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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colour_naming_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_naming_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Colour naming system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_naming_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gold_OA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_OA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Gold OA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_OA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_OA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_OA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Green OA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_OA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_OA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_OA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Hybrid OA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_OA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_OA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_OA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Bronze OA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_OA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamond/platinum_OA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamond/platinum_OA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Diamond/platinum OA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamond/platinum_OA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_OA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_OA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Black OA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_OA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gratis_and_libre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gratis_and_libre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Gratis and libre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gratis_and_libre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FAIR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FAIR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 FAIR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FAIR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Licenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_processing_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_processing_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Article processing charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_processing_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsidized_or_no-fee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidized_or_no-fee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Subsidized or no-fee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidized_or_no-fee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preprint_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preprint_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Preprint use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preprint_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_preprints_on_later_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_preprints_on_later_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Effect of preprints on later publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_preprints_on_later_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Archiving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embargo_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embargo_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Embargo periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embargo_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Motivations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Motivations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stakeholders_and_concerned_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stakeholders_and_concerned_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stakeholders and concerned communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stakeholders_and_concerned_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_funders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_funders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Research funders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_funders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_librarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_librarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Libraries and librarians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_librarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-income_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-income_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Low-income countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-income_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Extent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_scholarly_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_scholarly_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects on scholarly publishing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_scholarly_publishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on scholarly publishing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_scholarly_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Article impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Readership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Readership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Citation rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altmetrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altmetrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Altmetrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altmetrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_impact_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_impact_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Journal impact factor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_impact_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer_review_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer_review_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Peer review processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer_review_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predatory_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predatory_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Predatory publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predatory_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_irony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_irony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Open irony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_irony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Databases_and_repositories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases_and_repositories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Databases and repositories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases_and_repositories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representativeness_in_proprietary_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representativeness_in_proprietary_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Representativeness in proprietary databases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representativeness_in_proprietary_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_mandates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_mandates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Policies and mandates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies_and_mandates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies and mandates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_mandates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Compliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequality_and_open_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequality_and_open_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Inequality and open access </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inequality_and_open_access-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Inequality and open access subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Inequality_and_open_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gender inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-income–low-income_country_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-income–low-income_country_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 High-income–low-income country inequality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-income–low-income_country_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 By country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Open access</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrye_toegang" title="Vrye toegang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrye toegang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD" title="وصول مفتوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وصول مفتوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="উন্মুক্ত প্রবেশাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মুক্ত প্রবেশাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF" title="Свободен онлайн достъп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свободен онлайн достъп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acc%C3%A9s_obert" title="Accés obert – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Accés obert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otev%C5%99en%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstup" title="Otevřený přístup – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otevřený přístup" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Open access" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access" title="Open Access – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Open Access" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_juurdep%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Avatud juurdepääs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud juurdepääs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ανοικτή πρόσβαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοικτή πρόσβαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceso_abierto" title="Acceso abierto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acceso abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfermita_aliro" title="Malfermita aliro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malfermita aliro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Open access" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="دسترسی آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسترسی آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_acc%C3%A8s_(%C3%A9dition_scientifique)" title="Libre accès (édition scientifique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libre accès (édition scientifique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceso_libre" title="Acceso libre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acceso libre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EC%95%A1%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="오픈 액세스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 액세스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="उन्मुक्त अभिगम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उन्मुक्त अभिगम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_pristup" title="Slobodan pristup – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodan pristup" 