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Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, 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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mirror" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mirror" title="You're encouraged to log in; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mirror" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mirror" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_to_Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_to_Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bronze Age to Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_to_Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle Ages and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Contemporary technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Burning mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of mirrors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_mirrors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of mirrors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>By shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_structural_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_structural_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>By structural material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_structural_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Back-silvered_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back-silvered_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Back-silvered mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back-silvered_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Front-silvered_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front-silvered_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Front-silvered mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front-silvered_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexible_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexible_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Flexible mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexible_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_reflective_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_reflective_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>By reflective material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_reflective_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nonlinear_optical_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonlinear_optical_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Nonlinear optical mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonlinear_optical_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mirror_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirror_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mirror images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirror_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Optical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reflectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reflectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Surface quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_roughness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_roughness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Surface roughness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_roughness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmissivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmissivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transmissivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmissivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wedge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wedge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wedge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wedge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_defects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_defects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Surface defects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_defects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manufacturing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Coating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silvering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silvering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Silvering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silvering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dielectric_coating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dielectric_coating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Dielectric coating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dielectric_coating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaping_and_polishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaping_and_polishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Shaping and polishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaping_and_polishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tolerances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolerances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Tolerances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolerances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_grooming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_grooming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Personal grooming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_grooming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_easier_viewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_easier_viewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Safety and easier viewing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_easier_viewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-way_mirrors_and_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-way_mirrors_and_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>One-way mirrors and windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-way_mirrors_and_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Televisions_and_projectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televisions_and_projectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Televisions and projectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televisions_and_projectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_discs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_discs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Optical discs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_discs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Solar power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Face-to-face_mirrors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Face-to-face_mirrors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.5</span> <span>Face-to-face mirrors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Face-to-face_mirrors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.6</span> <span>Military applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.7</span> <span>Seasonal lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Fine art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_artistic_mediums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_artistic_mediums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.3</span> <span>Other artistic mediums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_artistic_mediums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_function_of_the_real_and_depicted_mirror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_function_of_the_real_and_depicted_mirror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.4</span> <span>Religious function of the real and depicted mirror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_function_of_the_real_and_depicted_mirror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirror_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirror_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mirror test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirror_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spie%C3%ABl" title="Spieël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spieël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%A9" title="مرآة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرآة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiello" title="Espiello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Espiello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܚܙܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܚܙܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Հայելի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայելի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espeyu" title="Espeyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espeyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itangecha" title="Itangecha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itangecha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCzg%C3%BC" title="Güzgü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Güzgü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%B2%DA%AF%D9%88" title="گؤزگو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤزگو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meka" title="Meka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Meka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="আয়না – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়না" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramin" title="Caramin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Caramin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Kiàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Люстэрка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люстэрка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Люстра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люстра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salming" title="Salming – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Salming" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Огледало – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Огледало" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogledalo" title="Ogledalo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ogledalo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melezour" title="Melezour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Melezour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirall" title="Mirall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mirall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%80" title="Тĕкĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕкĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcadlo" title="Zrcadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zrcadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiringiro" title="Chiringiro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiringiro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drych" title="Drych – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Drych" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C9%A3i" title="Diɣi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Diɣi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spejl" title="Spejl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spejl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schpiggel" title="Schpiggel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schpiggel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel" title="Spiegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spiegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peegel" title="Peegel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peegel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κάτοπτρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάτοπτρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Чавачамо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чавачамо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espejo" title="Espejo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espejo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegulo" title="Spegulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spegulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispilu" title="Ispilu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ispilu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="آینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroir" title="Miroir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miroir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A1th%C3%A1n" title="Scáthán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scáthán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espello" title="Espello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%9A%B8" title="거울 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거울" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Հայելի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3" title="दर्पण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दर्पण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcalo" title="Zrcalo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zrcalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegulo" title="Spegulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spegulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarming" title="Sarming – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sarming" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermin" title="Cermin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cermin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specchio" title="Specchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Specchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94" title="מראה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מראה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengilon" title="Pengilon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pengilon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕನ್ನಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕನ್ನಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="სარკე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სარკე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Айна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas_(pou_gade)" title="Glas (pou gade) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Glas (pou gade)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C3%AAne" title="Awêne – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Awêne" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum" title="Speculum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Speculum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spogulis" title="Spogulis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spogulis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veidrodis" title="Veidrodis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veidrodis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegel" title="Spegel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spegel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegg" title="Spegg – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spegg" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCk%C3%B6r" title="Tükör – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tükör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Огледало – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Огледало" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="കണ്ണാടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കണ്ണാടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="आरसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आरसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مرايه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرايه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermin" title="Cermin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cermin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1ng" title="Giáng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giáng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speilho" title="Speilho – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Speilho" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကြည့်မှန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြည့်မှန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezcatl" title="Tezcatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tezcatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo_(iyaya)" title="Iloilo (iyaya) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iloilo (iyaya)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_(optica)" title="Spiegel (optica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spiegel (optica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegel" title="Spegel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Spegel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="ऐना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ऐना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82" title="न्हाय्‌कं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हाय्‌कं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8F%A1" title="鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Куьзга – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Куьзга" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speegel" title="Speegel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Speegel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speil" title="Speil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Speil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegel" title="Spegel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spegel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireus" title="Mireus – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mireus" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miralh" title="Miralh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miralh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBzgu" title="Koʻzgu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻzgu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ਼ੀਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੀਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="شیشا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیشا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="هينداره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هينداره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustro" title="Lustro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lustro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espelho" title="Espelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglind%C4%83" title="Oglindă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oglindă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rirpu" title="Rirpu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rirpu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зеркало – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зеркало" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Зеркало – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зеркало" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqyra_(mjet)" title="Pasqyra (mjet) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pasqyra (mjet)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specchiu" title="Specchiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Specchiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AB" title="දර්පණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දර්පණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mirror" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="آرسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrkadlo" title="Zrkadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zrkadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrcalo" title="Zrcalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zrcalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95" title="ئاوێنە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوێنە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogledalo" title="Ogledalo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ogledalo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogledalo" title="Ogledalo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ogledalo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_eunteung" title="Kaca eunteung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaca eunteung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peili" title="Peili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spegel" title="Spegel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spegel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamin_(tanawan)" title="Salamin (tanawan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salamin (tanawan)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஆடி (இயற்பியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆடி (இயற்பியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazrut" title="Tazrut – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazrut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="దర్పణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దర్పణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2" title="กระจกเงา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระจกเงา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Оина – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оина" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sio%CA%BBata_(Me%CA%BBang%C4%81ue)" title="Sioʻata (Meʻangāue) – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sioʻata (Meʻangāue)" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%98" title="ᏓᏎᏘ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᏎᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕನ್ನೆಡಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕನ್ನೆಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayna" title="Ayna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahwehw%C9%9B" title="Ahwehwɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ahwehwɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espiho" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%9C%E5%AD%90" title="镜子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镜子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="שפיגל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפיגל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADg%C3%AD" title="Dígí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dígí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mirror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mirror (disambiguation)">Mirror (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Looking glass" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Looking_Glass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Looking Glass (disambiguation)">Looking Glass</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mirror.jpg/220px-Mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Mirror.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>A mirror reflecting the image of a <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vase</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG/220px-Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG/330px-Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG/440px-Enhanced_aluminum_coated_first_surface_mirror_on_an_optical_flat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/First-surface_mirror" title="First-surface mirror">first-surface mirror</a> coated with aluminium and enhanced with <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> coatings. The angle of the incident light (represented by both the light in the mirror and the shadow behind it) exactly matches the angle of reflection (the reflected light shining on the table).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea(PaulGlazzard)Jan2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea%28PaulGlazzard%29Jan2007.jpg/220px-WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea%28PaulGlazzard%29Jan2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea%28PaulGlazzard%29Jan2007.jpg/330px-WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea%28PaulGlazzard%29Jan2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea%28PaulGlazzard%29Jan2007.jpg/440px-WW1AcousticMirrorKilnsea%28PaulGlazzard%29Jan2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>4.5-metre (15 ft)-tall acoustic mirror near <a href="/wiki/Kilnsea" title="Kilnsea">Kilnsea</a> Grange, East Yorkshire, UK, from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The mirror magnified the sound of approaching enemy <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> for a microphone placed at the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focal point</a>. Sound waves are much longer than light waves, thus the object produces diffuse reflections in the visual spectrum.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mirror</b>, also known as a <b>looking glass</b>, is an object that <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflects</a> an <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">image</a>. Light that bounces off a mirror will show an image of whatever is in front of it, when focused through the lens of the eye or a camera. Mirrors reverse the direction of the image in an equal yet opposite angle from which the light shines upon it. This allows the viewer to see themselves or objects behind them, or even objects that are at an angle from them but out of their field of view, such as around a corner. Natural mirrors have existed since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> times, such as the surface of water, but people have been manufacturing mirrors out of a variety of materials for thousands of years, like stone, metals, and glass. In modern mirrors, metals like <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> are often used due to their high <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a>, applied as a thin coating on <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> because of its naturally smooth and very <a href="/wiki/Hardness_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardness (materials science)">hard</a> surface. </p><p>A mirror is a <a href="/wiki/Wave_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave (physics)">wave</a> reflector. <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a> consists of waves, and when light waves reflect from the flat surface of a mirror, those waves retain the same degree of curvature and <a href="/wiki/Vergence_(optics)" title="Vergence (optics)">vergence</a>, in an equal yet opposite direction, as the original waves. This allows the waves to form an image when they are focused through a lens, just as if the waves had originated from the direction of the mirror. The light can also be pictured as <a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">rays</a> (imaginary lines radiating from the light source, that are always perpendicular to the waves). These rays are reflected at an equal yet opposite angle from which they strike the mirror (incident light). This property, called <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflection</a>, distinguishes a mirror from objects that <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuse</a> light, breaking up the wave and scattering it in many directions (such as flat-white paint). Thus, a mirror can be any surface in which the texture or roughness of the surface is smaller (smoother) than the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the waves. </p><p>When looking at a mirror, one will see a <a href="/wiki/Mirror_image" title="Mirror image">mirror image</a> or reflected image of objects in the environment, formed by light emitted or scattered by them and reflected by the mirror towards one's eyes. This effect gives the illusion that those objects are behind the mirror, or (sometimes) <a href="/wiki/Real_image" title="Real image">in front of it</a>. When the surface is not flat, a mirror may behave like a reflecting <a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">lens</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Plane_mirror" title="Plane mirror">plane mirror</a> yields a real-looking undistorted image, while a <a href="/wiki/Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror">curved mirror</a> may distort, magnify, or reduce the image in various ways, while keeping the lines, <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharpness_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpness (visual)">sharpness</a>, colors, and other image properties intact. </p><p>A mirror is commonly used for inspecting oneself, such as during <a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">personal grooming</a>; hence the old-fashioned name "looking glass".