="135" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg/200px-William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg/300px-William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg/400px-William_of_Orange_Expeditionary_Banner_1688.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Expeditionary Banner used by William of Orange as Commander-in-Chief:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb1962267-94">[89]</a></div></div></div></div> Although most of the warships were provided by the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_of_Amsterdam" title="Admiralty of Amsterdam">Admiralty of Amsterdam</a>, officially the States General treated the operation as a private affair, allowing William use of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Navy" title="Dutch States Navy">Dutch States Navy</a> and army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005198-57">[55]</a> The nominal commander was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Torrington" title="Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington">Arthur Herbert</a>, but operational control remained with <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Admiral">Lieutenant-Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Evertsen_the_Youngest" title="Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest">Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest</a> and Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Philips_van_Almonde" title="Philips van Almonde">Philips van Almonde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrud'homme_van_Reine2009288-95">[90]</a> Accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Bastiaensz_Schepers" title="Willem Bastiaensz Schepers">Willem Bastiaensz Schepers</a>, the Rotterdam shipping magnate who provided financing, William boarded the <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> Den Briel on <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">16/26</a> October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200810–11-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBander2014276-97">[92]</a> With over 200 ships of various types carrying 40,000 men, the expeditionary force was the largest fleet assembled in European waters up to that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008177-98">[93]</a> <a href="#cite_note-100">[f]</a> After departing on 19/29 October, the fleet was scattered by a gale, forcing the Brill back to <a href="/wiki/Hellevoetsluis" title="Hellevoetsluis">Hellevoetsluis</a> on 21/31 October. William refused to go ashore, and the fleet reassembled, having lost only one ship but nearly a thousand horses; press reports deliberately exaggerated the damage and claimed the expedition might be postponed until next spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrud'homme_van_Reine2009290–291-101">[95]</a> Dartmouth and his senior commanders considered taking advantage of this by blockading Hellevoetsluis, then decided against it, partly because the stormy weather made it dangerous but also because they could not rely on their men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006203-102">[96]</a> William replaced his losses and departed when the wind changed on 1/11 November, this time heading for <a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a> where Bentinck had prepared a landing site. It has been suggested this was a feint to divert some of Dartmouth's ships north, which proved to be the case and when the wind shifted again, the Dutch armada sailed south into the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrud'homme_van_Reine2009290–291-101">[95]</a> In doing so, they twice passed the English fleet, which was unable to intercept because of the adverse winds and tides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004139-103">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren,_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-70.103.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren%2C_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-70.103.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren%2C_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-70.103.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Formatie_van_de_vloot_waarmee_Willem_III_naar_Engeland_is_gevaren%2C_1688_Ordre_soo_als_De_Vloot_van_syn_Koninglyke_Hoogheyt_den_Heer_Prins_van_Oranje_na_Engelant_gezeilt_is_den_11_november_MDCLXXXVIII_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-70.103.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6174" data-file-height="4704" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch fleet entering the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></figcaption></figure> With the French fleet absent in the Mediterranean, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004137-92">[87]</a> on 3/13 November, the fleet entered the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in a formation 25 ships deep. Intended to awe observers with its size and power, the troops were lined up on deck, firing musket volleys, colours flying and <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military bands</a> playing. The same wind blowing the Dutch down the Channel trapped Dartmouth in the Thames estuary, leaving him unable to prevent William reaching Torbay on 5 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978199-104">[98]</a> Bad weather obliged Dartmouth to anchor in Portsmouth for two days, allowing William to complete his disembarkation undisturbed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2004137–139-105">[99]</a> Most estimates suggest his force consisted of around 15,000 regular troops, <a href="#cite_note-108">[g]</a> plus up to 5,000 volunteers, mostly British exiles and French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995849-109">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[h]</a> He also brought weapons to equip another 20,000 men, although the subsequent collapse of James's army meant most local volunteers were quickly sent home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006283-112">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_collapse_of_James's_rule">The collapse of James's rule</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The collapse of James's rule">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:322px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:320px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:England_south_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glorious Revolution is located in Southern England"><img alt="Glorious Revolution is located in Southern England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/England_south_location_map.svg/320px-England_south_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/England_south_location_map.svg/480px-England_south_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/England_south_location_map.svg/640px-England_south_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="495" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.632%;left:56.645%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Salisbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Salisbury</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.834%;left:87.346%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Faversham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Faversham</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44%;left:75.623%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>London</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.529%;left:36.492%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Torbay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Torbay</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.211%;left:49.598%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Wincanton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Wincanton</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.056%;left:36.766%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Exeter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Exeter</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.4%;left:65.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Portsmouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Portsmouth</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.752%;left:59.829%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Hungerford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Hungerford</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.467%;left:66.022%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Reading" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Reading</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.256%;left:29.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Plymouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Plymouth</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:England_south_location_map.svg" title="File:England south location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Key locations in November 1688</div></div></div> James had considered himself safe from invasion, due to the French threat to the Spanish Netherlands, his navy and because it was late in the year for launching an expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1980177—178-113">[105]</a> He now panicked and met with the bishops on 28 September, offering them concessions. They responded five days later with demands that he restore the religious position to that prevailing in February 1685, and hold free elections for a new Parliament. Although they hoped this would allow James to remain king, in reality there was little chance of this. At a minimum, he would have to disinherit his son, enforce the Test Acts, and accept the supremacy of Parliament, all of which were unacceptable. In addition, by now his Whig opponents did not trust him to keep his promises, while Tories like Danby were too committed to William to escape punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978204-114">[106]</a> Although his veterans were superior to the largely untested recruits of the Royal Army, William and his English supporters preferred to avoid bloodshed. Torbay was sufficiently far from London to provide time for the regime to collapse on its own, while to avoid alienating the local population, his troops were well supplied and paid three months in advance. On 9 November, he entered <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and issued a proclamation claiming he sought only to secure the rights of his wife and a free Parliament. Despite this, there was little enthusiasm for either party, and the general mood was one of confusion and distrust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200815–16-115">[107]</a> In Northern England, much of the gentry confirmed their backing for the invasion after Danby had the Declaration read out in York on 12 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200831–32-116">[108]</a> On 19 November, James joined his main force of 19,000 at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006285-80">[76]</a> but morale was low and the loyalty of some commanders doubtful, with a number of officers defecting to William between 10 and 20 November. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1980187-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkman1954138_&_160-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2007164-119">[111]</a> Although the numbers were relatively small, the defections badly impacted morale, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1980187-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck198986-120">[112]</a> while the Royal Army was short of both food and ammunition. On 20 November, Royal dragoons clashed with Williamite scouts at <a href="/wiki/Wincanton_Skirmish" title="Wincanton Skirmish">Wincanton</a>, but along with a minor skirmish at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(1688)" title="Battle of Reading (1688)">Reading</a> on 9 December, these were the only substantial military actions of the campaign. After securing his rear by taking <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> on 18 November, William began his advance on 21 November, while Danby and Belasyse captured York and Hull several days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006285-80">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg/180px-John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg/270px-John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg/360px-John_Churchill%2C_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough_by_John_Closterman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2911" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill</a>, circa 1685, whose defection to William was a serious blow.</figcaption></figure> His commander <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Duras,_2nd_Earl_of_Feversham" title="Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham">Feversham</a> and other senior officers advised James to retreat. Lacking information on William's movements, suspicious of his own soldiers, worn out by lack of sleep and debilitating nose-bleeds, on 23 November James agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978201–202-121">[113]</a> Because of its strategic implications, the withdrawal was a practical admission of defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1980189-122">[114]</a> On 24 November, Churchill, Grafton and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Princess Anne</a>'s husband <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George</a> deserted to William, followed by Anne herself on 26 November. The next day, James met with those peers still in London, and with the exception of Melfort, Perth and other Catholics, they urged him to announce free Parliamentary elections and negotiate with William.