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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unification_of_Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_Upper_and_Lower_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_Upper_and_Lower_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_of_Egyptian_presence_in_Canaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_of_Egyptian_presence_in_Canaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peak of Egyptian presence in Canaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_of_Egyptian_presence_in_Canaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neithhotep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neithhotep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Neithhotep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neithhotep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_and_artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_and_artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tomb and artifacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tomb_and_artifacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tomb and artifacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tomb_and_artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Artifacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nag_el-Hamdulab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nag_el-Hamdulab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nag el-Hamdulab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nag_el-Hamdulab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Narmer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD" title="ናርመር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናርመር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نعرمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نعرمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نارمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نارمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmar" title="Narmar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Narmar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4" title="나르메르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나르메르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="נערמר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נערמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნარმერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნარმერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmeras" title="Narmeras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Narmeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="നാർമർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാർമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نارمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نارمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB" title="ナルメル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナルメル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نارمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نارمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="නාර්මර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාර්මර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%94%D1%80%D1%8A" title="Нармєръ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нармєръ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நார்மெர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நார்மெர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟาโรห์นาร์เมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์นาร์เมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraon_Narmer" title="Faraon Narmer – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Faraon Narmer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нармер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нармер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="نارمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نارمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%88" title="那尔迈 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="那尔迈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Narmer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%88%BE%E9%82%81" title="那爾邁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="那爾邁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%88" title="那尔迈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="那尔迈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189582#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Narmer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname"><a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> (disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Narmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer on the Verso of the Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer on the Verso of the Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King_Narmer.jpg/270px-King_Narmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King_Narmer.jpg/405px-King_Narmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/King_Narmer.jpg/540px-King_Narmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Narmer on the <a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Verso</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sometime in the range <a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">3173</a>–<a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">2987 BC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a>? <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a>?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td>Hor-Narmer (often show in a <i>serekh</i> with just the catfish)<br /><i>Ḥr-nˁr-mr</i><br /><i>Fierce catfish of Horus</i><br /><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nar-Wels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nar-Wels.png/60px-Nar-Wels.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nar-Wels.png/120px-Nar-Wels.png 1.5x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="66" /></a></span><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U23.png?9db3d" height="38" title="U23" alt="U23" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table><br />Second Horus name: Hor-Narmer-Tjai (rare—only one example exists)<br /><i>Ḥr-nˁr-mr-ṯ3j</i><br /><i>Manly catfish of Horus</i><br /><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nar-Wels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nar-Wels.png/60px-Nar-Wels.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nar-Wels.png/120px-Nar-Wels.png 1.5x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="66" /></a></span><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U23.png?9db3d" height="38" title="U23" alt="U23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G47.png?37bd0" height="38" title="G47" alt="G47" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td>Menes (disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><i>Mnj</i><br />He who endures<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5" alt="Y5" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">Uncertain: possibly <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Uncertain: probably <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a>?, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a>?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">Chambers B17 and B18, <a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Umm El Qa'ab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Narmer</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%EA%9C%A5r-mr" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nꜥr-mr">nꜥr-mr</a></i>, may mean "painful <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>", "stinging catfish", "harsh catfish", or "fierce catfish";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199416_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199416-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-Stewart81_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> king of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a>, whose reign began at a date estimated to fall in the range <a href="/wiki/32nd_century_BC" title="32nd century BC">3173</a>–<a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">2987 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199967_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199967-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a>. Many scholars consider him the unifier of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>, and in turn the first king of a unified <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. He also had a prominently noticeable presence in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, compared to his predecessors and successors. <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a> is thought to be his queen consort or his daughter. </p><p>A majority of <a href="/wiki/Egyptologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologist">Egyptologists</a> believe that Narmer was the same person as <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2003174-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1994_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1994-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197113-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_identity">Historical identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Comparison of serekhs</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_from_Narmer_inscription_on_alabaster_vessel_from_Abydos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Detail_from_Narmer_inscription_on_alabaster_vessel_from_Abydos.svg/120px-Detail_from_Narmer_inscription_on_alabaster_vessel_from_Abydos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Detail_from_Narmer_inscription_on_alabaster_vessel_from_Abydos.svg/250px-Detail_from_Narmer_inscription_on_alabaster_vessel_from_Abydos.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Name of Narmer in full format</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menes_name_in_full_format.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Menes_name_in_full_format.svg/250px-Menes_name_in_full_format.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Menes_name_in_full_format.svg/256px-Menes_name_in_full_format.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Name of <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> in full format</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Although highly interrelated, the questions of "who was <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>?" and "who unified Egypt?" are actually two separate issues. Narmer is often credited with the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Egypt">unification of Egypt</a> by means of the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> is traditionally considered the first <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, and is identified by the majority of <a href="/wiki/Egyptologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a> as the same person as Narmer – although a vigorous debate also proposes identification with <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>, Narmer's successor, as a primary alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue is confusing because "Narmer" is a <a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a> while "Menes" is a <a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Sedge and Bee name</a> (personal or birth name). All of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs#Ancient_Egyptian_king_lists" title="List of pharaohs">King Lists</a> which began to appear in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a> era list the personal names of the kings, and almost all begin with <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>, or begin with divine and/or semi-divine rulers, with <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> as the first "human king". The difficulty is aligning the contemporary archaeological evidence which lists Horus names with the king lists that list personal names. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqad_Label.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Naqad_Label.svg/250px-Naqad_Label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Naqad_Label.svg/330px-Naqad_Label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Naqad_Label.svg/500px-Naqad_Label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Naqada Label reconstruction</figcaption></figure> <p>Two documents have been put forward as proof either that Narmer was <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> or alternatively <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> was <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>. The first is the "Naqada Label" found at the site of <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>, in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>, often assumed to have been the mother of <a href="/wiki/Horus_Aha" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Aha">Horus Aha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label shows a <a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a> of Hor-Aha next to an enclosure inside of which are symbols that have been interpreted by some scholars as the name "Menes". The second is the seal impression from Abydos that alternates between a <i>serekh</i> of Narmer and the chessboard symbol, "<i>mn</i>", which is interpreted as an abbreviation of Menes. Arguments have been made with regard to each of these documents in favour of Narmer or <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> being <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>, but in neither case is the argument conclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg/220px-Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg/330px-Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg/440px-Narmer-Menes_seal_impression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the Narmer-Menes Seal impression from Abydos</figcaption></figure> <p>The second document, the seal impression from Abydos, shows the serekh of Narmer alternating with the gameboard sign (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn" class="extiw" title="wikt:mn">mn</a></i>), together with its phonetic complement, the <i>n</i> sign, which is always shown when the full name of Menes is written, again representing the name "Menes". At first glance, this would seem to be strong evidence that Narmer was Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewberry192949–50_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewberry192949–50-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, based on an analysis of other early <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> seal impressions, which contain the name of one or more princes, the seal impression has been interpreted by other scholars as showing the name of a prince of Narmer named Menes, hence Menes was Narmer's successor, Hor-Aha, and thus Hor-Aha was Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1953356–359_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1953356–359-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was rebutted by <a href="#CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2005">Cervelló-Autuori 2005</a>, pp. 42–45; but opinions still vary, and the seal impression cannot be said to definitively support either theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201477–78_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201477–78-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merneith1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Merneith1.png/220px-Merneith1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Merneith1.png/330px-Merneith1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Merneith1.png/440px-Merneith1.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Den_seal_impressions" title="Den seal impressions">Necropolis seal impression</a> of the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg/250px-Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg/330px-Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg/440px-Abydos_necropolis_seal_impression_of_Qa%27a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Necropolis seal impression of the Egyptian pharaoh, <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Two necropolis sealings, found in 1985 and 1991 in Abydos (<a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Umm el-Qa'ab</a>), in or near the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer1987_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer1987-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(called the <a href="/wiki/Den_seal_impressions" title="Den seal impressions">Den seal impressions</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a>(called the Qa'a sealing),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer_et_al.199672–73,_fig._6,_pl.4b-c_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer_et_al.199672–73,_fig._6,_pl.4b-c-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>() show Narmer as the first king on each list, followed by Hor-Aha. The Qa'a sealing lists all eight of the kings of what scholars now call the First Dynasty in the correct order, starting with Narmer. These necropolis sealings are strong evidence that Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty, hence the same person as Menes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2008887–899_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECervelló-Autuori2008887–899-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso_serekh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Narmer_Palette_verso_serekh.