<sup id="cite_ref-camboldf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camboldf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use, which dates from prehistory,<sup id="cite_ref-pend2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pend2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlaps with uses in <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. Mirrors are also used to view other items that are not directly visible because of obstructions; examples include <a href="/wiki/Rear-view_mirror" title="Rear-view mirror">rear-view mirrors</a> in vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Curved_mirror#Uses_of_convex_mirrors" title="Curved mirror">security mirrors</a> in or around buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Mouth_mirror" title="Mouth mirror">dentist's mirrors</a>. Mirrors are also used in optical and scientific apparatus such as <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscopes</a>, and industrial machinery. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitions</a> breaking a mirror is said to bring seven years of <a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">bad luck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms "mirror" and "reflector" can be used for objects that reflect any other types of waves. An <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_mirror" title="Acoustic mirror">acoustic mirror</a> reflects sound waves. Objects such as walls, ceilings, or natural rock-formations may produce <a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">echos</a>, and this tendency often becomes a problem in <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">acoustical engineering</a> when designing houses, auditoriums, or recording studios. Acoustic mirrors may be used for applications such as <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_microphone" title="Parabolic microphone">parabolic microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheric</a> studies, <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafloor mapping">seafloor mapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-U1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mirror" title="Atomic mirror">atomic mirror</a> reflects <a href="/wiki/Matter_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter waves">matter waves</a> and can be used for atomic <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometry</a> and atomic <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:370px;max-width:370px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_New_Kingdom,_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-152px-Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-228px-Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-304px-Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="5549" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg/210px-NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg/315px-NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg/420px-NAMA_Femme_au_miroir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1051" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Left:</b> Bronze mirror, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, 1540–1296 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (U.S.)<br /><b>Right:</b> seated woman holding a mirror; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> Attic <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabouroff_Painter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabouroff Painter (page does not exist)">Sabouroff Painter</a>, c. 470–460 BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a> (Greece)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_(14842094122).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814842094122%29.jpg/220px-Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814842094122%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814842094122%29.jpg/330px-Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814842094122%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814842094122%29.jpg/440px-Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2814842094122%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman fresco</a> of a woman fixing her hair using a mirror, from <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a>, Italy, 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Arnolfini_Portrait,_d%C3%A9tail_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Arnolfini_Portrait%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%282%29.jpg/220px-The_Arnolfini_Portrait%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Arnolfini_Portrait%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%282%29.jpg/330px-The_Arnolfini_Portrait%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Arnolfini_Portrait%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%282%29.jpg/440px-The_Arnolfini_Portrait%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the convex mirror from the <a href="/wiki/Arnolfini_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnolfini portrait">Arnolfini portrait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, 1434 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg/220px-Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg/330px-Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg/440px-Histoire_de_femme_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>'Adorning Oneself', detail from 'Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies', <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> copy of an original by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painter</a> <a href="/wiki/Gu_Kaizhi" title="Gu Kaizhi">Gu Kaizhi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 344–405 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg/220px-Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg/330px-Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg/440px-Lady_looking_into_mirror_Belur_Halebidu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture of a lady looking into a mirror, from <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>, India, in the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mirrors used by humans were most likely pools of still water, or shiny stones.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirements for making a good mirror are a surface with a very high degree of <a href="/wiki/Flat_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat space">flatness</a> (preferably but not necessarily with high <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">surface roughness</a> smaller than the wavelength of the light. </p><p>The earliest manufactured mirrors were pieces of polished stone such as <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>, a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fior2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fior2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of obsidian mirrors found at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (modern-day Turkey) have been dated to around 6000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-enoch_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enoch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirrors of polished copper were crafted in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> from 4000 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-enoch_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enoch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in ancient Egypt from around 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-stoc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polished stone mirrors from Central and South America date from around 2000 BCE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-enoch_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enoch-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age_to_Early_Middle_Ages">Bronze Age to Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bronze Age to Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">Bronze mirror</a></div> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> most cultures were using mirrors made from polished discs of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, or other metals.<sup id="cite_ref-fior2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fior2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whit2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whit2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> were skilled in the manufacturing of mirrors. Remains of their bronze <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> have been found within the temple of Kerma.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">bronze mirrors</a> were manufactured from around 2000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Chinese_Bronze_Mirrors_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Chinese_Bronze_Mirrors-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the earliest bronze and copper examples being produced by the <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a>. Such metal mirrors remained the norm through to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> Antiquity and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> silver mirrors were in wide use by servants.<sup id="cite_ref-roma2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roma2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speculum_metal" title="Speculum metal">Speculum metal</a> is a highly reflective <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> of copper and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> that was used for mirrors until a couple of centuries ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (August 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> Such mirrors may have originated in China and India.<sup id="cite_ref-need1974_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-need1974-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirrors of speculum metal or any precious metal were hard to produce and were only owned by the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-hopk1910_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopk1910-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common metal mirrors tarnished and required frequent polishing. Bronze mirrors had low reflectivity and poor <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering" title="Color rendering">color rendering</a>, and stone mirrors were much worse in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.11">: p.11 </span></sup> These defects explain the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> reference in <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_13" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 13">1 Corinthians 13</a> to seeing "as in a mirror, darkly." </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> urged young people to look at themselves in mirrors so that, if they were beautiful, they would become worthy of their beauty, and if they were ugly, they would know how to hide their disgrace through learning.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.106">: p.106 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> began to be used for mirrors in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, with the development of <a href="/wiki/Soda-lime_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda-lime glass">soda-lime glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass_blowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass blowing">glass blowing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pulk1999_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman scholar <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> claims that artisans in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>) were producing glass mirrors coated with <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> in the back. The metal provided good reflectivity, and the glass provided a smooth surface and protected the metal from scratches and tarnishing.<sup id="cite_ref-plin0077_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plin0077-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holl2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holl2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ande2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ande2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.12">: p.12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kels2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kels2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no archeological evidence of glass mirrors before the third century.<sup id="cite_ref-degy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These early glass mirrors were made by blowing a glass bubble, and then cutting off a small circular section from 10 to 20 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a> in diameter. Their surface was either concave or convex, and imperfections tended to distort the image. Lead-coated mirrors were very thin to prevent cracking by the heat of the molten metal.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.10">: p.10 </span></sup> Due to the poor quality, high cost, and small size of glass mirrors, solid-metal mirrors (primarily of steel) remained in common use until the late nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.13">: p.13 </span></sup> </p><p>Silver-coated metal mirrors were developed in China as early as 500 CE. The bare metal was coated with an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>, then heated until the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> boiled away.<sup id="cite_ref-rapp2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapp2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/220px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/330px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG/440px-Johann_Jacob_Kirstein_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>An 18th century <a href="/wiki/Vermeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermeil">vermeil</a> mirror in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg">Musée des Arts décoratifs, Strasbourg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg/220px-Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg/330px-Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg/440px-Mirror_with_laquered_back_inlaid_with_4_phoenixes_holding_ribbons_in_their_mouths._Tang_Dynasty._Eastern_Xi%27an_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>A mirror with lacquered back inlaid with four phoenixes holding ribbons in their mouths during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The evolution of glass mirrors in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> followed improvements in <a href="/wiki/Glassmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmaking">glassmaking</a> technology. Glassmakers in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> made flat glass plates by blowing glass bubbles, spinning them rapidly to flatten them, and cutting rectangles out of them. A better method, developed in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and perfected in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> by the 16th century, was to blow a cylinder of glass, cut off the ends, slice it along its length, and unroll it onto a flat hot plate.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.11">: p.11 </span></sup> Venetian glassmakers also adopted <a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">lead glass</a> for mirrors, because of its crystal-clarity and its easier workability. </p><p>During the early European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gilding#Fire-gilding" title="Gilding">fire-gilding</a> technique developed to produce an even and highly reflective <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> coating for glass mirrors. The back of the glass was coated with a tin-mercury amalgam, and the mercury was then evaporated by heating the piece. This process caused less <a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">thermal shock</a> to the glass than the older molten-lead method.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.16">: p.16 </span></sup> The date and location of the discovery is unknown, but by the 16th century Venice was a center of mirror production using this technique. These Venetian mirrors were up to 40 inches (100 cm) square. </p><p>For a century, Venice retained the monopoly of the tin amalgam technique. Venetian mirrors in richly decorated frames served as luxury decorations for palaces throughout Europe, and were very expensive. For example, in the late seventeenth century, the Countess de Fiesque was reported to have traded an entire wheat farm for a mirror, considering it a bargain.<sup id="cite_ref-hads1993_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hads1993-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the end of that century the secret was leaked through industrial espionage. French workshops succeeded in large-scale industrialization of the process, eventually making mirrors affordable to the masses, in spite of the <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> of mercury's vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-iriw2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iriw2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></div> <p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_glass#Industrial_production" title="History of glass">ribbon machine</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> allowed modern glass panes to be produced in bulk.<sup id="cite_ref-bonn2011_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain</a> factory, founded by royal initiative in France, was an important manufacturer, and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> and German glass, often rather cheaper, was also important. </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvered-glass</a> mirror is credited to German chemist <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-lieb185_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lieb185-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Silvering#Silver" title="Silvering">wet deposition</a> process involved the deposition of a thin layer of metallic silver onto glass through the chemical reduction of <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>. This silvering process was adapted for mass manufacturing and led to the greater availability of affordable mirrors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_technologies">Contemporary technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirrors are often produced by the wet deposition of silver, or sometimes nickel or chromium (the latter used most often in automotive mirrors) via <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> directly onto the glass substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-mlink2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlink2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glass mirrors for optical instruments are usually produced by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_deposition" title="Vacuum deposition">vacuum deposition</a> methods. These techniques can be traced to observations in the 1920s and 1930s that metal was being ejected from <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gas_discharge_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas discharge lamp">gas discharge lamps</a> and condensed on the glass walls forming a mirror-like coating. The phenomenon, called <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>, was developed into an industrial metal-coating method with the development of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology in the 1970s. </p><p>A similar phenomenon had been observed with <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent light bulbs">incandescent light bulbs</a>: the metal in the hot filament would slowly <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimate</a> and condense on the bulb's walls. This phenomenon was developed into the method of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_(deposition)" title="Evaporation (deposition)">evaporation coating</a> by Pohl and Pringsheim in 1912. <a href="/wiki/John_D._Strong" title="John D. Strong">John D. Strong</a> used evaporation coating to make the first <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>-coated telescope mirrors in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-matt2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matt2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric mirror</a> was created in 1937 by Auwarter using evaporated <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pulk1999_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metal coating of glass mirrors is usually protected from abrasion and corrosion by a layer of paint applied over it. Mirrors for optical instruments often have the metal layer on the front face, so that the light does not have to cross the glass twice. In these mirrors, the metal may be protected by a thin transparent coating of a non-metallic (<a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a>) material. The first metallic mirror to be enhanced with a dielectric coating of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> was created by Hass in 1937. In 1939 at the <a href="/wiki/Schott_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Schott Glass">Schott Glass</a> company, Walter Geffcken invented the first dielectric mirrors to use multilayer coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-pulk1999_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_mirrors">Burning mirrors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burning mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a> were familiar with the use of mirrors to concentrate light. <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabolic mirror">Parabolic mirrors</a> were described and studied by the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a> in his work <i>On Burning Mirrors</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fried2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fried2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> conducted a number of experiments with curved polished iron mirrors,<sup id="cite_ref-pend2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pend2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.64">: p.64 </span></sup> and discussed plane, convex spherical, and concave spherical mirrors in his <i>Optics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mark1996_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark1996-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parabolic mirrors were also described by the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sahl_(mathematician)" title="Ibn Sahl (mathematician)">Ibn Sahl</a> in the tenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-rash1990_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rash1990-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mirrors">Types of mirrors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversumUNAM27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UniversumUNAM27.JPG/220px-UniversumUNAM27.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UniversumUNAM27.JPG/330px-UniversumUNAM27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UniversumUNAM27.JPG/440px-UniversumUNAM27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>A curved mirror at the <a href="/wiki/Universum_(UNAM)" title="Universum (UNAM)">Universum museum</a> in Mexico City. The image splits between the convex and concave curves.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r,_2015.10.31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r%2C_2015.10.31.JPG/220px-Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r%2C_2015.10.31.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r%2C_2015.10.31.JPG/330px-Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r%2C_2015.10.31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r%2C_2015.10.31.JPG/440px-Mirror_statue_-_Gy%C5%91r%2C_2015.10.31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A large convex mirror. Distortions in the image increase with the viewing distance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirrors can be classified in many ways; including by shape, support, reflective materials, manufacturing methods, and intended application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_shape">By shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical mirror shapes are <a href="/wiki/Plane_mirror" title="Plane mirror">planar</a> and curved mirrors. </p><p>The surface of curved mirrors is often a part of a <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a>. Mirrors that are meant to precisely concentrate parallel rays of light into a point are usually made in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Paraboloid_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraboloid of revolution">paraboloid of revolution</a> instead; they are used in telescopes (from radio waves to X-rays), in antennas to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast satellite">broadcast satellites</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Solar_furnace" title="Solar furnace">solar furnaces</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Segmented_mirror" title="Segmented mirror">segmented mirror</a>, consisting of multiple flat or curved mirrors, properly placed and oriented, may be used instead. </p><p>Mirrors that are intended to concentrate sunlight onto a long pipe may be a <a href="/wiki/Circular_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular cylinder">circular cylinder</a> or of a <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabolic cylinder">parabolic cylinder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_structural_material">By structural material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By structural material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common structural material for mirrors is glass, due to its transparency, ease of fabrication, rigidity, hardness, and ability to take a smooth finish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Back-silvered_mirrors">Back-silvered mirrors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Back-silvered mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common mirrors consist of a plate of transparent glass, with a thin reflective layer on the back (the side opposite to the incident and reflected light) backed by a coating that protects that layer against abrasion, tarnishing, and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>. The glass is usually soda-lime glass, but lead glass may be used for decorative effects, and other transparent materials may be used for specific applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A plate of transparent <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> may be used instead of glass, for lighter weight or impact resistance. Alternatively, a flexible transparent plastic film may be bonded to the front and/or back surface of the mirror, to prevent injuries in case the mirror is broken. Lettering or decorative designs may be printed on the front face of the glass, or formed on the reflective layer. The front surface may have an <a href="/wiki/Anti-reflection_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-reflection coating">anti-reflection coating</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front-silvered_mirrors">Front-silvered mirrors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Front-silvered mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirrors which are reflective on the front surface (the same side of the incident and reflected light) may be made of any rigid material.