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006284-123">[115]</a> On 8 December, <a href="/wiki/George_Savile,_1st_Marquess_of_Halifax" title="George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_2nd_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Godolphin</a> met with William at <a href="/wiki/Hungerford" title="Hungerford">Hungerford</a> to hear his demands, which included the dismissal of Catholics from public office and funding for his army. Many viewed these as a reasonable basis for a settlement, but James decided to flee the country, convinced his life was threatened. This suggestion is generally dismissed by historians, since William made it clear he would not allow his uncle to be harmed. Some Tories hoped James could retain his throne but name a Protestant successor, while the Whigs preferred to drive him out of the country by imposing conditions he would refuse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978204-114">[106]</a> The Queen and Prince of Wales left for France on 9 December, James following separately on 10 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978205-124">[116]</a> Accompanied only by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Hales,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Hales, 3rd Baronet">Edward Hales</a> and Ralph Sheldon, he made his way to <a href="/wiki/Faversham" title="Faversham">Faversham</a> in Kent seeking passage to France, first dropping the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in a last-ditch attempt to prevent Parliament being summoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200817-125">[117]</a> In London, his flight and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Fright" title="Irish Fright">rumours</a> of a "Papist" invasion led to riots and destruction of Catholic property, which quickly spread throughout the country. To fill the power vacuum, the <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">Earl of Rochester</a> set up a temporary government including members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> authorities, but it took them two days to restore order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006296–300-126">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_021-Receptie_van_S.K.H._den_Prince_van_Orange_op_zijn_intrede_tot_London_%3D_THE_Reception_of_His_Royal_Highnesse_the_Prince_of_Orange_at_his_entring_London.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_021-Receptie_van_S.K.H._den_Prince_van_Orange_op_zijn_intrede_tot_London_%3D_THE_Reception_of_His_Royal_Highnesse_the_Prince_of_Orange_at_his_entring_London.jpeg/260px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_021-Receptie_van_S.K.H._den_Prince_van_Orange_op_zijn_intrede_tot_London_%3D_THE_Reception_of_His_Royal_Highnesse_the_Prince_of_Orange_at_his_entring_London.jpeg/390px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_021-Receptie_van_S.K.H._den_Prince_van_Orange_op_zijn_intrede_tot_London_%3D_THE_Reception_of_His_Royal_Highnesse_the_Prince_of_Orange_at_his_entring_London.jpeg/520px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4473" /></a><figcaption>The entrance of William in London, 16 December 1688.</figcaption></figure> When news arrived, James had been captured in Faversham on 11 December by local fishermen, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_2nd_Earl_of_Ailesbury" title="Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury">Lord Ailesbury</a>, one of his personal attendants, was sent to escort him back to London. On entering the city on 16 December, he was welcomed by cheering crowds. By making it seem that James remained in control, Tory loyalists hoped for a settlement which would leave them in government. To create an appearance of normality, he heard Mass and presided over a meeting of the Privy Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_London_Gazette''16882-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[i]</a> James made it clear to the French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barillon" title="Paul Barillon">Paul Barillon</a> that he still intended to escape to France. His few remaining supporters viewed his flight as cowardice, and a failure to ensure law and order criminally negligent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978208-129">[120]</a> Happy to help him into exile, William recommended he relocate to <a href="/wiki/Ham,_London" title="Ham, London">Ham</a>, largely because it was easy to escape from. James suggested <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a> instead, allegedly because his personal guard was there, in reality conveniently positioned for a ship to France. On 18 December, he left London with a Dutch escort as William entered, cheered by the same crowds who greeted his predecessor two days before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200819-130">[121]</a> William occupied London and now effectively controlled the English government and the country's army, navy, and finances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995852-131">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor202085-132">[123]</a> On 22 December, Berwick arrived in Rochester with blank passports allowing them to leave England, while his guards were instructed not to impede his escape. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuygens188162-133">[124]</a> Although Ailesbury and others begged him to stay, James left for France on 23 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200817-125">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_revolutionary_settlement">The revolutionary settlement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The revolutionary settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_and_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_and_Mary.jpg/180px-William_and_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_and_Mary.jpg/270px-William_and_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/William_and_Mary.jpg/360px-William_and_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> reigned jointly until her death in 1694, when William became sole monarch.</figcaption></figure> James' departure enabled William to take control of the provisional government on 28 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006319-134">[125]</a> Elections were held in early January for a <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Convention Parliament</a>, which assembled on 22 January. While the Whigs had a slight majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">Commons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">Lords</a> was dominated by the Tories, but both were led by moderates. Even Stuart loyalists like Archbishop Sancroft recognised keeping James on the throne was no longer possible. Instead, they argued his daughter Mary should either be appointed regent, or sole monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006319-134">[125]</a> The issue was debated for next two weeks, much to the annoyance of William, who needed a swift resolution. The situation in Ireland was rapidly deteriorating, while the French had over-run large parts of the Rhineland and were preparing to attack the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006325-135">[126]</a> At a meeting with Danby and Halifax on 3 February, he declared he would return home if the Convention did not appoint him joint monarch, while Mary stated she would only rule jointly with her husband. Faced with this ultimatum, on 6 February Parliament declared that in choosing exile, James had abdicated and thus vacated the Crown, which was therefore offered jointly to William and Mary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978209-136">[127]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._G._Harris" title="Timothy J. G. Harris">Tim Harris</a> argues the most radical act of the 1688 Revolution was the idea of a "contract" between ruler and people, rebutting the Stuart ideology of divine right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006329-137">[128]</a> While this was a victory for the Whigs, other pieces of legislation were proposed by the Tories, often with moderate Whig support, designed to protect the Anglican establishment from being undermined by future monarchs, including the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Calvinist</a> William. The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Right,_1689" title="Declaration of Right, 1689">Declaration of Right</a> was a tactical compromise, setting out where James had failed, and establishing the rights of English citizens, without agreeing their cause or offering solutions. In December 1689, this was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009292–293-138">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg/220px-SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg/330px-SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg/440px-SA_4973-Anno_1689._De_kroning_van_Willem_III_en_Maria_Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>The coronation of William and Mary, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rochussen" title="Charles Rochussen">Charles Rochussen</a></figcaption></figure> However, there were two areas that arguably broke new constitutional ground, both responses to what were viewed as specific abuses by James. First, the Declaration of Right made keeping a standing army without parliamentary consent illegal, overturning the <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Sole_Right_over_the_Militia_Act_1661" title="The King's Sole Right over the Militia Act 1661">1661</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Militia_Act_1662" title="City of London Militia Act 1662">1662 Militia Acts</a> and vesting control of the military in Parliament, not the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006341-139">[130]</a> The second was the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Oath_Act_1688" title="Coronation Oath Act 1688">Coronation Oath Act 1688</a>; the result of James's perceived failure to comply with that taken in 1685, it established obligations owed by the monarchy to the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaerGay20084-140">[131]</a> At their coronation on 11 April, William and Mary swore to "govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same". They were also to maintain the Protestant Reformed faith and "preserve inviolable the settlement of the Church of England, and its doctrine, worship, discipline and government as by law established".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaerGay20084-140">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland_and_Ireland">Scotland and Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scotland and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution in Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG/180px-St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG/270px-St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG/360px-St._Giles_and_Parliament_House_c.1647.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House, Edinburgh</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Estates_(1689)" title="Convention of Estates (1689)">Convention of Estates</a> met in March 1689</figcaption></figure> While Scotland was not involved in the landing, by November 1688 only a tiny minority supported James. Many of those who accompanied William were Scots exiles, including <a href="/wiki/George_Melville,_1st_Earl_of_Melville" title="George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville">the Earl of Melville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Duke_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll">the Duke of Argyll</a>, his personal chaplain <a href="/wiki/William_Carstares" title="William Carstares">William Carstares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006165-141">[132]</a> News of James's flight led to celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Most members of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Privy Council">Scottish Privy Council</a> went to London. On 7 January 1689, they asked William to take over government. Elections were held in March for a <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_the_Estates_of_Scotland" title="Convention of the Estates of Scotland">Scottish Convention</a>, which was also a contest between Presbyterians and Episcopalians for control of the Kirk. While only 50 of the 125 delegates were classed as Episcopalian, they were hopeful of victory since William supported the retention of bishops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006379–381-142">[133]</a> On 16 March a Letter from James was read out to the convention, demanding obedience and threatening punishment for non-compliance. Public anger at its tone meant some Episcopalians stopped attending the convention, claiming to fear for their safety and others changed sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechi199430–31-143">[134]</a> The 1689–1691 Jacobite Rising forced William to make concessions to the Presbyterians, ended Episcopacy in Scotland and excluded a significant portion of the political class. Many later returned to the Kirk but <a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Non-Juring Episcopalianism</a> was the key determinant of <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> support