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<span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestral_Ho-Chunk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_Ho-Chunk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancestral Ho-Chunk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_Ho-Chunk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact_and_tribe_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact_and_tribe_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>European contact and tribe split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact_and_tribe_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Population decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_of_forced_removals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_of_forced_removals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Series of forced removals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_of_forced_removals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservations_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservations_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Reservations formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservations_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ho-Chunk_clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ho-Chunk_clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ho-Chunk clans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ho-Chunk_clans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ho-Chunk clans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ho-Chunk_clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ho-Chunk_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ho-Chunk_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ho-Chunk Nation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ho-Chunk_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Land claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Ho-Chunk_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Ho-Chunk_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Ho-Chunk people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Ho-Chunk_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ho-Chunk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هو-چانکلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هو-چانکلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Хо-чанк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хо-чанк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Уинебаго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уинебаго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ho-Chunk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_(Volk)" title="Winnebago (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Winnebago (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago" title="Winnebago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Winnebago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88-%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="هو-چانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هو-چانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebagos" title="Winnebagos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Winnebagos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EB%84%A4%EB%B0%94%EA%B3%A0%EC%A1%B1" title="위네바고족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위네바고족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_Indijanci" title="Winnebago Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Winnebago Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_(popolo)" title="Winnebago (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Winnebago (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_(volk)" title="Winnebago (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winnebago (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago" title="Winnebago – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Winnebago" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago" title="Winnebago – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Winnebago" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winebagowie" title="Winebagowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winebagowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ho-Chunk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Виннебаго (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виннебаго (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ho-Chunk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebagot" title="Winnebagot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Winnebagot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago" title="Winnebago – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Winnebago" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A7anklar" title="Hoçanklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hoçanklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%27%D1%8F)" title="Віннебаго (плем'я) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віннебаго 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Siouan-speaking Native American people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ho-Chunk<br />Hoocągra</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg/300px-Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg/450px-Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg/600px-Winnebago_Indan_Congress_Members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">Ho-Chunk Congress Members in 1898</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">12,055 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-population2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Hocąk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional Hocak Way, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_people" title="Iowa people">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe people">Otoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouria_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouria people">Missouria</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ho-Chunk</b>, also known as <b>Hocąk</b>, <b>Hoocągra</b>, or <b>Winnebago</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people whose historic territory includes parts of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. Today, Ho-Chunk people are enrolled in two <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a>. Historically, the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquin</a> tribes referred to them by a term that evolved to Winnebago, which was later used as well as by the French and English. The Ho-Chunk Nation have always called themselves Ho-Chunk. The name <i>Ho-Chunk</i> comes from the word <i>Hocaagra</i> (<i>Ho</i> meaning "voice", <i>cąk</i> meaning "sacred", <i>ra</i> being a definitive article) meaning "People of the Sacred Voice". Their name comes from oral traditions that state they are the originators of the many branches of the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan language">Siouan language</a>. </p><p>The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building <a href="/wiki/Late_Woodland_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Woodland Period">Late Woodland Period</a> cultures and the successor <a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a> culture; they say their ancestors built the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mounds</a> through Wisconsin and surrounding states. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Ho-Chunk were the dominant tribe in its territory in the 16th century, with a population estimated at several thousand. They lived in permanent villages of <a href="/wiki/Wigwams" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigwams">wigwams</a> and adopted cultivated corn, squash, and beans; they gathered wild rice, hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish. Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12 <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> with specific roles often assigned to clans. Wars with the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois Confederacy</a> and later wars with the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk peoples</a> pushed them out of their territories in eastern Wisconsin and Illinois, along with conflicts with the United States such as <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_War" title="Winnebago War">Winnebago War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>. The Ho-Chunk suffered severe population loss in the 17th century to a low of perhaps 500 individuals. This has been attributed to casualties of a lake storm, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious</a> disease, and competition for resources from migrating Algonquian tribes. By the early 1800s, their population had increased to 2,900, but they suffered further losses in the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic of 1836. In 1990 they numbered 7,000; current estimates of total population of the two tribes are 12,000. </p><p>Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone (they ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4). During these removals, bands of Ho-Chunk hid out in Wisconsin rather than be moved. In 1832, other bands of Ho-Chunk were moved to the Neutral Ground Reservation in eastern Iowa, where they faced hostile conditions between the warring <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a> and Sauk peoples. They were removed from Iowa in 1848 into Minnesota, where they were moved twice from <a href="/wiki/Todd_County,_Minnesota" title="Todd County, Minnesota">Todd County, Minnesota</a> to <a href="/wiki/Blue_Earth_County,_Minnesota" title="Blue Earth County, Minnesota">Blue Earth County, Minnesota</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a> and tensions created by the <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a> <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Forest" title="Knights of the Forest">Knights of the Forest</a>, about 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Porter" title="Camp Porter">Camp Porter</a> in Mankato before being expelled from Minnesota into <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek, South Dakota</a> in 1863. </p><p>The Ho-Chunk often <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolently resisted</a> removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for the <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Reservation" title="Omaha Reservation">Omaha Reservation</a> in Nebraska; The <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago Reservation</a> was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865. The <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin</a> is considered a "non-reservation" tribe, as members historically had to acquire individual homesteads in order to regain title to ancestral territory; they hold land in more than 13 counties in Wisconsin and have land in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-f183_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f183-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government has granted legal <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a> status to some of these parcels, but the Ho-Chunk nation does not have a contiguous reservation in the traditional sense. While related, the two tribes are distinct federally recognized sovereign nations and peoples, each with its own constitutionally formed government and completely separate governing and business interests. Since the late 20th century, both tribal councils have authorized the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_casino" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American casino">development of casinos</a>. The Ho-Chunk Nation is working on language restoration and has developed a Hoocąk-language <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> app and online dictionary.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg/170px-Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg/255px-Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg/340px-Waa-kaun-see-kaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Chief <a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a> in 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ho-Chunk speak a <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan language</a>, which they believe was given to them by their creator, Mą’ųna (Earthmaker).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their native name is <i>Ho-Chunk</i> (or Hoocạk), which has been variously translated as "sacred voice" or "People of the Big Voice", meaning <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>, as in they originated the Siouan language family.<sup id="cite_ref-hochunkFN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hochunkFN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neighboring <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan tribes</a> refer to the Ho-Chunk by translations of their name into the their language, such as <i>Hotúŋe</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Iowa-Otoe language</a>) or <i>Hotháŋka</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_language" title="Dakota language">Dakota language</a>. The term "Winnebago" is a term used by the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, pronounced as "Winnipego". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Relations">Jesuit Relations</a> of 1659–1660 said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He started, in the month of June of the year one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight, from the lake of the Ouinipegouek, which is strictly only a large bay in lake Huron. It is called by others, the lake of the stinkards, not because it is salt like the water of the Sea—which the Savages call Ouinipeg, or stinking water—but because it is surrounded by sulphurous soil, whence issue several springs which convey into this lake the impurities absorbed by their waters in the places of their origin.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Perrot" title="Nicolas Perrot">Nicolas Perrot</a> was a 17th-century French trader who believed that the Algonquian terms referred to saltwater seas, as these have a distinctive aroma compared with freshwater lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> record says that the name refers to the origin of <i>Le Puans</i> near the saltwater seas to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the explorers <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> learned of the "sea" connection to the tribe's name, they were optimistic that it meant <i>Les Puans</i> were from or had lived near the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. They hoped it indicated a passage to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> via the great rivers of the Midwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnebago_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Winnebago_woman.jpg/170px-Winnebago_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Winnebago_woman.jpg/255px-Winnebago_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Winnebago_woman.jpg/340px-Winnebago_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>A Ho-Chunk woman stretching a deerhide as part of the tanning process, 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>Before Europeans ventured into Ho-Chunk territory, the Ho-Chunk were known to hunt, farm, and gather food from local sources, including nuts, berries, roots, and edible leaves. They knew what the forest and river's edge had to give and both genders had a role in making best use of resources. With the changing seasons, Ho-Chunk families moved from area to area to find food. For example, many families returned to <a href="/wiki/Black_River_Falls,_Wisconsin" title="Black River Falls, Wisconsin">Black River Falls, Wisconsin</a>, to pick berries in the summer. </p><p>Ho-Chunk women were responsible for growing, gathering, and processing food for their families, including the cultivation of varieties of corn and squash, in order to have different types through the growing season; and gathering a wide variety of roots, nuts, and berries, as well as sap from maple trees. In addition, women learned to recognize and use a wide range of roots and leaves for medicinal and herbal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maple sap was used to make syrup and candy. Women also processed and cooked game, making dried meats combined with berries to sustain their families when traveling. Tanned hides were used to make clothing and storage bags. They used most parts of the game for tools, binding, clothing, and coverings for dwellings. They were responsible for the survival of the families, caring for the children as well as elders.<sup id="cite_ref-ho-chunknation.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ho-chunknation.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main role of the Ho-Chunk man was as a hunter—and a warrior when needed. Leaders among the men interfaced with other tribes. As hunters, they speared fish and clubbed them to death. The men also hunted game such as muskrat, mink, otter, beaver, and deer.<sup id="cite_ref-Radin,_Paul_1920_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radin,_Paul_1920-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some men learned to create jewelry and other body decorations out of silver and copper, for both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-ho-chunknation.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ho-chunknation.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To become men, boys would go through a rite of passage at puberty: they fasted for a period during which they were expected to acquire a guardian spirit; without it, their lives would be miserable. </p><p>Besides having a guardian spirit, men would also try to acquire protection and powers from specific spirits, which was done by making offerings along with tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a man would not go on the warpath without first performing the "war-bundle feast", which contained two parts. The first part honored the night-spirits and the second part honored the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a> spirit. The blessings these spirits gave the men were embodied in objects that together made the war-bundle. These objects could include feathers, bones, skins, flutes, and paints.