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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Methods of destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_effect_of_slighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_effect_of_slighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The effect of slighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_effect_of_slighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Damage of buildings to reduce their value</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfe_Castle_57.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The shattered remains of a stone building, with two walls of a tower standing higher above the ruins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Corfe_Castle_57.jpg/350px-Corfe_Castle_57.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Corfe_Castle_57.jpg/525px-Corfe_Castle_57.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Corfe_Castle_57.jpg/700px-Corfe_Castle_57.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> was slighted in 1646 during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. Parliament slighted or proposed to slight more than 100 buildings, including castles, town walls, abbeys, and houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1987179–185_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1987179–185-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Slighting</b> is the deliberate damage of high-status buildings to reduce their value as military, administrative or social structures. This destruction of property is sometimes extended to the contents of buildings and the surrounding landscape. It is a phenomenon with complex motivations and was often used as a tool of control. Slighting spanned cultures and periods, with especially well-known examples from the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in the 17th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_and_use">Meaning and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 352px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 350px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -150px; left: -200px; width: 600px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenilworth_aerial_view,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red stone castle complex with a town on one side and open grassland on the other. While the castle is in ruins, from a distance large parts appear intact." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kenilworth_aerial_view%2C_2018.jpg/600px-Kenilworth_aerial_view%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Kenilworth_aerial_view%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenilworth_aerial_view,_2018.jpg" title="File:Kenilworth aerial view, 2018.jpg"> </a></div>Slighting could extend beyond the building, and when <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Castle" title="Kenilworth Castle">Kenilworth Castle</a> was slighted in 1649 the moat was drained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteane1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div> <p>Slighting is the act of deliberately damaging a high-status building, especially a castle or fortification, which could include its contents and the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019101_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019101-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded use of the word <i>slighting</i> to mean a form of destruction was in 1613.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner1989704_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner1989704-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castles are complex structures combining military, social, and administrative uses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002178–179_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002178–179-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the decision to slight them took these various roles into account. The purpose of slighting was to reduce the value of the building, whether military, social, or administrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019101_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019101-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Destruction often went beyond what was needed to prevent an enemy from using the fortification, indicating the damage was important symbolically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Eccleshall_Castle" title="Eccleshall Castle">Eccleshall Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> was slighted as a result of the English Civil War, the act was politically motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskew2016284_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskew2016284-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, it was used as a way of punishing the king's rebels or was used to undermine the authority of the owner by demonstrating his inability to protect his property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell201926–28_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell201926–28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the peace negotiations bringing <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a> of 1135–1154 to an end, both sides agreed to dismantle fortifications built since the start of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017111_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017111-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 1317 <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> ordered the dismantling of <a href="/wiki/Harbottle_Castle" title="Harbottle Castle">Harbottle Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> in England as part of a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter-Blair1949145_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter-Blair1949145-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, Scotland, and Wales, it was uncommon for someone to slight his own fortifications but not unknown; during the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a>, Robert the Bruce systematically slighted Scottish castles, often after capturing them from English control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019111_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2008249–250_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2008249–250-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a century earlier, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a>, ordered the demolition of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montr%C3%A9sor" title="Château de Montrésor">Château de Montrésor</a> in France, during his war with the French king over control of Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowicke1999160_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowicke1999160-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Levant, Muslim rulers adopted a policy of slighting castles and fortified towns and cities to deny them to Crusaders; Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a>, for example, instigated the destruction of fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> in 1267, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in 1268, and <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> in 1270.