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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chair (officer)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Chairman of the Board" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Board_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Chairman of the Board (disambiguation)">Chairman of the Board (disambiguation)</a>. </div> The chair, also chairman, chairwoman, or chairperson, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_directors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of directors">board</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Committee">committee</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deliberative_assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deliberative assembly">deliberative assembly</a>. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the group or organisation, presides over meetings of the group, and is required to conduct the group's business in an orderly fashion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Agustin_V%C3%A1squez_G%C3%B3mez,_chairperson_of_OPCW%27s_Fourth_Review_Conference,_2018.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Agustin_V%C3%A1squez_G%C3%B3mez%2C_chairperson_of_OPCW%27s_Fourth_Review_Conference%2C_2018.jpg/300px-Agustin_V%C3%A1squez_G%C3%B3mez%2C_chairperson_of_OPCW%27s_Fourth_Review_Conference%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Agustin_V%25C3%25A1squez_G%25C3%25B3mez%252C_chairperson_of_OPCW%2527s_Fourth_Review_Conference%252C_2018.jpg/450px-Agustin_V%25C3%25A1squez_G%25C3%25B3mez%252C_chairperson_of_OPCW%2527s_Fourth_Review_Conference%252C_2018.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Agustin_V%25C3%25A1squez_G%25C3%25B3mez%252C_chairperson_of_OPCW%2527s_Fourth_Review_Conference%252C_2018.jpg/600px-Agustin_V%25C3%25A1squez_G%25C3%25B3mez%252C_chairperson_of_OPCW%2527s_Fourth_Review_Conference%252C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4810" data-file-height="3207"></a> <figcaption> Agustín Vásquez Gómez, ambassador of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El_Salvador?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="El Salvador">Republic of El Salvador</a>, chairing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">OPCW</a>'s Fourth Review Conference, November 2018 </figcaption> </figure> In some organizations, the chair is also known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_(corporate_title)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President (corporate title)">president</a> (or other title).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. The term chairman may be used in a neutral manner, not directly implying the gender of the holder. In meetings or conferences, to "chair" something (chairing) means to lead the event.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usage">1.1 Usage</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roles_and_responsibilities">2 Roles and responsibilities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duties_at_meetings">2.1 Duties at meetings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Powers_and_authority">2.2 Powers and authority</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disciplinary_procedures">2.3 Disciplinary procedures</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Public_corporations">3 Public corporations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chairman_and_CEO">3.1 Chairman and CEO</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Executive_chair">3.2 Executive chair</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Non-executive_chair">3.3 Non-executive chair</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Examples">3.4 Examples</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vice-chair_and_deputy_chair">4 Vice-chair and deputy chair</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chair" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chair">chair</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chairman">chairman</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairwoman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chairwoman">chairwoman</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chairperson" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chairperson">chairperson</a>, or <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preside" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:preside">preside</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> Terms for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairman, chairwoman, convenor, facilitator, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moderator_(town_official)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moderator (town official)">moderator</a>, president, and presiding officer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dictionary2-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The chair of a parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speaker_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Chair has been used to refer to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seat">seat</a> or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for chairman.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dicrefman-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as an example of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sexism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sexism">sexist</a> language, associating the male gender with the exercise of authority, this has led to the widespread use of the generic "Chairperson".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sexistbundle-15">[15]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Schools_Style_debating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World Schools Style debating">World Schools Style debating</a>, as of 2009, chairperson or chair refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address the chair.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FranklinCovey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FranklinCovey">FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Psychological_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> style guide advocate using chair or chairperson.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>'s style guide bans the use of chair and chairperson; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Association_of_Parliamentarians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Association of Parliamentarians">National Association of Parliamentarians</a> adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Leena_Al-Hadid,_chairperson,_IAEA,_2018.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg/260px-Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg/260px-Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg/390px-Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg/520px-Leena_Al-Hadid%2C_chairperson%2C_IAEA%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ambassador <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leena_Al-Hadid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leena Al-Hadid">Leena Al-Hadid</a> of Jordan chairs a meeting of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, 2018.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliamentary procedure">Parliamentary procedure</a> requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the British <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music hall">music hall</a> tradition, the chairman was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Master of ceremonies">master of ceremonies</a> who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonard_Sachs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonard Sachs">Leonard Sachs</a>, the chairman on the variety show <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Good_Old_Days_(British_TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Good Old Days (British TV series)">The Good Old Days</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-baker-25">[25]</a> "Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leadership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leadership">leadership</a> labels and stressed the collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as "Chairman of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> At the same time, the head of the state was first called "Chairman of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee</a>" (until 1938) and then "Chairman of the Presidium of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a>". In Communist China, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Roles_and_responsibilities">Roles and responsibilities</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roles and responsibilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Duties_at_meetings">Duties at meetings</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Duties at meetings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ThompsonWatergate.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ThompsonWatergate.jpg/220px-ThompsonWatergate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="403"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ThompsonWatergate.jpg/220px-ThompsonWatergate.