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hreflang="it" data-title="Open access" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97%D7%94" title="גישה פתוחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גישה פתוחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Слободен пристап – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слободен пристап" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a 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data-title="အခမဲ့လွတ်လပ်ရယူခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_(publiceren)" title="Open access (publiceren) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open access (publiceren)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9" title="オープンアクセス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープンアクセス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pen_tilgang" title="Åpen tilgang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpen tilgang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acc%C3%A8s_ob%C3%A8rt" title="Accès obèrt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Accès obèrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਬੇਰੋਕ ਰਸਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਰੋਕ ਰਸਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otwarty_dost%C4%99p" title="Otwarty dostęp – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otwarty dostęp" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acesso_aberto" title="Acesso aberto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acesso aberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acces_deschis" title="Acces deschis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acces deschis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Открытый доступ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Открытый доступ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Open access" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosti_dostop" title="Prosti dostop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prosti dostop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Отворени приступ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отворени приступ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_pristup" title="Otvoreni pristup – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otvoreni pristup" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_saatavuus" title="Avoin saatavuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin saatavuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ppen_tillg%C3%A5ng" title="Öppen tillgång – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öppen tillgång" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="திறந்த அணுகல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திறந்த அணுகல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การเข้าถึงแบบเปิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเข้าถึงแบบเปิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_eri%C5%9Fim" title="Açık erişim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık erişim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Відкритий доступ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відкритий доступ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy_c%E1%BA%ADp_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Truy cập mở – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truy cập mở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96" title="开放获取 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="开放获取" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q232932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Research publications distributed freely online</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Open access (disambiguation)">Open access (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/110px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/165px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/220px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Open access logo, originally designed by <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/220px-seek%3D344-PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="504" data-mwtitle="PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="900" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="900" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv/PhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhD_Comics_Open_Access_Week_2012.ogv&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Piled_Higher_and_Deeper" title="Piled Higher and Deeper">PhD Comics</a> introduction to open access</figcaption></figure> Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrightable</a> publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers.<a href="#cite_note-suber_overview-1">[1]</a> With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">libre</a> open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an <a href="/wiki/Open_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open license">open license</a> for copyright, which regulates post-publication uses of the work.<a href="#cite_note-suber_overview-1">[1]</a> The main focus of the open access movement has been on "<a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewed</a> research literature", and more specifically on <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> This is because: 1) such publications <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">have been</a> a subject of <a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">serials crisis</a>, unlike <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Magazines">magazines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">fiction writing</a>. The main difference between these two groups is in <a href="/wiki/Demand_elasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand elasticity">demand elasticity</a>: whereas an English literature curriculum can substitute <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a> with a free-domain alternative, such as <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">A Voyage to Lilliput</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency room">emergency room</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> treating a patient for a life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Urushiol" title="Urushiol">urushiol</a> poisoning cannot substitute the most recent, but <a href="/wiki/Paywalled" class="mw-redirect" title="Paywalled">paywalled</a> review article on this topic<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> with a 90 year-old copyright-expired article<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> that was published before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> in 1954. 2) the authors of research papers are not paid in any way, so they do not suffer any monetary losses, when they switch from <a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis#Big_deal" title="Serials crisis">behind paywall</a> to open access publishing, especially, if they use <a href="/wiki/Diamond_open_access" title="Diamond open access">diamond open access</a> media. 3) the cost of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic publishing</a>, which has been the main form of distribution of <a href="/wiki/Academic_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic journals">journal articles</a> since ca. 2000, is incommensurably smaller, than the cost of on-paper publishing and distribution, which is still preferred by many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiction_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiction literature (page does not exist)">fiction literature</a> readers. Whereas non-open access journals cover publishing costs through <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">access tolls</a> such as subscriptions, site licenses or <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on <a href="/wiki/Author_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Author fees">author fees</a> or on public funding, subsidies and sponsorships. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> and non peer-reviewed <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> articles, <a href="/wiki/Conference_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference papers">conference papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="Theses">theses</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> book chapters,<a href="#cite_note-suber_overview-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_report" title="Research report">research reports</a> and images.<a href="#cite_note-esatc-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> There are different models of open access publishing and publishers may use one or more of these models. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_naming_system">Colour naming system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colour naming system">edit</a>]</div> Different open access types are currently commonly described using a colour system. The most commonly recognised names are "green", "gold", and "hybrid" open access; however, several other models and alternative terms are also used.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gold_OA">Gold OA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gold OA">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:444px;max-width:444px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DOAJ_growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DOAJ_growth.png/218px-DOAJ_growth.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DOAJ_growth.png/327px-DOAJ_growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/DOAJ_growth.png/436px-DOAJ_growth.png 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Number of gold open access journals listed in the <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PMC_growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PMC_growth.png/218px-PMC_growth.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PMC_growth.png/327px-PMC_growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PMC_growth.png/436px-PMC_growth.png 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Number of gold and hybrid open access journals listed in <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></div></div></div></div></div>In the gold OA model, the publisher makes all articles and related content available for free immediately on the journal's website. In such publications, articles are licensed for sharing and reuse via <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licenses or similar.<a href="#cite_note-suber_overview-1">[1]</a> Many gold OA publishers charge an <a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">article processing charge</a> (APC), which is typically paid through institutional or grant funding. The majority of gold open access journals charging APCs follow an "author-pays" model,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> although this is not an intrinsic property of gold OA.<a href="#cite_note-Eve_pp._1–42-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_OA">Green OA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Green OA">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a> by authors is permitted under green OA. Independently from publication by a publisher, the author also posts the work to a website controlled by the author, the research institution that funded or hosted the work, or to an independent central open repository, where people can download the work without paying.<a href="#cite_note-Gadd-15">[15]</a> Green OA is free of charge for the author. Some publishers (less than 5% and decreasing as of 2014) may charge a fee for an additional service<a href="#cite_note-Gadd-15">[15]</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">free license</a> on the publisher-authored copyrightable portions of the printed version of an article.