<sup id="cite_ref-Radin,_Paul_1920_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radin,_Paul_1920-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg/300px-Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg/450px-Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg/600px-Winnebago_courting_flute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Winnebago courting flute</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_Ho-Chunk">Ancestral Ho-Chunk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancestral Ho-Chunk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnebago_wigwam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winnebago_wigwam.jpg/260px-Winnebago_wigwam.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winnebago_wigwam.jpg/390px-Winnebago_wigwam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winnebago_wigwam.jpg/520px-Winnebago_wigwam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Winnebago family in 1852</figcaption></figure> <p>Ho-Chunk <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> says they have always lived in their current homelands of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Siouan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan language">Siouan language</a> indicates common origin with other peoples of this language group. They say their ancestors built the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mounds</a> through Wisconsin and surrounding states<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Woodland_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a>. In the Terminal <a href="/wiki/Late_Woodland_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Woodland Period">Late Woodland Period</a>, the practice of building effigy mounds abruptly ceased with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a> Culture. The Ho-Chunk claim descendancy from both the effigy mound-building Late Woodland cultures and the successor Oneota Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe historically adopted <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> agriculture at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Woodland_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a> as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. They cultivated <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zizania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zizania">Zizania</a></i> spp.) and gathered sugar from <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a> trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact_and_tribe_split">European contact and tribe split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European contact and tribe split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European contact came in 1634 with the arrival of French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a>. He wrote that the Winnebago/Ho-Chunk occupied the area around Green Bay of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> in Wisconsin, reaching beyond Lake Winnebago to the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Illinois)">Rock River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. The oral history also indicates that in the mid-16th century, the influx of <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> peoples in the northern portion of their lands caused the Ho-Chunk to move to the south of their territory. They had some friction with the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois Confederacy</a> as well as fellow <a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere</a>-speaking peoples splitting from the Ho-Chunk. These groups, who became the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_people" title="Iowa people">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otoe" title="Otoe">Otoe</a> tribes, moved south and west because the reduced range made it difficult for such a large population to be sustained.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_decline">Population decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicolet reported a gathering of approximately 5,000 warriors as the Ho-Chunk entertained him. Historians estimate that the population in 1634 may have ranged from 8,000 to more than 20,000. Between that time and the first return of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> trappers and traders in the late 1650s, the population was reduced drastically. Later reports were that the Ho-Chunk numbered only about 500. When numerous Algonquian tribes migrated west to escape the aggressive <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, they competed for game and resources with the Ho-Chunk, who had to yield to their greater numbers. </p><p>The reasons historians give for the reduction in population vary, but they agree on three major causes: the loss of several hundred warriors in a storm on a lake, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> after contact with Europeans, and attacks by the Illinois Confederacy. The warriors were said to be lost on Lake Michigan after they had repulsed the first attack by invading the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> from what is now <a href="/wiki/Door_County,_Wisconsin" title="Door County, Wisconsin">Door County, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another says the number was 600.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another claim is that the 500 were lost in a storm on Lake Winnebago during a failed campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while yet another says it was in a battle against the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with such a serious loss of warriors, the historian R. David Edmunds notes that it was not enough to cause the near elimination of an entire people. He suggests two additional causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds-p5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds-p5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Winnebago apparently suffered from a widespread disease, perhaps an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> of one of the European <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>. They had no <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to the new diseases and suffered high rates of fatalities. Ho-Chunk accounts said the victims turned yellow, which is not a trait of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have rated disease as the major reason for the losses in all Native American populations. Edmunds notes as a third cause of the population decline the following historic account: decimation by the Illinois Confederacy. The Ho-Chunk had been helped at one time by many of their enemies, in particular the Illinois Confederacy, during their time of suffering and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, aggravated by the loss of their hunters. The Winnebago then attacked the Illinois Confederacy. Enraged, additional Illinois warriors retaliated and killed nearly all the Ho-Chunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmunds-p5_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmunds-p5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After peace was established between the French and Iroquois in 1701, many of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> returned to their homelands to the east. The Ho-Chunk were then relieved of that pressure on their territory and after 1741, most returned inland.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a low of perhaps less than 500, the population gradually recovered, aided by <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">intermarriage</a> with neighboring tribes and some of the French traders and trappers. A count from 1736 gives a population of 700; in 1806, they numbered more than 2,900. A census in 1846 reported 4,400 people but by 1848, there were reportedly 2,500. Like other Native American tribes, the Ho-Chunk suffered great losses during the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> of 1757–58 and 1836. In the 19th-century epidemic, they lost nearly a quarter of their population.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the Ho-Chunk population is about 12,000. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> of 1832 was fought largely on Ho-Chunk land. In early 1832, White Cloud invited the Sauk band to live in the Rock River band's Illinois villages. About 1,200 Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, and others came, from locations such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a> on the Iowa reservation, where there was little food. The arrivals included <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Sparrow Hawk</a>, who had been a leading warrior of the <a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Series_of_forced_removals">Series of forced removals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Series of forced removals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through a series of moves imposed by the U.S. government in the 19th century, the tribe was relocated to reservations increasingly further west: in Wisconsin, Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. Oral history suggests some of the tribe may have been forcibly relocated up to 13 times by the federal government to steal land through forced treaty cession, losses estimated at 30 million acres in Wisconsin alone.