<sup id="cite_ref-scha2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scha2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supporting material does not necessarily need to be transparent, but telescope mirrors often use glass anyway. Often a protective transparent coating is added on top of the reflecting layer, to protect it against abrasion, tarnishing, and corrosion, or to absorb certain wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flexible_mirrors">Flexible mirrors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flexible mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thin flexible plastic mirrors are sometimes used for safety, since they cannot shatter or produce sharp flakes. Their flatness is achieved by stretching them on a rigid frame. These usually consist of a layer of evaporated aluminium between two thin layers of transparent plastic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_reflective_material">By reflective material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By reflective material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/220px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/330px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg/440px-Dielectric_mirror_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A dielectric mirror-stack works on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a>. Each layer has a different <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, allowing each interface to produce a small amount of reflection. When the thickness of the layers is proportional to the chosen wavelength, the multiple reflections <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">constructively interfere</a>. Stacks may consist of a few to hundreds of individual coats.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg/220px-Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg/330px-Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg/440px-Hot_mirror_for_a_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A hot mirror used in a camera to reduce red eye</figcaption></figure> <p>In common mirrors, the reflective layer is usually some metal like silver, tin, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, deposited by a wet process; or aluminium,<sup id="cite_ref-mlink2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlink2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saun2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saun2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deposited by sputtering or evaporation in vacuum. The reflective layer may also be made of one or more layers of transparent materials with suitable <a href="/wiki/Index_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of refraction">indices of refraction</a>. </p><p>The structural material may be a metal, in which case the reflecting layer may be just the surface of the same. Metal concave dishes are often used to reflect infrared light (such as in <a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">space heaters</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a> (as in satellite TV antennas). <a href="/wiki/Liquid-mirror_telescope" title="Liquid-mirror telescope">Liquid metal telescopes</a> use a surface of liquid metal such as mercury. </p><p>Mirrors that reflect only part of the light, while transmitting some of the rest, can be made with very thin metal layers or suitable combinations of dielectric layers. They are typically used as <a href="/wiki/Beamsplitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Beamsplitter">beamsplitters</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichroic mirror">dichroic mirror</a>, in particular, has surface that reflects certain wavelengths of light, while letting other wavelengths pass through. A <a href="/wiki/Cold_mirror" title="Cold mirror">cold mirror</a> is a dichroic mirror that efficiently reflects the entire <a href="/wiki/Visible_light_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light spectrum">visible light spectrum</a> while transmitting <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> wavelengths. A <a href="/wiki/Hot_mirror" title="Hot mirror">hot mirror</a> is the opposite: it reflects infrared light while transmitting visible light. Dichroic mirrors are often used as filters to remove undesired components of the light in cameras and measuring instruments. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/X-ray_optics" title="X-ray optics">X-ray telescopes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> reflect off a highly precise metal surface at almost grazing angles, and only a small fraction of the rays are reflected.<sup id="cite_ref-pro00_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro00-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_relativistic_mirrors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flying relativistic mirrors (page does not exist)">flying relativistic mirrors</a> conceived for <a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray lasers</a>, the reflecting surface is a spherical <a href="/wiki/Shockwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shockwave">shockwave</a> (wake wave) created in a low-density <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> by a very intense laser-pulse, and moving at an extremely high velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nonlinear_optical_mirrors">Nonlinear optical mirrors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nonlinear optical mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics#Optical_phase_conjugation" title="Nonlinear optics">phase-conjugating mirror</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">nonlinear optics</a> to reverse the phase difference between incident beams. Such mirrors may be used, for example, for coherent beam combination. The useful applications are self-guiding of laser beams and correction of atmospheric distortions in imaging systems.<sup id="cite_ref-okul1980_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okul1980-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-okul2014_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okul2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boyd1997_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd1997-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_principles">Physical principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Physical principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_reflecting_light_waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mirror_reflecting_light_waves.png/220px-Mirror_reflecting_light_waves.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mirror_reflecting_light_waves.png/330px-Mirror_reflecting_light_waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Mirror_reflecting_light_waves.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>A mirror reflects light waves to the observer, preserving the wave's curvature and divergence, to form an image when focused through the lens of the eye. The angle of the impinging wave, as it traverses the mirror's surface, matches the angle of the reflected wave.</figcaption></figure> <p>When a sufficiently narrow beam of light is reflected at a point of a surface, the <a href="/wiki/Surface_normal" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface normal">surface's normal direction</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"></span> will be the bisector of the angle formed by the two beams at that point. That is, the <a href="/wiki/Direction_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction vector">direction vector</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89c41e9cf70c5e5b56e2128a136985a75f90ba43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}"></span> towards the incident beams's source, the normal vector <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"></span>, and direction vector <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}"></span> of the reflected beam will be <a href="/wiki/Coplanarity" title="Coplanarity">coplanar</a>, and the angle between <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85820588abd7333ef4d0c56539cb31c20e730753" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.175ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}}"></span> will be equal to the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a> between <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49569db585c1b6306d5ffd91161775f67235fae0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/89c41e9cf70c5e5b56e2128a136985a75f90ba43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {u}}}"></span>, but of opposite sign.<sup id="cite_ref-katz2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This property can be explained by the physics of an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Plane_wave" title="Plane wave">plane wave</a> that is incident to a flat surface that is <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductance">electrically conductive</a> or where the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> changes abruptly, as between two materials with different indices of refraction. </p> <ul><li>When <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)" title="Parallel (geometry)">parallel</a> beams of light are reflected on a plane surface, the reflected rays will be parallel too.</li> <li>If the reflecting surface is concave, the reflected beams will be <a href="/wiki/Vergence_(optics)" title="Vergence (optics)">convergent</a>, at least to some extent and for some distance from the surface.</li> <li>A convex mirror, on the other hand, will reflect parallel rays towards <a href="/wiki/Divergence" title="Divergence">divergent</a> directions.</li></ul> <p>More specifically, a concave parabolic mirror (whose surface is a part of a paraboloid of revolution) will reflect rays that are parallel to its <a href="/wiki/Surface_of_revolution" title="Surface of revolution">axis</a> into rays that pass through its <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a>. Conversely, a parabolic concave mirror will reflect any ray that comes from its focus towards a direction parallel to its axis. If a concave mirror surface is a part of a <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">prolate ellipsoid</a>, it will reflect any ray coming from one focus toward the other focus.<sup id="cite_ref-katz2016_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A convex parabolic mirror, on the other hand, will reflect rays that are parallel to its axis into rays that seem to emanate from the focus of the surface, behind the mirror. Conversely, it will reflect incoming rays that converge toward that point into rays that are parallel to the axis. A convex mirror that is part of a prolate ellipsoid will reflect rays that converge towards one focus into divergent rays that seem to emanate from the other focus.<sup id="cite_ref-katz2016_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spherical mirrors do not reflect parallel rays to rays that converge to or diverge from a single point, or vice versa, due to <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>. However, a spherical mirror whose diameter is sufficiently small compared to the sphere's radius will behave very similarly to a parabolic mirror whose axis goes through the mirror's center and the center of that sphere; so that spherical mirrors can substitute for parabolic ones in many applications.<sup id="cite_ref-katz2016_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar aberration occurs with parabolic mirrors when the incident rays are parallel among themselves but not parallel to the mirror's axis, or are divergent from a point that is not the focus – as when trying to form an image of an object that is near the mirror or spans a wide angle as seen from it. However, this aberration can be sufficiently small if the object image is sufficiently far from the mirror and spans a sufficiently small angle around its axis.<sup id="cite_ref-katz2016_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirror_images">Mirror images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mirror images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mirror_image" title="Mirror image">Mirror image</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_(173874897).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_%28173874897%29.jpeg/220px-Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_%28173874897%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_%28173874897%29.jpeg/330px-Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_%28173874897%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_%28173874897%29.jpeg/440px-Lake_O_Hara_Early_Morning_Reflection_%28173874897%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>A mirror reverses an image in the direction of the normal <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">angle of incidence</a>. When the surface is at a 90°, horizontal angle from the object, the image appears inverted 180° along the vertical (right and left remain on the correct sides, but the image appears upside down), because the normal angle of incidence points down vertically toward the water.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_virtual_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mirror_virtual_image.png/220px-Mirror_virtual_image.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mirror_virtual_image.png/330px-Mirror_virtual_image.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mirror_virtual_image.png/440px-Mirror_virtual_image.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A mirror reflects a real image (blue) back to the observer (red), forming a virtual image; a perceptual illusion that objects in the image are behind the mirror's surface and facing the opposite direction (purple). The arrows indicate the direction of the real and perceived images, and the reversal is analogous to viewing a movie with the film facing backwards, except the "screen" is the viewer's retina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirrors reflect an image to the observer. However, unlike a projected image on a screen, an image does not actually exist on the surface of the mirror. For example, when two people look at each other in a mirror, both see different images on the same surface. When the light waves converge through the lens of the eye they interfere with each other to form the image on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, and since both viewers see waves coming from different directions, each sees a different image in the same mirror. Thus, the images observed in a mirror depend upon the angle of the mirror with respect to the eye. The angle between the object and the observer is always twice the angle between the eye and the normal, or the direction perpendicular to the surface. This allows animals with <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> to see the reflected image with <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> and in three dimensions. </p><p>The mirror forms a <i>virtual image</i> of whatever is in the opposite angle from the viewer, meaning that objects in the image appear to exist in a direct <a href="/wiki/Line_of_sight" title="Line of sight">line of sight</a>—behind the surface of the mirror—at an equal distance from their position in front of the mirror. Objects behind the observer, or between the observer and the mirror, are reflected back to the observer without any actual change in orientation; the light waves are simply reversed in a direction perpendicular to the mirror. However, when viewer is facing the object and the mirror is at an angle between them, the image appears inverted 180° along the direction of the angle.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Objects viewed in a (plane) mirror will appear laterally inverted (e.g., if one raises one's right hand, the image's left hand will appear to go up in the mirror), but not vertically inverted (in the image a person's head still appears above their body).<sup id="cite_ref-lard1845_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lard1845-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a mirror does not actually "swap" left and right any more than it swaps top and bottom. A mirror swaps front and back. To be precise, it reverses the object in the direction perpendicular to the mirror surface (the normal), turning the three dimensional image inside out (the way a glove stripped off the hand can be turned inside out, turning a left-hand glove into a right-hand glove or vice versa). When a person raises their left hand, the actual left hand raises in the mirror, but gives the illusion of a right hand raising because the imaginary person in the mirror is literally inside-out, hand and all. If the person stands side-on to a mirror, the mirror really does reverse left and right hands, that is, objects that are physically closer to the mirror always appear closer in the virtual image, and objects farther from the surface always appear symmetrically farther away regardless of angle. </p><p>Looking at an image of oneself with the front-back axis flipped results in the perception of an image with its left-right axis flipped. When reflected in the mirror, a person's right hand remains directly opposite their real right hand, but it is perceived by the mind as the left hand in the image. When a person looks into a mirror, the image is actually front-back reversed (inside-out), which is an effect similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hollow-mask_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollow-mask illusion">hollow-mask illusion</a>. Notice that a mirror image is fundamentally different from the object (inside-out) and cannot be reproduced by simply rotating the object. An object and its mirror image are said to be <a href="/wiki/Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a>. </p><p>For things that may be considered as two-dimensional objects (like text), front-back reversal cannot usually explain the observed reversal. An image is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional space, and because it exists in a two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Focal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal plane">plane</a>, an image can be viewed from front or back. In the same way that text on a piece of paper appears reversed if held up to a light and viewed from behind, text held facing a mirror will appear reversed, because the image of the text is still facing away from the observer. Another way to understand the reversals observed in images of objects that are effectively two-dimensional is that the inversion of left and right in a mirror is due to the way human beings perceive their surroundings. A person's reflection in a mirror appears to be a real person facing them, but for that person to really face themselves (i.e.: twins) one would have to physically turn and face the other, causing an actual swapping of right and left. A mirror causes an illusion of left-right reversal because left and right were <i>not</i> swapped when the image appears to have turned around to face the viewer. The viewer's <a href="/wiki/Egocentric_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Egocentric navigation">egocentric navigation</a> (left and right with respect to the observer's point of view; i.e.: "my left...") is unconsciously replaced with their <a href="/wiki/Allocentric_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allocentric navigation">allocentric navigation</a> (left and right as it relates another's point of view; "...your right") when processing the virtual image of the apparent person behind the mirror. Likewise, text viewed in a mirror would have to be physically turned around, facing the observer and away from the surface, actually swapping left and right, to be read in the mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_properties">Optical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Optical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflectivity">Reflectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reflectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg/220px-Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg/330px-Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg/440px-Four_mirrors_-_dielectric_aluminum_silver_and_chrome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Four different mirrors, showing the difference in reflectivity. Clockwise from upper left: dielectric (80%), aluminium (85%), chrome (25%), and enhanced silver (99.9%). All are first-surface mirrors except the chrome mirror. The dielectric mirror reflects yellow light from the first-surface, but acts like an <a href="/wiki/Antireflection_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireflection coating">antireflection coating</a> to purple light, thus produced a ghost reflection of the lightbulb from the second-surface.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Metal-reflectance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png/300px-Image-Metal-reflectance.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png/450px-Image-Metal-reflectance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Image-Metal-reflectance.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Spectral <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflectance</a> curves for <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (Al), <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (Ag), and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> (Au) metal mirrors at normal incidence.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reflectivity of a mirror is determined by the percentage of reflected light per the total of the incident light. The reflectivity may vary with wavelength. All or a portion of the light not reflected is <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> by the mirror, while in some cases a portion may also transmit through. Although some small portion of the light will be absorbed by the coating, the reflectivity is usually higher for first-surface mirrors, eliminating both reflection and absorption losses from the substrate. </p><p>The reflectivity is often determined by the type and thickness of the coating. When the thickness of the coating is sufficient to prevent transmission, all of the losses occur due to absorption. Aluminium is harder and more resistant to tarnishing than silver, and will reflect 85 to 90% of the light in the visible to near-ultraviolet range, but experiences a drop in its reflectance between 800 and 900 nm. Gold is very soft and easily scratched, but does not tarnish. Gold is greater than 96% reflective to near and far-infrared light between 800 and 12000 nm, but poorly reflects visible light with wavelengths shorter than 600 nm (yellow). Silver is expensive, soft, and quickly tarnishes, but has the highest reflectivity in the visual to near-infrared of any metal. Silver can reflect up to 98 or 99% of light to wavelengths as long as 2000 nm, but loses nearly all reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 350 nm. </p><p>Dielectric mirrors can reflect greater than 99.99% of light, but only for a narrow range of wavelengths, ranging from a bandwidth of only 10 nm to as wide as 100 nm for <a href="/wiki/Tunable_laser" title="Tunable laser">tunable lasers</a>. However, dielectric coatings can also enhance the reflectivity of metallic coatings and protect them from scratching or tarnishing. Dielectric materials are typically very hard and relatively cheap, however the number of coats needed generally makes it an expensive process. In mirrors with low tolerances, the coating thickness may be reduced to save cost, and simply covered with paint to absorb transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-walk1998_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walk1998-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_quality">Surface quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surface quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png/220px-Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png/330px-Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png/440px-Mirror_distortion_and_artifacts_due_to_flatness_errors.png 2x" data-file-width="1349" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Flatness errors, like rippled dunes across the surface, produced these artifacts, distortion, and low image quality in the <a href="/wiki/Far_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Far field">far field</a> reflection of a household mirror.</figcaption></figure> <p>Surface quality, or surface accuracy, measures the deviations from a perfect, ideal surface shape. Increasing the surface quality reduces distortion, artifacts, and <a href="/wiki/Aberration_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration (optics)">aberration</a> in images, and helps increase <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">coherence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimation">collimation</a>, and reduce unwanted <a href="/wiki/Beam_divergence" title="Beam divergence">divergence</a> in beams. For plane mirrors, this is often described in terms of <a href="/wiki/Flatness_(manufacturing)" title="Flatness (manufacturing)">flatness</a>, while other surface shapes are compared to an ideal shape. The surface quality is typically measured with items like <a href="/wiki/Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Optical_flat" title="Optical flat">optical flats</a>, and are usually measured in wavelengths of light (λ). These deviations can be much larger or much smaller than the surface roughness. A normal household-mirror made with <a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">float glass</a> may have flatness tolerances as low as 9–14λ per inch (25.4 mm), equating to a deviation of 5600 through 8800 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> from perfect flatness. Precision ground and polished mirrors intended for lasers or telescopes may have tolerances as high as λ/50 (1/50 of the wavelength of the light, or around 12 nm) across the entire surface.