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMöhring2009216_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMöhring2009216-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_destruction">Methods of destruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods of destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newark_Castle,_06-2013_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ruined stone structure with a wooden walkway halfway up the wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Newark_Castle%2C_06-2013_%286%29.jpg/300px-Newark_Castle%2C_06-2013_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Newark_Castle%2C_06-2013_%286%29.jpg/450px-Newark_Castle%2C_06-2013_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Newark_Castle%2C_06-2013_%286%29.jpg/600px-Newark_Castle%2C_06-2013_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Each method of destruction leaves a distinctive trace. At <a href="/wiki/Newark_Castle,_Nottinghamshire" title="Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire">Newark Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a> the use of gunpowder left a crater damage pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakoczy200767–68_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakoczy200767–68-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Castles were demolished with a range of methods, each affecting the buildings in different ways. Fire might be used, especially against timber structures; digging underneath stone structures (known as <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">undermining</a>) could cause them to collapse; dismantling a structure by hand was sometimes done, but was time- and labour-intensive, as was filling ditches and digging away earthworks; and in later periods gunpowder was sometimes used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakoczy200760_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakoczy200760-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell20196–11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell20196–11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manually dismantling a castle ("picking") can be split into two categories: primary damage where the intention was to slight the castle; and secondary damage which was incidental through activity such as retrieving reusable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakoczy200794–98_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakoczy200794–98-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undermining involved digging underneath a wall or removing stones at its base. When successful, the tunnel or cavity would collapse, making it difficult to identify through archaeology. Archaeological investigations have identified 61 castles that were slighted in the Middle Ages, and only five were undermined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell201921–22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell201921–22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While surviving mines are rare, one was discovered in the 1930s during excavations at <a href="/wiki/Bungay_Castle" title="Bungay Castle">Bungay Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>. It probably dates from around 1174 when the owner rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun1934118_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun1934118-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_effect_of_slighting">The effect of slighting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The effect of slighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A manuscript drawing of a castle with four people being hanged in the bottom right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg/310px-BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg/465px-BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg/620px-BitvauBedfordu1224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>After the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Castle#Siege_of_1224" title="Bedford Castle">siege of Bedford Castle</a> in 1224, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> had the garrison executed and the castle slighted, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmt2002114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmt2002114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerBakerHassallSimco197911_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerBakerHassallSimco197911-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A patch of dense tree coverage surrounded by flat grassy ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg/310px-Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg/465px-Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg/620px-Zamek_w_Ma%C5%82ej_Nieszawce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The site of the former castle at <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Nieszawka" title="Mała Nieszawka">Mała Nieszawka</a> in Poland, which was demolished in 1422–1423.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dismantling a castle was a skilled process, and stone, metal, and glass were sometimes removed for sale or reuse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakoczy2008282–283_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakoczy2008282–283-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the castle at <a href="/wiki/Papowo_Biskupie" title="Papowo Biskupie">Papowo Biskupie</a> in Poland was slighted, some of the materials from the castle were used to build a seminary at nearby <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m%C5%BCa" title="Chełmża">Chełmża</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzczupak20219_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzczupak20219-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact of slighting ranged from almost complete destruction of a site, as can be seen at <a href="/wiki/Deganwy_Castle" title="Deganwy Castle">Deganwy Castle</a>, to a token gesture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019102_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019102-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example damaging elements such as <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiddiard200568_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddiard200568-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1268, the court of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> gave orders to slight a new fortification near <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tampes" title="Étampes">Étampes</a>, specifying that the bailiff carrying out orders should "destroy the arrow-slits and so to break them through that it may be abundantly clear that the fortification has been slighted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulson197364–65_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulson197364–65-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Destruction was often carefully targeted rather than indiscriminate, even when carried out on a large scale. In cases of medieval slighting, domestic areas such as free-standing <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">halls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle_chapel" title="Castle chapel">chapels</a> were typically excluded from the destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019124_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019124-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a> of Poland gave the order to slight the castle at <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Nieszawka" title="Mała Nieszawka">Mała Nieszawka</a>, after negotiation with the Teutonic Order who owned the castle, one of the conditions was that the buildings in the outer bailey would be left intact while the walls were reduced in height.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzczupak20216_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzczupak20216-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1648, <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliament</a> gave orders to slight <a href="/wiki/Bolsover_Castle" title="Bolsover Castle">Bolsover Castle</a> but that "so much only be done to it as to make it untenable as a garrison and that it may not be unnecessarily spoiled and defaced."