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> If the author posts the near-final version of their work after peer review by a journal, the archived version is called a "<a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">postprint</a>". This can be the accepted manuscript as returned by the journal to the author after successful peer review.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_OA">Hybrid OA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hybrid OA">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journals</a> contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A publisher following this model is partially funded by subscriptions, and only provide open access for those individual articles for which the authors (or research sponsor) pay a publication fee.<a href="#cite_note-Suber2012-20">[20]</a> Hybrid OA generally costs more than gold OA and can offer a lower quality of service.<a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[21]</a> A particularly controversial practice in hybrid open access journals is "<a href="/wiki/Double_dipping_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double dipping (publishing)">double dipping</a>", where both authors and subscribers are charged.<a href="#cite_note-Open_access_double_dipping_policy-22">[22]</a> For these reasons, hybrid open access journals have been called a "<a href="/wiki/Mephistophelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mephistophelian">Mephistophelian</a> invention",<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and publishing in hybrid OA journals often do not qualify for funding under <a href="/wiki/Open_access_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access mandate">open access mandates</a>, as libraries already pay for subscriptions thus have no financial incentive to fund open access articles in such journals.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronze_OA">Bronze OA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bronze OA">edit</a>]</div> Bronze open access articles are free to read only on the publisher page, but lack a clearly identifiable license.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Such articles are typically not available for reuse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diamond/platinum_OA">Diamond/platinum OA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diamond/platinum OA">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diamond_open_access" title="Diamond open access">Diamond open access</a></div> Journals that publish open access without charging authors article processing charges are sometimes referred to as diamond<a href="#cite_note-fuchs2013-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaj-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a> or platinum<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> OA. Since they do not charge either readers or authors directly, such publishers often require funding from external sources such as the sale of <a href="/wiki/Advertisements" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisements">advertisements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Government_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Government grant">government grants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> There are now over 350 platinum OA journals with <a href="/wiki/Impact_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact factors">impact factors</a> over a wide variety of academic disciplines, giving most academics options for OA with no APCs.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Diamond OA journals are available for most disciplines, and are usually small (<25 articles per year) and more likely to be multilingual (38%); thousands of such journals exist.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_OA">Black OA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black OA">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sci-hub_downloads.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sci-hub_downloads.png/220px-Sci-hub_downloads.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sci-hub_downloads.png/330px-Sci-hub_downloads.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sci-hub_downloads.png/440px-Sci-hub_downloads.png 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Download rate for articles on <a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a> (black open access)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> The growth of unauthorized digital copying by large-scale copyright infringement has enabled free access to <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-:17-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This has been done via existing social media sites (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a> hashtag) as well as dedicated sites (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sci-hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-hub">Sci-Hub</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:17-36">[36]</a> In some ways this is a large-scale technical implementation of pre-existing practice, whereby those with access to paywalled literature would share copies with their contacts.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, the increased ease and scale from 2010 onwards have changed how many people treat subscription publications.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gratis_and_libre">Gratis and libre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gratis and libre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></div> Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> definition, the terms <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">'gratis' and 'libre'</a> were used in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> definition to distinguish between free to read versus free to reuse.<a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-43">[43]</a> Gratis open access (<a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>) refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, without re-use rights.<a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-43">[43]</a> Libre open access (<a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a>) also refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, plus some additional re-use rights,<a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-43">[43]</a> covering the kinds of open access defined in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a>. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Suber_2012_68–69-44">[44]</a> all of which require as a minimum <a href="/wiki/Attribution_(copyright)" title="Attribution (copyright)">attribution of authorship</a> to the original authors.<a href="#cite_note-Gratis_and_Libre_Open_Access-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suber_statements-45">[45]</a> In 2012, the number of works under libre open access was considered to have been rapidly increasing for a few years, though most <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">open-access mandates</a> did not enforce any copyright license and it was difficult to publish libre gold OA in legacy journals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> However, there are no costs nor restrictions for green libre OA as preprints can be freely self-deposited with a free license, and most open-access repositories use <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licenses to allow reuse.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The biggest drawback of many Open Access licenses is a prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>. For this reason, many <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> studies of various technologies performed by <a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a> ( as well as <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> by <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer scientists">computer scientists</a>) are limited to <a href="/wiki/Patent_analysis" title="Patent analysis">patent analysis</a>, since the patent documents are not subject to copyright at all. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FAIR">FAIR</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: FAIR">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a></div> <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR</a> is an acronym for 'findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable', intended to more clearly define what is meant by the term 'open access' and make the concept easier to discuss.<a href="#cite_note-FAIR_principles_2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Initially proposed in March 2016, it has subsequently been endorsed by organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">open science</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">open research</a> has brought to light a number of controversial and hotly-debated topics. Scholarly publishing invokes various positions and passions. For example, authors may spend hours struggling with diverse article submission systems, often converting document formatting between a multitude of journal and conference styles, and sometimes spend months waiting for peer review results. The drawn-out and often contentious societal and technological transition to Open Access and Open Science/Open Research, particularly across North America and Europe (Latin America has already widely adopted "Acceso Abierto" since before 2000<a href="#cite_note-Alperin_2015-51">[51]</a>) has led to increasingly entrenched positions and much debate.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The area of (open) scholarly practices increasingly sees a role for policy-makers and research funders<a href="#cite_note-Ross-Hellauer_2018-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vincent‐Lamarre_2016-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Union_2019-55">[55]</a> giving focus to issues such as career incentives, research evaluation and business models for publicly funded research. <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=AmeliCA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AmeliCA (page does not exist)">AmeliCA</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> (Open Knowledge for Latin America) caused a wave of debate in scholarly communication in 2019 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2019-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licenses">Licenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Licenses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOAJ_licenses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DOAJ_licenses.png/220px-DOAJ_licenses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DOAJ_licenses.png/330px-DOAJ_licenses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DOAJ_licenses.png/440px-DOAJ_licenses.png 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Licenses used by gold and hybrid OA journals in DOAJ<a href="#cite_note-Khing_Phyo_San-59">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> Subscription-based publishing typically requires <a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright transfer">transfer of copyright</a> from authors to the <a href="/wiki/Academic_publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic publisher">publisher</a> so that the latter can monetise the process via dissemination and reproduction of the work.