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekhs</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Rebus" title="Rebus">rebus</a> symbols <i>n'r</i> (<a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>) and <i>mr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a>) inside, being the phonetic representation of Narmer's name<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengrow2006207_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengrow2006207-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The complete spelling of Narmer's name consists of the hieroglyphs for a <a href="/wiki/Heterobranchus" title="Heterobranchus">catfish</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%EA%9C%A5r" class="extiw" title="wikt:nꜥr">nꜥr</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a chisel (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mr" class="extiw" title="wikt:mr">mr</a></i>), hence the reading "Narmer" (using the <a href="/wiki/Rebus#Rebus_principle" title="Rebus">rebus principle</a>). This word is sometimes translated as "raging catfish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1986136,_n.10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1986136,_n.10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no consensus on this reading. Other translations of the adjective before "catfish" include "angry", "fighting", "fierce", "painful", "furious", "bad", "evil", "biting", "menacing", and "stinging".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199416_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199416-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have taken entirely different approaches to reading the name that do not include "catfish" in the name at all,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009287_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009287-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2003131–138_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2003131–138-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200023–32_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200023–32-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these approaches have not been generally accepted. </p><p>Rather than incorporating both hieroglyphs, Narmer's name is often shown in an abbreviated form with just the catfish symbol, sometimes stylized, even, in some cases, represented by just a horizontal line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaffaele2003110,_n._46_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaffaele2003110,_n._46-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This simplified spelling appears to be related to the formality of the context. In every case that a <i><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a></i> is shown on a work of stone or an official seal impression, it has both symbols. But, in most cases, where the name is shown on a piece of pottery or a rock inscription, just the catfish, or a simplified version of it appears. </p><p>Two alternative spellings of Narmer's name have also been found. On a mud sealing from <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Egypt)" title="Tarkhan (Egypt)">Tarkhan</a>, the symbol for the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AF%EA%9C%A3j" class="extiw" title="wikt:ṯꜣj">ṯꜣj</a></i>-bird (Gardiner sign <i>G47</i> "duckling") has been added to the two symbols for "Narmer" within the serekh. This has been interpreted as meaning "Narmer the masculine";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199936_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199936-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, according to Ilona Regulski,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegulski2010126_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegulski2010126-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The third sign (the [<i>ṯꜣj</i>]-bird) is not an integral part of the royal name since it occurs so infrequently." Godron<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodron1949218_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodron1949218-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that the extra sign is not part of the name, but was put inside the serekh for compositional convenience. </p><p>In addition, two necropolis seals from <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> show the name in a unique way: While the <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a> is shown conventionally where the <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> would be expected, there is a symbol that has been interpreted by several scholars as an animal skin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009310_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009310-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Dreyer" title="Günter Dreyer">Dreyer</a>, it is probably a catfish with a bull's tail, similar to the image of Narmer on the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a> in which he is shown wearing a bull's tail as a symbol of power.<sup id="cite_ref-DPC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The date commonly given for the beginning of Narmer's reign is <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1970174_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1970174-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirkeSpencer1992223_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirkeSpencer1992223-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mainstream estimates, using both the historical method and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, are in the range <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3173–2987 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_of_Upper_and_Lower_Egypt">Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The famous <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/James_Quibell" title="James Quibell">James E. Quibell</a> in the 1897–1898 season at <a href="/wiki/Hierakonpolis" title="Hierakonpolis">Hierakonpolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuibell189881–84,_pl._XII-XIII_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuibell189881–84,_pl._XII-XIII-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows Narmer wearing the crown of Upper Egypt on one side of the palette, and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other side, giving rise to the theory that Narmer unified the two lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961403–404_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1961403–404-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its discovery, however, it has been debated whether the Narmer Palette represents an actual historic event or is purely symbolic.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, the Narmer Palette could represent an actual historical event while at the same time having a symbolic significance. </p><p>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Dreyer" title="Günter Dreyer">Günter Dreyer</a> discovered a "year label" of Narmer at Abydos, depicting the same event that is depicted on the Narmer Palette. In the First Dynasty, years were identified by the name of the king and an important event that occurred in that year. A "year label" was typically attached to a container of goods and included the name of the king, a description or representation of the event that identified the year, and a description of the attached goods. This year label shows that the Narmer Palette depicts an actual historical event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for this conclusion (in addition to Dreyer) includes Wilkinson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199968_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199968-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Davies & <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Friedman" title="Renée Friedman">Friedman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesFriedman199835_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesFriedman199835-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this interpretation of the year label is the dominant opinion among Egyptologists, there are exceptions including <a href="/wiki/John_Baines_(Egyptologist)" title="John Baines (Egyptologist)">Baines</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines200823_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines200823-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Wengrow" title="David Wengrow">Wengrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengrow2006204_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengrow2006204-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Narmer Palette</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:238px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Narmer_Palette.jpg/338px-Narmer_Palette.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Narmer_Palette.jpg/507px-Narmer_Palette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Narmer_Palette.jpg/676px-Narmer_Palette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="1808" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Narmer Palette</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:511px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_recto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Narmer_Palette_recto.svg/500px-Narmer_Palette_recto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Narmer_Palette_recto.svg/960px-Narmer_Palette_recto.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3191" data-file-height="4833" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Drawing (front)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:500px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Narmer_Palette_verso.svg/500px-Narmer_Palette_verso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="501" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Narmer_Palette_verso.svg/960px-Narmer_Palette_verso.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="4758" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Drawing (back)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Narmer Macehead</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:355px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Macehead.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Narmer_Macehead.png/338px-Narmer_Macehead.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Narmer_Macehead.png 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Macehead" title="Narmer Macehead">Narmer Macehead</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg/338px-Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="338" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg/507px-Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg/676px-Narmer_Macehead_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Narmer Macehead (drawing). The design shows captives being presented to Pharaoh Narmer enthroned in a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">naos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengrow200641–44_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengrow200641–44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The scene depicts a ceremony in which captives and plunder are presented to King Narmer, who is enthroned beneath a canopy on a stepped platform. He wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt, holds a flail, and is wrapped in a long cloak. To the left, Narmer's name is written inside a representation of the palace facade (the <i>serekh</i>) surmounted by a falcon. At the bottom is a record of animal and human plunder; 400,000 cattle, 1,422,000 goats, and 120,000 captives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillet199053–59_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet199053–59-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that Egypt was at least partially unified during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> (Narmer's immediate predecessors), and perhaps as early as <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a>. Tax collection is probably documented for Ka<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyerHartungPumpenmeier199356,_fig._12_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyerHartungPumpenmeier199356,_fig._12-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iry-Hor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200713_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200713-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence for a role for Scorpion I in Lower Egypt comes from his tomb Uj in Abydos (Upper Egypt), where labels were found identifying goods from Lower Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2011135_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2011135-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are not tax documents, however, so they are probably indications of trade rather than subjugation. There is a substantial difference in the quantity and distribution of inscriptions with the names of those earlier kings in Lower Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> (which was reached through Lower Egypt), compared to the inscriptions of Narmer. Ka's inscriptions have been found in three sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_table_8_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_table_8-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iry-Hor inscriptions have also been found in two sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_table_8_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_table_8-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiałowicz201163–64_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiałowicz201163–64-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This must be compared to Narmer, whose <i>serekhs</i> have been found in ten sites in Lower Egypt and nine sites in Canaan (see discussion in "Tomb and Artefacts" section). This demonstrates a qualitative difference between Narmer's role in Lower Egypt compared to his two immediate predecessors. There is no evidence in Lower Egypt of any Upper Egyptian king's presence before Iry-Hor. The archaeological evidence suggest that the unification began before Narmer, but was completed by him through the conquest of a polity in the north-west Delta as depicted on the Narmer Palette.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201473–74_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201473–74-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance that Narmer attached to his "unification" of Egypt is shown by the fact that it is commemorated not only on the Narmer Palette, but on a cylinder seal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuibell19007,_pl._XV.7_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuibell19007,_pl._XV.7-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Narmer Year Label,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2000_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Narmer Boxes;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the consequences of the event are commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Macehead" title="Narmer Macehead">Narmer Macehead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuibell19008–9,_pls._XXV,_XXVIB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuibell19008–9,_pls._XXV,_XXVIB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the unification to ancient Egyptians is shown by the fact that Narmer is shown as the first king on the two necropolis seals, and under the name Menes, the first king in the later King Lists. Although there is archaeological evidence of a few kings before Narmer, none of them are mentioned in any of those sources. It can be accurately said that from the point of view of Ancient Egyptians, history began with Narmer and the unification of Egypt, and that everything before him was relegated to the realm of myth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_of_Egyptian_presence_in_Canaan">Peak of Egyptian presence in Canaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peak of Egyptian presence in Canaan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="#CITEREFManetho">Manetho</a> (quoted in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (Fr. 7(a))), "Menes made a foreign expedition and won renown." If this is correct (and assuming it refers to Narmer), it was undoubtedly to the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> where Narmer's <i>serekh</i> has been identified at nine different sites. An Egyptian presence in Canaan predates Narmer, but after about 200 years of active presence in Canaan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković199572_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković199572-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian presence peaked during Narmer's reign and quickly declined afterwards. The relationship between Egypt and Canaan "began around the end of the fifth millennium and apparently came to an end sometime during the Second Dynasty when it ceased altogether."