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ho-Chunk often <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolently resisted</a> removal by staying home, or simply returning home, rather than engaging in uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Winnebago ceded lands in Wisconsin in 1829, 1832 and 1837; further removal attempts occurred in Wisconsin in 1840, 1846, 1850, and 1873–4.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif/250px-Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif/375px-Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif/500px-Watab-LongPrairieReservation1843Nicollet.gif 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Winnebago 1846 Reservation, Nicollet's 1843 map.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1848 removal from Iowa was documented by a soldier in Morgan's Mounted Volunteers. About 2,500 people were forced to travel by wagon, on foot, and on horseback from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Iowa" title="Fort Atkinson, Iowa">Fort Atkinson, Iowa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Winona,_Minnesota" title="Winona, Minnesota">Winona, Minnesota</a>, and thence by <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> to a new Reservation in <a href="/wiki/Todd_County,_Minnesota" title="Todd County, Minnesota">Todd County, Minnesota</a>, with its agency at <a href="/wiki/Long_Prairie,_Minnesota" title="Long Prairie, Minnesota">Long Prairie, Minnesota</a> Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Long Prairie Reservation, which was heavily wooded, was more suitable for logging than for farming.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1915, <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud, Minnesota</a> journalist and local historian William Bell Mitchell recalled that as of 1850, the Ho-Chunk "had one of their main villages on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>", and at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Watab_River" title="Watab River">Watab River</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sartell,_Minnesota" title="Sartell, Minnesota">Sartell, Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Long Prairie Reservation was dissolved in 1855, and its residents were moved to <a href="/wiki/Blue_Earth_County,_Minnesota" title="Blue Earth County, Minnesota">Blue Earth County, Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While relating a May 1860 series of raids and revenge killings between the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwe people">Chippewa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota peoples</a> in which one Ho-Chunk warrior was also killed in <a href="/wiki/Maine_Prairie_Township,_Stearns_County,_Minnesota" title="Maine Prairie Township, Stearns County, Minnesota">Maine Prairie Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stearns_County,_Minnesota" title="Stearns County, Minnesota">Stearns County, Minnesota</a>, George W. Sweet, a pioneer settler of <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Rapids,_Minnesota" title="Sauk Rapids, Minnesota">Sauk Rapids</a>, recalled, "The Winnebagoes were supposed to be a neutral party between the Sioux and Chippewa, but occasionally a Winnebago would join a party of Sioux on a raid against the Chippewas."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1862 <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakota War">Dakota War</a>, a very small faction of the Ho-Chunk led by Chief Little Priest joined forces with the uprising and its figurehead leader, Chief <a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a>. This had disastrous results for all the Ho-Chunk living in Minnesota. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservations_formation">Reservations formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reservations formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago Reservation</a></div> <p>In 1863, the Ho-Chunk were forced to leave Blue Earth County by a <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> organized by local pioneer settlers in <a href="/wiki/Mankato,_Minnesota" title="Mankato, Minnesota">Mankato</a>, "The Knights of the Forest", which sent armed men to surround the Ho-Chunks' prime farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2,000 Ho-Chunk were interned at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Porter" title="Camp Porter">Camp Porter</a> in Mankato, and thence removed to <a href="/wiki/Crow_Creek_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Creek Indian Reservation">Crow Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>. Poor conditions at Crow Creek led many Ho-Chunk to leave for an Omaha reservation in Nebraska. The <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago Reservation</a> was founded for the Ho-Chunk in Nebraska in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the forced relocations, many tribe members returned to previous homes, especially in Wisconsin, despite the U.S. Army's repeated roundups and forced removals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the federal government finally allowed the Winnebago to resettle and acquire land in their ancestral homeland in Wisconsin, which eventually received recognition as an official Reservation known as the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin</a>. The Ho-Chunk in Nebraska have gained independent federal recognition as a tribe and have a reservation in <a href="/wiki/Thurston_County,_Nebraska" title="Thurston County, Nebraska">Thurston County</a>. The Ho-Chunk Nation now has a constitution that reinforces its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> abilities to negotiate with the US government. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Waukon,_Iowa" title="Waukon, Iowa">Waukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decorah,_Iowa" title="Decorah, Iowa">Decorah</a>, county seats of <a href="/wiki/Allamakee_County,_Iowa" title="Allamakee County, Iowa">Allamakee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winneshiek_County,_Iowa" title="Winneshiek County, Iowa">Winneshiek County, Iowa</a>, respectively, were named after the 19th-century Ho-Chunk <a href="/wiki/Chief_Waukon_Decorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Waukon Decorah">Chief Waukon Decorah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ho-Chunk_clans">Ho-Chunk clans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ho-Chunk clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the US government removed the Ho-Chunk from their native land in Wisconsin, the tribe consisted of 12 <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> (see table). In pre-contact Ho-Chunk society, clans were typically associated with specific social roles; for instance, the Thunderbird Clan was the clan from which chiefs were appointed,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Bear Clan enforced discipline within the community and oversaw prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em"> <caption>Hokiikarac – Ho-Chunk Clans </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wakąja</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wonąǧire Wąąkšik</td> <td>People of War </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caxšep</td> <td>Eagle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rucge</td> <td>Pigeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hųc</td> <td>Bear </td></tr> <tr> <td>Šųkjąk</td> <td>Wolf </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wakjexi</td> <td>Water-spirit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ca</td> <td>Deer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hųųwą</td> <td>Elk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cexjį</td> <td>Buffalo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ho</td> <td>Fish </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waką</td> <td>Snake </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The clans were associated with animal spirits representing the traditional responsibilities within the nation; each clan had a role in the survival of the people. Like other Native Americans, the Ho-Chunk had rules generally requiring people to marry outside their clans. The <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> system was based in the family and gave structure to descent and inheritance rules. Although the tribe is <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> today, anthropologists believe they may have had a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> kinship system in the 17th century before their major losses. At that time, the matriarchs of a clan would name its chief and they could reclaim the position if they disapproved of his actions. The Ho-Chunk may have shifted to the patrilineal system due to marriage into other tribes or under the influence of the male-oriented fur trade.