<sup id="cite_ref-cheng2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheng2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walk1998_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walk1998-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface quality can be affected by factors such as temperature changes, internal stress in the substrate, or even bending effects that occur when combining materials with different coefficients of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bimetallic strip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leon2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leon2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_roughness">Surface roughness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Surface roughness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">Surface roughness</a> describes the texture of the surface, often in terms of the depth of the microscopic scratches left by the polishing operations. Surface roughness determines how much of the reflection is specular and how much diffuses, controlling how clear or cloudy the image will be. </p><p>For perfectly specular reflection, the surface roughness must be kept smaller than the wavelength of the light. Microwaves, which sometimes have a wavelength greater than an inch (~25 mm) can reflect specularly off a metal screen-door, continental ice-sheets, or desert sand, while visible light, having wavelengths of only a few hundred nanometers (a few hundred-thousandths of an inch), must meet a very smooth surface to produce specular reflection. For wavelengths that are approaching or are even shorter than the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">diameter of the atoms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, specular reflection can only be produced by surfaces that are at a <a href="/wiki/Grazing_incidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Grazing incidence">grazing incidence</a> from the rays. </p><p>Surface roughness is typically measured in <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">microns</a>, wavelength, or <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper#Grit_size_table" title="Sandpaper">grit size</a>, with ~80,000–100,000 grit or ~½λ–¼λ being "optical quality".<sup id="cite_ref-duzg2011_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duzg2011-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walk1998_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walk1998-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-warn_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warn-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmissivity">Transmissivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transmissivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_@_550nm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_%40_550nm.png/220px-Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_%40_550nm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_%40_550nm.png/330px-Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_%40_550nm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_%40_550nm.png/440px-Laser_dielectric_output_coupler_centered_%40_550nm.png 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>A dielectric, laser output-coupler that is 75–80% reflective between 500 and 600 nm, on a 3° <a href="/wiki/Wedge_prism" title="Wedge prism">wedge prism</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Quartz_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz glass">quartz glass</a>. Left: The mirror is highly reflective to yellow and green but highly transmissive to red and blue. Right: The mirror transmits 25% of the 589 nm laser light. Because the smoke particles <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffract</a> more light than they reflect, the beam appears much brighter when reflecting back toward the observer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Transmissivity is determined by the percentage of light transmitted per the incident light. Transmissivity is usually the same from both first and second surfaces. The combined transmitted and reflected light, subtracted from the incident light, measures the amount absorbed by both the coating and substrate. For transmissive mirrors, such as one-way mirrors, <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitters</a>, or laser <a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">output couplers</a>, the transmissivity of the mirror is an important consideration. The transmissivity of metallic coatings are often determined by their thickness. For precision beam-splitters or output couplers, the thickness of the coating must be kept at very high tolerances to transmit the proper amount of light. For dielectric mirrors, the thickness of the coat must always be kept to high tolerances, but it is often more the number of individual coats that determine the transmissivity. For the substrate, the material used must also have good transmissivity to the chosen wavelengths. Glass is a suitable substrate for most visible-light applications, but other substrates such as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">zinc selenide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_sapphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic sapphire">synthetic sapphire</a> may be used for infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-greav1989_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greav1989-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.104–108">: p.104–108 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wedge">Wedge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wedge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wedge errors are caused by the deviation of the surfaces from perfect parallelism. An <a href="/wiki/Optical_wedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical wedge">optical wedge</a> is the angle formed between two plane-surfaces (or between the principle planes of curved surfaces) due to manufacturing errors or limitations, causing one edge of the mirror to be slightly thicker than the other. Nearly all mirrors and optics with parallel faces have some slight degree of wedge, which is usually measured in <a href="/wiki/Second_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Second of arc">seconds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minutes_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minutes of arc">minutes of arc</a>. For first-surface mirrors, wedges can introduce alignment deviations in mounting hardware. For second-surface or transmissive mirrors, wedges can have a prismatic effect on the light, deviating its trajectory or, to a very slight degree, its color, causing <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration">aberration</a>. In some instances, a slight wedge is desirable, such as in certain laser systems where stray reflections from the uncoated surface are better dispersed than reflected back through the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-walk1998_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walk1998-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-klei1989_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klei1989-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_defects">Surface defects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Surface defects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface defects are small-scale, discontinuous imperfections in the surface smoothness. Surface defects are larger (in some cases much larger) than the surface roughness, but only affect small, localized portions of the entire surface. These are typically found as scratches, digs, pits (often from bubbles in the glass), sleeks (scratches from prior, larger grit polishing operations that were not fully removed by subsequent polishing grits), edge chips, or blemishes in the coating. These defects are often an unavoidable side-effect of manufacturing limitations, both in cost and machine precision. If kept low enough, in most applications these defects will rarely have any adverse effect, unless the surface is located at an image plane where they will show up directly. For applications that require extremely low scattering of light, extremely high reflectance, or low absorption due to high energy levels that could destroy the mirror, such as lasers or <a href="/wiki/Fabry-Perot_interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabry-Perot interferometer">Fabry-Perot interferometers</a>, the surface defects must be kept to a minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-azop2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azop2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg/220px-Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg/330px-Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg/440px-Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Polishing the primary mirror for the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. A deviation in the surface quality of approximately 4λ resulted in poor images initially, which was eventually compensated for using <a href="/wiki/Corrective_Optics_Space_Telescope_Axial_Replacement" title="Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement">corrective optics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirrors are usually manufactured by either polishing a naturally reflective material, such as speculum metal, or by applying a <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">reflective coating</a> to a suitable polished <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)" title="Substrate (materials science)">substrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lanz2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanz2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some applications, generally those that are cost-sensitive or that require great durability, such as for mounting in a prison cell, mirrors may be made from a single, bulk material such as polished metal. However, metals consist of small crystals (grains) separated by grain boundaries that may prevent the surface from attaining optical smoothness and uniform reflectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-pulk1999_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.2, 8">: p.2, 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coating">Coating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Coating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silvering">Silvering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Silvering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvering</a></div> <p>The coating of glass with a reflective layer of a metal is generally called "<a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvering</a>", even though the metal may not be silver. Currently the main processes are <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, "wet" <a href="/wiki/Electroless_plating" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroless plating">chemical deposition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_deposition" title="Vacuum deposition">vacuum deposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pulk1999_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Front-coated metal mirrors achieve reflectivities of 90–95% when new. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dielectric_coating">Dielectric coating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dielectric coating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applications requiring higher reflectivity or greater durability, where wide <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> is not essential, use <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric coatings</a>, which can achieve reflectivities as high as 99.997% over a limited range of wavelengths. Because they are often chemically stable and do not conduct electricity, dielectric coatings are almost always applied by methods of vacuum deposition, and most commonly by evaporation deposition. Because the coatings are usually transparent, absorption losses are negligible. Unlike with metals, the reflectivity of the individual dielectric-coatings is a function of <a href="/wiki/Snell%27s_law" title="Snell's law">Snell's law</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_equations" title="Fresnel equations">Fresnel equations</a>, determined by the difference in <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> between layers. Therefore, the thickness and index of the coatings can be adjusted to be centered on any wavelength. Vacuum deposition can be achieved in a number of ways, including sputtering, evaporation deposition, arc deposition, reactive-gas deposition, and ion plating, among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-pulk1999_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.103, 107">: p.103, 107 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaping_and_polishing">Shaping and polishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shaping and polishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tolerances">Tolerances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tolerances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirrors can be manufactured to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">engineering tolerances</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a>, surface quality, <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">surface roughness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">transmissivity</a>, depending on the desired application. These tolerances can range from wide, such as found in a normal household-mirror, to extremely narrow, like those used in lasers or telescopes. Tightening the tolerances allows better and more precise imaging or beam transmission over longer distances. In imaging systems this can help reduce anomalies (<a href="/wiki/Artifact_(error)" title="Artifact (error)">artifacts</a>), distortion or blur, but at a much higher cost. Where viewing distances are relatively close or high precision is not a concern, wider tolerances can be used to make effective mirrors at affordable costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg/170px-Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg/255px-Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg/340px-Jekyll.and.Hyde.Ch10.Drawing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption>A cheval glass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg/170px-Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg/255px-Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg/340px-Mirror.globe.arp.500pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Reflections in a spherical convex mirror. The photographer is seen at top right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg/220px-In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg/330px-In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg/440px-In_Car_Micheal_Fitzgerald_Cork_Racing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A side-mirror on a <a href="/wiki/Racing_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing car">racing car</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_in_Front_of_Me,_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Memphis_in_Front_of_Me%2C_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg/220px-Memphis_in_Front_of_Me%2C_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Memphis_in_Front_of_Me%2C_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg/330px-Memphis_in_Front_of_Me%2C_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Memphis_in_Front_of_Me%2C_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg/440px-Memphis_in_Front_of_Me%2C_Arkansas_in_Back_of_Me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Rear-view mirror</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_grooming">Personal grooming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Personal grooming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirrors are commonly used as aids to <a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">personal grooming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schr1969_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schr1969-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may range from small sizes (portable), to full body sized; they may be handheld, mobile, fixed or adjustable. A classic example of an adjustable mirror is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cheval_glass#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:cheval glass">cheval glass</a>, which the user can tilt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_easier_viewing">Safety and easier viewing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Safety and easier viewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Convex mirrors</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-94wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/-94wiki.jpg/220px--94wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/-94wiki.jpg/330px--94wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/-94wiki.jpg/440px--94wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6548" data-file-height="8186" /></a><figcaption>A convex mirror in a <a href="/wiki/Parking_garage" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking garage">parking garage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Convex mirrors provide a wider <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> than flat mirrors,<sup id="cite_ref-king2000_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king2000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are often used on vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-ushw1979_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushw1979-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially large trucks, to minimize <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind spot (automobile)">blind spots</a>. They are sometimes placed at <a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">road junctions</a>, and at corners of sites such as <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a> to allow people to see around corners to avoid crashing into other vehicles or <a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">shopping carts</a>. They are also sometimes used as part of security systems, so that a single <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a> can show more than one <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a> at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convex mirrors as decoration are used in interior design to provide a predominantly experiential effect.<sup id="cite_ref-charm2016_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charm2016-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mouth_mirror" title="Mouth mirror">Mouth mirrors</a> or "dental mirrors"</dt> <dd>Dentists use mouth mirrors or "dental mirrors" to allow indirect vision and lighting within the mouth. Their reflective surfaces may be either flat or curved.<sup id="cite_ref-ande2000_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ande2000-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mouth mirrors are also commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Mechanic" title="Mechanic">mechanics</a> to allow vision in tight spaces and around corners in equipment.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Rear-view_mirror" title="Rear-view mirror">Rear-view mirrors</a></dt> <dd>Rear-view mirrors are widely used in and on vehicles (such as automobiles, or bicycles), to allow drivers to see other vehicles coming up behind them.<sup id="cite_ref-kali_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kali-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On rear-view sunglasses, the left end of the left glass and the right end of the right glass work as mirrors.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-way_mirrors_and_windows">One-way mirrors and windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: One-way mirrors and windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/One-way_mirror" title="One-way mirror">One-way mirror</a></div> <dl><dt>One-way mirrors</dt> <dd>One-way mirrors (also called two-way mirrors) work by overwhelming dim transmitted light with bright reflected light.<sup id="cite_ref-twow2012_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twow2012-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A true one-way mirror that actually allows light to be transmitted in one direction only without requiring external energy is not possible as it violates the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A common-sense explanation is not sufficient. A source that discusses this more in depth is needed. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>One-way windows</dt> <dd>One-way windows can be made to work with polarized light in the laboratory without violating the second law. This is an apparent paradox that stumped some great physicists, although it does not allow a practical one-way mirror for use in the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-mung1999_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mung1999-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rayle1901_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayle1901-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Faraday_isolator" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday isolator">Optical isolators</a> are one-way devices that are commonly used with lasers.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signalling">Signalling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></div> <p>With the sun as the light source, a mirror can be used to signal by variations in the orientation of the mirror. The signal can be used over long distances, possibly up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) on a clear day. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes and numerous <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">militaries</a> used this technique to transmit information between distant outposts. </p><p>Mirrors can also be used to attract the attention of <a href="/wiki/Search-and-rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Search-and-rescue">search-and-rescue</a> parties. Specialized types of mirrors are available and are often included in military <a href="/wiki/Survival_kit" title="Survival kit">survival kits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Televisions_and_projectors">Televisions and projectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Televisions and projectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microscopic mirrors are a core element of many of the largest <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">high-definition</a> televisions and <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projectors</a>. A common technology of this type is <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>' <a href="/wiki/Digital_light_processing" title="Digital light processing">DLP</a>. A DLP chip is a postage stamp-sized microchip whose surface is an array of millions of microscopic mirrors. The picture is created as the individual mirrors move to either reflect light toward the projection surface (<a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> on), or toward a light-absorbing surface (pixel off). </p><p>Other projection technologies involving mirrors include <a href="/wiki/LCoS" class="mw-redirect" title="LCoS">LCoS</a>. Like a DLP chip, LCoS is a microchip of similar size, but rather than millions of individual mirrors, there is a single mirror that is actively shielded by a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> matrix with up to millions of <a href="/wiki/Pixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixels</a>. The picture, formed as light, is either reflected toward the projection surface (pixel on), or absorbed by the activated <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> pixels (pixel off). LCoS-based televisions and projectors often use 3 chips, one for each primary color. </p><p>Large mirrors are used in rear-projection televisions. Light (for example from a DLP as discussed above) is "folded" by one or more mirrors so that the television set is compact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical_discs">Optical discs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Optical discs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical discs</a> are modified mirrors which encode binary data as a series of physical pits and lands on an inner layer between the metal backing and outer plastic surface. The data is read and decoded by observing distortions in a reflected laser beam caused by the physical variations in the inner layer. Optical discs typically use aluminum backing like conventional mirrors, though ones with silver and <a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">gold</a> backings also exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg/220px-Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg/330px-Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg/440px-Parabolic_trough_near_Harper_Lake_in_California_front_and_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Parabolic troughs near <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lake" title="Harper Lake">Harper Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mirrors are integral parts of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> plant. The one shown in the adjacent picture uses <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> from an array of <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_trough" title="Parabolic trough">parabolic troughs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pale2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pale2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instruments">Instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mirror_support_cell" title="Mirror support cell">Mirror support cell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg/220px-E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg/330px-E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg/440px-E-ELT_mirror_segments_under_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E-ELT" class="mw-redirect" title="E-ELT">E-ELT</a> mirror segments under test</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescopes</a> and other precision instruments use <i>front silvered</i> or <a href="/wiki/First_surface_mirrors" class="mw-redirect" title="First surface mirrors">first surface mirrors</a>, where the reflecting surface is placed on the front (or first) surface of the glass (this eliminates reflection from glass surface ordinary back mirrors have). Some of them use silver, but most are aluminium, which is more reflective at short wavelengths than silver. All of these coatings are easily damaged and require special handling. They reflect 90% to 95% of the incident light when new. The coatings are typically applied by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_deposition" title="Vacuum deposition">vacuum deposition</a>. A protective overcoat is usually applied before the mirror is removed from the vacuum, because the coating otherwise begins to corrode as soon as it is exposed to oxygen and humidity in air. <i>Front silvered</i> mirrors have to be resurfaced occasionally to maintain their quality. There are optical mirrors such as <a href="/wiki/Mangin_mirror" title="Mangin mirror">mangin mirrors</a> that are <i>second surface mirrors</i> (reflective coating on the rear surface) as part of their optical designs, usually to correct <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration">optical aberrations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boba2014_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boba2014-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg/220px-Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg/330px-Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg/440px-Super-thin_Mirror_Under_Test_at_ESO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Deformable thin-shell mirror. It is 1120 millimetres across but just 2 millimetres thick, making it much thinner than most glass windows.