<a href="#cite_note-Matushek_2017-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bachrach_1998-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gadd_2003b-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willinsky_2002-63">[63]</a> With OA publishing, typically authors retain copyright to their work, and <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> its reproduction to the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2011-64">[64]</a> Retention of copyright by authors can support <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedoms</a> by enabling greater control of the work (e.g. for image re-use) or licensing agreements (e.g. to allow dissemination by others).<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2015-65">[65]</a> The most common licenses used in open access publishing are <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> The widely used CC BY license is one of the most permissive, only requiring attribution to be allowed to use the material (and allowing derivations and commercial use).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A range of more restrictive Creative Commons licenses are also used. More rarely, some of the smaller academic journals use custom open access licenses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodds_2018-68">[68]</a> Some publishers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>) use "author nominal copyright" for OA articles, where the author retains copyright in name only and all rights are transferred to the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-Morrison_2017-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alperin_2017-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frass_2013-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> Since open access publication does not charge readers, there are many financial models used to cover costs by other means.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Open access can be provided by commercial publishers, who may publish open access as well as subscription-based journals, or dedicated open-access publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a> (PLOS) and <a href="/wiki/BioMed_Central" title="BioMed Central">BioMed Central</a>. Another source of funding for open access can be institutional subscribers. One example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a> publishing model introduced by <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>; if the subscription revenue goal is met, the given journal's volume is published open access.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Advantages and disadvantages of open access have generated considerable discussion amongst researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publishers</a>, editorial staff and <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">society</a> publishers.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Reactions of existing publishers to open access journal publishing have ranged from moving with enthusiasm to a new open access business model, to experiments with providing as much free or open access as possible, to active lobbying against open access proposals. There are many publishers that started up as open access-only publishers, such as PLOS, <a href="/wiki/Hindawi_Publishing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindawi Publishing Corporation">Hindawi Publishing Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers in...</a> journals, <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI</a> and BioMed Central. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Article_processing_charges">Article processing charges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Article processing charges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOAJ_APCs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DOAJ_APCs.png/220px-DOAJ_APCs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DOAJ_APCs.png/330px-DOAJ_APCs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DOAJ_APCs.png/440px-DOAJ_APCs.png 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Article processing charges by gold OA journals in DOAJ<a href="#cite_note-Khing_Phyo_San-59">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></div> Some open access journals (under the gold, and hybrid models) generate revenue by charging publication fees in order to make the work openly available at the time of publication.<a href="#cite_note-Socha-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-fuchs2013-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaj-27">[27]</a> The money might come from the author but more often comes from the author's <a href="/wiki/Research_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Research grant">research grant</a> or employer.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> While the payments are typically incurred per article published (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BMC_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC journals">BMC</a> or <a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a> journals), some journals apply them per manuscript submitted (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics">Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</a> until recently) or per author (e.g. <a href="/wiki/PeerJ" title="PeerJ">PeerJ</a>). Charges typically range from $1,000–$3,000 ($5,380 for <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>)<a href="#cite_note-GOA4-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khing_Phyo_San-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> but can be under $10,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> close to $5,000<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> or well over $10,000.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> APCs vary greatly depending on subject and region and are most common in scientific and medical journals (43% and 47% respectively), and lowest in arts and humanities journals (0% and 4% respectively).<a href="#cite_note-Kozak&Hartley-82">[82]</a> APCs can also depend on a journal's impact factor.<a href="#cite_note-Björk_2015-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawson_2014-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Björk_2014-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schönfelder_2018-86">[86]</a> Some publishers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/ELife" title="ELife">eLife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_Press" title="Ubiquity Press">Ubiquity Press</a>) have released estimates of their direct and indirect costs that set their APCs.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Hybrid OA generally costs more than gold OA and can offer a lower quality of service.<a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[21]</a> A particularly controversial practice in hybrid open access journals is "<a href="/wiki/Double_dipping_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Double dipping (publishing)">double dipping</a>", where both authors and subscribers are charged.<a href="#cite_note-Open_access_double_dipping_policy-22">[22]</a> By comparison, journal subscriptions equate to $3,500–$4,000 per article published by an institution, but are highly variable by publisher (and some charge page fees separately). This has led to the assessment that there is enough money "within the system" to enable full transition to OA.<a href="#cite_note-Schimmer_2015-89">[89]</a> However, there is ongoing discussion about whether the change-over offers an opportunity to become more cost-effective or promotes more equitable participation in publication.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a> Concern has been noted that increasing subscription journal prices will be mirrored by rising APCs, creating a barrier to less financially privileged authors.<a href="#cite_note-Björk_2017b-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pinfield_2015-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green_2019-93">[93]</a> The inherent bias of the current APC-based OA publishing perpetuates this inequality through the 'Matthew effect' (the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer). The switch from pay-to-read to pay-to-publish has left essentially the same people behind, with some academics not having enough purchasing power (individually or through their institutions) for either option.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Some gold OA publishers will waive all or part of the fee for authors from <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">less developed economies</a>. Steps are normally taken to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviewers</a> do not know whether authors have requested, or been granted, fee waivers, or to ensure that every paper is approved by an independent editor with no financial stake in the journal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The main argument against requiring authors to pay a fee, is the risk to the <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> system, diminishing the overall quality of scientific journal publishing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsidized_or_no-fee">Subsidized or no-fee</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subsidized or no-fee">edit</a>]</div> No-fee open access journals, also known as "platinum" or "diamond"<a href="#cite_note-fuchs2013-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaj-27">[27]</a> do not charge either readers or authors.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> These journals use a variety of <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a> including subsidies, advertising, membership dues, endowments, or volunteer labour.<a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a> Subsidising sources range from universities, libraries and museums to foundations, <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">societies</a> or government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[96]</a> Some publishers may cross-subsidise from other publications or auxiliary services and products.<a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[96]</a> For example, most APC-free journals in Latin America are funded by higher education institutions and are not conditional on institutional affiliation for publication.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Unlatched" title="Knowledge Unlatched">Knowledge Unlatched</a> crowdsources funding in order to make monographs available open access.<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery-97">[97]</a> Estimates of prevalence vary, but approximately 10,000 journals without APC are listed in DOAJ<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Journal_Network" title="Free Journal Network">Free Journal Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> APC-free journals tend to be smaller and more local-regional in scope.<a href="#cite_note-:4-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Some also require submitting authors to have a particular institutional affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preprint_use">Preprint use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Preprint use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preprint_postprint_published.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Preprint_postprint_published.svg/220px-Preprint_postprint_published.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Preprint_postprint_published.svg/330px-Preprint_postprint_published.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Preprint_postprint_published.svg/440px-Preprint_postprint_published.