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today there are two <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a> of Ho-Chunk people, the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ho-Chunk_Nation">Ho-Chunk Nation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ho-Chunk Nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin</a></div> <p>This tribe is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Black_River_Falls,_Wisconsin" title="Black River Falls, Wisconsin">Black River Falls, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly known as the <i>Wisconsin Winnebago Tribe</i>, it changed its name to "Ho-Chunk Nation" to take back the traditional Siouan name. Ho-Chunk usually call themselves <span title="Ho-Chunk-language text"><i lang="win">Hoocąk waaziija haci</i></span> meaning "sacred voice people of the Pines". They also call themselves <i>wąąkšik</i> – "people". They are the larger of the two federally recognized Ho-Chunk tribes. </p><p>The Ho-Chunk have established the <i>Hoocąk Waaziija Haci</i> Language and Culture Division, which has developed materials to teach and restore use of the <i>Hocąk</i> language and other elements of their culture. Among its recent innovations is the development of a Hocąk-language app for the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ho-Chunk have about 200 native speakers among its elders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hocank_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hocank-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 7,192 tribal members as of May 2011, 5,042 lived in Wisconsin. The tribes own 4,602 acres (18.625 km<sup>2</sup>) scattered across parts of 12 counties in Wisconsin and one in Minnesota. The largest concentrations are in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Wisconsin" title="Jackson County, Wisconsin">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Wisconsin" title="Clark County, Wisconsin">Clark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe County, Wisconsin">Monroe</a> counties in Wisconsin. Smaller areas lie in <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Wisconsin" title="Adams County, Wisconsin">Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Wisconsin" title="Crawford County, Wisconsin">Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dane_County,_Wisconsin" title="Dane County, Wisconsin">Dane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juneau_County,_Wisconsin" title="Juneau County, Wisconsin">Juneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_County,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse County, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathon_County,_Wisconsin" title="Marathon County, Wisconsin">Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_County,_Wisconsin" title="Rock County, Wisconsin">Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawano_County,_Wisconsin" title="Shawano County, Wisconsin">Shawano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Wisconsin" title="Wood County, Wisconsin">Wood</a> counties in Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk Nation also owns land in <a href="/wiki/Lynwood,_Illinois" title="Lynwood, Illinois">Lynwood, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government">Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ho-Chunk Nation established a written constitution and is governed by an elected council. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the current president is Jon Greendeer. </p><p>Since the late 20th century, the tribe operates six casinos in Wisconsin, in order to raise funds: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Casino" title="Ho-Chunk Casino">Ho-Chunk Gaming Wisconsin Dells</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin" title="Baraboo, Wisconsin">Baraboo</a>,</li> <li>Ho-Chunk Gaming Black River Falls,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ho-Chunk Gaming Nekoosa,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ho-Chunk Gaming Wittenberg,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ho-Chunk Gaming Tomah, and</li> <li>Ho-Chunk Gaming Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In February 2013, the Beloit Common Council sold land to the Ho-Chunk Nation for a proposed casino.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council has used revenues to enhance infrastructure, healthcare, and educational support for its people. </p><p>In 1988, the Ho-Chunk Nation filed a timely claim for transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Badger_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Badger Army Ammunition Plant">Badger Army Ammunition Plant</a> (BAAP), which was to be declared surplus under federal regulations. As part of their former traditional territory, the property holds historical, archeological, sacred, and cultural resources important to their people. It is a 1500-acre parcel in <a href="/wiki/Sauk_County,_Wisconsin" title="Sauk County, Wisconsin">Sauk County, Wisconsin</a>. Between 1998 and 2011, the Army spent millions of dollars in environmental assessments and cleanup to prepare the property for transfer. In 1998 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> had issued a letter to claim the land on behalf of the Ho-Chunk but in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) refused to accept the property. It was unwilling to conduct an environmental assessment due to cost.<sup id="cite_ref-BAAP_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAAP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a> (NCAI) passed a resolution in support of the Ho-Chunk and to encourage the BIA to accept surplus lands in trust on behalf of tribes. <sup id="cite_ref-BAAP_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAAP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, through a special act of congress, the Ho-Chunk Nation took control of the 1500 acre parcel in 2015. This is regarded as the first time that the United States' military has ever returned land to an indigenous people. <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Ho-Chunk Nation is restoring the prairie that was present at the site before European settlement. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg/170px-Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg/255px-Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg/340px-Martha_gradolf_hochunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Martha Gradolf, a contemporary weaver, is enrolled in the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The tribe has a reservation in northeastern Nebraska<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and western Iowa. The <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago Indian Reservation">Winnebago Indian Reservation</a> lies primarily in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Thurston_County,_Nebraska" title="Thurston County, Nebraska">Thurston</a> and a small part of <a href="/wiki/Dixon_County,_Nebraska" title="Dixon County, Nebraska">Dixon</a> counties in Nebraska, with an additional portion in <a href="/wiki/Woodbury_County,_Iowa" title="Woodbury County, Iowa">Woodbury County</a>, Iowa. A small plot of off-reservation land of 116.75 acres (0.4725 km<sup>2</sup>) is in southern Craig Township in <a href="/wiki/Burt_County,_Nebraska" title="Burt County, Nebraska">Burt County</a>, Nebraska. The total land area is 457.857 km<sup>2</sup> (176.78 sq mi). </p><p>They refer to themselves as <span title="Ho-Chunk-language text"><i lang="win">Hoocąk nįšoc haci</i></span> meaning "sacred voice people living on the Missouri River". </p><p>The Iowa portion was originally west of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> and within Nebraska boundaries. After the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> changed the course of the river, some of the reservation land was redefined as falling within the boundaries of Iowa. The tribe successfully argued that the land belonged to them under the terms of the deed prior to diversion of the river. This land has a postal address of <a href="/wiki/Sloan,_Iowa" title="Sloan, Iowa">Sloan</a>, Iowa, as rural addresses are normally covered by the nearest post office. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 census</a> reported a population of 2,588 people living on these lands. The largest community is the village of <a href="/wiki/Winnebago,_Nebraska" title="Winnebago, Nebraska">Winnebago</a>, with others in <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Nebraska" title="Emerson, Nebraska">Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurston,_Nebraska" title="Thurston, Nebraska">Thurston</a>, Nebraska. In 2006 their enrolled population was estimated at 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Hocank_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hocank-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha (tribe)">Omaha</a> also have a reservation in Thurston County. Together, the Native American tribes occupy the entire land area of Thurston County. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_2">Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska has a written constitution and is governed by an elected nine-person council. </p><p>Since 1992 the Winnebago tribe has owned and operated the WinnaVegas Casino on its lands in Iowa. The tribe legalized alcohol sales to keep liquor tax revenue, earmarked for supporting individuals and families affected by alcoholism. More than 60% of federally recognized tribes in the lower 48 states have legalized alcohol sales.