<sup id="cite_ref-eso2013_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eso2013-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The reflectivity of the mirror coating can be measured using a <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrophotometer">reflectometer</a> and for a particular metal it will be different for different wavelengths of light. This is exploited in some <a href="/wiki/Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a> work to make <a href="/wiki/Cold_mirror" title="Cold mirror">cold mirrors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_mirror" title="Hot mirror">hot mirrors</a>. A cold mirror is made by using a transparent substrate and choosing a coating material that is more reflective to visible light and more transmissive to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light. </p><p>A hot mirror is the opposite, the coating preferentially reflects infrared. Mirror surfaces are sometimes given thin film overcoatings both to retard degradation of the surface and to increase their reflectivity in parts of the spectrum where they will be used. For instance, aluminium mirrors are commonly coated with silicon dioxide or magnesium fluoride. The reflectivity as a function of wavelength depends on both the thickness of the coating and on how it is applied. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG/220px-Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG/330px-Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG/440px-Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_laser.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A dielectric coated mirror used in a <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye laser</a>. The mirror is over 99% reflective at 550 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a>, (yellow), but will allow most other colors to pass through.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg/220px-Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg/330px-Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg/440px-Laserr_mirror_from_a_dye_laser_for_use_with_rhodamine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A dielectric mirror used in <a href="/wiki/Tunable_laser" title="Tunable laser">tunable lasers</a>. With a center wavelength of 600 nm and bandwidth of 100 nm, the coating is totally reflective to the orange construction paper, but only reflects the reddish hues from the blue paper.</figcaption></figure> <p>For scientific <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> work, <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric mirrors</a> are often used. These are glass (or sometimes other material) substrates on which one or more layers of dielectric material are deposited, to form an optical coating. By careful choice of the type and thickness of the dielectric layers, the range of wavelengths and amount of light reflected from the mirror can be specified. The best mirrors of this type can reflect >99.999% of the light (in a narrow range of wavelengths) which is incident on the mirror. Such mirrors are often used in <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>. </p><p>In astronomy, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> is a technique to measure variable image distortions and adapt a <a href="/wiki/Deformable_mirror" title="Deformable mirror">deformable mirror</a> accordingly on a timescale of milliseconds, to compensate for the distortions. </p><p>Although most mirrors are designed to reflect visible light, surfaces reflecting other forms of electromagnetic radiation are also called "mirrors". The mirrors for other ranges of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a> are used in optics and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. Mirrors for radio waves (sometimes known as reflectors) are important elements of <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescopes</a>. </p><p>Simple <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscopes</a> use mirrors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Face-to-face_mirrors">Face-to-face mirrors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Face-to-face mirrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two or more mirrors aligned exactly parallel and facing each other can give an infinite regress of reflections, called an <a href="/wiki/Infinity_mirror" title="Infinity mirror">infinity mirror</a> effect. Some devices use this to generate multiple reflections: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_interferometer" title="Fabry–Pérot interferometer">Fabry–Pérot interferometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> (which contains an <a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">optical cavity</a>)</li> <li>3D <a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">kaleidoscope</a> to concentrate light<sup id="cite_ref-more2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>momentum-enhanced <a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">solar sail</a><sup id="cite_ref-meyer1987_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meyer1987-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_applications">Military applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Military applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tradition states that <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> used a large array of mirrors to burn <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> ships during an attack on Syracuse. This has never been proven or disproved. On the TV show <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i>, a team from <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> tried to recreate the famous "Archimedes Death Ray". They were unsuccessful at starting a fire on a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-myth2019_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous attempts to set a boat on fire using only the bronze mirrors available in Archimedes' time were unsuccessful, and the time taken to ignite the craft would have made its use impractical, resulting in the <i>MythBusters</i> team deeming the myth "busted". It was however found that the mirrors made it very difficult for the passengers of the targeted boat to see; such a scenario could have impeded attackers and have provided the origin of the legend. (See <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_tower" title="Solar power tower">solar power tower</a> for a practical use of this technique.) </p><p>Periscopes were used to great effect in war, especially during the World Wars where they were used to peer over the parapet of trenches to ensure that the soldier using the periscope could see safely without the risk of incoming direct fire from other small arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seasonal_lighting">Seasonal lighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Seasonal lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG/220px-Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG/330px-Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG/440px-Kibble_Palace_Mirror.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A multi-facet mirror in the <a href="/wiki/Kibble_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibble Palace">Kibble Palace</a> conservatory, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its location in a steep-sided valley, the Italian town of <a href="/wiki/Viganella" title="Viganella">Viganella</a> gets no direct sunlight for seven weeks each winter. In 2006 a €100,000 computer-controlled mirror, 8×5 m, was installed to reflect sunlight into the town's piazza. In early 2007 the similarly situated village of <a href="/wiki/Bondo,_Switzerland" title="Bondo, Switzerland">Bondo, Switzerland</a>, was considering applying this solution as well.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcn2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcn2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apsw207_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apsw207-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, mirrors were installed to reflect sunlight into the town square in the Norwegian town of <a href="/wiki/Rjukan" title="Rjukan">Rjukan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcn2013_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcn2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirrors can be used to produce enhanced lighting effects in greenhouses or conservatories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan,_2008.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan%2C_2008.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan%2C_2008.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan%2C_2008.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan%2C_2008.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan%2C_2008.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Mirrored_building_in_Manhattan%2C_2008.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8432" data-file-height="5777" /></a><figcaption>Mirrored building in Manhattan - 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower,_Chicago,_Illinois,_Estados_Unidos,_2012-10-20,_DD_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_05.jpg/220px-Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_05.jpg/330px-Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_05.jpg/440px-Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower%2C_Chicago%2C_Illinois%2C_Estados_Unidos%2C_2012-10-20%2C_DD_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4261" data-file-height="3414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(Chicago)" title="Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)">401 N. Wabash Ave.</a> reflects the skyline along the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_River" title="Chicago River">Chicago River</a> in downtown Chicago</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_glass" title="Architectural glass">Architectural glass</a></div> <p>Mirrors are a popular design-theme in architecture, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">late modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-modern_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern architecture">post-modernist</a> high-rise buildings in major cities. Early examples include the Campbell Center in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, which opened in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-brown2012_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2012-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower" title="John Hancock Tower">John Hancock Tower</a> (completed in 1976) in Boston. </p><p>More recently, two skyscrapers designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Vi%C3%B1oly" title="Rafael Viñoly">Rafael Viñoly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vdara" title="Vdara">Vdara</a> in Las Vegas and <a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a> in London, have experienced unusual problems due to their concave curved-glass exteriors acting as respectively cylindrical and spherical reflectors for sunlight. In 2010, the <i>Las Vegas Review Journal</i> reported that sunlight reflected off the Vdara's south-facing tower could singe swimmers in the hotel pool, as well as melting plastic cups and shopping bags; employees of the hotel referred to the phenomenon as the "Vdara death ray",<sup id="cite_ref-vdara2010_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdara2010-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aka the "<a href="/wiki/Fryscraper" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryscraper">fryscraper</a>." In 2013, sunlight reflecting off 20 Fenchurch Street melted parts of a <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Cars" title="Jaguar Cars">Jaguar car</a> parked nearby and scorching or igniting the carpet of a nearby barber-shop.<sup id="cite_ref-fench2013_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fench2013-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This building had been nicknamed the "walkie-talkie" because its shape was supposedly similar to a certain model of two-way radio; but after its tendency to overheat surrounding objects became known, the nickname changed to the "walkie-scorchie". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_art">Fine art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Fine art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paintings">Paintings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Titian_-_Venus_with_a_Mirror_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13246" data-file-height="15890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_with_a_Mirror" title="Venus with a Mirror">Venus with a Mirror</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Painters depicting someone gazing into a mirror often also show the person's reflection. This is a kind of abstraction—in most cases the angle of view is such that the person's reflection should not be visible. Similarly, in movies and <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">still photography</a> an actor or actress is often shown ostensibly looking at him- or herself in a mirror, and yet the reflection faces the camera. In reality, the actor or actress sees only the camera and its operator in this case, not their own reflection. In the psychology of perception, this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_effect" title="Venus effect">Venus effect</a>. </p><p>The mirror is the central device in some of the greatest of European paintings: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re" title="A Bar at the Folies-Bergère">A Bar at the Folies-Bergère</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_effect" title="Venus effect">Venus with a Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait" title="Arnolfini Portrait">Arnolfini Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_before_a_Mirror" title="Girl before a Mirror">Girl before a Mirror</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rokeby_Venus" title="Rokeby Venus">Rokeby Venus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a></i> (wherein the viewer is both the watcher - of a self-portrait in progress - and the watched) and the many adaptations of that painting in various media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a>'s <i>Venus with a Mirror</i></li></ul> <p>Artists have used mirrors to create works and to hone their craft: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> discovered linear perspective with the help of the mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-camp2014_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camp2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> called the mirror the "master of painters". He recommended, "When you wish to see whether your whole picture accords with what you have portrayed from nature take a mirror and reflect the actual object in it. Compare what is reflected with your painting and carefully consider whether both likenesses of the subject correspond, particularly in regard to the mirror."<sup id="cite_ref-mccur1938_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccur1938-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Self-portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-portraits">self-portraits</a> are made possible through the use of mirrors, such as great self-portraits by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dürer">Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Van Gogh</a>. <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> used special shapes of mirrors in order to achieve a much more complete view of his surroundings than by direct observation in <i><a href="/wiki/Hand_with_Reflecting_Sphere" title="Hand with Reflecting Sphere">Hand with Reflecting Sphere</a></i> (1935; also known as <i>Self-Portrait in Spherical Mirror</i>).</li></ul> <p>Mirrors are sometimes necessary to fully appreciate art work: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">anamorphic</a> works are images distorted such that they only become clearly visible when reflected in a suitably shaped and positioned mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-orosz2015_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orosz2015-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_(1903-1943)_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.,1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_%281903-1943%29_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.%2C1939.jpg/220px-Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_%281903-1943%29_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.%2C1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_%281903-1943%29_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.%2C1939.jpg/330px-Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_%281903-1943%29_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.%2C1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_%281903-1943%29_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.%2C1939.jpg/440px-Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_%281903-1943%29_Sala_d%27aspetto_per_la_casa_di_M.me_B.%2C1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Mirrors in interior design: "Waiting room in the house of M.me B.", <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> project by Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_dell%27Ira" title="Arnaldo dell'Ira">Arnaldo dell'Ira</a>, Rome, 1939.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphosis</a> projecting sculpture into mirrors</li></ul> <p>Contemporary anamorphic artist <a href="/wiki/Jonty_Hurwitz" title="Jonty Hurwitz">Jonty Hurwitz</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylindrical">cylindrical</a> mirrors to project distorted sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-hurw2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurw2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sculptures comprised entirely or in part of mirrors include: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Infinity_wulsin.jpg" title="File:Infinity wulsin.jpg">Infinity Also Hurts</a></i>, a mirror, glass and <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a> sculpture by artist <a href="/wiki/Seth_Wulsin" title="Seth Wulsin">Seth Wulsin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Mirror" title="Sky Mirror">Sky Mirror</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public sculpture</a> by artist <a href="/wiki/Anish_Kapoor" title="Anish Kapoor">Anish Kapoor</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_artistic_mediums">Other artistic mediums</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other artistic mediums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors,_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_(4655892606).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors%2C_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_%284655892606%29.jpg/220px-130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors%2C_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_%284655892606%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors%2C_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_%284655892606%29.jpg/330px-130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors%2C_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_%284655892606%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors%2C_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_%284655892606%29.jpg/440px-130_-_Grove_Of_Mirrors%2C_Hilary_Arnold_Baker_%284655892606%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Grove Of Mirrors</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilary_Arnold_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilary Arnold Baker (page does not exist)">Hilary Arnold Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romsey" title="Romsey">Romsey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some other contemporary artists use mirrors as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_mediums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic mediums">material of art</a>: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_magic_mirror" title="Chinese magic mirror">Chinese magic mirror</a> is a device in which the face of the bronze mirror projects the same image that was cast on its back. This is due to minute curvatures on its front.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco-courrier_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-courrier-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a> uses a large number of curved mirrors embedded in a surface to produce three-dimensional imagery.</li> <li>Paintings on mirror surfaces (such as silkscreen printed glass mirrors)</li> <li>Special mirror installations: <ul><li><i>Follow Me</i>, a mirror labyrinth by artist <a href="/wiki/Jeppe_Hein" title="Jeppe Hein">Jeppe Hein</a> (see also, Entertainment: Mirror mazes, below)</li> <li><i>Mirror Neon Cube</i> by artist Jeppe Hein</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_function_of_the_real_and_depicted_mirror">Religious function of the real and depicted mirror</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Religious function of the real and depicted mirror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melong_Dorje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Melong_Dorje.jpg/270px-Melong_Dorje.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Melong_Dorje.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Drubthob Melong Dorje (1243–1303), a lineage holder of the <a href="/wiki/Vima_Nyingtik" title="Vima Nyingtik">Vima Nyingtik</a>, depicted wearing a mirror hanging from his neck</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, mirrors existed in various shapes for multiple uses. Mostly they were used as an accessory for personal hygiene but also as tokens of courtly love, made from <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory</a> in the ivory-carving centers in Paris, Cologne and the Southern Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-court2018_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court2018-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had their uses in religious contexts as they were integrated in a special form of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_badge" title="Pilgrim badge">pilgrim badges</a> or pewter/lead mirror boxes<sup id="cite_ref-bojm2018_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bojm2018-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 14th century. Burgundian ducal inventories show us that the dukes owned a mass of mirrors or objects with mirrors, not only with religious iconography or inscriptions, but combined with reliquaries, religious paintings or other objects that were distinctively used for personal piety.<sup id="cite_ref-sche2013_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sche2013-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering mirrors in paintings and book illumination as depicted artifacts and trying to draw conclusions about their functions from their setting, one of these functions is to be an aid in personal prayer to achieve self-knowledge and knowledge of God, in accord with contemporary theological sources. For example, the famous <a href="/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait" title="Arnolfini Portrait">Arnolfini Wedding</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> shows a constellation of objects that can be recognized as one which would allow a praying man to use them for his personal piety: the mirror surrounded by scenes of the Passion to reflect on it and on oneself, a <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> as a device in this process, the veiled and cushioned bench to use as a <a href="/wiki/Prie-dieu" title="Prie-dieu">prie-dieu</a>, and the abandoned shoes that point in the direction in which the praying man kneeled.<sup id="cite_ref-sche2013_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sche2013-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metaphorical meaning of depicted mirrors is complex and many-layered, e.g. as an attribute of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, the "speculum sine macula" (mirror without blemish), or as attributes of scholarly and theological wisdom and knowledge as they appear in book illuminations of different <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">evangelists</a> and authors of theological treatises. Depicted mirrors – orientated on the physical properties of a real mirror – can be seen as metaphors of knowledge and reflection and are thus able to remind beholders to reflect and get to know themselves. The mirror may function simultaneously as a symbol and as a device of a moral appeal. That is also the case if it is shown in combination with virtues and vices, a combination which also occurs more frequently in the 15th century: the moralizing layers of mirror metaphors remind the beholder to examine themself thoroughly according to their own virtuous or vicious life. This is all the more true if the mirror is combined with iconography of death. Not only is Death as a corpse or skeleton holding the mirror for the still-living personnel of paintings, illuminations and prints, but the skull appears on the convex surfaces of depicted mirrors, showing the painted and real beholders their future face.<sup id="cite_ref-sche2013_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sche2013-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoration">Decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overmantel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Overmantel.jpg/170px-Overmantel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Overmantel.jpg/255px-Overmantel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Overmantel.jpg/340px-Overmantel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">Chimneypiece</a> and overmantel mirror, c. 1750 V&A Museum no. 738:1 to 3–1897</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_(19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_%2819%29.jpg/220px-Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_%2819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_%2819%29.jpg/330px-Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_%2819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_%2819%29.jpg/440px-Demo_Day_2016_-_Design_Center_%2819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Glasses with mirrors – Prezi HQ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunville%27s_Whisky_Pub_Mirror_01.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Dunville%27s_Whisky_Pub_Mirror_01.jpeg/220px-Dunville%27s_Whisky_Pub_Mirror_01.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/Dunville%27s_Whisky_Pub_Mirror_01.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>A bar mirror bearing the logo of <a href="/wiki/Dunville_%26_Co#Dunville's_Whisky" title="Dunville & Co">Dunville's Whiskey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirrors are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Interior_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior decoration">interior decoration</a> and as ornaments: </p> <ul><li>Mirrors, typically large and unframed, are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Interior_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior decoration">interior decoration</a> to create an illusion of space and to amplify the apparent size of a room.<sup id="cite_ref-alic2016_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alic2016-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They come also framed in a variety of forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pier_glass" title="Pier glass">pier glass</a> and the overmantel mirror.</li> <li>Mirrors are used also in some schools of <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a> practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve harmony with an environment.</li> <li>The softness of old mirrors is sometimes replicated by contemporary artisans for use in <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior design</a>. These reproduction antiqued mirrors are works of art and can bring color and texture to an otherwise hard, cold reflective surface.</li> <li>A decorative reflecting <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> of thin metal-coated glass, working as a reducing wide-angle mirror, is sold as a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Christmas ornament</a> called a <i>bauble</i>.