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (<a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">postprint</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">published</a>) with open access sharing rights per <a href="/wiki/SHERPA/RoMEO" class="mw-redirect" title="SHERPA/RoMEO">SHERPA/RoMEO</a></figcaption></figure> A "<a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a>" is typically a version of a research paper that is shared on an online platform prior to, or during, a formal peer review process.<a href="#cite_note-Ginsparg_2016-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tennant_2018b-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neylon_2017-105">[105]</a> Preprint platforms have become popular due to the increasing drive towards open access publishing and can be publisher- or community-led. A range of discipline-specific or cross-domain platforms now exist.<a href="#cite_note-Balaji_2019-106">[106]</a> The posting of pre-prints (and/or authors' manuscript versions) is consistent with the Green Open Access model.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_of_preprints_on_later_publication">Effect of preprints on later publication</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Effect of preprints on later publication">edit</a>]</div> A persistent concern surrounding preprints is that work may be at risk of being plagiarised or "scooped" – meaning that the same or similar research will be published by others without proper attribution to the original source – if publicly available but not yet associated with a stamp of approval from peer reviewers and traditional journals.<a href="#cite_note-Bourne_2017-107">[107]</a> These concerns are often amplified as competition increases for academic jobs and funding, and perceived to be particularly problematic for early-career researchers and other higher-risk demographics within academia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, preprints, in fact, protect against scooping.<a href="#cite_note-Sarabipour_2019b-108">[108]</a> Considering the differences between traditional peer-review based publishing models and deposition of an article on a preprint server, "scooping" is less likely for manuscripts first submitted as preprints. In a traditional publishing scenario, the time from manuscript submission to acceptance and to final publication can range from a few weeks to years, and go through several rounds of revision and resubmission before final publication.<a href="#cite_note-Powell_2016-109">[109]</a> During this time, the same work will have been extensively discussed with external collaborators, presented at conferences, and been read by editors and reviewers in related areas of research. Yet, there is no official open record of that process (e.g., peer reviewers are normally anonymous, reports remain largely unpublished), and if an identical or very similar paper were to be published while the original was still under review, it would be impossible to establish provenance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Preprints provide a time-stamp at the time of publication, which helps to establish the "priority of discovery" for scientific claims (Vale and Hyman 2016). This means that a preprint can act as proof of provenance for research ideas, data, code, models, and results.<a href="#cite_note-Crick_2017-110">[110]</a> The fact that the majority of preprints come with a form of permanent identifier, usually a <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifier</a> (DOI), also makes them easy to cite and track. Thus, if one were to be "scooped" without adequate acknowledgement, this would be a case of academic misconduct and plagiarism, and could be pursued as such. There is no evidence that "scooping" of research via preprints exists, not even in communities that have broadly adopted the use of the <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> server for sharing preprints since 1991. If the unlikely case of scooping emerges as the growth of the preprint system continues, it can be dealt with as academic malpractice. <a href="/wiki/ASAPbio" class="mw-redirect" title="ASAPbio">ASAPbio</a> includes a series of hypothetical scooping scenarios as part of its preprint FAQ, finding that the overall benefits of using preprints vastly outweigh any potential issues around scooping.<a href="#cite_note-111">[note 1]</a> Indeed, the benefits of preprints, especially for early-career researchers, seem to outweigh any perceived risk: rapid sharing of academic research, open access without author-facing charges, establishing priority of discoveries, receiving wider feedback in parallel with or before peer review, and facilitating wider collaborations.<a href="#cite_note-Sarabipour_2019b-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archiving">Archiving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archiving">edit</a>]</div> The "green" route to OA refers to author self-archiving, in which a version of the article (often the peer-reviewed version before editorial typesetting, called "postprint") is posted online to an institutional and/or subject repository. This route is often dependent on journal or publisher policies,<a href="#cite_note-112">[note 2]</a> which can be more restrictive and complicated than respective "gold" policies regarding deposit location, license, and embargo requirements. Some publishers require an embargo period before deposition in public repositories,<a href="#cite_note-Gadd_2019-113">[111]</a> arguing that immediate self-archiving risks loss of subscription income. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embargo_periods">Embargo periods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Embargo periods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png/170px-Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png/255px-Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png/340px-Elsevier_Embargo_lengths.png 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Length of embargo times for bronze <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier journals</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Embargo_(academic_publishing)" title="Embargo (academic publishing)">Embargoes</a> are imposed by between 20 and 40% of journals,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> during which time an article is paywalled before permitting self-archiving (green OA) or releasing a free-to-read version (bronze OA).<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Embargo periods typically vary from 6–12 months in <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> and >12 months in <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a> Embargo-free <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self-archiving</a> has not been shown to affect <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription revenue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Swan_2005-119">[117]</a> and tends to increase readership and citations.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Embargoes have been lifted on particular topics for either limited times or ongoing (e.g. Zika outbreaks<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> or indigenous health<a href="#cite_note-:16-123">[121]</a>). <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a> includes zero-length embargoes on self-archiving as a key principle.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations">Motivations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Motivations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></div> Open access (mostly green and gratis) began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. The momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The premises behind open access publishing are that there are viable funding models to maintain traditional <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> standards of quality while also making the following changes: <ul><li>Rather than making journal articles accessible through a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription business model</a>, all academic publications could be made free to read and published with some other cost-recovery model, such as publication charges, subsidies, or charging subscriptions only for the print edition, with the online edition <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">gratis</a> or "free to read".<a href="#cite_note-Suber29-43-124">[122]</a></li> <li>Rather than applying traditional notions of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> to academic publications, they could be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/libre#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:libre">libre</a> or "free to build upon".<a href="#cite_note-Suber29-43-124">[122]</a></li></ul> An obvious advantage of open access journals is the free access to scientific papers regardless of affiliation with a subscribing library and improved access for the general public; this is especially true in developing countries. Lower costs for research in academia and industry have been claimed in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> although others have argued that OA may raise the total cost of publication,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> and further increase economic incentives for exploitation in academic publishing.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The open access movement is motivated by the problems of social inequality caused by restricting access to academic research, which favor large and wealthy institutions with the financial means to purchase access to many journals, as well as the economic challenges and perceived unsustainability of academic publishing.<a href="#cite_note-Suber29-43-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stakeholders_and_concerned_communities">Stakeholders and concerned communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stakeholders and concerned communities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/220px-seek%3D47-Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm/Thank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThank_you_for_practicing_Open_Science_-_Igsi8c4BjI8.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A fictional thank you note from the future to contemporary researchers for sharing their research openly</figcaption></figure> The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers. Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to. All researchers benefit from open access as no library can afford to subscribe to every <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> and most can only afford a small fraction of them – this is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">serials crisis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Open access extends the reach of research beyond its immediate academic circle. An open access article can be read by anyone – a <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> in the field, a <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researcher</a> in another field, a <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, a politician or <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servant</a>, or an interested layperson. Indeed, a 2008 study revealed that <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_professional" title="Mental health professional">mental health professionals</a> are roughly twice as likely to read a relevant article if it is freely available.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_funders">Research funders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Research funders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Policies_and_mandates">§ Policies and mandates</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate#Instances" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate § Instances</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Research_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Research funding">Research funding</a> agencies and universities want to ensure that the research they fund and support in various ways has the greatest possible research impact.