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994 the tribe established Ho-Chunk, Inc., an economic development corporation that now employs 1400 people. Its success has earned the tribe small business organization awards. It has initiated a strong housing construction program in collaboration with federal programs. Its leaders were featured on <i>Native American Entrepreneurs</i> in 2009 on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_claims">Land claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Land claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Gordon Thunder (Wakąja)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the Ho-Chunk have been systematically removed from their homelands, many now occupied by other tribes. The Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, which at one time consisted primarily of tribal members spread over 13 counties of Wisconsin, have a historical territorial claim in an area encompassed by a line from <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Long_Prairie,_Minnesota" title="Long Prairie, Minnesota">Long Prairie</a> to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Some in the federal and state governments have undermined the Ho-Chunk land claims; however, repatriation activities document where many villages once stood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Ho-Chunk_people">Notable Ho-Chunk people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable Ho-Chunk people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner,_Cpl._George,_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah,_Wisconsin,_standing,_with_rifle,_on_guard_duty,_Niederahren,_Germany,_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Miner%2C_Cpl._George%2C_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah%2C_Wisconsin%2C_standing%2C_with_rifle%2C_on_guard_duty%2C_Niederahren%2C_Germany%2C_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Miner%2C_Cpl._George%2C_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah%2C_Wisconsin%2C_standing%2C_with_rifle%2C_on_guard_duty%2C_Niederahren%2C_Germany%2C_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Miner%2C_Cpl._George%2C_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah%2C_Wisconsin%2C_standing%2C_with_rifle%2C_on_guard_duty%2C_Niederahren%2C_Germany%2C_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Miner%2C_Cpl._George%2C_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah%2C_Wisconsin%2C_standing%2C_with_rifle%2C_on_guard_duty%2C_Niederahren%2C_Germany%2C_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Miner%2C_Cpl._George%2C_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah%2C_Wisconsin%2C_standing%2C_with_rifle%2C_on_guard_duty%2C_Niederahren%2C_Germany%2C_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Miner%2C_Cpl._George%2C_a_Winnebago_from_Tomah%2C_Wisconsin%2C_standing%2C_with_rifle%2C_on_guard_duty%2C_Niederahren%2C_Germany%2C_01-02-_-_NARA_-_530786.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cpl. George Miner, a Ho Chunk, of the US Army of Occupation of Germany 1919</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg/170px-Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg/255px-Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg/340px-Mitchell_Red_Cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Cpl. <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Red_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Red Cloud">Mitchell Red Cloud</a> Jr., Korean War Medal of Honor recipient</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_De_Cora" title="Angel De Cora">Angel De Cora</a>, artist and educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joba_Chamberlain" title="Joba Chamberlain">Joba Chamberlain</a>, Major league baseball pitcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Roe_Cloud" title="Henry Roe Cloud">Henry Roe Cloud</a>, born 1884, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> graduate, educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_of_the_Morning" title="Glory of the Morning">Glory of the Morning</a>, 18th-century chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_LaMere" title="Willard LaMere">Willard LaMere</a>, educational leader and co-founder of the Native American Educational Services (NAES) College in Chicago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hononegah" title="Hononegah">Hononegah</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Rockton,_Illinois" title="Rockton, Illinois">Rockton, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronson_Koenig" title="Bronson Koenig">Bronson Koenig</a>, All Big-Ten basketball player from University of Wisconsin-Madison from 2013 to 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Lowe" title="Truman Lowe">Truman Lowe</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bird" title="Red Bird">Red Bird</a>, chief and leader during the 1827 <a href="/wiki/Winnebago_War" title="Winnebago War">Winnebago War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Red_Cloud,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr.">Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr.</a>, Korean War Medal of Honor recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Wing_(actress)" title="Red Wing (actress)">Red Wing</a> (also known as Lillian St. Cyr), film actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Raymond_Rice" title="John Raymond Rice">John Raymond Rice</a>, World War II and Korean War hero, recipient of the Bronze Star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Chief Waukon Decorah</a>, warrior and orator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Wolf_Woman" title="Mountain Wolf Woman">Mountain Wolf Woman</a>, an early 19th-century convert to the <a href="/wiki/Peyote_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyote religion">Peyote religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Thunder" title="Yellow Thunder">Chief Yellow Thunder</a> (also known as <i>Waun-kaun-tshaw-zee-kau</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Thunder" title="Betsy Thunder">Betsy Thunder</a>, Traditional doctor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharice_Davids" title="Sharice Davids">Sharice Davids</a> (b. 1980), assumed office in 2019 as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kansas%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Kansas's 3rd congressional district">Kansas's 3rd congressional district</a>, one of the first Native American women elected to Congress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Blowsnake" title="Sam Blowsnake">Sam Blowsnake</a>, author</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Winnebago language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Badger Army Ammunition Plant">Badger Army Ammunition Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doty_Island_(Wisconsin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doty Island (Wisconsin)">Doty Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native American tribes in Nebraska</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteindorf2020" class="citation web cs1">Steindorf, Shane (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ho-chunknation.com/current-ho-chunk-population-map/">"Current Ho-Chunk Population Map"</a>. <i>Ho-Chunk Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ho-Chunk+Nation&rft.atitle=Current+Ho-Chunk+Population+Map&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Steindorf&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fho-chunknation.com%2Fcurrent-ho-chunk-population-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo-Chunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bia.gov/regional-offices/great-plains/nebraska/winnebago-agency">"Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Winnebago Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+First+Nations&rft.atitle=Ho-Chunk+Nation&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwisconsinfirstnations.org%2Fho-chunk-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHo-Chunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_45.html">"home"</a>. <i>puffin.creighton.edu</i>. 11 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321002758/http://www.puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_45.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 21 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Additional land sold to Ho Chunk,' <i>Beloit Daily News</i> (Wisconsin), Brad Ziwick, 19 February. 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAAP-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAAP_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAAP_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ho-chunknation.com/">"Update: HCN Secures Support from Key Tribal Organizations on Badger Property"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909025238/http://www.ho-chunknation.com/">Archived</a> 9 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ho-Chunk Nation website, accessed 31 August 2012. Note: The main page includes links to 2012 NCAI and Great Lakes Intertribal Council (GLITC) resolutions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badger History Group. 