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ThompsonWatergate.jpg/330px-ThompsonWatergate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ThompsonWatergate.jpg/440px-ThompsonWatergate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sam_Ervin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a> (right), chairman of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">United States Senate Watergate Committee</a>, 1973 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chair presides over meetings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Such duties at meetings include: <ul> <li>Calling the meeting to order</li> <li>Determining if a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quorum">quorum</a> is present</li> <li>Announcing the items on the "order of business", or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agenda (meeting)">agenda</a>, as they come up</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recognition_(parliamentary_procedure)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recognition (parliamentary procedure)">Recognition</a> of members to have the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floor_(legislative)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floor (legislative)">floor</a></li> <li>Enforcing the rules of the group</li> <li>Putting questions (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motions</a>) to a vote, which is the usual way of resolving disagreements following discussion of the issues</li> <li>Adjourning the meeting</li> </ul> While presiding, the chair should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In committees or small boards, the chair votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chair should vote only when it can affect the result.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> At a meeting, the chair only has one vote (i.e. the chair cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chair such authority).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Powers_and_authority">Powers and authority</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Powers and authority" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The powers of the chair vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Board_of_directors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spokesperson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a> for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Disciplinary_procedures">Disciplinary procedures</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disciplinary procedures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> If the chair exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Censure">censure</a>, suspension, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Declare_the_chair_vacant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Declare the chair vacant">removal from office</a>. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chair has the power to discipline them. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Public_corporations">Public corporations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Public corporations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> There are three common types of chair in public corporations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chairman_and_CEO">Chairman and CEO</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Chairman and CEO" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_executive_officer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) may also hold the title of chair, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident-directeur_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président-directeur général (France)">président-directeur général</a> in France.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Executive_chair">Executive chair</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Executive chair" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Executive chair is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larry_Ellison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oracle_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_Flint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas Flint">Douglas Flint</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HSBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steve_Case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steve Case">Steve Case</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AOL_Time_Warner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Time Warner">AOL Time Warner</a>. In particular, the group chair of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HSBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chair oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Non-executive_chair">Non-executive chair </h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Non-executive chair" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Non-executive chair is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chair, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chair and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chair's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <ul> <li>Chairing the meetings of the board.</li> <li>Organizing and coordinating the board's activities, such as by setting its annual agenda.</li> <li>Reviewing and evaluating the performance of the CEO and the other board members.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg/220px-Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="909"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg/220px-Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg/330px-Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg/440px-Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princess_Christina,_Mrs._Magnuson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson">Christina Magnuson</a>, as chairman,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confidencen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confidencen">Ulriksdal Palace Theater</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Many companies in the US have an executive chair; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chair is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chair to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The role of the chair in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chair.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Companies with both an executive chair and a CEO include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HSBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hewlett-Packard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Vice-chair_and_deputy_chair">Vice-chair and deputy chair</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vice-chair and deputy chair" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> A vice- or deputy chair, subordinate to the chair, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chair in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chair is being discussed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In the absence of the chair and vice-chair, groups sometimes elect a chair <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pro_tempore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pro tempore">pro tempore</a> to fill the role for a single meeting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chair ranks higher than vice-chair, as there are often multiple vice-chairs but only a single deputy chair.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This type of deputy chair title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ted_Turner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> at Time Warner).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairs describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_Vice_President?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Vice President">executive vice-president</a> (EVP). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_director?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive director">Executive director</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-executive_director?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-executive director">Non-executive director</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure_in_the_corporate_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world">Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_(corporate_title)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President (corporate title)">President (corporate title)</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chair_(officer)&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</a> (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5"><bdi>978-0-306-82020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert%27s+Rules+of+Order+Newly+Revised&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82020-5&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 448</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alice_Sturgis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alice Sturgis">Sturgis, Alice</a> (2001). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Standard_Code_of_Parliamentary_Procedure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure">The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure</a> (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 163. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-136513-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-136513-0"><bdi>978-0-07-136513-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Code+of+Parliamentary+Procedure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-136513-0&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/chairing">"Chairing"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary (Online ed.). Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairing&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fchairing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Hellinger, Marlis, ed. (2001). Gender across languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society). Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 125. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-1841-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-1841-2"><bdi>90-272-1841-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+across+languages%3A+The+Linguistic+Representation+of+Women+and+Men+%28IMPACT%3A+Studies+in+Language+and+Society%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-272-1841-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary2-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dictionary2_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chairperson">"Chairperson"</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chairperson&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fchairperson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSturgis2001">Sturgis 2001</a>, p. 11</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query%3DModerator%26title%3D21st">"moderator"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambers_21st_Century_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers 21st Century Dictionary">Chambers 21st Century Dictionary</a> via Search Chambers. Edinburgh: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambers_Harrap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers Harrap">Chambers Harrap</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chambers+21st+Century+Dictionary+via+Search+Chambers&rft.atitle=moderator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chambersharrap.co.uk%2Fchambers%2Ffeatures%2Fchref%2Fchref.py%2Fmain%3Fquery%3DModerator%26title%3D21st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> Although convener means someone who summons (convenes) a meeting, the convener may take the chair. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd edition, 1989) offers this citation: 1833 Act 3–4 Will. IV, c. 46 §43 "The convener, who shall preside at such committee, shall be entitled to a casting vote." This meaning is most commonly found in assemblies with Scottish heritage.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509034657/https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker">"The many roles of the Speaker"</a>. New Zealand Parliament. Office of the Speaker, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of New Zealand">Parliament of New Zealand</a>. 2006-02-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker">the original</a> on 2019-05-09. Retrieved 2019-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Parliament&rft.atitle=The+many+roles+of+the+Speaker&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fen%2Fvisit-and-learn%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Foffice-of-the-speaker%2Fspeeches-pre-2013%2Fdocument%2F48Speakspeech010220061%2Fthe-many-roles-of-the-speaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075343/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm">"About Parliament: The Lord Speaker"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm">the original</a> on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-10-23. <q>... responsibilities of the Lord Speaker include chairing the Lords debating chamber,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Parliament%3A+The+Lord+Speaker&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Fprincipal%2Flord_speaker.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. 1993. p. 235. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-132-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-132-5"><bdi>0-87779-132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+dictionary+of+English+usage.&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87779-132-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-dicrefman-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dicrefman_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chairman">"Chairman"</a>. Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged+%28v+1.1%29&rft.atitle=Chairman&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> See also the American Heritage Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, the online edition of the current Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Word Origins by Anatoly Liberman (page 88), Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (page 235)</li> <li id="cite_note-sexistbundle-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sexistbundle_15-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargrit_Eichler2013" class="citation book cs1">Margrit Eichler (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRdfYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP4">Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide</a>. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97797-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97797-0"><bdi>978-1-134-97797-0</bdi></a>. <q>Typically, these analyses pointed out the use of so-called generic male terms as sexist... As a consequence of these critiques, guides were published that replaced so-called generic male terms with truly generic terms: policeman became police officer; fireman, fire fighter; postman, mail carrier; workman, worker; chairman, chairperson; mankind, humanity; and so on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonsexist+Research+Methods%3A+A+Practical+Guide&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97797-0&rft.au=Margrit+Eichler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdfYAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrie_ThorneNancy_Henley1975" class="citation book cs1">Barrie Thorne; Nancy Henley (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DSWywAAAAIAAJ">Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance</a>. Newbury House Publishers. p. 28. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883770436?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780883770436"><bdi>9780883770436</bdi></a>. <q>Is it possible to change sexist language? ... Much of the debate has centered around two types of change: the coining of new terms (such as Ms. to replace Miss/Mrs., and chairperson to replace chairman and chairwoman), and various proposal to replace he as the generic third person singular pronoun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Sex%3A+Difference+and+Dominance&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Newbury+House+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780883770436&rft.au=Barrie+Thorne&rft.au=Nancy+Henley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSWywAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Spender1990" class="citation book cs1">Dale Spender (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-YStAQAACAAJ">Man Made Language</a>. Pandora. pp. 29–30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440766-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440766-9"><bdi>978-0-04-440766-9</bdi></a>. <q>Another factor which we must bear in mind is that women need more words - and more positive words - not less. The removal of sexist words would not leave a large repertoire of words for women to draw upon! ... Some attempts have been made to modify sexist words and there arc signs that this on its own is insufficient to reduce sexism in language. Words such as police officer and chairperson have been an attempt to break away from the negative value which female words acquire by the creation of sex-neutral terms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+Made+Language&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Pandora&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-04-440766-9&rft.au=Dale+Spender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YStAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510155031/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/writing-help/the-language-of-gender">"The language of gender"</a>. Oxford Living Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/writing-help/the-language-of-gender">the original</a> on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>People also object to the use of the ending -man in words referring to professions and roles in society, for example postman, spokesman, or chairman. Since women are generally as likely as men to be involved in an occupation or activity nowadays, this type of word is increasingly being replaced by gender-neutral terms, e.g. postal worker, spokesperson, or chair/chairperson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+language+of+gender&rft.btitle=Oxford+Living+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fwriting-help%2Fthe-language-of-gender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/chairman?q%3Dchairman">"Chairman - More About"</a>. Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530020103/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/chairman?q%3Dchairman">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may be very offended if you do not ... Neutral words like assistant, worker, person or officer are now often used instead of -man or -woman in the names of jobs ... Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and radio and in official writing, in both British English and North American English.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairman+-+More+About&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fchairman%3Fq%3Dchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chairman">"Chairman - Note"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>Although chairman can refer to a person of either sex, chairperson or chair is often preferred to avoid giving the idea the person is necessarily male.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairman+-+Note&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chairperson">"Chairperson (usage note)"</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>Chairperson has, since the 1960s, come to be used widely as an alternative to either chairman or chairwoman. This change has sprung largely from a desire to avoid chairman, which is felt by many to be inappropriate and even sexually discriminatory when applied to a woman ... Chairperson is standard in all varieties of speech and writing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairperson+%28usage+note%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fchairperson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/chairman">"Chairman (usage note)"</a>. Macmillan Dictionary. Springer. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>Many people prefer to say chair or chairperson, because the word chairman suggests that the person in this position is always a man.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairman+%28usage+note%29&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Dictionary&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Famerican%2Fchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q%3Dchairman">"Chairman (usage note)"</a>. The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>These compounds sometimes generate controversy because they are considered sexist by some people who believe that -man necessarily excludes females. Others believe that -man, like the word man itself, is an accepted and efficient convention that is not meant to be gender-specific.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairman+%28usage+note%29&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/chairman">"Chairman (usage note)"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2019-05-20. <q>Chairman can seem inappropriate when applied to a woman, while chairwoman can be offensive. Chair and chairperson can be applied to either a man or a woman; chair is generally preferred to chairperson</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chairman+%28usage+note%29&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fchairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation2010" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2010). Sex and society Volume 1: Abstinence – Gender Identity. New York: Marshall Cavendish Reference. p. 300. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7906-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7906-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7906-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+society+Volume+1%3A+Abstinence+%E2%80%93+Gender+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Reference&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7906-2&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinsser2007" class="citation book cs1">Zinsser, William (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/onwritingwellcla00zins_4/page/81">On writing well : the classic guide to writing nonfiction</a> (30. anniversary ed., 7. ed., rev. and updated, [Nachdr.] ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/onwritingwellcla00zins_4/page/81">81</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-089154-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-089154-1"><bdi>978-0-06-089154-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+writing+well+%3A+the+classic+guide+to+writing+nonfiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=30.+anniversary+ed.%2C+7.+ed.%2C+rev.+and+updated%2C+%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-089154-1&rft.aulast=Zinsser&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonwritingwellcla00zins_4%2Fpage%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2009" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Simon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DN1_Zjo9GDJ8C%26pg%3DPA5">Debating in the World Schools style: a guide</a>. New York: International Debate Education Association. p. 5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932716-55-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932716-55-9"><bdi>978-1-932716-55-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+in+the+World+Schools+style%3A+a+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=International+Debate+Education+Association&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-932716-55-9&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1_Zjo9GDJ8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglandCoveyFreeman2012" class="citation book cs1">England, Breck; Covey, Stephen R.; Freeman, Larry H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dfd1CnmaFD80C%26pg%3DPA27">FranklinCovey style guide for business and technical communication</a> (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press. p. 27. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-309039-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-309039-0"><bdi>978-0-13-309039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FranklinCovey+style+guide+for+business+and+technical+communication&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=FT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-13-309039-0&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Breck&rft.au=Covey%2C+Stephen+R.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Larry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfd1CnmaFD80C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurungSchwartzLandrum2012" class="citation book cs1">Gurung, Regan A. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513508-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513508-3"><bdi>0-19-513508-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+American+usage+and+style&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-513508-3&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/banned-words/">"Banned words"</a>. The Telegraph. 23 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/banned-words/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Banned+words&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fstyle-book%2Fbanned-words%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112012/https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/">"Chair, Chairperson, Chairman ... Which Should You Use?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Association_of_Parliamentarians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Association of Parliamentarians">National Association of Parliamentarians</a>. 6 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/">the original</a> on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chair%2C+Chairperson%2C+Chairman+...+Which+Should+You+Use%3F&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Parliamentarians&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliamentarians.org%2Fchairperson-resolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSwift2000" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Casey; Swift, Kate (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKY_XiQa5PhMC%26pg%3DPA32">The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing: For writers, editors and speakers</a> (2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com. p. 32. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-15921-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-15921-4"><bdi>0-595-15921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Nonsexist+Writing%3A+For+writers%2C+editors+and+speakers&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=iUniverse.com&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-595-15921-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft.au=Swift%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKY_XiQa5PhMC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixit2018" class="citation news cs1">Dixit, Aabha (24 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/ambassador-leena-al-hadid-takes-over-as-new-chairperson-of-iaea-board-of-governors">"Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid Takes Over as New Chairperson of IAEA Board of Governors"</a>. International Atomic Energy Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ambassador+Leena+Al-Hadid+Takes+Over+as+New+Chairperson+of+IAEA+Board+of+Governors&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.aulast=Dixit&rft.aufirst=Aabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fnewscenter%2Fnews%2Fambassador-leena-al-hadid-takes-over-as-new-chairperson-of-iaea-board-of-governors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 23</li> <li id="cite_note-baker-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-baker_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2014" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Richard Anthony (2014). British Music Hall: An Illustrated History. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. p. 207. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78383-118-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78383-118-0"><bdi>978-1-78383-118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Music+Hall%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78383-118-0&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Richard+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nigel_Cawthorne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nigel Cawthorne">Cawthorne, Nigel</a> (2012-07-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2CAEAwAAQBAJ">Stalin: The Murderous Career of the Red Tsar</a>. Arcturus Publishing (published 2012). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84858-951-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84858-951-3"><bdi>978-1-84858-951-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-02-25. <q>[...] Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Molotov and Abel Yenukidze [...] began discussing the structure of the new government. Lenin did not want to have 'ministers' as such, so Trotsky suggested that they should be called "peoples' commissars". The government itself would be the "Council of People's Commissars" and its chairman would be prime minister, in effect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+Murderous+Career+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84858-951-3&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CAEAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2004" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (2004). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Routledge. p. 116. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-75840-0"><bdi>978-1-135-75840-0</bdi></a>. <q>On 26 October 1917, Lenin announced the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, having rejected the traditional title of minister as being too "bourgeois", and named himself the "Chairman of the Council".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-75840-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 449</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 44: "The presiding officer must never interrupt a speaker simply because he knows more about the matter than the speaker does."</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html%231">"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)"</a>. The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html%231">the original</a> on 2004-11-12. Retrieved 2015-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Robert%27s+Rules+of+Order+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+RONR+%28Question+1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertsrules.com%2Ffaq.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChair+%28officer%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 406</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chair_(officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html%2320">"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)"</a>. The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html%2320">the original</a> on 2004-11-12. 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A Great Meeting Needs a Great Chair. 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9" title="رئيس مجلس الإدارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس مجلس الإدارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="চেয়ারম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেয়ারম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C3%25BA-se%25CC%258Dk" title="Chú-se̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-se̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2588%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F_(%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0)" title="Старшыня (пасада) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старшыня (пасада)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7" title="अध्यक्ष – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अध्यक्ष" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D3%25B3%25C3%25A7%25C4%2595" title="Ертӳçĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ертӳçĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C5%2599edseda" title="Předseda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Předseda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachigaro" title="Sachigaro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sachigaro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeirydd" title="Cadeirydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadeirydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formand" title="Formand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Formand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorsitzender" title="Vorsitzender – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorsitzender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3_%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D8%25A6%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587" title="رئیس هیئت مدیره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس هیئت مدیره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foarsitter" title="Foarsitter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Foarsitter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%259A%258C%25EC%259E%25A5" title="회장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7" title="अध्यक्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अध्यक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketua" title="Ketua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ketua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forma%25C3%25B0ur" title="Formaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Formaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%2591_%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A9" title="יושב ראש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יושב ראש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2585%25E0%25B2%25A7%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B7" title="ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmininkas" title="Pirmininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirmininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B5%25BB" title="അദ്ധ്യക്ഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അദ്ധ്യക്ഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengerusi" title="Pengerusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengerusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorzitter" title="Voorzitter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voorzitter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7" title="अध्यक्ष – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अध्यक्ष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BC%259A%25E9%2595%25B7" title="会長 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="会長" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styreleder" title="Styreleder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Styreleder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styreleiar" title="Styreleiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Styreleiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25AA%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਸਭਾਪਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਭਾਪਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%258F%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C_%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DD%25A8" title="کُرسی واݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کُرسی واݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przewodnicz%25C4%2585cy" title="Przewodniczący – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przewodniczący" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Председатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Председатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryetari" title="Kryetari – Albanian" 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