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun2011105_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2011105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It peaked during Dynasty 0 through the reign of Narmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dating to this period are 33 Egyptian <i>serekhs</i> found in Canaan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among which 20 have been attributed to Narmer. Prior to Narmer, only one <i>serekh</i> of Ka and one inscription with Iry-Hor's name have been found in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_Table_8_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_Table_8-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>serekhs</i> earlier than Iry-Hor are either generic <i>serekhs</i> that do not refer to a specific king, or are for kings not attested in Abydos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indicative of the decline of Egyptian presence in the region after Narmer, only one <i>serekh</i> attributed to his successor, Hor-Aha, has been found in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even this one example is questionable, Wilkinson does not believe there are any <i>serekhs</i> of Hor-Aha outside Egypt<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and very few <i>serekhs</i> of kings for the rest of the first two dynasties have been found in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971–105_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971–105-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptian presence in Canaan is best demonstrated by the presence of pottery made from Egyptian Nile clay and found in Canaan,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as pottery made from local clay, but in the Egyptian style. The latter suggests the existence of Egyptian colonies rather than just trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of Egypt's role in Canaan has been vigorously debated, between scholars who suggest a military invasion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadin1955_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadin1955-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others proposing that only trade and colonization were involved. Although the latter has gained predominance,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampagno2008695–696_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampagno2008695–696-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the presence of fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sakan" title="Tell es-Sakan">Tell es-Sakan</a> dating to Dynasty 0 through early Dynasty 1 period, and built almost entirely using an Egyptian style of construction, demonstrate that there must have also been some kind of Egyptian military presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Miroschedji20082028–2029_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Miroschedji20082028–2029-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of the nature of Egypt's presence in Canaan, control of trade to (and through) Canaan was important to Ancient Egypt. Narmer probably did not establish Egypt's initial influence in Canaan by a military invasion, but a military campaign by Narmer to re-assert Egyptian authority, or to increase its sphere of influence in the region, is certainly plausible. In addition to the quote by Manetho, and the large number of Narmer <i>serekhs</i> found in Canaan, a recent reconstruction of a box of Narmer's by Dreyer may have commemorated a military campaign in Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also represent just the presentation of tribute to Narmer by Canaanites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neithhotep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Narmer and Hor-Aha's names were both found in what is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a>'s tomb, which led Egyptologists to conclude that she was Narmer's queen and mother of Hor-Aha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neithhotep's name means "<a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> is satisfied". This suggests that she was a princess of Lower Egypt (based on the fact that Neith is the patron goddess of <a href="/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Sais</a> in the Western Delta, exactly the area Narmer conquered to complete the unification of Egypt), and that this was a marriage to consolidate the two regions of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that her tomb is in <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>, in Upper Egypt, has led some to the conclusion that she was a descendant of the predynastic rulers of Naqada who ruled prior to its incorporation into a united Upper Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199970_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199970-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Macehead" title="Narmer Macehead">Narmer Macehead</a> commemorates this wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196144–47_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196144–47-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the discovery in 2012 of rock inscriptions in Sinai by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tallet" title="Pierre Tallet">Pierre Tallet</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallet2015_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETallet2015-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raise questions about whether she was really Narmer's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neithhotep is probably the earliest non-mythical woman in history whose name is known to us today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy2020_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy2020-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb_and_artifacts">Tomb and artifacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tomb and artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb">Tomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chambers_B17_and_B18_(Umm_el-Qa%27ab).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chambers_B17_and_B18_%28Umm_el-Qa%27ab%29.jpg/250px-Chambers_B17_and_B18_%28Umm_el-Qa%27ab%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chambers_B17_and_B18_%28Umm_el-Qa%27ab%29.jpg/330px-Chambers_B17_and_B18_%28Umm_el-Qa%27ab%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chambers_B17_and_B18_%28Umm_el-Qa%27ab%29.jpg/440px-Chambers_B17_and_B18_%28Umm_el-Qa%27ab%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Chambers B17 and B18 in the <a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Umm el-Qa'ab</a>, which constitute the tomb of Narmer</figcaption></figure> <p>Narmer's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Umm el-Qa'ab</a> near <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> in Upper Egypt consists of two joined chambers (B17 and B18), lined in mud brick. Although both <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Am%C3%A9lineau" title="Émile Amélineau">Émile Amélineau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Petrie</a> excavated tombs B17 and B18, it was only in 1964 that <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Kaiser_(%C3%84gyptologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Kaiser (Ägyptologe)">Kaiser</a> identified them as being Narmer's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser196496–102,_fig.2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser196496–102,_fig.2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narmer's tomb is located next to the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a>, who likely ruled <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> just before Narmer, and <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>, who was his immediate successor.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the tomb dates back more than 5,000 years, and <a href="/wiki/Grave_robbery#Africa" title="Grave robbery">has been pillaged</a>, repeatedly, from antiquity to modern times, it is amazing that anything useful could be discovered in it. Because of the repeated <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">disturbances</a> in Umm el-Qa'ab, many articles of Narmer's were found in other graves, and objects of other kings were recovered in Narmer's grave. However, <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> during the period 1899–1903,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, starting in the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/German_Archaeological_Institute" title="German Archaeological Institute">German Archaeological Institute</a> (DAI)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have made discoveries of the greatest importance to the history of Early Egypt by their re-excavation of the tombs of Umm el-Qa'ab. </p><p>Despite the chaotic condition of the cemetery, inscriptions on both wood and bone, seal impressions, as well as dozens of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> arrowheads were found. (Petrie says with dismay that "hundreds" of arrowheads were discovered by "the French", presumably <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Am%C3%A9lineau" title="Émile Amélineau">Amélineau</a>. What happened to them is not clear, but none ended up in the Cairo Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie190122_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie190122-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Flint knives and a fragment of an <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> chair leg were also discovered in Narmer's tomb, all of which might be part of the original funerary <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology#assemblage" title="Glossary of archaeology">assemblage</a>. The flint knives and fragment of a chair leg were not included in any of Petrie's publications, but are now at the <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology">Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology</a> (University College London), registration numbers <i>UC35679, UC52786</i>, and <i>UC35682</i>. According to Dreyer,<sup id="cite_ref-DPC_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. Sources MUST be verifiable, which private, unpublished writings by nature are not. If it's mentioned in another reliable source, cite that instead (December 2024)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a>, where similar arrowheads were found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI._89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI.-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that all of the kings of Ancient Egypt buried in Umm el-Qa'ab had funerary enclosures in Abydos' northern cemetery, near the cultivation line. These were characterized by large mud brick walls that enclosed space in which funerary ceremonies are believed to have taken place. Eight enclosures have been excavated, two of which have not been definitely identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsO'Connor200378–85_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsO'Connor200378–85-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2009159–181_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2009159–181-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it has yet to be confirmed, one of these unidentified funerary enclosures may have belonged to Narmer.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg/250px-Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg/330px-Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg/500px-Narmer_serekh_on_alabaster_jar_from_Abydos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Narmer <i>serekh</i> in its full formal format on an alabaster vase from Abydos</figcaption></figure> <p>Narmer is well attested throughout Egypt, southern <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and Sinai: altogether 98 inscriptions at 26 sites.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Abydos and Hierakonpolis Narmer's name appears both within a <i><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a></i> and without reference to a <i>serekh</i>. At every other site except Coptos, Narmer's name appears in a <i>serekh</i>. In Egypt, his name has been found at 17 sites: </p> <ul><li>4 in Upper Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Nekhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nekhen">Hierakonpolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuibell189881–84,_pl._XII–XIII_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuibell189881–84,_pl._XII–XIII-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Naqada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer198064(454),_pl._47.454,_pl.64.454_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer198064(454),_pl._47.454,_pl.64.454-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Coptos</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams198835–50,_fig._3a_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams198835–50,_fig._3a-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10 in Lower Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Egypt)" title="Tarkhan (Egypt)">Tarkhan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieWainwrightGardiner1913_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieWainwrightGardiner1913-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1914_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1914-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helwan_(cemetery)" title="Helwan (cemetery)">Helwan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaad194726–27_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad194726–27-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zawyet_El_Aryan" title="Zawyet El Aryan">Zawyet el'Aryan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunham197825–26pl._16A_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunham197825–26pl._16A-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tell Ibrahim Awad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Brink199252–53_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Brink199252–53-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ezbet el-Tell,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakr198850–51pl._1b_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakr198850–51pl._1b-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minshat_Abu_Omar" title="Minshat Abu Omar">Minshat Abu Omar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildung198135–37_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildung198135–37-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saqqara" title="Saqqara">Saqqara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacauLauer19591–2,_pl._1.1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacauLauer19591–2,_pl._1.1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buto" title="Buto">Buto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_der_Way1989285–286n.76,_fig._11.7_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_der_Way1989285–286n.76,_fig._11.7-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tell el-Farkha,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJucha2008132–133,_fig._47.2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJucha2008132–133,_fig._47.2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kafr Hassan Dawood<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan200039_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan200039-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 in the Eastern Desert: Wadi el-Qaash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler193810,_25pl.11.1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler193810,_25pl.11.1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 in the Western Desert: <a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga Oasis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramRossi2004211–215fig._1-2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramRossi2004211–215fig._1-2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gebel_Tjauti" title="Gebel Tjauti">Gebel Tjauti</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnellDarnell199771–72fig._10_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnellDarnell199771–72fig._10-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>During Narmer's reign, Egypt had an active economic presence in southern Canaan. Pottery <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherds</a> have been discovered at several sites, both from pots made in Egypt and imported to Canaan and others made in the Egyptian style