</li> <li>Some pubs and bars hang mirrors depicting the logo of a brand of liquor, beer or drinking establishment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Illuminated rotating <a href="/wiki/Disco_ball" title="Disco ball">disco balls</a> covered with small mirrors are used to cast moving spots of light around a dance floor.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_mirrors" title="House of mirrors">hall of mirrors</a>, commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a>, is an attraction in which a number of <a href="/wiki/Distorting_mirror" title="Distorting mirror">distorting mirrors</a> produce unusual reflections of the visitor.</li> <li>Mirrors are employed in <a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">kaleidoscopes</a>, personal entertainment devices invented in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815</span> by Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>.</li> <li>Mirrors are often used in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a> to create an <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a>. One effect is called <a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a>.</li> <li>Mirror <a href="/wiki/Maze" title="Maze">mazes</a>, often found in <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a>, contain large numbers of mirrors and sheets of glass. The idea is to navigate the disorientating array without bumping into the walls. Mirrors in attractions like this are often made of <a href="/wiki/Plexiglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexiglas">Plexiglas</a> to prevent breakages.<sup id="cite_ref-samu2001_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samu2001-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirrors appear in many movies and TV shows: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_(film)" title="Black Swan (film)">Black Swan</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">psychological horror</a> film that frequently incorporates mirrors. Fractured mirrors are prominent in the film, and the character Nina stabs herself with a broken piece of mirror.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candyman_(1992_film)" title="Candyman (1992 film)"><i>Candyman</i></a> is a horror film about a <a href="/wiki/Malevolent_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malevolent spirit">malevolent spirit</a> summoned by speaking its name in front of a mirror.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Destroyer" title="Conan the Destroyer">Conan the Destroyer</a></i> features a mirror-embedded chamber deep within Thoth-Amon's castle. The mirrors are first used in an illusory fashion to deceive <a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan</a> once he is separated by his companions, and during a battle sequence it is discovered that by breaking the mirrors he is able to damage and eventually defeat the otherwise-invulnerable wizard Thoth-Amon.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dead_of_Night" title="Dead of Night">Dead of Night</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">anthology</a> horror film with one segment titled "The Haunted Mirror," in which a mirror casts a murderous spell.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Strange_(2016_film)" title="Doctor Strange (2016 film)">Doctor Strange</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness" title="Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness">Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_No_Way_Home" title="Spider-Man: No Way Home">Spider-Man: No Way Home</a></i> feature the fictional <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror Dimension">mirror dimension</a>, a parallel dimension in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Universe</a> that reflects objects like a mirror, but in different directions.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a>'</i>s iconic and final fight scene occurs in a mirrored room. The mirrors create multiple reflections of the fight movements but are eventually smashed.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Floorwalker" title="The Floorwalker">The Floorwalker</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Duck_Soup_(1933_film)" title="Duck Soup (1933 film)">Duck Soup</a></i> contain a mirror scene in which one person comically pretends to be the mirror reflection of someone else. This mirror scene has been imitated in other comedy films and TV shows.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1996_film)" title="Hamlet (1996 film)">Hamlet</a></i> has a throne room with mirrored walls. Hamlet, played by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>, gives his famous speech with the words "to be or not to be," looking into these mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)"><i>Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</i></a> includes the magical <a href="/wiki/Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter" title="Magical objects in Harry Potter">Mirror of Erised</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a></i> contains mirrors created in a dream sequence. Ariadne creates two mirrors facing each other that form an infinite number of reflected mirrors.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_in_the_Lake" title="Lady in the Lake">Lady in the Lake</a></i>, a 1947 <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, was shot from the <a href="/wiki/Point-of-view_shot" title="Point-of-view shot">point of view</a> of the protagonist, who is seen only when a mirror is included in the shot.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Night_in_Soho" title="Last Night in Soho">Last Night in Soho</a></i> is a psychological horror movie with several mirror scenes. The character Ellie occasionally sees her mother's ghost in mirrors.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> uses various reflections and mirrors throughout the film. Neo watches a broken mirror mend itself, and different objects create reflections.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_(1975_film)" title="Mirror (1975 film)">Mirror</a></i> is a drama film by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a> that includes several scenes with mirrors and several scenes shot in reflection.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Mirror_(film)" title="Mirror Mirror (film)">Mirror Mirror</a></i> is a fantasy comedy film based on <a href="/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a> that features a Mirror House and Mirror Queen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrors_(2008_film)" title="Mirrors (2008 film)"><i>Mirrors</i></a> is a horror film about haunted mirrors that reflect different scenes than those in front of them.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_(1966_film)" title="Persona (1966 film)">Persona</a></i> relies on mirror sequences to show how the two women, Bibi and Liv, reflect each other and become more alike.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist_III" title="Poltergeist III">Poltergeist III</a></i> features mirrors that do not reflect reality and which can be used as portals to an afterlife.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchock</a> has several shots with mirrors that reflect characters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculus_(film)" title="Oculus (film)"><i>Oculus</i></a> is a horror film about a haunted mirror that causes people to hallucinate and commit acts of violence.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(film)" title="Orpheus (film)">Orpheus</a></i> includes an important theme of mirrors in connection to aging and death.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> in the fourth story arc has a major theme pertaining to mirrors, which entrap several of the Sailor Senshi, the fiancée of the protagonist, and the villain in the arc.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxi_Driver" title="Taxi Driver">Taxi Driver</a></i> has a notable scene with a mirror in which the character Travis, played by <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, asks himself the famous line, "You talkin' to me?"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai" title="The Lady from Shanghai">The Lady from Shanghai</a></i> has a climatic hall of mirrors scene that has become a <a href="/wiki/Trope_(cinema)" title="Trope (cinema)">trope</a> in cinema narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raging_Bull" title="Raging Bull">Raging Bull</a></i> ends with the character Jake talking to himself in a mirror, a scene that was reused in <i><a href="/wiki/Boogie_Nights" title="Boogie Nights">Boogie Nights</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shining_(film)" title="The Shining (film)">The Shining</a></i> is a horror movie that includes several scenes with mirrors. Every time the character Jack encounters a ghost, a mirror is present.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_10th_Kingdom" title="The 10th Kingdom">The 10th Kingdom</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> requires the characters to use a magic mirror to travel between New York City (the 10th Kingdom) and the Nine Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="The Mirror (The Twilight Zone)">The Mirror</a>" features a mirror that the character Clemente believes can provide visions and information about enemies.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Us_(2019_film)" title="Us (2019 film)">Us</a></i> is a horror film that includes a girl seeing a <a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">doppelgänger</a> of herself in a <a href="/wiki/House_of_mirrors" title="House of mirrors">house of mirrors</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Funhouse" title="Funhouse">funhouse</a>. The mirror images reflect the similarities in the clones throughout the film.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(film)" title="Vertigo (film)">Vertigo</a></i> includes several appearances of mirrors with both Scottie and Madeleine in the frame.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_mirrors" title="Category:Fiction about mirrors">Fiction about mirrors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_White_Mirror_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Snow_White_Mirror_4.png/170px-Snow_White_Mirror_4.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Snow_White_Mirror_4.png/255px-Snow_White_Mirror_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Snow_White_Mirror_4.png/340px-Snow_White_Mirror_4.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from page 30 of <i><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjallhv%C3%ADt" class="extiw" title="is:Mjallhvít">Mjallhvít</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>) an 1852 Icelandic translation of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimm</a>-version fairytale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg/170px-Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg/255px-Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg/340px-Taijitu_and_demon_warding_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Taijitu</a> within a frame of <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">trigrams</a> and a demon-warding mirror. These charms are believed to frighten away evil spirits and to protect a dwelling from bad luck</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirrors feature in literature: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian Bible</a> passages, 1 Corinthians 13:12 ("<a href="/wiki/Through_a_glass,_darkly_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Through a glass, darkly (phrase)">Through a Glass Darkly</a>") and 2 Corinthians 3:18, reference a dim mirror-image or poor mirror-reflection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> wastes away while gazing, self-admiringly, at his reflection in water.</li> <li>Elsewhere in Greek Mythology, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> is said to have defeated the <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a> <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a> with the aid of a mirrored shield which allowed him to avoid the petrifying effect of her visage by only viewing her reflection.</li> <li>The Song dynasty history <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i> <i>Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance</i> by Sima Guang is so titled because "mirror" (鑑, jiàn) is used metaphorically in Chinese to refer to gaining insight by reflecting on past experience or history.</li> <li>In the late 6th century Chinese folktale <i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Mirror_Restored" title="The Broken Mirror Restored">The Broken Mirror Restored</a></i> two lovers who are separated by war break a mirror in two so that they might find each other again by identifying the other half of the mirror. The phrase "broken mirror restored", or "broken mirror joined together" has been used as an idiom to suggests the happy reunion of a separated couple.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the European <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a></i> (collected by the Brothers Grimm in 1812), the evil queen asks, "<a href="/wiki/Magic_Mirror_(Snow_White)" title="Magic Mirror (Snow White)">Mirror</a>, mirror, on the wall... who's the fairest of them all?"</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Aarne-Thompson-Uther_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index">Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index</a> tale type ATU 329, "Hiding from the Devil (Princess)", the protagonist must find a way to hide from a princess, who, in many variants, owns a magical mirror that can see the whole world.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Tennyson</a>'s famous poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott" title="The Lady of Shalott">The Lady of Shalott</a></i> (1833, revised in 1842), the titular character possesses a mirror that enables her to look out on the people of Camelot, as she is under a curse that prevents her from seeing Camelot directly.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s fairy tale <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen" title="The Snow Queen">The Snow Queen</a></i>, features the devil, in a form of an evil troll,<sup id="cite_ref-ande1983_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ande1983-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who made a magic mirror that distorts the appearance of everything that it reflects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a> and What Alice Found There</i> (1871) has become one of the best-loved exemplars of the use of mirrors in literature. The text itself utilizes a narrative that mirrors that of its predecessor, <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-carr1872_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr1872-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i> (1890), a <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> serves as a magical mirror that reflects the true visage of the perpetually youthful protagonist, as well as the effect on his soul of each sinful act.<sup id="cite_ref-call2009_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-call2009-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wild2010_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wild2010-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>'s villanelle "Miranda" repeats the refrain: "My dear one is mine as mirrors are lonely".</li> <li>The short story <i><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%B6n,_Uqbar,_Orbis_Tertius" title="Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius">Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius</a></i> (1940) by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> begins with the phrase "I owe the discovery of Uqbar to the conjunction of a mirror and an encyclopedia" and contains other references to mirrors.</li> <li><i>The Trap</i>, a short story by <a href="/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="H.P. Lovecraft">H.P. Lovecraft</a> and Henry S. Whitehead, centers around a mirror. "It was on a certain Thursday morning in December that the whole thing began with that unaccountable motion I thought I saw in my antique Copenhagen mirror. Something, it seemed to me, stirred—something reflected in the glass, though I was alone in my quarters."<sup id="cite_ref-love_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-love-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter" title="Magical objects in Harry Potter">Magical objects in the <i>Harry Potter</i> series</a> (1997–2011) include the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_of_Erised#The_Mirror_of_Erised" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror of Erised">Mirror of Erised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter#Two-way_mirrors" title="Magical objects in Harry Potter">two-way mirrors</a>.</li> <li>Under <i>Appendix: Variant Planes & Cosmologies</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_the_Planes#Dungeons_&_Dragons_3rd_edition" title="Manual of the Planes">Manual of the Planes</a></i> (2000), is The Plane of Mirrors (page 204).<sup id="cite_ref-dung2001_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dung2001-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes the Plane of Mirrors as a space existing behind reflective surfaces, and experienced by visitors as a long corridor. The greatest danger to visitors upon entering the plane is the instant creation of a mirror-self with the opposite alignment of the original visitor.</li> <li><i>The Mirror Thief</i>, a novel by Martin Seay (2016),<sup id="cite_ref-seay2016_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seay2016-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes a fictional account of industrial espionage surrounding mirror-manufacturing in 16th-century Venice.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Floor" title="The Glass Floor">The Glass Floor</a></i>, a short story by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, concerns a mysterious and deadly mirrored floor.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reaper%27s_Image" title="The Reaper's Image">The Reaper's Image</a></i>, a short story by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, concerns a rare Elizabethan mirror that displays the Reaper's image when viewed, which symbolises the death of the viewer.</li> <li>Kilgore Trout, a protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_of_Champions" title="Breakfast of Champions">Breakfast of Champions</a></i>, believes that mirrors are windows to other universes, and refers to them as "leaks", a recurring motif in the book.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_of_Galadriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror of Galadriel">Mirror of Galadriel</a> allows one to see things of the past, present and possible future. The mirror additionally appears in the <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">movie adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mirror_test"><span id="Mirrors_and_animals"></span> Mirror test</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Mirror test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">Mirror test</a></div> <p>Only a few animal species have been shown to have the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror, most of them <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. Experiments have found that the following animals can pass the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">mirror test</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a>. Humans tend to fail the mirror test until they are about 18 months old, or what <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysts</a> call the "<a href="/wiki/Mirror_stage" title="Mirror stage">mirror stage</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-palm2014_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palm2014-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coren_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coren-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archer_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archer-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great apes</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobos</a><sup id="cite_ref-miller_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Chimpanzees</a><sup id="cite_ref-miller_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poin2003_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poin2003-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Orangutans</a><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorillas</a>. Initially, it was thought that gorillas did not pass the test, but there are now several well-documented reports of gorillas (such as <a href="/wiki/Koko_(gorilla)" title="Koko (gorilla)">Koko</a><sup id="cite_ref-patt2012_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patt2012-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) passing the test.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottlenose dolphins">Bottlenose dolphins</a><sup id="cite_ref-mart1995_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mart1995-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcas">Orcas</a><sup id="cite_ref-delf2001_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delf2001-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">Elephants</a><sup id="cite_ref-plot2006_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plot2006-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_magpie" class="mw-redirect" title="European magpie">European magpies</a><sup id="cite_ref-prio2008_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prio2008-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anish_Kapoor" title="Anish Kapoor">Anish Kapoor</a> (artist working with mirrors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula_kannadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranmula kannadi">Aranmula kannadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirality_(mathematics)" title="Chirality (mathematics)">Chirality (mathematics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_reflector" title="Corner reflector">Corner reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curved_mirror" title="Curved mirror">Curved mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformable_mirror" title="Deformable mirror">Deformable mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_micromirror_device" title="Digital micromirror device">Digital micromirror device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(instrument)" title="Heliotrope (instrument)">Heliotrope (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_mirror" title="Honeycomb mirror">Honeycomb mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telescope_parts_and_construction" title="List of telescope parts and construction">List of telescope parts and construction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melong" title="Melong">Melong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_armour" title="Mirror armour">Mirror armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-reversing_mirror" title="Non-reversing mirror">Non-reversing mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_writing" title="Mirror writing">Mirror writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrors_in_Mesoamerican_culture" title="Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture">Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_mirror" title="Perfect mirror">Perfect mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophobia" title="Spectrophobia">Spectrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLV_mirror" title="TLV mirror">TLV mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_effect" title="Venus effect">Venus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toli_(shamanism)" title="Toli (shamanism)">Toli</a> – ritual mirror used in shamanism<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-camboldf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camboldf_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/looking-glass">looking glass</a>" in the online <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. Accessed on 4 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pend2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pend2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pend2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Pendergrast (2004): <i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Mirror:_A_History_of_the_Human_Love_Affair_With_Reflection" title="Mirror Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair With Reflection">Mirror Mirror: A History of the Human Love Affair With Reflection</a></i>. Basic Books. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-05471-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-05471-4">0-465-05471-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirrorhistory.com/mirror-facts/broken-mirror/">"Breaking a mirror - meaning of broken mirror"</a>. <i>Mirror History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413072419/http://www.mirrorhistory.com/mirror-facts/broken-mirror/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirror+History&rft.atitle=Breaking+a+mirror+-+meaning+of+broken+mirror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirrorhistory.com%2Fmirror-facts%2Fbroken-mirror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._A._Kallistratova1997" class="citation book cs1">M. A. Kallistratova (1997). "Physical grounds for acoustic remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer". <i>Acoustic Remote Sensing Applications</i>. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Vol. 69. Springer. pp. 3–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997LNES...69....3K">1997LNES...69....3K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0009558">10.1007/BFb0009558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-61612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-61612-2"><bdi>978-3-540-61612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+grounds+for+acoustic+remote+sensing+of+the+atmospheric+boundary+layer&rft.btitle=Acoustic+Remote+Sensing+Applications&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Earth+Sciences&rft.pages=3-34&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0009558&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997LNES...69....3K&rft.isbn=978-3-540-61612-2&rft.au=M.+A.+Kallistratova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchior-BonnetJewettDelumeau2001" class="citation book cs1">Melchior-Bonnet, Sabine; Jewett, Katharina H.; Delumeau, Jean (2001). <i>The mirror: a history</i>. New York London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92447-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92447-4"><bdi>978-0-415-92447-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mirror%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92447-4&rft.aulast=Melchior-Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=Jewett%2C+Katharina+H.&rft.au=Delumeau%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fior2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fior2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fior2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFioratti" class="citation web cs1">Fioratti, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203052336/http://www.lantiquaire.us/origins-of-mirrors.html">"The Origins of Mirrors and their uses in the Ancient World"</a>. L'Antiquaire & the Connoisseur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lantiquaire.us/origins-of-mirrors.