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> As a means of achieving this, research funders are beginning to expect open access to the research they support. Many of them (including all UK Research Councils) have already adopted <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">open-access mandates</a>, and others are on the way to do so (see <a href="/wiki/ROARMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ROARMAP">ROARMAP</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universities">Universities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> A growing number of universities are providing institutional repositories in which their researchers can deposit their published articles. Some open access advocates believe that institutional repositories will play a very important role in responding to open-access mandates from funders.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> In May 2005, 16 major <a href="/wiki/Dutch_universities" title="Dutch universities">Dutch universities</a> cooperatively launched <a href="/wiki/Darenet" title="Darenet">DAREnet</a>, the Digital Academic Repositories, making over 47,000 research papers available.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> From 2 June 2008, DAREnet has been incorporated into the scholarly portal <a href="/wiki/NARCIS_(National_Academic_Research_and_Collaboration_Information_System)" class="mw-redirect" title="NARCIS (National Academic Research and Collaboration Information System)">NARCIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> By 2019, NARCIS provided access to 360,000 open access publications from all Dutch universities, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">KNAW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research">NWO</a> and a number of scientific institutes.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> In 2011, a group of universities in North America formed the Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI).<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Starting with 21 institutions where the faculty had either established an open access policy or were in the process of implementing one, COAPI now has nearly 50 members. These institutions' administrators, faculty and librarians, and staff support the international work of the Coalition's awareness-raising and advocacy for open access. In 2012, the Harvard Open Access Project released its guide to good practices for university open-access policies,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> focusing on rights-retention policies that allow universities to distribute faculty research without seeking permission from publishers. As of November 2023, Rights retention policies are being adopted by an increasing number of UK universities as well. In 2013 a group of nine Australian universities formed the Australian Open Access Strategy Group (AOASG) to advocate, collaborate, raise awareness, and lead and build capacity in the open access space in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> In 2015, the group expanded to include all eight New Zealand universities and was renamed the Australasian Open Access Support Group.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> It was then renamed the Australasian Open Access Strategy Group, highlighting its emphasis on strategy. The awareness raising activities of the AOASG include presentations, workshops, blogs, and a webinar series on open access issues.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libraries_and_librarians">Libraries and librarians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Libraries and librarians">edit</a>]</div> As information professionals, <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarians</a> are often vocal and active advocates of open access. These librarians believe that open access promises to remove both the price and permission barriers that undermine library efforts to provide access to scholarship, as well as helping to address the <a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">serials crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Open access provides a complement to library access services such as <a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a>, supporting researchers' needs for immediate access to scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Librarians and library associations also lead education and outreach initiatives to faculty, administrators, the library community, and the public about the benefits of open access. Many library associations have either signed major open access declarations or created their own. For example, <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">IFLA</a> have produced a Statement on Open Access.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a> has documented the need for increased access to scholarly information, and was a leading founder of the <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a> (SPARC).<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Librarians and library associations also develop and share informational resources on scholarly publishing and open access to research; the Scholarly Communications Toolkit<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_College_and_Research_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of College and Research Libraries">Association of College and Research Libraries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> is one example of this work. At most universities, the library manages the institutional repository, which provides free access to scholarly work by the university's faculty. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Canadian Association of Research Libraries">Canadian Association of Research Libraries</a> has a program<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> to develop institutional repositories at all Canadian university libraries. An increasing number of libraries provide <a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">publishing</a> or hosting services for open access journals, with the Library Publishing Coalition as a membership organisation.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 2013, open access activist <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> was posthumously awarded the American Library Association's <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a> for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles".<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> In March 2013, the entire editorial board and the editor-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Library_Administration" title="Journal of Library Administration">Journal of Library Administration</a> resigned en masse, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of Aaron Swartz.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public">Public</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public">edit</a>]</div> The public may benefit from open access to scholarly research for many reasons. Advocacy groups such as <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a>'s Alliance for Taxpayer Access in the US argue that most scientific research is paid for by taxpayers through <a href="/wiki/Government_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Government grant">government grants</a>, who have a right to access the results of what they have funded.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Examples of people who might wish to read scholarly literature include individuals with medical conditions and their family members, serious hobbyists or "amateur" scholars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur astronomers</a>), and high school and <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior college</a> students. Additionally, professionals in many fields, such as those doing research in private companies, <a href="/wiki/Start-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Start-up">start-ups</a>, and hospitals, may not have access to publications behind paywalls, and OA publications are the only type that they can access in practice. Even those who do not read scholarly articles benefit indirectly from open access.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> For example, patients benefit when their doctor and other <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> professionals have access to the latest research. Advocates argue that open access speeds research progress, productivity, and knowledge translation.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low-income_countries">Low-income countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Low-income countries">edit</a>]</div> In developing nations, open access archiving and publishing acquires a unique importance.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Scientists, health care professionals, and institutions in developing nations often do not have the capital necessary to access scholarly literature. Many open access projects involve international collaboration. For example, the <a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> (Scientific Electronic Library Online),<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> is a comprehensive approach to full open access journal publishing, involving a number of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries. <a href="/wiki/Bioline_International" title="Bioline International">Bioline International</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> dedicated to helping publishers in developing countries is a collaboration of people in the UK, Canada, and Brazil; the Bioline International Software is used around the world. <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a> (RePEc), is a collaborative effort of over 100 volunteers in 45 countries. The <a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a> in Canada developed the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> publishing software <a href="/wiki/Open_Journal_Systems" title="Open Journal Systems">Open Journal Systems</a> (OJS), which is now in use around the world, for example by the <a href="/wiki/African_Journals_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="African Journals Online">African Journals Online</a> group, and one of the most active development groups is Portuguese. This international perspective has resulted in advocacy for the development of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source appropriate technology</a> and the necessary open access to relevant information for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should include a summary of, or be summarized in, <a href="/wiki/History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History of open access</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text, or the main text of another article. (May 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History of open access</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:444px;max-width:444px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:OA_by_year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OA_by_year.png/440px-OA_by_year.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OA_by_year.png/660px-OA_by_year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OA_by_year.png/880px-OA_by_year.png 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="936" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The number and proportion of open access articles split between Gold, Green, Hybrid, Bronze and closed access (1950–2016)<a href="#cite_note-Piwowar2018-161">[159]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:OA_by_subject.