out of local materials. Twenty <i>serekhs</i> have been found in Canaan that may belong to Narmer, but seven of those are uncertain or controversial. These <i>serekhs</i> came from eight different sites: <a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad" title="Tel Arad">Tel Arad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmiran19744–12,_fig._20,_pl.1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmiran19744–12,_fig._20,_pl.1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En Besor (<a href="/wiki/Ein_HaBesor" title="Ein HaBesor">Ein HaBesor</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman197625–26_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman197625–26-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sakan" title="Tell es-Sakan">Tell es-Sakan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_MiroschedjiSadeq2000136–137fig._9_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_MiroschedjiSadeq2000136–137fig._9-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nahal Tillah (<a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Khuweilifeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell el-Khuweilifeh">Halif</a> Terrace),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199731–33_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199731–33-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Erani" title="Tel Erani">Tel Erani</a> (Tel Gat),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeivin1960193–203fig._2,_pl._24a_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeivin1960193–203fig._2,_pl._24a-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Malhata" class="extiw" title="fr:Tel Malhata">Tel Malhata</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmiranIlanAron198375–83fig.7c_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmiranIlanAron198375–83fig.7c-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tel Ma'ahaz,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulmanGophna1981_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulmanGophna1981-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tel <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_BrinkBraun2002167–192_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_BrinkBraun2002167–192-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narmer's <i>serekh</i>, along with those of other Predynastic and Early Dynastic kings, has been found at the Wadi 'Ameyra in the southern Sinai, where inscriptions commemorate Egyptian mining expeditions to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalletLaisney2012383–389_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalletLaisney2012383–389-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nag_el-Hamdulab">Nag el-Hamdulab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nag el-Hamdulab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo,_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo%2C_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/250px-Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo%2C_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo%2C_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo%2C_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo%2C_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/500px-Limestone_head_of_a_king._Thought_by_Petrie_to_be_Narmer._Bought_by_Petrie_in_Cairo%2C_Egypt._1st_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4367" data-file-height="3731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> head of a king, thought by <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> to be Narmer, on the basis of the similarity to the head of Narmer on the Narmer Palette. This has not been generally accepted by Egyptologists.</figcaption></figure> <p>First recorded at the end of the 19th century, an important series of rock carvings at Nag el-Hamdulab near <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> was rediscovered in 2009, and its importance only realized then.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatto_et_al._2009_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatto_et_al._2009-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many inscriptions, tableau 7a shows a man wearing a headdress similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">White Crown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> and carrying a scepter. He is followed by a man with a fan. He is then preceded by two men with standards, and accompanied by a dog. Apart from the dog motif, this scene is similar to scenes on the <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_Macehead" title="Scorpion Macehead">Scorpion Macehead</a> and the recto of the Narmer Palette. The man, equipped with pharaonic regalia (the crown and scepter), can clearly be identified as a king. Although no name appears in the tableau, Darnell<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attributes it to Narmer, based on the iconography, and suggests that it might represent an actual visit to the region by Narmer for a "Following of Horus" ritual. In an interview in 2012, Gatto<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatto_2012_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatto_2012-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also describes the king in the inscription as Narmer. However, Hendricks (2016) places the scene slightly before Narmer, based, in part on the uncharacteristic absence of Narmer's royal name in the inscription. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The First Pharaoh (The First Dynasty Book 1)</i> by Lester Picker is a fictionalized biography of Narmer. The author consulted with Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Dreyer" title="Günter Dreyer">Günter Dreyer</a> to achieve authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicker2012_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicker2012-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery</i> by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>), with Narmer included in a secondary role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2013_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2013-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pharaoh: The Boy who Conquered the Nile</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_French" title="Jackie French">Jackie French</a> is a children's book (ages 10–14) about the adventures of Prince Narmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2007_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2007-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Third Gate</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Child" title="Lincoln Child">Lincoln Child</a> is the third book in the Jeremy Logan series and revolves primarily around the discovery and exploration of a fictional secret burial place of Narmer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warframe" title="Warframe">Warframe</a></i> uses Narmer's name for a faction added in <i>The New War</i> update that shares some similarities to the pharaoh's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kane_Chronicles" title="The Kane Chronicles">The Kane Chronicles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>, one of siblings Carter and Sadie's parents comes from Narmer's lineage, the other from Ramses the Great (book one, <i>The Red Pyramid</i>, page 195).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mud jar sealing indicating that the contents came from the estate of Narmer. Originally from Tarkhan, now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="A mud jar sealing indicating that the contents came from the estate of Narmer. Originally from Tarkhan, now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg/170px-Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg/255px-Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg/340px-Mud_jar_sealing_indicating_King_Narmer%27s_estate_MET_12.187.41_EGDP011668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mud jar sealing indicating that the contents came from the estate of Narmer. Originally from <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Egypt)" title="Tarkhan (Egypt)">Tarkhan</a>, now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery sherd inscribed with the serekh and name of Narmer, on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston"><img alt="Pottery sherd inscribed with the serekh and name of Narmer, on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/250px-Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/330px-Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/500px-Narmer-PotterySherdWithSerekhAndName_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherd</a> inscribed with the <i><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a></i> and name of Narmer, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer-Tjet2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer wearing the Deshret crown of Lower Egypt on the Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer wearing the Deshret crown of Lower Egypt on the Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Narmer-Tjet2.JPG/250px-Narmer-Tjet2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Narmer-Tjet2.JPG/330px-Narmer-Tjet2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Narmer-Tjet2.JPG/500px-Narmer-Tjet2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narmer wearing the <a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a> crown of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_tarkhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Incised inscription on a vessel found at Tarkhan (tomb 414), naming Narmer; Petrie Museum, UC 16083"><img alt="Incised inscription on a vessel found at Tarkhan (tomb 414), naming Narmer; Petrie Museum, UC 16083" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Narmer_tarkhan.jpg/250px-Narmer_tarkhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Narmer_tarkhan.jpg/330px-Narmer_tarkhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Incised inscription on a vessel found at Tarkhan (tomb 414), naming Narmer; <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrie Museum">Petrie Museum</a>, UC 16083</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_dynastic_statue_of_a_squatting_baboon_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabaster statue of a baboon divinity with the name of Narmer inscribed on its base, on display at the Egyptian Museum of Berlin"><img alt="Alabaster statue of a baboon divinity with the name of Narmer inscribed on its base, on display at the Egyptian Museum of Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Early_dynastic_statue_of_a_squatting_baboon_02.jpg/250px-Early_dynastic_statue_of_a_squatting_baboon_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Early_dynastic_statue_of_a_squatting_baboon_02.jpg/330px-Early_dynastic_statue_of_a_squatting_baboon_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alabaster statue of a baboon divinity with the name of Narmer inscribed on its base, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of Narmer serekh on pottery vessel with stylized catfish and without chisel or falcon, copyright Kafr Hassan Dawood Mission"><img alt="Drawing of Narmer serekh on pottery vessel with stylized catfish and without chisel or falcon, copyright Kafr Hassan Dawood Mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg/170px-Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg/255px-Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg/340px-Narmer_serekh_from_Kafr_Hassan_Dawood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing of Narmer <i>serekh</i> on pottery vessel with stylized catfish and without chisel or falcon, copyright Kafr Hassan Dawood Mission</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrowheads from Narmer's tomb, Petrie 1905, Royal Tombs II, pl. IV.14. According to Dreyer,[33] these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.[134]"><img alt="Arrowheads from Narmer's tomb, Petrie 1905, Royal Tombs II, pl. IV.14. According to Dreyer,[33] these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.[134]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg/170px-Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg/255px-Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg/340px-Flint_arroheads_from_Narmer%27s_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4433" data-file-height="3643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arrowheads from Narmer's tomb, Petrie 1905, Royal Tombs II, pl. IV.14. According to Dreyer,<sup id="cite_ref-DPC_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these arrowheads are probably from the tomb of Djer, where similar arrowheads were found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph of sherd showing Narmer serekh from Nahal Tillah without the chisel sign to spell his name. Used with permission of copyright holder, Thomas E. Levy, Levantine and Cyber-Archaeology Laboratory, University of California San Diego"><img alt="Photograph of sherd showing Narmer serekh from Nahal Tillah without the chisel sign to spell his name. Used with permission of copyright holder, Thomas E. Levy, Levantine and Cyber-Archaeology Laboratory, University of California San Diego" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg/250px-Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg/330px-Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg/340px-Nahal_Tillah_Narmer_serekh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph of sherd showing Narmer serekh from Nahal Tillah without the chisel sign to spell his name. Used with permission of copyright holder, Thomas E. Levy, Levantine and Cyber-Archaeology Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Egyptologists have long debated whether <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> was the same person as Narmer or <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>, Narmer's successor. A 2014 study by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_C._Heagy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas C. Heagy (page does not exist)">Thomas C. Heagy</a> published in the Egyptological journal <i>Archéo-Nil</i> compiled a list of 69 Egyptologists who took either position. Forty-one of them have concluded that <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> was Narmer, while 31 have concluded that <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>. Three Egyptologists—<a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Sethe" title="Kurt Sethe">Kurt Sethe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stan_Hendrickx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stan Hendrickx (page does not exist)">Stan Hendrickx</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Hendrickx" class="extiw" title="fr:Stan Hendrickx">fr</a>]</span>—on the list have first concluded that <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>, but later concluded that <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> was Narmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201483–84_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201483–84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The question of who was Menes—hence, who was the first king of the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty" class="mw-disambig" title="First Dynasty">First Dynasty</a> has been hotly debated. Since 1897, 70 different authors have taken an opinion on whether it is Narmer or Aha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201483–84_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201483–84-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these are only passing references, but there have been several in depth analyses on both sides of the issues. Recent discussions in favor of Narmer include <a href="#CITEREFKinnaer2001">Kinnaer 2001</a>, <a href="#CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2005">Cervelló-Autuori 2005</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFHeagy2014">Heagy 2014</a>. Detailed discussions in favor of Aha include <a href="#CITEREFHelck1953">Helck 1953</a>, <a href="#CITEREFEmery1961">Emery 1961</a>, pp. 31–37, and <a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>. For the most part, English speaking authors favor Narmer, while German speaking authors favor <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>. The most important evidence in favor of Narmer are the two necropolis seal impressions from <a href="/wiki/Abydos" class="mw-disambig" title="Abydos">Abydos</a>, which list Narmer as the first king. Since the publication of the first of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Necropolis_sealings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Necropolis sealings (page does not exist)">necropolis sealings</a> in 1987, 28 authors have published articles identifying Narmer with <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> compared to 14 who identify Narmer with <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the upper right hand quarter of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqada_label&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqada label (page does not exist)">Naqada label</a> is a <i>serekh</i> of <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>. To its right is a hill-shaped triple enclosure with the "<i>mn</i>" sign surmounted by the signs of the "two ladies", the goddesses of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a>). In later contexts, the presence of the "two ladies" would indicate a "<i>nbty</i>" name (one of the five names of the king). Hence, the inscription was interpreted as showing that the "<i>nbty</i>" name of <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> was "<i>Mn</i>" short for <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt18971056–1057_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt18971056–1057-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative theory is that the enclosure was a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funeral_shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Funeral shrine (page does not exist)">funeral shrine</a> and it represents Hor-Aha burying his predecessor, Menes. Hence Menes was Narmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewberry192947–49_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewberry192947–49-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the label generated a lot of debate, it is now generally agreed that the inscription in the shrine is not a king's name, but is the name of the shrine "The Two Ladies Endure", and provide no evidence for who Menes was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnaer200330_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnaer200330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Although the catfish portrayed in Narmer's name has sometimes been described as an "<a href="/wiki/Electric_catfish" title="Electric catfish">electric catfish</a>", based on its fin configuration, it is actually of the non-electric <i><a href="/wiki/Heterobranchus" title="Heterobranchus">Heterobranchus</a></i> genus<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewerFriedman198963_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewerFriedman198963-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Establishing absolute dating for Ancient Egypt relies on two different methods, each of which is problematic. As a starting point, the Historical Method makes use of astronomical events that are recorded in Ancient Egyptian texts, which establishes a starting point in which an event in Egyptian history is given an unambiguous absolute date. "Dead reckoning"—adding or subtracting the length of each king's reign (based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin King List</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Stone" title="Palermo Stone">Palermo Stone</a>) is then used until one gets to the reign of the king in question. However, there is uncertainty about the length of reigns, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Archaic Period</a> and the Intermediate Periods. Two astrological events are available to anchor these estimates, one in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and one in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (for a discussion of the problems in establishing absolute dates for Ancient Egypt, see <a href="#CITEREFShaw2000a">Shaw 2000a</a>, pp. 1–16). Two estimates based on this method are: <a href="#CITEREFHayes1970">Hayes 1970</a>, p. 174, who gives the beginning of the reign of Narmer/Menes as 3114 BC, which he rounds to 3100 BC; and <a href="#CITEREFKraussWarburton2006">Krauss & Warburton 2006</a>, p. 487, who places the ascent of Narmer to the throne of Egypt as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2950 BC. Several estimates of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> assume that it began with <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a>. Setting aside the question of whether the First Dynasty began with Narmer or Hor-Aha, to calculate the beginning of Narmer's reign from these estimates, they must be adjusted by the length of Narmer's reign. Unfortunately, there are no reliable estimates of the length of Narmer's reign. In the absence of other evidence, scholars use Manetho's estimate of the length of the reign of Menes, i.e. 62 years. If one assumes that Narmer and Menes are the same person, this places the date for the beginning of Narmer's reign at 62 years earlier than the date for the beginning of the First Dynasty given by the authors who associate the beginning of the First Dynasty with the start of Hor-Aha's reign. Estimates of the beginning of Narmer's reign calculated in this way include <a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997">von Beckerath 1997</a>, p. 179 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3094–3044 BC); <a href="#CITEREFHelck1986">Helck 1986</a>, p. 28 (c. 2987 BC); <a href="#CITEREFKitchen2000">Kitchen 2000</a>, p. 48 (c. 3092 BC), and <a href="#CITEREFShaw2000b">Shaw 2000b</a>, p. 480 (c. 3062 BC). Considering all six estimates suggests a range of c. 3114 – 2987 BC based on the Historical Method. The exception to the mainstream consensus, is <a href="#CITEREFMellaart1979">Mellaart 1979</a>, pp. 9–10 who estimates the beginning of the First Dynasty to be <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3400 BC. However, since he reached this conclusion by disregarding the Middle Kingdom astronomical date, his conclusion is not widely accepted. Radiocarbon Dating has, unfortunately, its own problems: According to <a href="#CITEREFHendrickx2006">Hendrickx 2006</a>, p. 90, "the calibration curves for the (second half) of the 4th millennium BC show important fluctuations with long possible data ranges as a consequence. It is generally considered a 'bad period' for Radiocarbon dating." Using a statistical approach, including all available carbon 14 dates for the Archaic Period, reduces, but does not eliminate, these inherent problems. <a href="#CITEREFDeeet_al.">Dee & et al.</a>, uses this approach, and derive a 65% confidence interval estimate for the beginning of the First Dynasty of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3111 – 3045 BC. However, they define the beginning of the First Dynasty as the beginning of the reign of Hor-Aha. There are no radiocarbon dates for Narmer, so to translate this to the beginning of Narmer's reign one must again adjust for the length of Narmer's reign of 62 years, which gives a range of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3173–3107 BC for the beginning of Narmer's reign. This is reassuringly close to the range of mainstream Egyptologists using the Historical Method of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3114 – 2987 BC. Thus, combining the results of two different methodologies allows to place the accession of Narmer to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3173 – 2987 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="#CITEREFSchulman">Schulman</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchulman (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> the Narmer Palette commemorates a conquest of Libyans that occurred earlier than Narmer, probably during Dynasty 0. Libyans, in this context, were not people who inhabited what is modern Libya, but rather peoples who lived in the north-west Delta of the Nile, which later became a part of Lower Egypt. Schulman describes scenes from <i>Dynasty V</i> (2 scenes), <i>Dynasty VI</i>, and <i>Dynasty XXV</i>. In each of these, the king is shown defeating the Libyans, personally killing their chief in a classic "smiting the enemy" pose. In three of these post-Narmer examples, the name of the wife and two sons of the chief are named—and they are the same names for all three scenes from vastly different periods. This proves that all, but the first representation, cannot be recording actual events, but are ritual commemorations of an earlier event. The same might also be true of the first example in Dynasty V. The scene on the Narmer Palette is similar, although it does not name the wife or sons of the Libyan chief. The Narmer Palette could represent the actual event on which the others are based. However, Schulman (following <a href="#CITEREFBreasted1931">Breasted 1931</a>) argues against this on the basis that the Palermo Stone shows predynastic kings wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt suggesting that they ruled a unified Egypt. Hence, the Narmer Palette, rather than showing a historic event during Narmer's reign commemorates the defeat of the Libyans and the unification of Egypt which occurred earlier. <a href="#CITEREFKöhler2002">Köhler 2002</a>, p. 505 proposes that the Narmer Palette has nothing to do with the unification of Egypt. Instead, she describes it as an example of the "subjecting the enemy" motif which goes back as far as <i>Naqada Ic</i> (about 400 years before Narmer), and which represents the ritual defeat of chaos, a fundamental role of the king. <a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2011">O'Connor 2011</a> also argues that it has nothing to do with the unification, but has a (very complicated) religious meaning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> During the summer of 1994, excavators from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahal_Tillah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahal Tillah (page does not exist)">Nahal Tillah</a> expedition, in southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, discovered an incised ceramic <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherd</a> with the <i>serekh</i> sign of Narmer. The sherd was found on a large circular platform, possibly the foundations of a storage silo on the Halif Terrace. Dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC, mineralogical studies conducted on the sherd conclude that it is a fragment of a wine jar which had been imported from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley to <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199526–35_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199526–35-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In 2012, Pierre Tallet discovered an important new series of rock carvings in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Ameyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Ameyra (page does not exist)">Wadi Ameyra</a>. This discovery was reported in <a href="#CITEREFTallet2015">Tallet 2015</a>, and in 2016 in two web articles by Owen Jarus<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions strongly suggest that Neithhotep was Djer's regent for a period of time, but do not resolve the question of whether she was Narmer's queen. In the first of Jarus' articles, he quotes Tallet as saying that Neithhotep "was not the wife of Narmer". However, Tallet, in a personal communication with Thomas C. Heagy explained that he had been misquoted. According to Tallet, she could have been Narmer's wife (Djer's grandmother), but that it is more likely (because Narmer and Hor-Aha are both thought to have had long reigns) that she was in the next generation—for example Djer's mother or aunt. This is consistent with the discussion in <a href="#CITEREFTallet2015">Tallet 2015</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a discussion of Cemetery B see <a href="#CITEREFDreyer1999">Dreyer 1999</a>, pp. 110–11, fig. 7 and <a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson 2000</a>, pp. 29–32, fig. 2 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Narmer's tomb has much more in common with the tombs of his immediate predecessors, Ka and Iry-Hor, and other late Predynastic tombs in Umm el-Qa'ab than it does with later 1st Dynasty tombs. Narmer's tomb is 31 sq. meters compared to Hor-Aha, whose tomb is more than three times as large, not counting Hor-Aha's 36 subsidiary graves. According to Deyer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiserDreyer1982215,_220–221_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiserDreyer1982215,_220–221-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narmer's tomb is even smaller than the tomb of Scorpion I (tomb <i>Uj</i>), several generations earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer198819_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer198819-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the earlier tombs of Narmer, Ka, and Iry-Hor all have two chambers with no subsidiary chambers, while later tombs in the 1st Dynasty all have more complex structures including subsidiary chambers for the tombs of retainers, who were probably sacrificed to accompany the king in the afterlife.<a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2009">O'Connor 2009</a>, pp. 148–150 To avoid confusion, it's important to understand that he classifies Narmer as the last king of the 0 Dynasty rather than the first king of the 1st Dynasty, in part because Narmer's tomb has more in common with the earlier 0 Dynasty tombs than it does with the later 1st Dynasty tombs.<a href="#CITEREFDreyer2003">Dreyer 2003</a>, p. 64<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDreyer2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> also makes the argument that the major shift in tomb construction that began with Hor-Aha, is evidence that Hor-Aha, rather than Narmer was the first king of the 1st Dynasty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numerous publications with either Werner Kaiser or his successor, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Dreyer" title="Günter Dreyer">Günter Dreyer</a>, as the lead author—most of them published in MDAIK beginning in 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Next to Hor-Aha's enclosure is a large, unattributed enclosure referred to as the "Donkey Enclosure" because of the presence of 10 donkeys buried next to the enclosure. No objects were found in the enclosure with a king's name, but hundreds of seal impressions were found in the gateway chamber of the enclosure, all of which appear to date to the reigns of Narmer, Hor-Aha, or Djer. Hor-Aha and Djer both have enclosures identified, "making Narmer the most attractive candidate for the builder of this monument".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objection to its assignment to Narmer is that the enclosure is too big. It is larger than all three of Hor-Aha's put together, while Hor-Aha's tomb is much larger than Narmer's tomb. For all of the clearly identified 1st Dynasty enclosures, there is a rough correlation between the size of the tomb and the size of the enclosure. Identifying the Donkey Enclosure with Narmer would violate that correlation. That leaves Hor-Aha and Djer. The objection to the assignment of the enclosure to Aha is the inconsistency of the subsidiary graves of Hor-Aha's enclosure, and subsidiary graves of the donkeys. In addition, the seeming completeness of the Aha enclosure without the Donkey Enclosure, argues against Hor-Aha. This leaves Djer, whom Bestock considers the most likely candidate. The problems with this conclusion, as identified by Bestock, are that the Donkey Enclosure has donkeys in the subsidiary graves, whereas Djer has humans in his. In addition, there are no large subsidiary graves at Djer's tomb complex that would correspond to the Donkey Enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102–104_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102–104-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She concludes that, "the interpretation and attribution of the Donkey Enclosure remain speculative."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009104_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009104-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, two additional arguments for the attribution to Narmer: First, it is exactly where one would expect to find Narmer's Funerary Enclosure—immediately next to Hor-Aha's. Second, all of the 1st Dynasty tombs have subsidiary graves for humans except that of Narmer, and all of the attributed 1st Dynasty enclosures, except the Donkey Enclosure, have subsidiary graves for humans. But neither Narmer's tomb nor the Donkey Enclosure have known subsidiary graves for humans. The lack of human subsidiary graves at both sites seems important. It is also possible that Narmer had a large funerary enclosure precisely because he had a small tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer199819_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer199819-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009103,_n.1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009103,_n.1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of finding an object with a Narmer's name on it, any conclusion must be tentative, but it seems that the preponderance of evidence and logic support the identification of the Donkey Enclosure with Narmer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of these inscriptions, 29 are controversial or uncertain. They include the unique examples from Coptos, En Besor, Tell el-Farkhan, <a href="/wiki/Gebel_Tjauti" title="Gebel Tjauti">Gebel Tjauti</a>, and Kharga Oasis, as well as both inscriptions each from Buto and Tel Ma'ahaz. Sites with more than one inscription are footnoted with either references to the most representative inscriptions, or to sources that are the most important for that site. All of the inscriptions are included in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narmer.org/"><i>Narmer Catalog</i></a>, which also includes extensive bibliographies for each inscription. Several references discuss substantial numbers of inscriptions. They include: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.ivv1.uni-muenster.de/litw3/Aegyptologie/index06.htm"><i>Database of Early Dynastic Inscriptions</i></a>, <a href="#CITEREFKaplony1963">Kaplony 1963</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKaplony1964">Kaplony 1964</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKaiserDreyer1982">Kaiser & Dreyer 1982</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKahl1994">Kahl 1994</a>,<a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Brink1996">van den Brink 1996</a>, <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Brink2001">van den Brink 2001</a>, <a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Serrano2003">Jiménez-Serrano 2003</a>, <a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Serrano2007">Jiménez-Serrano 2007</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFPätznick2009">Pätznick 2009</a>. <a href="#CITEREFAnđelković1995">Anđelković 1995</a> includes Narmer inscriptions from Canaan within the context of the overall relations between Canaan and Early Egypt, including descriptions of the sites in which they were found.