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Mirrors+and+their+uses+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=L%27Antiquaire+%26+the+Connoisseur&rft.aulast=Fioratti&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lantiquaire.us%2Forigins-of-mirrors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enoch-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enoch_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enoch_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enoch_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnoch2006" class="citation journal cs1">Enoch, Jay (October 2006). "History of Mirrors Dating Back 8000 Years". <i>Optometry and Vision Science</i>. <b>83</b> (10): 775–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.opx.0000237925.65901.c0">10.1097/01.opx.0000237925.65901.c0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17041324">17041324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40335224">40335224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optometry+and+Vision+Science&rft.atitle=History+of+Mirrors+Dating+Back+8000+Years&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=775-781&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40335224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17041324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.opx.0000237925.65901.c0&rft.aulast=Enoch&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stoc_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=12447">The National Museum of Science and Technology, Stockholm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703101416/http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=12447">Archived</a> 3 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whit2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whit2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiton2013" class="citation book cs1">Whiton, Sherrill (16 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkV9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT92"><i>Elements of Interior Design And Decoration</i></a>. Read Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-9823-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-9823-0"><bdi>978-1-4474-9823-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Interior+Design+And+Decoration&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4474-9823-0&rft.aulast=Whiton&rft.aufirst=Sherrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkV9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2004" class="citation book cs1">Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). <i>Daily Life of the Nubians</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+of+the+Nubians&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32501-4&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Robert+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Chinese_Bronze_Mirrors-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Chinese_Bronze_Mirrors_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huntington.org/ancient-chinese-bronze-mirrors">"Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors"</a>. <i>The Huntington</i>. The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Gardens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117031015/https://www.huntington.org/ancient-chinese-bronze-mirrors">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huntington&rft.atitle=Ancient+Chinese+Bronze+Mirrors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huntington.org%2Fancient-chinese-bronze-mirrors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428074332/http://www.mirrorresilvering.com/a_brief_history_of_mirrors.htm">"A Brief History of Mirrors"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirrorresilvering.com/a_brief_history_of_mirrors.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Mirrors&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirrorresilvering.com%2Fa_brief_history_of_mirrors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roma2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roma2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Speculum.html">"Speculum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FSpeculum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-need1974-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-need1974_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Needham1974" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Needham (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYixSmXUCuMC&pg=PA238"><i>Science and Civilisation in China</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08571-7"><bdi>978-0-521-08571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08571-7&rft.au=Joseph+Needham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYixSmXUCuMC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hopk1910-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hopk1910_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Allis_Hopkins1910" class="citation book cs1">Albert Allis Hopkins (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31361523"><i>The Scientific American cyclopedia of formulas: partly based upon the 28th ed. of Scientific American cyclopedia of receipts, notes and queries</i></a>. Munn & co., inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31361523/page/89">89</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+American+cyclopedia+of+formulas%3A+partly+based+upon+the+28th+ed.+of+Scientific+American+cyclopedia+of+receipts%2C+notes+and+queries&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Munn+%26+co.%2C+inc.&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Albert+Allis+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb31361523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonn2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonn2011_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabine Melchoir-Bonnet (2011): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=P-c1g6QIPHIC">The Mirror: A History</a></i> by – Routledge 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92448-1">978-0-415-92448-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulk1999-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pulk1999_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulk1999_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulk1999_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulk1999_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulk1999_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pulk1999_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Pulker, H.K. Pulker (1999): <i>Coatings on Glass</i>. Elsevier 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plin0077-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plin0077_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder (ca. 77 CE): <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holl2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holl2009_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland" class="citation web cs1">Holland, Patricia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isnare.com/?aid=387476&ca=Advice">"Mirrors"</a>. Isnare Free Articles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195655/http://www.isnare.com/?aid=387476&ca=Advice">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mirrors&rft.pub=Isnare+Free+Articles&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isnare.com%2F%3Faid%3D387476%26ca%3DAdvice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ande2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ande2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847181930-sample.pdf">The Book of the Mirror</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411060903/http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847181930-sample.pdf">Archived</a> 11 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, edited by Miranda Anderson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kels2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kels2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/WondrousGlass/RomanGlass-Wondrous.html">Wondrous Glass: Images and Allegories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213064637/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/WondrousGlass/RomanGlass-Wondrous.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-degy-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-degy_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/metal/mirrors.html">Mirrors in Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101133637/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/metal/mirrors.html">Archived</a> 1 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Digital Egypt for Universities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rapp2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rapp2009_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeominerology By George Rapp – Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 page 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hads1993-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hads1993_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadsund1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hadsund, Per (1993). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mirror+Reflection+%E2%80%93+Interesting+Materials+to+use+in+interior+design+%28I%29+%E2%80%93+Iri%27s+Interior+Design+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiidesignworld.com%2F2018%2F08%2F02%2Fmirror-reflection-interesting-materialsitems-to-use-in-interior-design-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lieb185-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lieb185_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebig1856" class="citation journal cs1">Liebig, Justus (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427076">"Ueber Versilberung und Vergoldung von Glas"</a>. <i>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</i>. <b>98</b> (1): 132–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18560980112">10.1002/jlac.18560980112</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618210416/https://zenodo.org/record/1427076">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Ueber+Versilberung+und+Vergoldung+von+Glas&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-139&rft.date=1856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18560980112&rft.aulast=Liebig&rft.aufirst=Justus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlink2014-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mlink2014_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mlink2014_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214231103/http://mirrorlink.org/tech/manufacture.htm">"Mirror Manufacturing and Composition"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wp.optics.arizona.edu&rft.atitle=Tolerancing+Optical+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwp.optics.arizona.edu%2Foptomech%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F53%2F2016%2F08%2F10-Specifying-optical-components.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lanz2012-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lanz2012_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanzagorta2012" class="citation book cs1">Lanzagorta, Marco (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71dgCaECxcQC&pg=PA40"><i>Quantum Radar</i></a>. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60845-826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60845-826-4"><bdi>978-1-60845-826-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Radar&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60845-826-4&rft.aulast=Lanzagorta&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71dgCaECxcQC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schr1969-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schr1969_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram1969" class="citation book cs1">Schram, Joseph F. (1 January 1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planningremodeli00schr"><i>Planning & remodeling bathrooms</i></a></span>. Lane Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-376-01322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-376-01322-4"><bdi>978-0-376-01322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+%26+remodeling+bathrooms&rft.pub=Lane+Books&rft.date=1969-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-376-01322-4&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanningremodeli00schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king2000-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king2000_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Charles (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingfisherscienc00tayl"><i>The Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. Kingfisher. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingfisherscienc00tayl/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7534-5269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7534-5269-1"><bdi>978-0-7534-5269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingfisher+Science+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Kingfisher&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7534-5269-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingfisherscienc00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushw1979-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ushw1979_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZuEsb9Xk5kC"><i>Assessment of Vehicle Safety Problems for Special Driving Populations: Final Report</i></a>. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessment+of+Vehicle+Safety+Problems+for+Special+Driving+Populations%3A+Final+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Highway+Traffic+Safety+Administration&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZuEsb9Xk5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insight-security.com/why-are-convex-mirrors-used-in-shops">"Why are Convex Mirrors Used in Shops"</a>. <i>insight-security.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kalinjar Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5172-018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5172-018-8"><bdi>978-93-5172-018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gist+of+NCERT+--+GENERAL+SCIENCE&rft.pub=Kalinjar+Publications&rft.isbn=978-93-5172-018-8&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ha9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twow2012-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twow2012_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/12969/how-do-two-way-mirrors-work">"How Do Two-Way Mirrors Work?"</a>. 2 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801072830/http://mentalfloss.com/article/12969/how-do-two-way-mirrors-work">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wayne (14 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tF2CDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Pocket Outdoor Survival Guide: The Ultimate Guide for Short-Term Survival</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-680-0"><bdi>978-1-62636-680-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118083411/https://books.google.com/books?id=tF2CDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Most survival experts consider the signal mirror to be one of the best signal devices available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Outdoor+Survival+Guide%3A+The+Ultimate+Guide+for+Short-Term+Survival&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-62636-680-0&rft.aulast=Fears&rft.aufirst=J.+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF2CDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pale2015-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pale2015_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalenzuelaAlarcón-PadillaZaragoza2015" class="citation book cs1">Palenzuela, Patricia; Alarcón-Padilla, Diego-César; Zaragoza, Guillermo (9 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAC5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination Plants: Engineering and Economics of Coupling Multi-Effect Distillation and Solar Plants</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-20535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-20535-9"><bdi>978-3-319-20535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concentrating+Solar+Power+and+Desalination+Plants%3A+Engineering+and+Economics+of+Coupling+Multi-Effect+Distillation+and+Solar+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.isbn=978-3-319-20535-9&rft.aulast=Palenzuela&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Alarc%C3%B3n-Padilla%2C+Diego-C%C3%A9sar&rft.au=Zaragoza%2C+Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAC5CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boba2014-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boba2014_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobatkins.com/photography/tutorials/mirror.html">"Mirror Lenses – how good? Tamron 500/8 SP vs Canon 500/4.5L"</a>. Bobatkins.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525040844/http://www.bobatkins.com/photography/tutorials/mirror.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mirror+Lenses+%E2%80%93+how+good%3F+Tamron+500%2F8+SP+vs+Canon+500%2F4.5L&rft.pub=Bobatkins.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobatkins.com%2Fphotography%2Ftutorials%2Fmirror.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eso2013-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eso2013_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1307a/">"Super-thin Mirror Under Test at ESO"</a>. <i>ESO Picture of the Week</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315152407/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1307a/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESO+Picture+of+the+Week&rft.atitle=Super-thin+Mirror+Under+Test+at+ESO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1307a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-more2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-more2010_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Moreno2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ivan Moreno (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331162520/http://fisica.uaz.edu.mx/~imoreno/Publicaciones/JOSA2010.pdf">"Output irradiance of tapered lightpipes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JOSA A</i>. <b>27</b> (9): 1985–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JOSAA..27.1985M">2010JOSAA..27.1985M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.27.001985">10.1364/JOSAA.27.001985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20808406">20808406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5844431">5844431</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisica.uaz.edu.mx/~imoreno/Publicaciones/JOSA2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JOSA+A&rft.atitle=Output+irradiance+of+tapered+lightpipes&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1985-93&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSAA.27.001985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5844431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20808406&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JOSAA..27.1985M&rft.au=Ivan+Moreno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffisica.uaz.edu.mx%2F~imoreno%2FPublicaciones%2FJOSA2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer1987-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meyer1987_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerMckayMckenna1987" class="citation cs2">Meyer, Thomas R.; Mckay, Christopher P.; Mckenna, Paul M. (1 October 1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880028776"><i>The laser elevator – Momentum transfer using an optical resonator</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, IAF PAPER 87–299, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013610/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880028776">archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laser+elevator+%E2%80%93+Momentum+transfer+using+an+optical+resonator&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1987-10-01&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Mckay%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.au=Mckenna%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fsearch.jsp%3FR%3D19880028776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth2019-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myth2019_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528134958/http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/deathray/10_Mythbusters.html">"2.009 Archimedes Death Ray: Testing with MythBusters"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www//experiments/deathray/10_Mythbusters.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=2.009+Archimedes+Death+Ray%3A+Testing+with+MythBusters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F2.009%2Fwww%2F%2Fexperiments%2Fdeathray%2F10_Mythbusters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcn2007-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcn2007_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6189371.stm">"Italy village gets 'sun mirror'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215073938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6189371.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Italy+village+gets+%27sun+mirror%27&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6189371.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apsw207-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apsw207_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317092530/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/12/ap/world/mainD8N8AED80.shtml">"Swiss Officials Want to Spread Sunshine, Swiss Officials May Build Giant Mirror to Give Light to Sunless Village – CBS News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/12/ap/world/mainD8N8AED80.shtml">the original</a> on 17 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Swiss+Officials+Want+to+Spread+Sunshine%2C+Swiss+Officials+May+Build+Giant+Mirror+to+Give+Light+to+Sunless+Village+%E2%80%93+CBS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F02%2F12%2Fap%2Fworld%2FmainD8N8AED80.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcn2013-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcn2013_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24747720"><i>Mirrors finally bring winter sun to Rjukan in Norway</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801213038/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24747720">Archived</a> 1 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 30 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2012-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown2012_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Brown2012" class="citation news cs1">Steve Brown (17 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/business/columnists/steve-brown/20120517-reflections-on-mirrored-glass-70s-bling-buildings-still-shine.ece">"Reflections on mirrored glass: '70s bling buildings still shine"</a>. <i>The Dallas Morning News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310170617/http://www.dallasnews.com/business/columnists/steve-brown/20120517-reflections-on-mirrored-glass-70s-bling-buildings-still-shine.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+mirrored+glass%3A+%2770s+bling+buildings+still+shine&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft.au=Steve+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcolumnists%2Fsteve-brown%2F20120517-reflections-on-mirrored-glass-70s-bling-buildings-still-shine.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdara2010-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdara2010_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/vdara-visitor-death-ray-scorched-hair">"Vdara visitor: 'Death ray' scorched hair"</a>. 25 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910205841/http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/vdara-visitor-death-ray-scorched-hair">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vdara+visitor%3A+%27Death+ray%27+scorched+hair&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fvdara-visitor-death-ray-scorched-hair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fench2013-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fench2013_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemmott2013" class="citation news cs1">Memmott, Mark (3 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/09/03/218536265/death-ray-ii-london-building-reportedly-roasts-cars">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Death Ray II'? London Building Reportedly Roasts Cars"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430102909/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/09/03/218536265/death-ray-ii-london-building-reportedly-roasts-cars">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Death+Ray+II%27%3F+London+Building+Reportedly+Roasts+Cars&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft.aulast=Memmott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2013%2F09%2F03%2F218536265%2Fdeath-ray-ii-london-building-reportedly-roasts-cars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camp2014-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-camp2014_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamp2014" class="citation book cs1">Camp, Pannill (4 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfpMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>The First Frame</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07916-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07916-8"><bdi>978-1-107-07916-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Frame&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.isbn=978-1-107-07916-8&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=Pannill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfpMBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccur1938-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mccur1938_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonardo da Vinci, <i>The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci</i>, XXIX : Precepts of the Painter, Tr. Edward MacCurdy (1938)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orosz2015-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orosz2015_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurze2015" class="citation web cs1">Kurze, Caroline (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153855/https://www.ignant.com/2015/01/30/anamorphic-art-by-istvan-orosz/">"Anamorphic Art by István Orosz"</a>. <i>Ignant</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ignant.com/2015/01/30/anamorphic-art-by-istvan-orosz/">the original</a> on 3 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ignant&rft.atitle=Anamorphic+Art+by+Istv%C3%A1n+Orosz&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Kurze&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignant.com%2F2015%2F01%2F30%2Fanamorphic-art-by-istvan-orosz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurw2013-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hurw2013_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2013/01/the-skewed-anamorphic-sculptures-and-engineered-illusions-of-jonty-hurwitz/">"The skewed anamorphic sculptures and engineered illusions of Jonty Hurwitz"</a>. Christopher Jobson, Colossal. 21 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212185522/http://www.thisiscolossal.com/2013/01/the-skewed-anamorphic-sculptures-and-engineered-illusions-of-jonty-hurwitz/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+skewed+anamorphic+sculptures+and+engineered+illusions+of+Jonty+Hurwitz&rft.pub=Christopher+Jobson%2C+Colossal&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisiscolossal.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fthe-skewed-anamorphic-sculptures-and-engineered-illusions-of-jonty-hurwitz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-courrier-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco-courrier_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000817/081712eo.pdf">"Magic Mirrors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Courier</i>: 16–17. October 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-5278">0041-5278</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040209/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000817/081712eo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier&rft.atitle=Magic+Mirrors&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=1988-10&rft.issn=0041-5278&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0008%2F000817%2F081712eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-court2018-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-court2018_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728213440/http://www.gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk/">"Gothic Ivories Project at The Courtauld Institute of Art, London"</a>. <i>www.gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk</i>. 1 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk/">the original</a> on 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Gothic+Ivories+Project+at+The+Courtauld+Institute+of+Art%2C+London&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gothicivories.courtauld.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span> Search for "mirror case" or "mirror".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bojm2018-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bojm2018_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729200538/http://collectie.boijmans.nl/en/object/127762">"Lid of a mirror box"</a>. <i>Museum Bojmans van Beuningen, Rotterdam</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectie.boijmans.nl/en/object/127762">the original</a> on 29 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Bojmans+van+Beuningen%2C+Rotterdam&rft.atitle=Lid+of+a+mirror+box&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollectie.boijmans.nl%2Fen%2Fobject%2F127762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span> See this example of a pewter mirror box from around 1450–1500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sche2013-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sche2013_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sche2013_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sche2013_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheel2013" class="citation book cs1">Scheel, Johanna (2013). <i>Das altniederländische Stifterbild. Emotionsstrategien des Sehens und der Selbsterkenntnis</i>. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. pp. 342–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-2695-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-2695-9"><bdi>978-3-7861-2695-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+altniederl%C3%A4ndische+Stifterbild.+Emotionsstrategien+des+Sehens+und+der+Selbsterkenntnis&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=342-351&rft.pub=Gebr.+Mann&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-7861-2695-9&rft.aulast=Scheel&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alic2016-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alic2016_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014062416/http://alice.ia.net/portfolio/mad-hatter/">"Product Design: Futuristic, Liquid Mirror Door"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alice.ia.net/portfolio/mad-hatter/">the original</a> on 14 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Product+Design%3A+Futuristic%2C+Liquid+Mirror+Door&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falice.ia.net%2Fportfolio%2Fmad-hatter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samu2001-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-samu2001_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Samuelson,_Wendy_Yegoiants2001" class="citation book cs1">Dale Samuelson, Wendy Yegoiants (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanamusemen00ajps"><i>The American Amusement Park</i></a></span>. MBI Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanamusemen00ajps/page/65">65</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0981-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0981-0"><bdi>978-0-7603-0981-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Amusement+Park&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0981-0&rft.au=Dale+Samuelson%2C+Wendy+Yegoiants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanamusemen00ajps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouvé2014" class="citation web cs1">Bouvé, Andrew (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2014/03/the-mirror-routine-in-movies-supercut-from-duck-soup-the-marx-brothers-and-charlie-chaplin-to-the-muppets-most-wanted-video.html">"The Evolution of the Mirror Routine: A Supercut"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824204011/https://slate.com/culture/2014/03/the-mirror-routine-in-movies-supercut-from-duck-soup-the-marx-brothers-and-charlie-chaplin-to-the-muppets-most-wanted-video.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Mirror+Routine%3A+A+Supercut&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.aulast=Bouv%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2014%2F03%2Fthe-mirror-routine-in-movies-supercut-from-duck-soup-the-marx-brothers-and-charlie-chaplin-to-the-muppets-most-wanted-video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0609287/">"I Love Lucy: Harpo Marx"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824203928/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0609287/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=I+Love+Lucy%3A+Harpo+Marx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0609287%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert" class="citation web cs1">Ebert, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hamlet-1996">"Hamlet"</a>. <i>Rober Ebert</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825155847/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/hamlet-1996">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rober+Ebert&rft.atitle=Hamlet&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fhamlet-1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2022" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Dhruv (4 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/matrix-neo-mirror-real-world-meaning/">"The Matrix: What Neo's Mirror Moment Actually Means"</a>. <i>Screenrant</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825183843/https://screenrant.com/matrix-neo-mirror-real-world-meaning/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenrant&rft.atitle=The+Matrix%3A+What+Neo%27s+Mirror+Moment+Actually+Means&rft.date=2022-06-04&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Dhruv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Fmatrix-neo-mirror-real-world-meaning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennelly2016" class="citation web cs1">Kennelly, Kate (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brightlightsfilm.com/a-mindscape-of-mirrors-persona-and-the-cinema-of-self-perception/#.Ywe1ni-caF0">"A Mindscape of Mirrors: Persona and the Cinema of Self-Perception"</a>. <i>Bright Lights Film Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bright+Lights+Film+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Mindscape+of+Mirrors%3A+Persona+and+the+Cinema+of+Self-Perception&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Kennelly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrightlightsfilm.com%2Fa-mindscape-of-mirrors-persona-and-the-cinema-of-self-perception%2F%23.Ywe1ni-caF0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocteau" class="citation web cs1">Cocteau, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/13-orpheus">"Orpheus"</a>. <i>The Criterion Collection</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824224308/https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/13-orpheus">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Criterion+Collection&rft.atitle=Orpheus&rft.aulast=Cocteau&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fcurrent%2Fposts%2F13-orpheus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/through-a-glass-darkly-the-lady-from-shanghai-and-the-legend-of-orson-welles/">"Through a Glass, Darkly: 'The Lady From Shanghai' and the Legend of Orson Welles"</a>. <i>Grantland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701192511/https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/through-a-glass-darkly-the-lady-from-shanghai-and-the-legend-of-orson-welles/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grantland&rft.atitle=Through+a+Glass%2C+Darkly%3A+%27The+Lady+From+Shanghai%27+and+the+Legend+of+Orson+Welles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrantland.com%2Fhollywood-prospectus%2Fthrough-a-glass-darkly-the-lady-from-shanghai-and-the-legend-of-orson-welles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/list/ls027290183/">"Hall of Mirrors in Movies"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825194044/https://www.imdb.com/list/ls027290183/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Mirrors+in+Movies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Flist%2Fls027290183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825162331/https://www.alfred-hitchcock-films.net/theme-mirrors.htm">"Mirrors in Hitchcock Movies"</a>. <i>Alfred Hitchcock Films</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfred-hitchcock-films.net/theme-mirrors.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alfred+Hitchcock+Films&rft.atitle=Mirrors+in+Hitchcock+Movies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfred-hitchcock-films.net%2Ftheme-mirrors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-02/18/content_12041009.htm">"Chinese history and culture reflected by bronze mirrors"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 18 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117141537/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-02/18/content_12041009.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Chinese+history+and+culture+reflected+by+bronze+mirrors&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Flife%2F2011-02%2F18%2Fcontent_12041009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ande1983-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ande1983_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen1983" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Hans Christian (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKO5Bydk2QEC">"The Snow Queen"</a>. <i>The Complete Fairy Tales and Stories</i>. trans. Erik Christian Haugaard. United States: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77789-8"><bdi>978-0-307-77789-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Snow+Queen&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Fairy+Tales+and+Stories&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-307-77789-8&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKO5Bydk2QEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carr1872-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carr1872_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1872" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Lewis (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOKruPEWBqEC"><i>Through the Looking-glass: And what Alice Found There</i></a>. Macmillan Children's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37008-7"><bdi>978-0-333-37008-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Looking-glass%3A+And+what+Alice+Found+There&rft.pub=Macmillan+Children%27s&rft.date=1872&rft.isbn=978-0-333-37008-7&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOKruPEWBqEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-call2009-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-call2009_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Callow2009" class="citation news cs1">Simon Callow (19 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2009/sep/19/oscar-wilde-picture-dorian-gray">"Mirror, mirror"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. The Guardian: Culture Web<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mirror%2C+mirror&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft.au=Simon+Callow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2009%2Fsep%2F19%2Foscar-wilde-picture-dorian-gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wild2010-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wild2010_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/doriangray/">"<i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i>"</a>. <i>Sparknotes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206125454/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/doriangray/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sparknotes.com&rft.atitle=The+Picture+of+Dorian+Gray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2Fdoriangray%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-love-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-love_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/trap.aspx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Trap" by H. P. Lovecraft"</a>. <i>hplovecraft.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hplovecraft.com&rft.atitle=%22The+Trap%22+by+H.+P.+Lovecraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hplovecraft.com%2Fwritings%2Ftexts%2Ffiction%2Ftrap.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dung2001-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dung2001_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubbDavid_NoonanBruce_R._Cordell2001" class="citation book cs1">Grubb, Jeff; David Noonan; Bruce R. Cordell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030704155902/http://wizards.com/default.asp?x=products/dndacc/882420000"><i>Manual of the Planes</i></a>. Wizards of the Coast. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7869-1850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7869-1850-8"><bdi>978-0-7869-1850-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=products/dndacc/882420000">the original</a> on 4 July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+the+Planes&rft.pub=Wizards+of+the+Coast&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7869-1850-8&rft.aulast=Grubb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=David+Noonan&rft.au=Bruce+R.+Cordell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wizards.com%2Fdefault.asp%3Fx%3Dproducts%2Fdndacc%2F882420000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seay2016-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seay2016_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeay2016" class="citation book cs1">Seay, Martin (2016). <i>The Mirror Thief</i>. Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-514-8"><bdi>978-1-61219-514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+Thief&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61219-514-8&rft.aulast=Seay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedash2019" class="citation web cs1">Hedash, Kara (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenrant.com/lord-rings-frodo-vision-galadriel-mirror-explained/">"Lord Of The Rings: What Frodo Saw In The Mirror of Galadriel"</a>. <i>Screenrant</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825163841/https://screenrant.com/lord-rings-frodo-vision-galadriel-mirror-explained/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenrant&rft.atitle=Lord+Of+The+Rings%3A+What+Frodo+Saw+In+The+Mirror+of+Galadriel&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Hedash&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenrant.com%2Flord-rings-frodo-vision-galadriel-mirror-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palm2014-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palm2014_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulm.edu/~palmer/ConsciousnessandtheSymbolicUniverse.htm">"Consciousness and the Symbolic Universe"</a>. Ulm.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020606190142/http://www.ulm.edu/~palmer/ConsciousnessandtheSymbolicUniverse.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consciousness+and+the+Symbolic+Universe&rft.pub=Ulm.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulm.edu%2F~palmer%2FConsciousnessandtheSymbolicUniverse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coren-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coren_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Coren2004" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Coren (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howdogsthinkunde00core"><i>How dogs think</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2232-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2232-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-2232-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+dogs+think&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2232-7&rft.au=Stanley+Coren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowdogsthinkunde00core&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archer-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archer_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1992" class="citation book cs1">Archer, John (1992). <i>Ethology and Human Development</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20996-6"><bdi>978-0-389-20996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethology+and+Human+Development&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20996-6&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miller_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miller_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Jason (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/102661">"Minding the Animals: Ethology and the Obsolescence of Left Humanism"</a>. <i>American Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605163645/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/102661">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Minding+the+Animals%3A+Ethology+and+the+Obsolescence+of+Left+Humanism&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchronicle.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F102661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poin2003-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poin2003_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonique_W_de_VeerGordon_G_Gallup_JrLaura_A_TheallRuud_van_den_Bos2003" class="citation journal cs1">Monique W de Veer; Gordon G Gallup Jr; Laura A Theall; Ruud van den Bos; Daniel J Povinelli (2003). "An 8-year longitudinal study of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)". <i>Neuropsychologia</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 229–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0028-3932%2802%2900153-7">10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00153-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3932">0028-3932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12459221">12459221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9400080">9400080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychologia&rft.atitle=An+8-year+longitudinal+study+of+mirror+self-recognition+in+chimpanzees+%28Pan+troglodytes%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-334&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0028-3932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9400080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12459221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0028-3932%2802%2900153-7&rft.au=Monique+W+de+Veer&rft.au=Gordon+G+Gallup+Jr&rft.au=Laura+A+Theall&rft.au=Ruud+van+den+Bos&rft.au=Daniel+J+Povinelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201051415/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=W-pc_M2qI74">"National Geographic documentary "Human Ape"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-pc_M2qI74">the original</a> on 1 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=National+Geographic+documentary+%22Human+Ape%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DW-pc_M2qI74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patt2012-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patt2012_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francine Patterson and Wendy Gordon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/patterson01.htm">The Case for Personhood of Gorillas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725051416/http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/patterson01.htm">Archived</a> 25 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Ape_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Ape Project">The Great Ape Project</a></i>, ed. Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 58–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mart1995-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mart1995_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarten,_K.Psarakos,_S.1995" class="citation book cs1">Marten, K. & Psarakos, S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013081149/http://earthtrust.org/delbook.html">"Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>)"</a>. In Parker, S.T.; Mitchell, R. & Boccia, M. (eds.). <i>Self-awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–379. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthtrust.org/delbook.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+self-awareness+in+the+bottlenose+dolphin+%28Tursiops+truncatus%29&rft.btitle=Self-awareness+in+Animals+and+Humans%3A+Developmental+Perspectives&rft.pages=361-379&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Marten%2C+K.&rft.au=Psarakos%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthtrust.org%2Fdelbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delf2001-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delf2001_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelfourMarten2001" class="citation journal cs1">Delfour, F; Marten, K (2001). "Mirror image processing in three marine mammal species: killer whales (Orcinus orca), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)". <i>Behavioural Processes</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 181–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0376-6357%2801%2900134-6">10.1016/s0376-6357(01)00134-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11334706">11334706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31124804">31124804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Processes&rft.atitle=Mirror+image+processing+in+three+marine+mammal+species%3A+killer+whales+%28Orcinus+orca%29%2C+false+killer+whales+%28Pseudorca+crassidens%29+and+California+sea+lions+%28Zalophus+californianus%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-190&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31124804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11334706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0376-6357%2801%2900134-6&rft.aulast=Delfour&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Marten%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plot2006-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plot2006_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans B.M. de Waal, and Diana Reiss (2006) Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> 103(45):17053–17057 10.1073/pnas.0608062103 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0608062103v1">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516201740/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0608062103v1">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prio2008-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prio2008_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriorSchwarzGüntürkünDe_Waal2008" class="citation journal cs1">Prior, Helmut; Schwarz, Ariane; Güntürkün, Onur; De Waal, Frans (2008). De Waal, Frans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517622">"Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (8): e202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060202">10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517622">2517622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18715117">18715117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Mirror-Induced+Behavior+in+the+Magpie+%28Pica+pica%29%3A+Evidence+of+Self-Recognition&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e202&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2517622%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18715117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060202&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Ariane&rft.au=G%C3%BCnt%C3%BCrk%C3%BCn%2C+Onur&rft.au=De+Waal%2C+Frans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2517622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Le miroir: révélations, science-fiction et fallacies. Essai sur une légende scientifique</i>, Jurgis Baltrušaitis, Paris, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-004985-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-004985-6">2-02-004985-6</a>.</li> <li><i>On reflection</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a>, National Gallery Publications Limited (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07713-0">0-300-07713-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Lo specchio, la strega e il quadrante. Vetrai, orologiai e rappresentazioni del 'principium individuationis' dal Medioevo all'Età moderna</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Tigani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Tigani (page does not exist)">Francesco Tigani</a>, Roma, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-548-4876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-548-4876-4">978-88-548-4876-4</a>.</li> <li>Shrum, Rebecca K. 2017. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/looking-glass">In the Looking Glass: Mirrors and Identity in Early America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502141856/https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/looking-glass">Archived</a> 2 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Johns Hopkins University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mirror" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mirror">mirror</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mirror" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mirror">Mirror</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mirrors" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mirrors">Mirrors</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mirror"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mirror">"Mirror" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 575–577.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mirror&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=575-577&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMirror" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214231103/http://mirrorlink.org/tech/manufacture.htm"><i>Mirror Manufacturing and Composition</i>, Mirrorlink</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y-kWGe01jE"><span class="plainlinks">Video of Mirror Making</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130004837/http://www.glasswebsite.com/video/mirror.asp">How Mirrors Are Made (video)</a>, Glass Association of North America (GANA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longreads.com/2019/07/11/the-ugly-history-of-beautiful-things-mirrors/">July 2019 "The Ugly History of Beautiful Things: Mirrors" by Katy Kelleher for Longreads</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711163908/https://longreads.com/2019/07/11/the-ugly-history-of-beautiful-things-mirrors/">Archived</a> 11 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> 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