'Indigenous Communities.' <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://badgerhistorygroup.org/historical-themes/indigenous-communities/">https://badgerhistorygroup.org/historical-themes/indigenous-communities/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ho-Chunk Nation Land Management Plan. October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.co.sauk.wi.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/conservation_planning_and_zoning/page/1904/hcnbaaplanduse10_28_14.pdf">https://www.co.sauk.wi.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/conservation_planning_and_zoning/page/1904/hcnbaaplanduse10_28_14.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marthagradolf.com/about.html">"Martha Gradolf, Winnebago: Contemporary Woven Art"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050906/http://www.marthagradolf.com/about.html">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Martha Gradolf website, Retrieved 13 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winnebagotribe.com/aboutus.htm">"About Us"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225165750/http://www.winnebagotribe.com/aboutus.htm">Archived</a> 25 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</i>, Retrieved 21 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.jdsupra.com/4c1267de-b226-4e76-bd8a-4a2548169500.pdf">James N. Hughes III, "Pine Ridge, Whiteclay and Indian Liquor Law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216232056/http://documents.jdsupra.com/4c1267de-b226-4e76-bd8a-4a2548169500.pdf">Archived</a> 16 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Federal Indian Law Seminar, December 2010, p. 7, University of Nebraska College of Law, accessed 27 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/features/special/native_american_entrepreneurs_home/"><i>Native American Entrepreneurs</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110415165708/http://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/features/special/native_american_entrepreneurs_home/">Archived</a> 15 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Experience</i>, PBS; 13, 20, and 27 April 2009, accessed 1 March 2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pritzker, Barry M. <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1">978-0-19-513877-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Radin" title="Paul Radin">Radin, Paul</a> <i>The Winnebago Tribe</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5710-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-5710-4">0-8032-5710-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">Ho-Chunk Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Wisconsin/Minnesota</a> United States Census Bureau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">Winnebago Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Nebraska/Iowa</a> United States Census Bureau</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Loew, Patty, 2001. <i>Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal</i>. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho-Chunk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ho-chunk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ho-chunk">Ho-chunk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winnebagotribe.com/">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ho-chunknation.com/">Ho-Chunk Nation</a>, official website</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hocakworak.com/">Hocak Worak</a> Ho-Chunk Nation Newspaper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoocak.org/">Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language and Culture Division</a>, Ho-Chunk Nation, extensive materials about language and restoration efforts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.hochunk.org/">Ho-Chunk Nation Online Dictionary</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.pbswisconsin.org/video/in-wisconsin-ho-chunk-language/">Ho-Chunk Language</a></i> Video produced by <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Public Television">Wisconsin Public Television</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.pbswisconsin.org/video/wpt-documentaries-ho-chunk-history/">Ho-Chunk History</a></i> Video produced by <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Public Television">Wisconsin Public Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativeplants.ku.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Kindscher-1998-Huron-Smiths-Ethnobotany.pdf">Kindscher, K., and D. Hurlburt. 1998. "Huron Smith's 'Ethnobotany of the Hocak' (Winnebago)</a>", <i>Economic Botany</i> 52:352–372, includes much about traditional culture and use of plant resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotcakencyclopedia.com"><i>The Encyclopedia of Hočąk (Winnebago) Mythology</i></a>, as told by Richard L. Dieterle</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.Radin@APS.html">Paul Radin, <i>Winnebago Notebooks</i></a>, American Philosophical Library</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Nebraska&#124;link=Nebraska_Native_Americans_in_Nebraska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0E68C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Nebraska" title="Template:Native Americans in Nebraska"><abbr title="View this 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian tribe">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikara people">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska">Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe people">Otoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Ponca Tribe of Nebraska">Ponca Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Tribe_of_Nebraska" title="Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska">Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation_of_Missouri_in_Kansas_and_Nebraska" title="Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska">Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidi" title="Skidi">Skidi Pawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnebago language">Hocak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Omaha-Ponca language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sac language">Sac language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Present reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioway_Reservation" title="Ioway Reservation">Ioway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Reservation" title="Omaha Reservation">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Reservation" title="Ponca Reservation">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Reservation" title="Sac and Fox Reservation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santee_Sioux_Reservation" title="Santee Sioux Reservation">Santee Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Reservation" title="Winnebago Reservation">Winnebago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Present tribal<br />colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Priest_Tribal_College" title="Little Priest Tribal College">Little Priest Tribal College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Indian_Community_College" title="Nebraska Indian Community College">Nebraska Indian Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Barada" title="Antonine Barada">Antonine Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Elk" title="Big Elk">Big Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Blackbird">Chief Blackbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joba_Chamberlain" title="Joba Chamberlain">Joba Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_EchoHawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry EchoHawk">Larry EchoHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Fontenelle" title="Logan Fontenelle">Logan Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_La_Flesche" title="Francis La Flesche">Francis La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_LaFlesche" title="Joseph LaFlesche">Joseph La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lady_Grieves_The_Enemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lady Grieves The Enemy">Old Lady Grieves The Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petalesharo" title="Petalesharo">Petalesharo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_La_Flesche_Picotte" title="Susan La Flesche Picotte">Susan La Flesche Picotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_LaFlesche_Tibbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Susette LaFlesche Tibbles">Susette LaFlesche Tibbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Young_Deer" title="James Young Deer">James Young Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Yellow_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Yellow Horse">Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash_Hollow" title="Battle of Ash Hollow">Battle of Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_Canyon" title="Massacre Canyon">Massacre Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warbonnet_Creek" title="Battle of Warbonnet Creek">Battle of Warbonnet Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grattan_massacre" title="Grattan massacre">Grattan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne War">Cheyenne War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Congress" title="Indian