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197111_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPätznick2009308,_n.8_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPätznick2009">Pätznick 2009</a>, pp. 308, n.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon201322_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeprohon2013">Leprohon 2013</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199416-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199416_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199416_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton1994">Clayton 1994</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart81-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart81_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStewart2006" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John (2006). <i>African States and Rulers</i> (3rd ed.). London: McFarland. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2562-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2562-8"><bdi>0-7864-2562-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+States+and+Rulers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7864-2562-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199967-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199967_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1999">Wilkinson 1999</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy201483–84-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy201483–84_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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XXV, XXVIB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković199572-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković199572_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnđelković1995">Anđelković 1995</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2011105-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun2011105_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraun2011">Braun 2011</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnđelković201131_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnđelković2011">Anđelković 2011</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_Table_8-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiménez-Serrano2007370,_Table_8_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJiménez-Serrano2007">Jiménez-Serrano 2007</a>, p. 370, Table 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1999">Wilkinson 1999</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971–105-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199971–105_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1999">Wilkinson 1999</a>, pp. 71–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199526–35-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199526–35_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon1995">Levy et al. 1995</a>, pp. 26–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorat1986–87109_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorat1986–87">Porat 1986–87</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadin1955-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadin1955_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadin1955">Yadin 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampagno2008695–696-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampagno2008695–696_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampagno2008">Campagno 2008</a>, pp. 695–696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Miroschedji20082028–2029-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Miroschedji20082028–2029_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Miroschedji2008">de Miroschedji 2008</a>, pp. 2028–2029.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Miroschedji2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2016104_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2016">Dreyer 2016</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200626–29_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2006">Tyldesley 2006</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199970-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199970_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1999">Wilkinson 1999</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196144–47-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196144–47_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmery1961">Emery 1961</a>, pp. 44–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETallet2015-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallet2015_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTallet2015">Tallet 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/53406-early-egyptian-queen-revealed-in-hieroglyphs.html">Owen Jarus: <i>Early Egyptian Queen revealed in 5.000-year-old Hieroglyphs</i> at <i>livescience.com</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeagy2020-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeagy2020_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeagy2020">Heagy 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser196496–102,_fig.2-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser196496–102,_fig.2_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaiser1964">Kaiser 1964</a>, pp. 96–102, fig.2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKaiser1964 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiserDreyer1982215,_220–221-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiserDreyer1982215,_220–221_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaiserDreyer1982">Kaiser & Dreyer 1982</a>, pp. 215, 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer198819-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer198819_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer1988">Dreyer 1988</a>, p. 19.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDreyer1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1900_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1900">Petrie 1900</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1901">Petrie 1901</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie190122-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie190122_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1901">Petrie 1901</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI.-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI._89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1901">Petrie 1901</a>, pp. pl.VI..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsO'Connor200378–85-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsO'Connor200378–85_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamsO'Connor2003">Adams & O'Connor 2003</a>, pp. 78–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2009159–181-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2009159–181_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2009">O'Connor 2009</a>, pp. 159–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBestock2009">Bestock 2009</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102–104-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009102–104_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBestock2009">Bestock 2009</a>, pp. 102–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009104-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009104_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBestock2009">Bestock 2009</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer199819-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer199819_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer1998">Dreyer 1998</a>, p. 19.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDreyer1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBestock2009103,_n.1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBestock2009103,_n.1_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBestock2009">Bestock 2009</a>, p. 103, n.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuibell189881–84,_pl._XII–XIII-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuibell189881–84,_pl._XII–XIII_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuibell1898">Quibell 1898</a>, pp. 81–84, pl. XII–XIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer198064(454),_pl._47.454,_pl.64.454-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer198064(454),_pl._47.454,_pl.64.454_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer1980">Spencer 1980</a>, p. 64(454), pl. 47.454, pl.64.454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0084">http://narmer.org/inscription/0084</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913093222/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/0084">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams198835–50,_fig._3a-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams198835–50,_fig._3a_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1988">Williams 1988</a>, pp. 35–50, fig. 3a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0085">http://narmer.org/inscription/0085</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieWainwrightGardiner1913-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieWainwrightGardiner1913_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrieWainwrightGardiner1913">Petrie, Wainwright & Gardiner 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1914-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1914_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1914">Petrie 1914</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad194726–27-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaad194726–27_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaad1947">Saad 1947</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0114">http://narmer.org/inscription/0114</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135222/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/0114">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunham197825–26pl._16A-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunham197825–26pl._16A_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunham1978">Dunham 1978</a>, pp. 25–26, pl. 16A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Brink199252–53-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Brink199252–53_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Brink1992">van den Brink 1992</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakr198850–51pl._1b-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakr198850–51pl._1b_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakr1988">Bakr 1988</a>, pp. 50–51, pl. 1b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildung198135–37-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildung198135–37_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildung1981">Wildung 1981</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0121">http://narmer.org/inscription/0121</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135022/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/0121">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacauLauer19591–2,_pl._1.1-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacauLauer19591–2,_pl._1.1_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacauLauer1959">Lacau & Lauer 1959</a>, pp. 1–2, pl. 1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0115">http://narmer.org/inscription/0115</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135100/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/0115">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_der_Way1989285–286n.76,_fig._11.7-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_der_Way1989285–286n.76,_fig._11.7_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_der_Way1989">von der Way 1989</a>, pp. 285–286, n.76, fig. 11.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJucha2008132–133,_fig._47.2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJucha2008132–133,_fig._47.2_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJucha2008">Jucha 2008</a>, pp. 132–133, fig. 47.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/6002">http://narmer.org/inscription/6002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan200039-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan200039_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHassan2000">Hassan 2000</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler193810,_25pl.11.1-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler193810,_25pl.11.1_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler1938">Winkler 1938</a>, pp. 10, 25, pl.11.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIkramRossi2004211–215fig._1-2-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIkramRossi2004211–215fig._1-2_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIkramRossi2004">Ikram & Rossi 2004</a>, pp. 211–215, fig. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/6015">http://narmer.org/inscription/6015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091603/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/6015">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnellDarnell199771–72fig._10-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnellDarnell199771–72fig._10_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarnellDarnell1997">Darnell & Darnell 1997</a>, pp. 71–72, fig. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/4037">http://narmer.org/inscription/4037</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091549/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/4037">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmiran19744–12,_fig._20,_pl.1-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmiran19744–12,_fig._20,_pl.1_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmiran1974">Amiran 1974</a>, pp. 4–12, fig. 20, pl.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0123">http://narmer.org/inscription/0123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulman197625–26-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulman197625–26_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulman1976">Schulman 1976</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0547">http://narmer.org/inscription/0547</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091620/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/0547">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_MiroschedjiSadeq2000136–137fig._9-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_MiroschedjiSadeq2000136–137fig._9_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_MiroschedjiSadeq2000">de Miroschedji & Sadeq 2000</a>, pp. 136–137, fig. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/6009">http://narmer.org/inscription/6009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913093227/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/6009">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199731–33-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon199731–33_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon1997">Levy et al. 1997</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeivin1960193–203fig._2,_pl._24a-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeivin1960193–203fig._2,_pl._24a_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeivin1960">Yeivin 1960</a>, pp. 193–203, fig. 2, pl. 24a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/0124">http://narmer.org/inscription/0124</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614075431/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/0124">Archived</a> 2020-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmiranIlanAron198375–83fig.7c-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmiranIlanAron198375–83fig.7c_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmiranIlanAron1983">Amiran, Ilan & Aron 1983</a>, pp. 75–83, fig.7c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/6006">http://narmer.org/inscription/6006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135058/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/6006">Archived</a> 2017-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulmanGophna1981-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulmanGophna1981_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulmanGophna1981">Schulman & Gophna 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_BrinkBraun2002167–192-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_BrinkBraun2002167–192_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_den_BrinkBraun2002">van den Brink & Braun 2002</a>, pp. 167–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalletLaisney2012383–389-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalletLaisney2012383–389_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalletLaisney2012">Tallet & Laisney 2012</a>, pp. 383–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/4814">http://narmer.org/inscription/4814</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614075636/http://www.narmer.org/inscription/4814">Archived</a> 2020-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatto_et_al._2009-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatto_et_al._2009_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatto_et_al._2009">Gatto et al. 2009</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGatto_et_al._2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarnell2015_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarnell2015">Darnell 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Narmer Catalog <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://narmer.org/inscription/6014">http://narmer.org/inscription/6014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatto_2012-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatto_2012_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGatto_2012">Gatto 2012</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGatto_2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicker2012-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicker2012_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicker2012">Picker 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2013-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2013_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2013">Collins 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2007-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2007_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrench2007">French 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warframe.com/updates/pc/31-0-0">"Warframe: Updates"</a>. <i>Warframe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warframe&rft.atitle=Warframe%3A+Updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warframe.com%2Fupdates%2Fpc%2F31-0-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie1901pl.VI_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrie1901">Petrie 1901</a>, pp. pl.VI.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 64em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdamsO'Connor2003" class="citation cs2">Adams, Matthew; <a href="/wiki/David_O%27Connor_(Egyptologist)" title="David O'Connor (Egyptologist)">O'Connor, David</a> (2003), "The Royal mortuary enclosures of Abydos and Hierakonpolis", in Hawass, Zahi (ed.), <i>The treasures of the pyramids</i>, Cairo: <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo_Press" title="American University in Cairo Press">American University in Cairo Press</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>85</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Royal+mortuary+enclosures+of+Abydos+and+Hierakonpolis&rft.btitle=The+treasures+of+the+pyramids&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmiran1974" class="citation cs2">Amiran, Ruth (1974), "An Egyptian jar fragment with the name of Narmer from Arad", <i>IEJ</i>, <b>24, 1</b>: <span class="nowrap">4–</span>12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEJ&rft.atitle=An+Egyptian+jar+fragment+with+the+name+of+Narmer+from+Arad&rft.volume=24%2C1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Amiran&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmiranIlanAron1983" class="citation cs2">Amiran, R.; Ilan, O.; Aron, C. (1983), "Excavations at Small Tel Malhata: Three Narmer serekhs", <i>IEJ</i>, <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEJ&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Small+Tel+Malhata%3A+Three+Narmer+serekhs&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Amiran&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Ilan%2C+O.&rft.au=Aron%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnđelković1995" class="citation cs2">Anđelković, B (1995), <i>The Relations Between Early Bronze Age I Canaanites and Upper Egyptians</i>, Belgrade: Faculty of Philosophy, Center for archaeological Research, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-80269-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-80269-17-7"><bdi>978-86-80269-17-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relations+Between+Early+Bronze+Age+I+Canaanites+and+Upper+Egyptians&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Philosophy%2C+Center+for+archaeological+Research&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-86-80269-17-7&rft.aulast=An%C4%91elkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnđelković2011" class="citation cs2">——— (2011), "Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period", in Teeter, E (ed.), <i>Before the Pyramids</i>, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-82-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885923-82-0"><bdi>978-1-885923-82-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+Organization+of+Egypt+in+the+Predynastic+Period&rft.btitle=Before+the+Pyramids&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-885923-82-0&rft.aulast=An%C4%91elkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaines1995" class="citation cs2">Baines, J (1995), "Origins of Egyptian Kingship", in O'Connor, D; Silverman, DP (eds.), <i>Ancient Egyptian Kingship</i>, Leiden, New York, Cologne: EJ Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10041-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10041-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Egyptian+Kingship&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Kingship&rft.place=Leiden%2C+New+York%2C+Cologne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=EJ+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10041-1&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaines2008" class="citation cs2">Baines, John (2008), "On the evolution, purpose, and forms of Egyptian annals", in Engel, Eva-Maria; Müller, Vera; Hartung, Ulrich (eds.), <i>Zeichen aus dem Sand: Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer</i>, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>40</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+evolution%2C+purpose%2C+and+forms+of+Egyptian+annals&rft.btitle=Zeichen+aus+dem+Sand%3A+Streiflichter+aus+%C3%84gyptens+Geschichte+zu+Ehren+von+G%C3%BCnter+Dreyer&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakr1988" class="citation cs2">Bakr, M.I. 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(1989), "Tell el-Fara'in – Buto", <i>MDAIK</i>, <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">275–</span>308</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MDAIK&rft.atitle=Tell+el-Fara%27in+%E2%80%93+Buto&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=von+der+Way&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWengrow2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Wengrow" title="David Wengrow">Wengrow, David</a> (2006), <i>The archaeology of early Egypt: social transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC</i>, Cambridge world archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521835862" title="Special:BookSources/9780521835862"><bdi>9780521835862</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+early+Egypt%3A+social+transformations+in+North-East+Africa%2C+10%2C000+to+2650+BC&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+world+archaeology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521835862&rft.aulast=Wengrow&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWildung1981" class="citation cs2">Wildung, D. (1981), <i>Ägypten vor den Pyramiden: Münchener Ausgrabungen in Ägypten</i>, Mainz am Rhein</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%84gypten+vor+den+Pyramiden%3A+M%C3%BCnchener+Ausgrabungen+in+%C3%84gypten&rft.place=Mainz+am+Rhein&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Wildung&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1999" class="citation cs2">Wilkinson, TAH (1999), <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>, London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Dynastic+Egypt&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=TAH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation cs2">Wilkinson, T. A. H. (2000), "Narmer and the concept of the ruler", <i>Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>, <b>86</b>: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>32, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3822303">10.2307/3822303</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822303">3822303</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Narmer+and+the+concept+of+the+ruler&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3822303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3822303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=T.+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1988" class="citation cs2">Williams, B. (1988), "Narmer and the Coptos Colossi", <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>, <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>59, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000869">10.2307/40000869</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000869">40000869</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Narmer+and+the+Coptos+Colossi&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40000869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000869%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinkler1938" class="citation cs2">Winkler, H.A. (1938), <i>Rock drawings of southern Upper Egypt I. Sir Robert Mond Desert Expedition Season 1936–1937, Preliminary Report</i>, EES, vol. 26, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+drawings+of+southern+Upper+Egypt+I.+Sir+Robert+Mond+Desert+Expedition+Season+1936%E2%80%931937%2C+Preliminary+Report&rft.place=London&rft.series=EES&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYadin1955" class="citation cs2">Yadin, Y (1955), "The Earliest record of Egypt Military Penetration into Asia?", <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>, <b>5</b> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+record+of+Egypt+Military+Penetration+into+Asia%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Yadin&rft.aufirst=Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeivin1960" class="citation cs2">Yeivin, S. (1960), "Early contacts between Canaan and Egypt", <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>, <b>10, 4</b>: <span class="nowrap">193–</span>203</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=Early+contacts+between+Canaan+and+Egypt&rft.volume=10%2C4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Yeivin&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Davis" title="Whitney Davis">Davis, Whitney</a>. 1992. <i>Masking the Blow: The Scene of Representation In Late Prehistoric Egyptian Art.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" title="Orly Goldwasser">Goldwasser, Orly</a>. 1992. "The Narmer Palette and the 'Triumph of Metaphor'." <i>Lingua Aegyptia</i> 2: 67–85.</li> <li>Muhlestein, Kerry. 2011. <i>Violence In the Service of Order: The Religious Framework for Sanctioned Killing In Ancient Egypt.</i> Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>.</li> <li>Shaw, Ian. 2004. <i>Ancient Egypt: A Very Short Introduction.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Takacs, Gabor. 1997. "Note on the Name of King Narmer." <i>Linguistica</i> 37, no. 1: 53–58.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wengrow" title="David Wengrow">Wengrow, David</a>. 2001. "Rethinking 'Cattle Cults' in Early Egypt: Towards a Prehistoric Perspective on the Narmer Palette." <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Archaeological_Journal" title="Cambridge Archaeological Journal">Cambridge Archaeological Journal</a></i> 11, no. 1: 91–104.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson" title="Toby Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Toby A. H.</a> 2000. "What a King Is This: Narmer and the Concept of the Ruler." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Journal of Egyptian Archaeology">Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</a></i> 86: 24–32.</li> <li>Williams, Bruce, Thomas J. Logan, and <a href="/wiki/William_J._Murnane" title="William J. Murnane">William J. Murnane</a>. 1987. "The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery before Narmer." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i> 46, no. 4: 245–85.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narmer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Narmer</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Narmer&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Narmer">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Narmer&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narmer.org"><i>The Narmer Catalog</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francescoraffaele.com/egypt/hesyra/narmer.html">HORUS NARMER</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902000256/http://www4.ivv1.uni-muenster.de/litw3/Aegyptologie/index06.htm"><i>Database of Early Dynastic Inscriptions</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/53406-early-egyptian-queen-revealed-in-hieroglyphs.html"><i>Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year Old Hieroglyphs</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/53405-wadi-ameyra-photos.html"><i>Photos: 5,000-Year Old Hieroglyphs Discovered in Sinai Desert</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org"><i>Hierakonpolis: City of the Hawk</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Template:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Template talk:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Pharaohs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/120px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/250px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Queen consorts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benerib" title="Benerib">Benerib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herneith" title="Herneith">Herneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penebui" title="Penebui">Penebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtneith" title="Nakhtneith">Nakhtneith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khenthap" title="Khenthap">Khenthap</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semat" title="Semat">Semat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serethor" title="Serethor">Serethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshemetka" title="Seshemetka">Seshemetka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrest" title="Betrest">Betrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amka_(official)" title="Amka (official)">Amka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemaka" title="Hemaka">Hemaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabef" title="Sabef">Sabef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriiti" title="Meriiti">Meriiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Other people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahaneith" title="Ahaneith">Ahaneith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Artefacts and<br />monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer_macehead" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmer macehead">Narmer macehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer_palette" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmer palette">Narmer palette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_seal_impressions" title="Den seal impressions">Den seal impressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li> <li>Mastabas <a href="/wiki/Mastaba_S3503" title="Mastaba S3503">S3503</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastaba_S3504" title="Mastaba S3504">S3504</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thinis" title="Thinis">Thinis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East125" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates<br /><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/60px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/120px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></b><br />(4000–3100 BCE)<br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/120px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/250px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br />(Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/40px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/60px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/120px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span><br />(Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>)<br />Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i> <i>Animal</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canide_(pharaoh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canide (pharaoh) (page does not exist)">Canide</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(ruler)" title="Taurus (ruler)">Bull</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/120px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(pharaoh)" title="Horus Bird (pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></b><br />(3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_(period)" title="Proto-Elamite (period)">Proto-Elamite<br />period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa III</a>)<br />(3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(pharaoh)" title="Nebra (pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/40px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Meshkiangasher" title="Meshkiangasher">Meshkiangasher</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>")</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/40px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/60px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a></b><br />(2700–1500 BCE)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mesopotamia_relations" title="Indo-Mesopotamia relations">Indo-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><br />(First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty</b><br />(5 kings)<br /><a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal-<br />shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/40px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesh-he" title="Mesh-he">Mesh-he</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-ana" title="Melem-ana">Melem-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/60px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/120px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a><br />"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500–539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/40px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><b>Kish III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha-<br />kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/40px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions<br />(3 kings)<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-Tarana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napi-Ilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/40px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a></span><br />(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty</b><br />Nanni<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kikku-Siwe-Temti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-Anne-Mundu</a><br />"King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a><br />Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugal-zage-si</a><br />(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b>Akkadian Governors:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/40px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/60px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a><br />(vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6"><b>Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a><br />dynasty)<br /><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a><br />(vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"><br /><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-ratep" title="Hishep-ratep">Hishep-ratep</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_(9th_dynasty)" title="Neferkare (9th dynasty)">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/40px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/60px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></b><br />(21 kings)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a><br />(vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merikare</a> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a><br />(vassals of Ur III)<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a></b><br />"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025–1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/40px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a><br />(...)<br /><br /><br /><b>Lim Dynasty</b><br /><b>of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/40px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Ishtar" title="Lipit-Ishtar">Lipit-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a><br /><b>Dynasty of Larsa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a><br /><b>Uruk VI dynasty</b>: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>)<br />(Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty<br />1808–1736 BCE)<br />(Amorites)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (Non-dynastic usurpers<br />1735–1701 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a><br />1700–722 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/120px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a><br />("Old Babylonian Period")<br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br /><br /><b>Second Babylonian dynasty<br />("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty"><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth<br />Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos<br />Dynasty</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth<br />Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>")<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></b><br />(1600–1260 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Baratarna" title="Baratarna">Baratarna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/40px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> <p>(1500–1100 BCE)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Kidinuid dynasty</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Igehalkid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a></b> (1450–1180 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mursili_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili II">Mursili II</a> <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mursili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili III">Mursili III</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya IV">Tudhaliya IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> (vassal of Hittites) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a><br /><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a><br /><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Eight Babylonian Dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>")<br /><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunus" title="Ptolemy Ceraunus">Ptolemy Ceraunus</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II Euergetis</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III of Egypt">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11"><b>Hellenistic Period</b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahralanyozan" title="Shahralanyozan">Shahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/40px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of ancient Central Asia">Rulers of ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, William W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, William Kelly</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000hall/page/48/mode/2up"><i>The Ancient Near East: A History</i></a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-502755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-502755-8"><bdi>978-0-15-502755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-15-502755-8&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+William+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareasth0000hall%2Fpage%2F48%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>CDLI:wiki</i>. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDLI%3Awiki&rft.atitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</i></a>. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_153-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per the <i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarmer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189582#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata978" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189582#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata978" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189582#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/75508578">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44150516675503442671">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1836838/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvPRYQx8tMpJPDgYP7Brq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1139480855">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92057273">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/1139480855.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-gtft8","wgBackendResponseTime":286,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.218","walltime":"2.551","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17929,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":484230,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40518,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":451357,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1957.070 1 -total"," 28.98% 567.244 112 Template:Citation"," 19.42% 380.031 128 Template:Sfn"," 13.66% 267.425 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.80% 191.752 3 Template:Reflist"," 8.25% 161.394 1 Template:Infobox_pharaoh"," 7.86% 153.804 1 Template:Pharaohs"," 6.67% 130.583 12 Template:Cite_book"," 6.38% 124.783 1 Template:Hidden"," 5.67% 110.979 1 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.361","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17272471,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamsO\u0026#039;Connor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmiran1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmiranIlanAron1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnđelković1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnđelković2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaines1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaines2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakr1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBestock2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchardt1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraun2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreasted1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewerFriedman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampagno2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCervelló-Autuori2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharron1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiałowicz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnellDarnell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesFriedman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeeet_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsonHilton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyerHartungPumpenmeier1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer_et_al.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunham1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmery1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodron1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimal1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeagy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeagy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelck1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelck1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickx2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickx2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickxDe_MeyerEyckerman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkramRossi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiménez-Serrano2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiménez-Serrano2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJucha2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahl1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiserDreyer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplony1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplony1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnaer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnaer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinnaer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraussWarburton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöhler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacauLauer1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeprohon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyvan_den_BrinkGorenAlon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManetho\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellaart1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMidant-Reynes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillet1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewberry1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrieWainwrightGardiner1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorat1986–87\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPätznick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuibell1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuibell1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuirkeSpencer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedford1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegulksi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegulski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaad1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman1991–92\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulmanGophna1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidlmayer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalletLaisney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTassieHassanVan_WetteringCalcoen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Narmer_Catalog\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTropeQuirkeLacovara2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWengrow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildung1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadin1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeivin1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_MiroschedjiSadeq2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_MiroschedjiSadeq2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_Brink1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_Brink1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_Brink2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_BrinkBraun2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_der_Way1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation\"] = 112,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Narmer\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 17,\n [\"First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt\"] = 1,\n [\"Fl.\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 39,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox pharaoh\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox pharaoh/Serekh\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pharaohs\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rulers of the Ancient Near East\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 128,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFRaffaele2003\nno target: CITEREFSchulman\nno target: CITEREFde_Miroschedji2008\nno target: CITEREFKaiser1964\nno target: CITEREFDreyer1988\nno target: CITEREFDreyer2003\nno target: CITEREFDreyer1998\nno target: CITEREFGatto_et_al._2009\nno target: CITEREFGatto_2012\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-rxvzs","timestamp":"20250405211526","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Narmer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narmer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189582","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189582","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-23T00:32:22Z","dateModified":"2025-03-23T18:29:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fe\/King_Narmer.jpg","headline":"ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period"}</script> </body> </html>