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/OA_by_subject.png/440px-OA_by_subject.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/OA_by_subject.png/660px-OA_by_subject.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/OA_by_subject.png/880px-OA_by_subject.png 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="860" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ratios of article access types for different subjects (averaged 2009–2015)<a href="#cite_note-Piwowar2018-161">[159]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png/220px-Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png/330px-Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png/440px-Share_of_hybrid_open_access_articles_in_journal_of_top_three_publishers.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Share of hybrid open access (OA) articles in the subscription journals of the top three publishers. JCR, Journal Citation Reports. Reproduced</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Extent">edit</a>]</div> Various studies have investigated the extent of open access. A study published in 2010 showed that roughly 20% of the total number of peer-reviewed articles published in 2008 could be found openly accessible.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1371/journal.pone.0011273-162">[160]</a> Another study found that by 2010, 7.9% of all academic journals with <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factors</a> were gold open access journals and showed a broad distribution of Gold Open Access journals throughout academic disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> A study of random journals from the <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citations indexes</a> AHSCI, SCI and SSCI in 2013 came to the result that 88% of the journals were closed access and 12% were open access.<a href="#cite_note-fuchs2013-26">[26]</a> In August 2013, a study done for the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> reported that 50% of a random sample of all articles published in 2011 as indexed by <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> were freely accessible online by the end of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> A 2017 study by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> put the share of gold access articles in pure open access journals at around 13 percent of total research papers.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Planck_Gesellschaft-167">[165]</a> In 2009, there were approximately 4,800 active open access journals, publishing around 190,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-Björk2011-168">[166]</a> As of February 2019, over 12,500 open access journals are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals-169">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities_by_year.webm" title="File:Gold vs green OA at individual universities by year.webm"><img resource="/wiki/File:Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg/220px-Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg/330px-Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg/440px-Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption><div style="float:left;margin-right:0.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_vs_green_OA_at_individual_universities_by_year.webm" title="The image above is animated when clicked"><img alt="The image above is interactive when clicked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/27px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/36px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> Gold OA vs green OA by institution for 2017 (size indicates number of outputs, colour indicates region). Note: articles may be both green and gold OA so x and y values do not sum to total OA.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> </figcaption></figure> A 2013-2018 report (GOA4) found that in 2018 over 700,000 articles were published in gold open access in the world, of which 42% was in journals with no author-paid fees.<a href="#cite_note-GOA4-77">[77]</a> The figure varies significantly depending on region and kind of publisher: 75% if university-run, over 80% in Latin America, but less than 25% in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-GOA4-77">[77]</a> However, Crawford's study did not count open access articles published in "hybrid" journals (subscription journals that allow authors to make their individual articles open in return for payment of a fee). More comprehensive analyses of the scholarly literature suggest that this resulted in a significant underestimation of the prevalence of author-fee-funded OA publications in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Crawford's study also found that although a minority of open access journals impose charges on authors, a growing majority of open access articles are published under this arrangement, particularly in the science disciplines (thanks to the enormous output of open access "mega journals", each of which may publish tens of thousands of articles in a year and are invariably funded by author-side charges—see Figure 10.1 in GOA4). According to <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> database in August, 2024, 46.2% of works, indexed therein and published in 2023, had some form of open access. More than half of the OA publications (27.5% of all indexed works in 2023) were in fully Gold Open Access sources, 16.7% of all were in Green OA sources (i.e. which allow for self-archiving by authors), 9.2 % in Hybrid Gold OA sources (such as journals, which have open access and behind-paywall articles in the same issue), and 10.6 % were in Bronze OA sources (free-to-read on the publishers' websites).<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers,_WebOfScience_data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers%2C_WebOfScience_data.png/220px-Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers%2C_WebOfScience_data.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers%2C_WebOfScience_data.png/330px-Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers%2C_WebOfScience_data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers%2C_WebOfScience_data.png/440px-Percentage_of_Open_Access_articles_from_8_oldest_journal_publishers%2C_WebOfScience_data.png 2x" data-file-width="4812" data-file-height="2710" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of Open Access articles from 8 oldest journal publishers. The data were extracted from Web of Science database on 2023-01-30.</figcaption></figure> The adoption of Open Access publishing varies significantly from publisher to publisher, as shown in Fig. OA-Plot, where only the oldest (traditional) publishers are shown, but not the newer publishers, that use the Open Access model exclusively. This plot shows, that since 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> has the largest percentage of OA publications, while the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> has the lowest. Both the <a href="/wiki/IOP_Publishing" title="IOP Publishing">IOP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">ACS</a> are non-profit publishers. The increase in OA percentage for articles published before ca. 1923 is related to the expiration of a 100-year <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright term</a>. Some publishers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/IOP_Publishing" title="IOP Publishing">IOP</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">ACS</a> made many such articles available as Open Access, while others (<a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> in particular) did not. The <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a> (ROAR) indexes the creation, location and growth of open access <a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">open access-repositories</a> and their contents.<a href="#cite_note-roar2-174">[172]</a> As of February 2019, over 4,500 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered in ROAR.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_scholarly_publishing">Effects on scholarly publishing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Effects on scholarly publishing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_impact">Article impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Article impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_access_citation_advantage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Open_access_citation_advantage.png/220px-Open_access_citation_advantage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Open_access_citation_advantage.png/330px-Open_access_citation_advantage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Open_access_citation_advantage.png/440px-Open_access_citation_advantage.png 2x" data-file-width="4029" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of OA publications to non-OA publications for academic citations (n=44),<a href="#cite_note-mckiernan-176">[174]</a> HTML views (n=4),<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-180">[178]</a> PDF downloads (n=3),<a href="#cite_note-:12-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-180">[178]</a> Twitter (n=2),<a href="#cite_note-:6-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[175]</a> Wikipedia (n=1)<a href="#cite_note-:8-182">[180]</a></figcaption></figure> Since published articles report on research that is typically funded by government or university grants, the more the article is used, cited, applied and built upon, the better for research as well as for the researcher's career.<a href="#cite_note-uk-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Some professional organizations have encouraged use of open access: in 2001, the <a href="/wiki/International_Mathematical_Union" title="International Mathematical Union">International Mathematical Union</a> communicated to its members that "Open access to the mathematical literature is an important goal" and encouraged them to "[make] available electronically as much of our own work as feasible" to "[enlarge] the reservoir of freely available primary mathematical material, particularly helping scientists working without adequate library access".<a href="#cite_note-imu-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Readership">Readership</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Readership">edit</a>]</div> OA articles are generally viewed online and downloaded more often than paywalled articles and that readership continues for longer.<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-186">[184]</a> Readership is especially higher in demographics that typically lack access to subscription journals (in addition to the general population, this includes many medical practitioners, patient groups, policymakers, non-profit sector workers, industry researchers, and independent researchers).<a href="#cite_note-:5-187">[185]</a> OA articles are more read on publication management programs such as Mendeley.<a href="#cite_note-:6-181">[179]</a> Open access practices can reduce publication delays, an obstacle which led some research fields such as high-energy physics to adopt widespread preprint access.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citation_rate">Citation rate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citation rate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON bias</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf/page1-220px-Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf/page1-330px-Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf/page1-440px-Open_access_addendum_for_authors_to_publishers.