in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">1745</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzechiSankey200197-144">[135]</a> The English Parliament held that James 'abandoned' his throne. The Convention argued that he 'forfeited' it by his actions, as listed in the Articles of Grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''University_of_St._Andrews''-145">[136]</a> On 11 April, the Convention ended James's reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and the <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Right_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim of Right Act 1689">Claim of Right Act</a>, making Parliament the primary legislative power in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1980460-146">[137]</a> On 11 May, William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland; after their acceptance, the Claim and the Articles were read aloud, leading to an immediate debate over whether or not an endorsement of these documents was implicit in that acceptance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005-147">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Dutch_alliance">Anglo-Dutch alliance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anglo-Dutch alliance">edit</a>]</div> Though he had carefully avoided making it public, William's main motive in organising the expedition had been the opportunity to bring England into <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">an alliance</a> against France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael198937-38-148">[139]</a> On 9 December 1688 he had already asked the States General to send a delegation of three to negotiate the conditions. On 18 February (Julian calendar) he asked the convention to support the Republic in its war against France. It refused, only consenting to pay £600,000 for the continued presence of the Dutch army in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001236-237-149">[140]</a> On 9 March (Gregorian calendar) the States General responded to Louis's earlier <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">declaration of war</a> by declaring war on France in return. Before they could take part in the war, both the English and Scottish armies had to be rebuilt from scratch. Many officers who had supported James' removal were unwilling to continue under his successor, while William was reluctant to trust those who had not already served under him. In addition, according to historian Jonathan Scott: 'The state and discipline of the rank and file was ‘deplorable’. There was a dire lack of experience and competence at every level.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2000479-150">[141]</a> For the purpose of reforming the English army on the Dutch model William appointed Dutch officers to key positions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020190-151">[142]</a> which caused considerable resentment in England. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg/270px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg/405px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg/540px-William_III_at_the_Battle_of_Landen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4354" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption>William III at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landen" title="Battle of Landen">Battle of Landen</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Crofts" title="Ernest Crofts">Ernest Crofts</a></figcaption></figure> On 19 April (Julian calendar) the Dutch delegation signed a naval treaty with England. It stipulated that the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet would always be commanded by an Englishman, even when of lower rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001236-152">[143]</a> The Dutch agreed to this to make their dominance over the English army less painful for the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020190-151">[142]</a> The treaty also specified that the two parties would contribute in the ratio of five English vessels against three Dutch vessels, meaning in practice that the Dutch navy in the future would be smaller than the English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001236-152">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a> were not repealed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001236-152">[143]</a> On 18 May, the new Parliament allowed William to declare war on France. On 9 September 1689, (Gregorian calendar), William as King of England joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Augsburg">League of Augsburg</a> against France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2001238-153">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_decline_of_the_Dutch_Republic">The decline of the Dutch Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The decline of the Dutch Republic">edit</a>]</div> Having England as an ally meant that the military situation of the Republic was strongly improved, which allowed William to be uncompromising in his position towards France. The Dutch successfully secured their positions in the Spanish Netherlands, and halted French territorial expansion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2020354-154">[145]</a> but these military campaigns were very expensive. In 1712, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the Republic was financially exhausted and was forced to let its fleet deteriorate, making what was by then the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> the dominant maritime power of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVriesWoude1997673–687-155">[146]</a> The Dutch economy, already burdened by the high national debt and concomitant high taxation, suffered from the other European states' <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies, which its weakened fleet was no longer able to resist. To make matters worse, the main Dutch trading and banking houses moved much of their activity from Amsterdam to London after 1688. Between 1688 and 1720, world trade dominance shifted from the Republic to Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVriesWoude1997673–687-155">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_historiography">Assessment and historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Assessment and historiography">edit</a>]</div> While the 1688 revolution was labeled "Glorious" by Protestant preachers two decades later,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzler1987-156">[147]</a> its historiography is complex, and its assessment disputed. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Macaulay</a>'s account of the Revolution in <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_from_the_Accession_of_James_the_Second" title="The History of England from the Accession of James the Second">The History of England from the Accession of James the Second</a> exemplifies the "<a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a>" narrative of the Revolution as a largely consensual and bloodless triumph of English common sense, confirming and strengthening its institutions of tempered popular liberty and limited monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus20095-157">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> set the tone for that interpretation when he proclaimed: "The Revolution was made to preserve our ancient indisputable laws and liberties, and that ancient constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty."<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> An alternative narrative emphasizes William's successful foreign invasion from the Netherlands, and the size of the corresponding military operation. Several researchers have emphasized that aspect, particularly after the third centenary of the event in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jones" title="J. R. Jones">J. R. Jones</a> suggested that the invasion "should be seen ... as the first and arguably the only decisive phase of the Nine Years' War."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1994466-160">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Childs_(historian)" title="John Childs (historian)">John Childs</a> added that "there was no natural political turmoil in England in 1688", or "at least not of sufficient consequence to produce the overthrow of a king."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1988418-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a> also stresses the importance of the Dutch aspect by arguing that, due the Dutch occupation of London, parliament was hardly free when they decided to accept William as their king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael2003130-161">[152]</a> It has been argued that the invasion aspect had been downplayed as a result of British pride and effective Dutch propaganda, trying to depict the course of events as a largely internal English affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJardine200827-162">[153]</a> As the invitation was initiated by figures who had little influence, the legacy of the Glorious Revolution has been described as a successful propaganda act by William to cover up and justify his invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwoerer1977-163">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The claim that William was fighting for the Protestant cause in England was used to great effect to disguise the military, cultural and political impact that the Dutch regime had on England. A third version, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pincus" title="Steven Pincus">Steven Pincus</a>, underplays the invasion aspect but unlike the Whig narrative views the Revolution as a divisive and violent event that involved all classes of the English population, not just the main aristocratic protagonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009-164">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Pincus argues that his interpretation echoes the widely held view of the Revolution in its aftermath, starting with its revolutionary labelling. Pincus argues that it was momentous especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact – a powerful centralised autocratic state, using French-style "state-building". England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century rebuts the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89. Pincus says it was not a placid turn of events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009?-165">[156]</a> In diplomacy and economics William III transformed the English state's ideology and policies. This occurred not because William III was an outsider who inflicted foreign notions on England but because foreign affairs and political economy were at the core of the English revolutionaries' agenda. The revolution of 1688–89 cannot be fathomed in isolation. It would have been inconceivable without the changes resulting from the events of the 1640s and 1650s. The ideas accompanying the Glorious Revolution were rooted in the mid-century upheavals. The 17th century was a century of revolution in England, deserving of the same scholarly attention that 'modern' revolutions attract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009?-165">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] James II tried building a powerful militarised state on the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from other states. The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of economics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. It led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, the creation of Europe's first widely circulating credit currency and the commencement of the "<a href="/wiki/Projector_(business)" title="Projector (business)">Age of Projectors</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWennerlind2011109-166">[157]</a> This subsequently gave weight to the view, advocated most famously by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in 1776, that wealth was created by human endeavour and was thus potentially infinite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincus2009369–370-167">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> viewed the revolution as essentially conservative in nature, writing that it was shaped by an alliance between English commercial and industrial <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and increasingly commercialized large land owners.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> <a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> As a coup, albeit largely bloodless, its legitimacy rests in the will expressed separately by the Scottish and English Parliaments according to their respective legal processes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1992302-170">[161]</a> On this point, the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Earl of Shaftesbury</a> declared in 1689, "The Parliament of England is that supreme and absolute power, which gives life and motion to the English government".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200728-171">[162]</a> The Revolution established the primacy of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a>, a principle still relevant in consultation with the 15 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">succession</a> issues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> formally established a system of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and ended moves towards <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> by restricting the power of the monarch, who could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's consent. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> remains the military arm of Parliament, not the monarch, although the Crown is the source of all military executive authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWindeyer1938-172">[163]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Unlike the 1639 to 1653 <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, most ordinary people in England and Scotland were relatively untouched by the "Glorious Revolution", the majority of the bloodshed taking place in Ireland. As a consequence, some historians suggest that in England at least it more closely resembles a coup d'état, rather than a social upheaval such as the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1995166-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[j]</a> This view is consistent with the original meaning of "revolution" as a circular process under which an old system of values is restored to its original position, with England's supposed "ancient constitution" being reasserted, rather than formed anew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009xvi,_xviii,_xix-176">[166]</a> Contemporary English political thought, as expressed in <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s then popular <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonSmith2004-177">[167]</a> linked to <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>'s view of the contractual agreement between the monarch and their subjects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''De_Jure_Regni_apud_Scotos''2015-178">[168]</a> an argument used by the Scottish Parliament as justification for the Claim of Right. Under the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Oath_Act_1688" title="Coronation Oath Act 1688">Coronation Oath Act 1688</a>, William had sworn to maintain the primacy of the Church of England, which both his native <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> and the Church of Scotland viewed as ideologically suspect in both doctrine and use of bishops. This required a certain degree of religious flexibility on his part, especially as he needed to placate his Catholic allies, Spain and Emperor Leopold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael2003137–138-179">[169]</a> Despite promising legal toleration for Catholics in his Declaration of October 1688, William failed due to domestic opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael200320-180">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Toleration_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Toleration 1689">Act of Toleration 1689</a> granted relief to Nonconformists but <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Catholic emancipation</a> would be delayed until 1829.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20073-181">[171]</a> News of the Glorious Revolution reached the English colonies in North America in 1689, leading to <a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">a revolt in Boston</a> and the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1960234–257-182">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Democracy in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: An Réabhlóid Ghlórmhar; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor; <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: Chwyldro Gogoneddus; also known to the Dutch as the Glorieuze Overtocht or Glorious Crossing </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "We have great reason to believe, we shall be every day in a worse condition than we are, and less able to defend ourselves, and therefore we do earnestly wish we might be so happy as to find a remedy before it be too late for us to contribute to our own deliverance ... the people are so generally dissatisfied with the present conduct of the government, in relation to their religion, liberties and properties (all which have been greatly invaded), and they are in such expectation of their prospects being daily worse, that your Highness may be assured, there are nineteen parts of twenty of the people throughout the kingdom, who are desirous of a change; and who, we believe, would willingly contribute to it, if they had such a protection to countenance their rising, as would secure them from being destroyed. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> At the end of the year the Dutch army counted more than 70,000 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijn19506-60">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> When asked what security he desired, Suasso allegedly answered: "If you are victorious, you will surely repay me; if not, the loss is mine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwetschinskySchönduve198853-69">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> William declared: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is both certain and evident to all men, that the public peace and happiness of any state or kingdom cannot be preserved, where the Laws, Liberties, and Customs, established by the lawful authority in it, are openly transgressed and annulled; more especially where the alteration of Religion is endeavoured, and that a religion, which is contrary to law, is endeavoured to be introduced; upon which those who are most immediately concerned in it are indispensably bound to endeavour to preserve and maintain the established Laws, Liberties and customs, and, above all, the Religion and Worship of God, that is established among them; and to take such an effectual care, that the inhabitants of the said state or kingdom may neither be deprived of their Religion, nor of their Civil Rights.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck198974-88">[84]</a></cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> There were seventy-five vessels of the confederated Dutch navy. Forty-nine were warships of more than twenty cannon. Eight of these could count as third rates of 60–68 cannon. Additionally, there were nine frigates, twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/Galliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliot">galliots</a>, and nine <a href="/wiki/Fireships" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireships">fireships</a>. Transports included seventy-six <a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">fluyts</a> for the soldiers, one hundred and twenty small transports with five thousand horses, and about seventy supply vessels. Also, sixty fishing vessels served as <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestern1972260-99">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Made up of 11,000 infantry, including nearly 5,000 members of the elite Anglo-Scots Brigade and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Blue_Guards" title="Dutch Blue Guards">Dutch Blue Guards</a>, 3,660 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Artillery_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery train">artillery train</a> of twenty-one 24-pounder cannon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1980175-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby2013347–348-107">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Their number is disputed, one recent historian pitting it at around 1,200. 600 British and 600 French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosman2016208—217-110">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Those in attendance were <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton,_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton">William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Craven,_1st_Earl_of_Craven_(1608%E2%80%931697)" title="William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)">William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley,_1st_Earl_of_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley">George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Middleton,_2nd_Earl_of_Middleton" title="Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton">Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a>), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Preston" title="Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston">Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Northern Secretary</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a> (Chamberlain to the Queen and <a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Treasury" title="Lords Commissioners of the Treasury">Treasury Commissioner</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Trevor_(speaker)" title="John Trevor (speaker)">John Trevor</a>, Master of the Rolls, and <a href="/wiki/Silius_Titus" title="Silius Titus">Silius Titus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> The importance of the event has divided historians ever since Friedrich Engels judged it "a relatively puny event".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels1997269-174">[165]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon2007213-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon2007213_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2007">Dillon 2007</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1978124–125_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1978">Miller 1978</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199928–30_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1999">Harris 1999</a>, pp. 28–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen201055–58_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephen2010">Stephen 2010</a>, pp. 55–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197844-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197844_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1978">Miller 1978</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormsley2015189-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormsley2015189_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWormsley2015">Wormsley 2015</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200338–54-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200338–54_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, pp. 38–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2009290–291-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2009290–291_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2009">Baker 2009</a>, pp. 290–291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006153–155-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006153–155_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, pp. 153–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/135906/map-shift-land-ownership-Ireland-Catholic-hands-1703">"Ireland's Protestant Ascendancy explained | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 5 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ireland%27s+Protestant+Ascendancy+explained+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fvideo%2F135906%2Fmap-shift-land-ownership-Ireland-Catholic-hands-1703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006106–108-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006106–108_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, pp. 106–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1993124-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1993124_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1993">Harris 1993</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWakeling189691_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWakeling1896">Wakeling 1896</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006179–181-15"><a 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New York, NY: 1804 Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/02/english-revolution.htm">"England's 17th Century Revolution by Karl Marx"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=England%27s+17th+Century+Revolution+by+Karl+Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1850%2F02%2Fenglish-revolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch1992302-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch1992302_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch1992">Lynch 1992</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley200728-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley200728_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley2007">Bradley 2007</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWindeyer1938-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWindeyer1938_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWindeyer1938">Windeyer 1938</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebb1995166-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebb1995166_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWebb1995">Webb 1995</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngels1997269-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngels1997269_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels1997">Engels 1997</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009xvi,_xviii,_xix-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2009xvi,_xviii,_xix_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchell2009">Mitchell 2009</a>, pp. xvi, xviii, xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonSmith2004-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasonSmith2004_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasonSmith2004">Mason & Smith 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''De_Jure_Regni_apud_Scotos''2015-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''De_Jure_Regni_apud_Scotos''2015_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Jure_Regni_apud_Scotos2015">De Jure Regni apud Scotos 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael2003137–138-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael2003137–138_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsrael2003">Israel 2003</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael200320-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael200320_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsrael2003">Israel 2003</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes20073-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes20073_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolmes2007">Holmes 2007</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes1960234–257-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes1960234–257_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnes1960">Barnes 1960</a>, pp. 234–257. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2009" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Derek (2009). Schism, Heresy and Religious Protest. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521101783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521101783"><bdi>978-0521101783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schism%2C+Heresy+and+Religious+Protest&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521101783&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBander2014" class="citation book cs1">Bander, James (2014). Dutch Warships in the Age of Sail 1600–1714. Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848321571" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848321571"><bdi>978-1848321571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Warships+in+the+Age+of+Sail+1600%E2%80%931714&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1848321571&rft.aulast=Bander&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viola_Florence_Barnes" title="Viola Florence Barnes">Barnes, Viola Florence</a> (1960) [1923]. The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy. New York: Frederick Ungar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-1065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-1065-6"><bdi>978-0-8044-1065-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/395292">395292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominion+of+New+England%3A+A+Study+in+British+Colonial+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F395292&rft.isbn=978-0-8044-1065-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Viola+Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1966" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, Stephen B (1966). William III. Longmans. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/415582287">415582287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F415582287&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeddard1988" class="citation book cs1">Beddard, Robert (1988). A Kingdom without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2500-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2500-7"><bdi>978-0-7148-2500-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kingdom+without+a+King%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Provisional+Government+in+the+Revolution+of+1688&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-2500-7&rft.aulast=Beddard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2016" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2016). A History of the British Isles. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137573612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137573612"><bdi>978-1137573612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Isles&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1137573612&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosher1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bosher, JF (February 1994). "The Franco-Catholic Danger, 1660–1715". History. 79 (255): 5–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1994.tb01587.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1994.tb01587.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24421929">24421929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Franco-Catholic+Danger%2C+1660%E2%80%931715&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=255&rft.pages=5-30&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1994.tb01587.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24421929%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bosher&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosman2016" class="citation book cs1">Bosman, Machiel (2016). De roofkoning: prins Willem III en de invasie van Engeland (The robber king: Prince William III and the invasion of England). Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+roofkoning%3A+prins+Willem+III+en+de+invasie+van+Engeland+%28The+robber+king%3A+Prince+William+III+and+the+invasion+of+England%29&rft.pub=Athenaeum-Polak+%26+Van+Gennep&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=Machiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2007" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Anthony (2007). "The Sovereignty of Parliament: Form or Substance?". In Jowell, Jeffrey; Oliver, Dawn (eds.). The Changing Constitution (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920511-0"><bdi>978-0-19-920511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sovereignty+of+Parliament%3A+Form+or+Substance%3F&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Constitution&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920511-0&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchett1703" class="citation book cs1">Burchett, Josiah (1703). Memoirs of transactions at sea, during the war with France, beginning in 1688 and ending in 1697. 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London: Longmans, Green and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1919768">1919768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protestant+Bishop.+Being+the+Life+of+Henry+Compton%2C+1632%E2%80%931713.+Bishop+of+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1919768&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1980" class="citation book cs1">Childs, John (1980). The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0688-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-0688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army%2C+James+II%2C+and+the+Glorious+Revolution&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0688-3&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1984" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1984). "The Scottish brigade in the service of the Dutch Republic, 1689 to 1782". 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Bloomsbury T&T Clark. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567669933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567669933"><bdi>978-0567669933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4&rft.btitle=Church+%26+State+1570%E2%80%931750%3B+the+Emergence+of+Dissent+in+T%26T+Clark+Companion+to+Nonconformity&rft.pages=19-20&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0567669933&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward1980" class="citation book cs1">Coward, Barry (1980). The Stuart Age: England 1603–1714 (1994 ed.). 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Strahan & Cadell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland%3B+from+the+Dissolution+of+the+last+Parliament+of+Charles+II+till+the+Capture+of+the+French+and+Spanish+Fleets+at+Vigo&rft.pub=Strahan+%26+Cadell&rft.date=1790&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1989" class="citation book cs1">Davies, J. D. (1989). "James II, William of Orange and the admirals". In Cruickshanks, Eveline (ed.). By force or default? The revolution of 1688–1689. John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-279-3"><bdi>978-0-85976-279-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8304349M">8304349M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+II%2C+William+of+Orange+and+the+admirals&rft.btitle=By+force+or+default%3F+The+revolution+of+1688%E2%80%931689&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8304349M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-279-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004). "Legge, George, first Baron Dartmouth". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16352">10.1093/ref:odnb/16352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legge%2C+George%2C+first+Baron+Dartmouth&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16352&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2007" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Patrick (2007). 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Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1298937391" title="Special:BookSources/978-1298937391"><bdi>978-1298937391</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL39811829M">39811829M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Jure+Regni+apud+Scotos%2C+or%2C+A+Dialogue+Concerning+the+due+Priviledge+of+Government+in+the+Kingdom+of+Scotland+Betwixt+George+Buchanan+and+Thomas+Maitland&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL39811829M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1298937391&rft.aulast=Philalethes&rft.aufirst=Philalethes&rft.au=Maitland%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Krey2008" class="citation journal cs1">De Krey, Gary S. 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Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494–1660. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415146494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415146494"><bdi>978-0415146494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+Warfare%3A+The+Fortress+in+the+Early+Modern+World+1494%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415146494&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1997" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Friedrich (1997). "Introduction to Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". In Feuerbach, L.; Marx, K.; Engles, F. (eds.). German Socialist Philosophy. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0748-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-0748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Socialism%3A+Utopian+and+Scientific&rft.btitle=German+Socialist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0748-1&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagel1688" class="citation book cs1">Fagel, Gaspar (1688). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A41295.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext">A Letter, Writ by Mijn Heer Fagel, PENSIONER of HOLLAND, TO Mr. JAMES STEWART, Advocate; Giving an Account of the PRINCE and PRINCESS of ORANGE's Thoughts concerning the Repeal of the Test, and the Penal Laws</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Letter%2C+Writ+by+Mijn+Heer+Fagel%2C+PENSIONER+of+HOLLAND%2C+TO+Mr.+JAMES+STEWART%2C+Advocate%3B+Giving+an+Account+of+the+PRINCE+and+PRINCESS+of+ORANGE%27s+Thoughts+concerning+the+Repeal+of+the+Test%2C+and+the+Penal+Laws&rft.date=1688&rft.aulast=Fagel&rft.aufirst=Gaspar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA41295.0001.001%2F1%3A1%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2012" class="citation journal cs1">Field, Clive (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/17390705/Field2012_S0022046911002533a.pdf">"Counting Religion in England and Wales: The Long Eighteenth Century, c. 1680–c. 1840"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 63 (4): 693–720. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046911002533">10.1017/S0022046911002533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161907349">161907349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310122739/http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/17390705/Field2012_S0022046911002533a.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Counting+Religion+in+England+and+Wales%3A+The+Long+Eighteenth+Century%2C+c.+1680%E2%80%93c.+1840&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=693-720&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046911002533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161907349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure-oai.bham.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F17390705%2FField2012_S0022046911002533a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlozier2000" class="citation journal cs1">Glozier, Mathew (2000). "The Earl of Melfort, the Court Catholic Party and the Foundation of the Order of the Thistle, 1687". <a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Historical_Review" title="The Scottish Historical Review">The Scottish Historical Review</a>. 79 (208): 233–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fshr.2000.79.2.233">10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.233</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25530975">25530975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Earl+of+Melfort%2C+the+Court+Catholic+Party+and+the+Foundation+of+the+Order+of+the+Thistle%2C+1687&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=208&rft.pages=233-238&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fshr.2000.79.2.233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25530975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Glozier&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodlad2007" class="citation journal cs1">Goodlad, Graham (2007). "Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy?". History Review. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Before+the+Glorious+Revolution%3A+The+Making+of+Absolute+Monarchy%3F&rft.volume=58&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Goodlad&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammersley2005" class="citation book cs1">Hammersley, Rachel (2005). French Revolutionaries and English Republicans: The Cordeliers Club, 1790–1794. Royal Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861932733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861932733"><bdi>978-0861932733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Revolutionaries+and+English+Republicans%3A+The+Cordeliers+Club%2C+1790%E2%80%931794&rft.pub=Royal+Historical+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0861932733&rft.aulast=Hammersley&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim (1993). Politics under the later Stuarts. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-04082-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-04082-5"><bdi>0-582-04082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+under+the+later+Stuarts&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-582-04082-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1999). "The People, the Law, and the Constitution in Scotland and England: A Comparative Approach to the Glorious Revolution". Journal of British Studies. 38 (1): 28–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386180">10.1086/386180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144374498">144374498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+People%2C+the+Law%2C+and+the+Constitution+in+Scotland+and+England%3A+A+Comparative+Approach+to+the+Glorious+Revolution&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F386180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144374498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9759-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy%2C+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9759-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">——; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015). The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783270446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783270446"><bdi>978-1783270446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Crisis+of+the+Stuart+Monarchy&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1783270446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzler1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hertzler, James R. (1987). "Who Dubbed It 'The Glorious Revolution?'". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies. 19 (4): 579–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4049475">10.2307/4049475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4049475">4049475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Who+Dubbed+It+%27The+Glorious+Revolution%3F%27&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=579-585&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4049475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4049475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hertzler&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoak1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoak, Dale (1996). Hoak, Dale; Feingold, Mordechai (eds.). The Anglo-Dutch revolution of 1688–89 in 'The World of William and Mary: Anglo-Dutch Perspectives on the Revolution of 1688–89'. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2406-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2406-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-2406-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Dutch+revolution+of+1688%E2%80%9389+in+%27The+World+of+William+and+Mary%3A+Anglo-Dutch+Perspectives+on+the+Revolution+of+1688%E2%80%9389%27&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2406-7&rft.aulast=Hoak&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2007" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (2007). Wellington:The Iron Duke. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-713750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-713750-3"><bdi>978-0-00-713750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington%3AThe+Iron+Duke&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-00-713750-3&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2009" class="citation book cs1">—— (2009). Marlborough; England's Fragile Genius. Harper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007225729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007225729"><bdi>978-0007225729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marlborough%3B+England%27s+Fragile+Genius&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0007225729&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz1977" class="citation book cs1">Horwitz, Henry (1977). Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0661-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-0661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliament%2C+Policy+and+Politics+in+the+Reign+of+William+III&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0661-6&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuygens1881" class="citation book cs1">Huygens, Constantijn (1881). Journaal van Constantijn Huygens, den zoon, gedurende de veldtochten der jaren 1688, Volume I. Kemink & Zoon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journaal+van+Constantijn+Huygens%2C+den+zoon%2C+gedurende+de+veldtochten+der+jaren+1688%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=Kemink+%26+Zoon&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Huygens&rft.aufirst=Constantijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraelParker1991" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan; Parker, Geoffrey (1991). Israel, J.I. (ed.). Of Providence and Protestant Winds: the Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch armada of 1688 in The Anglo-Dutch Moment; Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39075-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Providence+and+Protestant+Winds%3A+the+Spanish+Armada+of+1588+and+the+Dutch+armada+of+1688+in+The+Anglo-Dutch+Moment%3B+Essays+on+the+Glorious+Revolution+and+its+world+impact&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39075-0&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Parker%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2003" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan I (2003). The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521544061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521544061"><bdi>978-0521544061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Dutch+Moment%3A+Essays+on+the+Glorious+Revolution+and+its+World+Impact&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521544061&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1989" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1989). The Dutch Republic and the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688/89 in England. Greenwich: Trustees National Maritime Museum. pp. 31–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0948065033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0948065033"><bdi>978-0948065033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+and+the+%27Glorious+Revolution%27+of+1688%2F89+in+England&rft.place=Greenwich&rft.pages=31-44&rft.pub=Trustees+National+Maritime+Museum&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0948065033&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan</a> (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Claire (2003). Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851159300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851159300"><bdi>978-0851159300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+Scotland%2C+1660%E2%80%931690%3A+Royalist+Politics%2C+Religion+and+Ideas&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0851159300&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine2008" class="citation book cs1">Jardine, Lisa (2008). Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719734-7"><bdi>978-0-00-719734-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+Dutch%3A+How+England+Plundered+Holland%27s+Glory&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-00-719734-7&rft.aulast=Jardine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1973" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Clyve (1973). "The Protestant Wind of 1688: Myth and Reality". European Studies Review. 3 (3): 201–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026569147300300301">10.1177/026569147300300301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145465379">145465379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Protestant+Wind+of+1688%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-221&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026569147300300301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145465379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Clyve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1988" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. 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Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313330469" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313330469"><bdi>978-0313330469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1650%E2%80%931715%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0313330469&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsofageoflouis0000nola%2Fpage%2F176%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield1999" class="citation web cs1">Padfield, Peter (25 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/historical-notes-glorious-revolution-or-orange-invasion-1095968.html">"Historical Notes: Glorious revolution or Orange invasion?"</a>. 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Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-295-6696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-295-6696-4"><bdi>978-90-295-6696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opkomst+en+Ondergang+van+Nederlands+Gouden+Vloot+%E2%80%93+Door+de+ogen+van+de+zeeschilders+Willem+van+de+Velde+de+Oude+en+de+Jonge&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=De+Arbeiderspers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-295-6696-4&rft.aulast=Prud%27homme+van+Reine&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-glorious-revolution-of-1688">"The Glorious Revolution"</a>. 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The American Historical Review. 82 (4): 843–874. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1865115">10.2307/1865115</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1865115">1865115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Propaganda+in+the+Revolution+of+1688%E2%80%931689&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=843-874&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1865115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1865115%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwoerer&rft.aufirst=Lois+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwoerer2004" class="citation book cs1">——, ed. 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Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1285436407" title="Special:BookSources/1285436407"><bdi>1285436407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1285436407&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanhope2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_Stanhope" title="Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope">Stanhope, Philip Henry, 5th Earl of</a> (2011). Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831–1851. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdhvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT264">footnote 90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908692-35-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908692-35-1"><bdi>978-1-908692-35-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+Conversations+with+the+Duke+of+Wellington+1831%E2%80%931851&rft.pages=footnote+90&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-908692-35-1&rft.aulast=Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry%2C+5th+Earl+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Stapleton, John M. (2003). Forging a Coalition Army; William III, the Grand Alliance and the Confederate Army in the Spanish Netherlands 1688–97 (PHD thesis). Ohio State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Forging+a+Coalition+Army%3B+William+III%2C+the+Grand+Alliance+and+the+Confederate+Army+in+the+Spanish+Netherlands+1688%E2%80%9397&rft.degree=PHD&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Jeffrey (January 2010). "Scottish Nationalism and Stuart Unionism: The Edinburgh Council, 1745". Journal of British Studies. 