Congress">Indian Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_Half-Breed_Reservation" title="Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation">Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto Reservation">Oto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_Reservation" title="Pawnee Reservation">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobrara_Reservation" title="Niobrara Reservation">Niobrara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ton%27wontongathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ton'wontongathon (page does not exist)">Ton'wontongathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike-Pawnee_Village_Site" title="Pike-Pawnee Village Site">Pike-Pawnee Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Site" title="Palmer Site">Skidi Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_Creek_Pawnee_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse Creek Pawnee Village (page does not exist)">Horse Creek Pawnee Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cottonwood_Creek_Archeological_Site_(Belgrade,_Nebraska)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cottonwood Creek Archeological Site (Belgrade, Nebraska) (page does not exist)">Cottonwood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fullerton_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerton Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Fullerton Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oto_Indian_Village_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oto Indian Village Site (page does not exist)">Oto Indian Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshara_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshara Site (page does not exist)">Leshara Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McClean_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McClean Site (page does not exist)">McClean Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodcliff_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodcliff Site (page does not exist)">Woodcliff Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Davis_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Davis Site (page does not exist)">Theodore Davis Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelso_Site" title="Kelso Site">Kelso Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wright_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wright Site (page does not exist)">Wright Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Historic sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide_Rock_(hill)" title="Guide Rock (hill)">Pahur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahkawitakol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahkawitakol (page does not exist)">Ahkawitakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalawakohtito" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalawakohtito">Lalawakohtito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahuk" title="Pahuk">Pahuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cunningham_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cunningham Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Cunningham Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbird_Hill" title="Blackbird Hill">Blackbird Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Genoa Indian Industrial School">Genoa Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_Memorial_Hospital" title="Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital">Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies_in_Nebraska" title="List of Indian agencies in Nebraska">Indian agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_LaFlesche_Picotte_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan LaFlesche Picotte House (page does not exist)">Susan LaFlesche Picotte House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanza">Nanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Merrill_Mission" title="Moses Merrill Mission">Moses Merrill Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pawnee_Mission_and_Burnt_Village_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia_Volcano" title="Ionia Volcano">Ionia Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Village_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains Village tradition">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Precontact communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leary_Site" title="Leary Site">Leary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Hollow_State_Historical_Park" title="Ash Hollow State Historical Park">Ash Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coufal_site" title="Coufal site">Coufal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schultz_site" title="Schultz site">Schultz site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Butte" title="Signal Butte">Signal Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archeological_Site_25SM20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeological Site 25SM20 (page does not exist)">Site 25SM20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champe-Fremont_1_Archeological_Site" title="Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site">Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Parker_Archeological_Site" title="Frank Parker Archeological Site">Frank Parker Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_Archeological_Site" title="Sweetwater Archeological Site">Sweetwater Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkett_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkett Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Burkett Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashland_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashland Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Ashland Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutan_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutan Site (page does not exist)">Yutan Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schrader_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schrader Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schrader Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Archeological_Site" title="Humphrey Archeological Site">Humphrey Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_Rock_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Table Rock Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Table Rock Archeological Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other precontact places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Cave_State_Park" title="Indian Cave State Park">Indian Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Hill_Archeological_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Hill Archeological District (page does not exist)">Indian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Gilmore_site" title="Walker Gilmore site">Walker Gilmore site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_No._JF00-072" title="Site No. JF00-072">Site JF00-072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson-Meng_Bison_Kill" title="Hudson-Meng Bison Kill">Hudson-Meng Bison Kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcliff_Burials" title="Woodcliff Burials">Woodcliff Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehawka_Flint_Quarries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehawka Flint Quarries (page does not exist)">Nehawka Flint Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farwell_Archeological_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farwell Archeological District (page does not exist)">Farwell Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska" title="Blue Springs, Nebraska">Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barneston_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barneston Site (page does not exist)">Barneston Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurz_Omaha_Village_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurz Omaha Village Site (page does not exist)">Kurz Omaha Village Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterson_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson Site (page does not exist)">Patterson Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenelle_Forest" title="Fontenelle Forest">Fontenelle Forest Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfe_and_Grey_(Schuyler)_Sites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites (page does not exist)">Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schulte_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schulte Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Schulte Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiseman_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiseman Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Wiseman Archeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durflinger_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durflinger Site (page does not exist)">Durflinger Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0E68C;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_in_Nebraska_of_Native_American_origin" title="List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin">Native American place names in Nebraska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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