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1987152_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1987152-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a castle had a <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a>, it was usually the most visible part of the castle and a focus of symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2016_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2016-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would sometimes attract the attention of people carrying out slighting. <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Castle" title="Kenilworth Castle">Kenilworth</a> was one of many castles to be slighted during the English Civil War, and the side of the keep most visible to people outside the castle was demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002174_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002174-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documentary sources for the medieval period typically have little information on what slighting involved, so archaeology helps to understand which areas of buildings were targeted and how they were demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017114_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017114-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the English Civil War, destruction accounts are rare but there are some instances such as <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Castle" title="Sheffield Castle">Sheffield Castle</a> where detailed records survive. At Sheffield military and social concerns combined: there may have been a desire to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> owner from using the fortification against Parliament, and the destruction undermined the owner's authority. Despite this, the profits from the demolition went to the owner, contrasting with <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract Castle</a>, where the money went to the townspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskew2017203–204_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskew2017203–204-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When castles were slighted in the Middle Ages this often led to their complete abandonment, but some were repaired and others reused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019126_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019126-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the case with places slighted as a result of the English Civil War. In 1650, Parliament gave orders to slight <a href="/wiki/Wressle_Castle" title="Wressle Castle">Wressle Castle</a> in East Yorkshire; the south part of the castle was left standing so that the owner could still use it as a <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonDennison201512_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonDennison201512-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Castle" title="Berkeley Castle">Berkeley Castle</a> in Gloucestershire was also slighted in the same period – meaning that a small but significant part of the curtain wall was demolished, but the remaining structure was left intact, and the castle remains inhabited to this day. </p><p>The use of destruction both to control and to subvert control spans periods and cultures. Slighting was prevalent in the Middle Ages and the 17th century; notable episodes include The Anarchy, the English Civil War, and France in the 16th and 17th centuries, as well as Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002173_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002173-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakoczy200711_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakoczy200711-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruins left by the destruction of castles in 17th-century England and Wales encouraged the later Romantic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1987157_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1987157-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a> – Destruction of religious images</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">List of destroyed heritage</a> – Destroyed heritage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a> – Stone enclosure with vitrified walls</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1987179–185-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1987179–185_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1987">Thompson 1987</a>, pp. 179–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteane1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteane1999">Steane 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019101-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019101_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell2019101_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevell2019">Nevell 2019</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner1989704-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner1989704_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989">Simpson & Weiner 1989</a>, p. 704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002178–179-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002178–179_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2002">Johnson 2002</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017112-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017112_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreightonWright2017">Creighton & Wright 2017</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAskew2016284-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAskew2016284_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAskew2016">Askew 2016</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell201926–28-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevell201926–28_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevell2019">Nevell 2019</a>, pp. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017111-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECreightonWright2017111_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreightonWright2017">Creighton & Wright 2017</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter-Blair1949145-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter-Blair1949145_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter-Blair1949">Hunter-Blair 1949</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevell2019111-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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M. Powicke">Powicke, F. M.</a> (1999) [1913], <i>The Loss of Normandy, 1198–1204</i>, Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5740-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-5740-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loss+of+Normandy%2C+1198%E2%80%931204&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5740-3&rft.aulast=Powicke&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakoczy2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Rakoczy, Lila (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11092/"><i>Archaeology of Destruction: A Reinterpretation of Castle Slightings in the English Civil War</i></a> (PhD). University of York. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931130655">931130655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Archaeology+of+Destruction%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+Castle+Slightings+in+the+English+Civil+War&rft.inst=University+of+York&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931130655&rft.aulast=Rakoczy&rft.aufirst=Lila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F11092%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakoczy2008" class="citation cs2">Rakoczy, Lila (2008), "Out of the Ashes: Destruction, Reuse, and Profiteering in the English Civil War", in Rakoczy, Lila (ed.), <i>The Archaeology of Destruction</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-624-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-624-9"><bdi>978-1-84718-624-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Ashes%3A+Destruction%2C+Reuse%2C+and+Profiteering+in+the+English+Civil+War&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Destruction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-624-9&rft.aulast=Rakoczy&rft.aufirst=Lila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonDennison2015" class="citation cs2">Richardson, Shaun; Dennison, Ed (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castlestudiestrust.org.uk/docs/Wressle-Castle-Garden-and-Surrounds-Survey-Report-Final.pdf"><i>Garden and Other Earthworks, South of Wressle Castle, Wressle, East Yorkshire: Archaeological Survey</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Ed Dennison Archaeological Services and the Castle Studies Trust</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+and+Other+Earthworks%2C+South+of+Wressle+Castle%2C+Wressle%2C+East+Yorkshire%3A+Archaeological+Survey&rft.pub=Ed+Dennison+Archaeological+Services+and+the+Castle+Studies+Trust&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft.au=Dennison%2C+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcastlestudiestrust.org.uk%2Fdocs%2FWressle-Castle-Garden-and-Surrounds-Survey-Report-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczupak2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szczupak, Dominika (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.iaepan.pl/khkm/article/view/2817">"Techniki rozbiórki krzyżackich obiektów warownych w średniowieczu (Potterberg, Nieszawa, Toruń, Papowo Biskupie)"</a>. <i>Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej</i> (in Polish). <b>69</b> (1): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23858%2FKHKM69.2021.1.001">10.23858/KHKM69.2021.1.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238793518">238793518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Historii+Kultury+Materialnej&rft.atitle=Techniki+rozbi%C3%B3rki+krzy%C5%BCackich+obiekt%C3%B3w+warownych+w+%C5%9Bredniowieczu+%28Potterberg%2C+Nieszawa%2C+Toru%C5%84%2C+Papowo+Biskupie%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23858%2FKHKM69.2021.1.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238793518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Szczupak&rft.aufirst=Dominika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iaepan.pl%2Fkhkm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation cs2">Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C. (1989), <i>The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition. Volume XV Ser–Soosy</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XV+Ser%E2%80%93Soosy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Weiner%2C+E.+S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteane1999" class="citation cs2">Steane, John (1999), <i>The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy</i>, London: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Medieval+English+Monarchy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Steane&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1987" class="citation cs2">Thompson, M. W. (1987), <i>The Decline of the Castle</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521083973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521083973"><bdi>978-0521083973</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+the+Castle&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0521083973&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJóźwiak2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jóźwiak, Sławomir (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230615041017/https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Rocznik_Torunski/Rocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30/Rocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30-s19-33/Rocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30-s19-33.pdf">"Zburzenie zamku komturskiego w Nieszawie w latach 1422–1423"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rocznik Toruński</i> (in Polish). <b>30</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Rocznik_Torunski/Rocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30/Rocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30-s19-33/Rocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30-s19-33.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocznik+Toru%C5%84ski&rft.atitle=Zburzenie+zamku+komturskiego+w+Nieszawie+w+latach+1422%E2%80%931423&rft.volume=30&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=J%C3%B3%C5%BAwiak&rft.aufirst=S%C5%82awomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbazhum.muzhp.pl%2Fmedia%2F%2Ffiles%2FRocznik_Torunski%2FRocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30%2FRocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30-s19-33%2FRocznik_Torunski-r2003-t30-s19-33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevell2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Nevell, Richard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/33181"><i>The Archaeology of Castle Slighting in the Middle Ages</i></a> (PhD). University of Exeter. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F33181">10871/33181</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Archaeology+of+Castle+Slighting+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.inst=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F33181&rft.aulast=Nevell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fhandle%2F10871%2F33181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevell2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nevell, Richard (2020). "Slighting". In Smith, Claire (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology</i>. Springer. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51726-1_3497-1">10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3497-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51726-1"><bdi>978-3-319-51726-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243069467">243069467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slighting&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Archaeology&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243069467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51726-1_3497-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51726-1&rft.aulast=Nevell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakoczy2007a" class="citation book cs1">Rakoczy, Lila (2007a). "Breaking down Walls: Cross-disciplinary approaches to castle destruction". In Schroeder, H.; Bray, P.; Gardner, P.; Jefferson, V.; Macaulay-Lewis, E. (eds.). <i>Crossing frontiers: the opportunities and challenges of interdisciplinary approaches to archaeology: proceedings of a conference held at the University of Oxford, 25–26 June 2005</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 45–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780954962777" title="Special:BookSources/9780954962777"><bdi>9780954962777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breaking+down+Walls%3A+Cross-disciplinary+approaches+to+castle+destruction&rft.btitle=Crossing+frontiers%3A+the+opportunities+and+challenges+of+interdisciplinary+approaches+to+archaeology%3A+proceedings+of+a+conference+held+at+the+University+of+Oxford%2C+25%E2%80%9326+June+2005&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=45-54&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780954962777&rft.aulast=Rakoczy&rft.aufirst=Lila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlighting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slighting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q2238935" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q2238935">Slighting</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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