49 (1, Scotland Special Issue): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F644534">10.1086/644534</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752690">27752690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144730991">144730991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Scottish+Nationalism+and+Stuart+Unionism%3A+The+Edinburgh+Council%2C+1745&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1%2C+Scotland+Special+Issue&rft.pages=47-72&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144730991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27752690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F644534&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwetschinskySchönduve1988" class="citation book cs1">Swetschinsky, Daniël; Schönduve, Loeki (1988). De familie Lopes Suasso: financiers van Willem III. Zwolle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6630-142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6630-142-9"><bdi>978-90-6630-142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+familie+Lopes+Suasso%3A+financiers+van+Willem+III&rft.pub=Zwolle&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-6630-142-9&rft.aulast=Swetschinsky&rft.aufirst=Dani%C3%ABl&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nduve%2C+Loeki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechi1994" class="citation book cs1">Szechi, Daniel (1994). The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719037743" title="Special:BookSources/0719037743"><bdi>0719037743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites%3A+Britain+and+Europe%2C+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0719037743&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechiSankey2001" class="citation journal cs1">——; Sankey, Margaret (November 2001). "Elite Culture and the Decline of Scottish Jacobitism 1716–1745". Past & Present (173).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Elite+Culture+and+the+Decline+of+Scottish+Jacobitism+1716%E2%80%931745&rft.issue=173&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Sankey%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1994" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Stephen (June 1994). "Review: Plus Ca Change...? New Perspectives on the Revolution of 1688". The Historical Journal. 37 (2): 457–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00016599">10.1017/S0018246X00016599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162855246">162855246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Plus+Ca+Change...%3F+New+Perspectives+on+the+Revolution+of+1688&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=457-470&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00016599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162855246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor2020" class="citation book cs1">Trevor, Burnard (2020). 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Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6550-639-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-6550-639-X"><bdi>90-6550-639-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stadhouder-koning+Willem+III%3A+Een+politieke+biografie&rft.place=Hilversum&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-6550-639-X&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroost2005" class="citation book cs1">—— (2005). William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754650713" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754650713"><bdi>978-0754650713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III+the+Stadholder-king%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0754650713&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroost2016" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03096564.2016.1139783">"The Image of William III in Amsterdam after His Ascent to the English Throne: The Case of the Sheriffs' Election in 1690"</a>. Dutch Crossing. 40 (3): 206–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03096564.2016.1139783">10.1080/03096564.2016.1139783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155630754">155630754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dutch+Crossing&rft.atitle=The+Image+of+William+III+in+Amsterdam+after+His+Ascent+to+the+English+Throne%3A+The+Case+of+the+Sheriffs%27+Election+in+1690&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=206-218&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03096564.2016.1139783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155630754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03096564.2016.1139783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_St._Andrews" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1689/3/121">"Grievances of the Scottish Convention, April 13, 1689"</a>. University of St. Andrews, Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. Retrieved 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+St.+Andrews%2C+Records+of+the+Parliaments+of+Scotland+to+1707&rft.atitle=Grievances+of+the+Scottish+Convention%2C+April+13%2C+1689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rps.ac.uk%2Ftrans%2F1689%2F3%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallance2007" class="citation web cs1">Vallance, Edward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml">"The Glorious Revolution"</a>. BBC History. 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Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6707-187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6707-187-1"><bdi>978-90-6707-187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+glorieuze+overtocht%3A+De+expeditie+van+Willem+III+naar+Engeland+in+1688&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=De+Bataafsche+Leeuw&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-6707-187-1&rft.aulast=Van+der+Kuijl&rft.aufirst=Arjen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVriesWoude1997" class="citation book cs1">Vries, Jan de; Woude, Ad van der (1997). The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. 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Martinus Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Staatsche+Leger%3A+Deel+VII+%28The+Dutch+States+Army%3A+Part+VII%29&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Wijn&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeling1896" class="citation book cs1">Wakeling, George Henry (1896). King and Parliament (A.D. 1603–1714). Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-03867-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-03867-3"><bdi>978-0-524-03867-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+Parliament+%28A.D.+1603%E2%80%931714%29&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-0-524-03867-3&rft.aulast=Wakeling&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1956" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Peter (1956). James II and the Three Questions: Religious Toleration and the Landed Classes, 1687–1688. Verlag Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3039119271" title="Special:BookSources/978-3039119271"><bdi>978-3039119271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II+and+the+Three+Questions%3A+Religious+Toleration+and+the+Landed+Classes%2C+1687%E2%80%931688&rft.pub=Verlag+Peter+Lang&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-3039119271&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1995" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered. Alfred Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394549804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394549804"><bdi>978-0394549804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Churchill%27s+Coup%3A+The+Anglo-American+Empire+and+the+Glorious+Revolution+Reconsidered&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0394549804&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWennerlind2011" class="citation book cs1">Wennerlind, Carl (2011). Casualties of Credit: The English Financial Revolution, 1620–1720. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674047389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674047389"><bdi>978-0674047389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casualties+of+Credit%3A+The+English+Financial+Revolution%2C+1620%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674047389&rft.aulast=Wennerlind&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestern1972" class="citation book cs1">Western, John R. (1972). Monarchy and Revolution. The English State in the 1680s. London: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-3280-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-3280-1"><bdi>978-0-7137-3280-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchy+and+Revolution.+The+English+State+in+the+1680s&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-3280-1&rft.aulast=Western&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1960" class="citation book cs1">Williams, E. N. (1960). The Eighteenth-Century Constitution; 1688–1815. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1146699">1146699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth-Century+Constitution%3B+1688%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1146699&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=E.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindeyer1938" class="citation book cs1">Windeyer, W. J. Victor (1938). "Essays". In Windeyer, William John Victor (ed.). Lectures on Legal History. Law Book Co. of Australasia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Essays&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Legal+History&rft.pub=Law+Book+Co.+of+Australasia&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Windeyer&rft.aufirst=W.+J.+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormsley2015" class="citation book cs1">Wormsley, David (2015). James II: The Last Catholic King. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141977065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141977065"><bdi>978-0141977065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II%3A+The+Last+Catholic+King&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0141977065&rft.aulast=Wormsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, William (2004). International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. IUinverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595813988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595813988"><bdi>978-0595813988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Politics+and+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV+and+Peter+the+Great%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Historical+Literature&rft.pub=IUinverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0595813988&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_AlphenHoffenaarLemmersVan_der_Spek2021" class="citation book cs1">Van Alphen, Marc; Hoffenaar, Jan; Lemmers, Alan; Van der Spek, Christiaan (2021). Military Power And The Dutch Republic: War, Trade and the Balance of Power in Europe, 1648–1813. Boom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087283650" title="Special:BookSources/978-9087283650"><bdi>978-9087283650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Power+And+The+Dutch+Republic%3A+War%2C+Trade+and+the+Balance+of+Power+in+Europe%2C+1648%E2%80%931813&rft.pub=Boom&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9087283650&rft.aulast=Van+Alphen&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Hoffenaar%2C+Jan&rft.au=Lemmers%2C+Alan&rft.au=Van+der+Spek%2C+Christiaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegroot2018" class="citation book cs1">Degroot, Dagomar (2018). The Frigid Golden Age : Climate Change, the Little Ice Age, and the Dutch Republic, 1560–1720. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108419314" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108419314"><bdi>978-1108419314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frigid+Golden+Age+%3A+Climate+Change%2C+the+Little+Ice+Age%2C+and+the+Dutch+Republic%2C+1560%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1108419314&rft.aulast=Degroot&rft.aufirst=Dagomar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1966" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Maurice (1966). The Glorious Revolution of 1688. Hodder & Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution+of+1688&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruickshanks2000" class="citation book cs1">Cruickshanks, Eveline (2000). The Glorious Revolution (British History in Perspective). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23009-8"><bdi>978-0-312-23009-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9818099M">9818099M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution+%28British+History+in+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9818099M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23009-8&rft.aulast=Cruickshanks&rft.aufirst=Eveline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeKrey2007" class="citation book cs1">DeKrey, Gary S. (2007). Restoration and Revolution in Britain: A Political History of the Era of Charles II and the Glorious Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65103-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65103-2"><bdi>978-0-333-65103-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoration+and+Revolution+in+Britain%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Era+of+Charles+II+and+the+Glorious+Revolution&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-333-65103-2&rft.aulast=DeKrey&rft.aufirst=Gary+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassey1997" class="citation book cs1">Glassey, Lionel K. J., ed. (1997). The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-62500-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-62500-2"><bdi>978-0-333-62500-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reigns+of+Charles+II+and+James+VII+and+II&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-333-62500-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Glorious Revolution"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 208–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n125">10.4135/9781412965811.n125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glorious+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=208-211&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n125&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCubbinHamilton-Phillips1988" class="citation book cs1">MacCubbin, R. P.; Hamilton-Phillips, M., eds. (1988). The Age of William III and Mary II: Power, Politics and Patronage, 1688–1702. College of William and Mary in Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9622081-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9622081-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9622081-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+William+III+and+Mary+II%3A+Power%2C+Politics+and+Patronage%2C+1688%E2%80%931702&rft.pub=College+of+William+and+Mary+in+Virginia&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-9622081-0-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carmel_McCaffrey" title="Carmel McCaffrey">McCaffrey, Carmel</a> (2006). In Search of Ireland's Heroes. Ivan R Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-615-5"><bdi>978-1-56663-615-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8670276M">8670276M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Ireland%27s+Heroes&rft.pub=Ivan+R+Dee&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8670276M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-615-5&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1997" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (1997). The Glorious Revolution (2 ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29222-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29222-2"><bdi>978-0-582-29222-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29222-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgg1956" class="citation book cs1">Ogg, David (1956). William III. Textbook Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-758-18954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-758-18954-7"><bdi>978-0-758-18954-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13525080M">13525080M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III&rft.pub=Textbook+Publishers&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13525080M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-758-18954-7&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnnekink2007" class="citation book cs1">Onnekink, David (2007). The Anglo-Dutch Favourite: The Career of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (1649–1709). Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5545-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-5545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Dutch+Favourite%3A+The+Career+of+Hans+Willem+Bentinck%2C+1st+Earl+of+Portland+%281649%E2%80%931709%29&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5545-9&rft.aulast=Onnekink&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pincus" title="Steven Pincus">Pincus, Steven C. A.</a> (2005). England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16714-1"><bdi>978-0-312-16714-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24936969M">24936969M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Glorious+Revolution+1688%E2%80%931689%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24936969M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16714-1&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrall1972" class="citation book cs1">Prall, Stuart (1972). The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688. Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644932859">644932859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloodless+Revolution%3A+England%2C+1688&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644932859&rft.aulast=Prall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallance2006" class="citation book cs1">Vallance, Edward (2006). The Glorious Revolution: 1688 – Britain's Fight for Liberty. Brown Little. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933648-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933648-24-8"><bdi>978-1-933648-24-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution%3A+1688+%E2%80%93+Britain%27s+Fight+for+Liberty&rft.pub=Brown+Little&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933648-24-8&rft.aulast=Vallance&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glorious_Revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Glorious_Revolution" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Weiss, B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalartmedals.com/Medals%20of%20the%20Glorious%20Revolution%20.pdf">"Medals of the Glorious Revolution: The Influence of Catholic-Protestant Antagonism"</a> (PDF). ANS Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 1. New York: American Numismatic Society. pp. 6–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219230258/http://www.historicalartmedals.com/Medals%20of%20the%20Glorious%20Revolution%20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANS+Magazine&rft.atitle=Medals+of+the+Glorious+Revolution%3A+The+Influence+of+Catholic-Protestant+Antagonism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-23&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalartmedals.com%2FMedals%2520of%2520the%2520Glorious%2520Revolution%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547fk">Glorious Revolution</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_ii_king.shtml">"Charles II (1630–1685)"</a>. BBC History. Retrieved 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+II+%281630%E2%80%931685%29&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fcharles_ii_king.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13007b.htm">"English Revolution of 1688"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+Revolution+of+1688&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13007b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Civil_War_team,_presented_by_Tristram_Hunt2001" class="citation web cs1">The Civil War team, presented by Tristram Hunt (7 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open2.net/civilwar/6.3.aftershocks.html">"Aftershocks – The Glorious Revolution"</a>. open2.net (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> & <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aftershocks+%E2%80%93+The+Glorious+Revolution&rft.pub=open2.net+%28BBC+%26+Open+University%29&rft.date=2001-01-07&rft.au=The+Civil+War+team%2C+presented+by+Tristram+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open2.net%2Fcivilwar%2F6.3.aftershocks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2003" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Stephen (17 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/quinn.revolution.1688">"The Glorious Revolution of 1688"</a>. In Whaples, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/about">EH.Net Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Glorious+Revolution+of+1688&rft.btitle=EH.Net+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2003-04-17&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fquinn.revolution.1688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Household_at_Buckingham_Palace2008–2009" class="citation web cs1">Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, ed. (2008–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/MaryIIWilliamIIIandTheActofSettlement/MaryIIWilliamIII.aspx">"History of the Monarchy >United Kingdom Monarchs (1603–present) >The Stuarts >Mary II, William III and The Act of Settlement > William III (r. 1689–1702) and Mary II (r. 1689–1694)"</a>. Official web site of the British Monarchy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Monarchy+%3EUnited+Kingdom+Monarchs+%281603%E2%80%93present%29+%3EThe+Stuarts+%3EMary+II%2C+William+III+and+The+Act+of+Settlement+%3E+William+III+%28r.+1689%E2%80%931702%29+and+Mary+II+%28r.+1689%E2%80%931694%29&rft.pub=Official+web+site+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FHistoryoftheMonarchy%2FKingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom%2FTheStuarts%2FMaryIIWilliamIIIandTheActofSettlement%2FMaryIIWilliamIII.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkesKramer" class="citation web cs1">Wilkes, Donald E. Jr.; Kramer, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegloriousrevolution.org">"The Glorious Revolution of 1688"</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution+of+1688&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegloriousrevolution.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlorious+Revolution" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date">Temp. incert.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a 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title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFCruickshanks2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple1790\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeKrey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Jure_Regni_apud_Scotos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Krey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegroot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFagel1688\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlozier2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodlad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammersley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamowy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisTaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoak1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitz1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuygens1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraelParker1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJardine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCubbinHamilton-Phillips1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacaulay1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaerGay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquess_of_Cambridge1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaffrey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKayScott1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgg1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnnekink2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadfield1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPincus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPincus2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkman1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrall1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrud\u0026#039;homme_van_Reine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Household_at_Buckingham_Palace2008–2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuchard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwoerer1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwoerer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowerby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielvogel1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanhope2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwetschinskySchönduve1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzechi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzechiSankey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Civil_War_team,_presented_by_Tristram_Hunt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroost2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroost2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroost2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_St._Andrews\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallance2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallance2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_AlphenHoffenaarLemmersVan_der_Spek2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Kuijl1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVriesWoude1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakeling1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWennerlind2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestern1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijn1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkesKramer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindeyer1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormsley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite encyclopaedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 10,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"History of England\"] = 1,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox event\"] = 1,\n [\"Kingdom of England\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Location map many\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 186,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFThe_London_Gazette1688\"] = 1,\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","20.2"],["?","300","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","7.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.3"],["type","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.2"],["\u003Cmw.uri.lua:26\u003E","40","2.1"],["[others]","500","26.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qmr87","timestamp":"20241124160825","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glorious_Revolution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189508","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189508","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-18T19:39:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T16:14:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/William_of_Orange_III_and_his_Dutch_army_land_in_Brixham%2C_1688.jpg","headline":"British revolution of 1688"}</script> </body> </html>