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Authors may use form language like this to request an open access license when submitting their work to a publisher.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/220px--How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="240" data-mwtitle="How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv/How_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_Open_Access_Empowered_a_16-Year-Old_to_Make_Cancer_Breakthrough.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>A 2013 interview on <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalls</a> and open access with <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">NIH</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> and inventor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Andraka" title="Jack Andraka">Jack Andraka</a></figcaption></figure> A main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Open access articles are typically <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">cited</a> more often than equivalent articles requiring subscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-193">[191]</a> This 'citation advantage' was first reported in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Although two major studies dispute this claim,<a href="#cite_note-Davis_2008-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-186">[184]</a> the consensus of multiple studies support the effect,<a href="#cite_note-mckiernan-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-196">[194]</a> with measured OA citation advantage varying in magnitude between 1.3-fold to 6-fold depending on discipline.<a href="#cite_note-:7-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayson_103–111-198">[196]</a> Citation advantage is most pronounced in OA articles in hybrid journals (compared to the non-OA articles in those same journals),<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> and with articles deposited in green OA repositories.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1371/journal.pone.0011273-162">[160]</a> Notably, green OA articles show similar benefits to citation counts as gold OA articles.<a href="#cite_note-Clayson_103–111-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-193">[191]</a> Articles in gold OA journals are typically cited at a similar frequency to paywalled articles.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Citation advantage increases the longer an article has been published.<a href="#cite_note-:10-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Altmetrics">edit</a>]</div> In addition to format academic <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a>, other forms of research impact (<a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">altmetrics</a>) may be affected by OA publishing,<a href="#cite_note-:5-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-193">[191]</a> constituting a significant "amplifier" effect for science published on such platforms.<a href="#cite_note-:8-182">[180]</a> Initial studies suggest that OA articles are more referenced in blogs,<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> on Twitter,<a href="#cite_note-:6-181">[179]</a> and on English Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-:8-182">[180]</a> The OA advantage in altmetrics may be smaller than the advantage in academic citations, although findings are mixed.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayson_103–111-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_impact_factor">Journal impact factor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Journal impact factor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Journal_impact_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal impact factor">Journal impact factor</a> (JIF) measures the average number of citations of articles in a journal over a two-year window. It is commonly used as a proxy for journal quality, expected research impact for articles submitted to that journal, and of researcher success.<a href="#cite_note-Lariviere_2018-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry_2018-204">[202]</a> In subscription journals, impact factor correlates with overall citation count, however this correlation is not observed in gold OA journals.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Open access initiatives like <a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a> typically call on a broader adoption and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Manifesto" title="Leiden Manifesto">Leiden Manifesto</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[note 3]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a> (DORA) alongside fundamental changes in the scholarly communication system.<a href="#cite_note-207">[note 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer_review_processes">Peer review processes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Peer review processes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">Scholarly peer review</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">Peer review</a> of research articles prior to publishing has been common since the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Csiszar_2016-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moxham_2017-209">[205]</a> Commonly reviewer comments are only revealed to the authors and reviewer identities kept anonymous.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> The rise of OA publishing has also given rise to experimentation in technologies and processes for peer review.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> Increasing transparency of peer review and quality control includes posting results to <a href="/wiki/Preprint_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Preprint server">preprint servers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preregistration_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preregistration (pharmaceutical)">preregistration</a> of studies,<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_peer_review" title="Open peer review">open publishing of peer reviews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:15-215">[211]</a> open publishing of full datasets and analysis code,<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> and other open science practices.<a href="#cite_note-Munafò_2017b-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowman_2018-219">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-McKiernan_2016-220">[216]</a> It is proposed that increased transparency of academic quality control processes makes audit of the academic record easier.<a href="#cite_note-:15-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Additionally, the rise of OA <a href="/wiki/Mega_journal" title="Mega journal">megajournals</a> has made it viable for their peer review to focus solely on methodology and results interpretation whilst ignoring novelty.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spezi_263–283-223">[219]</a> Major criticisms of the influence of OA on peer review have included that if OA journals have incentives to publish as many articles as possible then peer review standards may fall (as aspect of predatory publishing), increased use of preprints may populate the academic corpus with un-reviewed junk and propaganda, and that reviewers may self-censor if their identity of open. Some advocates propose that readers will have increased skepticism of preprint studies - a traditional hallmark of scientific inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predatory_publishing">Predatory publishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Predatory publishing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishers</a> present themselves as academic journals but use lax or no peer review processes coupled with aggressive advertising in order to generate revenue from article processing charges from authors. The definitions of 'predatory', 'deceptive', or 'questionable' publishers/journals are often vague, opaque, and confusing, and can also include fully legitimate journals, such as those indexed by PubMed Central.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> In this sense, Grudniewicz et al.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> proposed a consensus definition that needs to be shared: "Predatory journals and publishers are entities that prioritize self-interest at the expense of scholarship and are characterized by false or misleading information, deviation from best editorial and publication practices, a lack of transparency, and/or the use of aggressive and indiscriminate solicitation practices." In this way, predatory journals exploit the OA model by deceptively removing the main value added by the journal (peer review) and parasitize the OA movement, occasionally hijacking or impersonating other journals.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> The rise of such journals since 2010<a href="#cite_note-Shen_2015-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perlin_2018-229">[225]</a> has damaged the reputation of the OA publishing model as a whole, especially via sting operations where fake papers have been successfully published in such journals.<a href="#cite_note-Bohannon_2013-230">[226]</a> Although commonly associated with OA publishing models, subscription journals are also at risk of similar lax quality control standards and poor editorial policies.<a href="#cite_note-Olivarez_2018-231">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shamseer_2017-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> OA publishers therefore aim to ensure quality via auditing by registries such as <a href="/wiki/DOAJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DOAJ">DOAJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">OASPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> and comply to a standardised set of conditions. A blacklist of predatory publishers is also maintained by <a href="/wiki/Cabell%27s_blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabell's blacklist">Cabell's blacklist</a> (a successor to <a href="/wiki/Beall%27s_List" title="Beall's List">Beall's List</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Silver_2017-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strinzel_2019-235">[231]</a> Increased transparency of the peer review and publication process has been proposed as a way to combat predatory journal practices.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polka_2018-236">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_irony">Open irony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Open irony">edit</a>]</div> Open irony refers to the situation where a scholarly journal article advocates open access but the article itself is only accessible by paying a fee to the journal publisher to read the article.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Open_Access_to_Publications_to_Expa-239">[235]</a> This has been noted in many fields, with more than 20 examples appearing since around 2010, including in widely-read journals such as <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. In 2012 Duncan Hull proposed the Open Access Irony award to publicly humiliate journals that publish these kinds of papers.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Examples of these have been shared and discussed on social media using the <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> #openirony. Typically, these discussions are humorous exposures of articles/editorials that are pro-open access, but locked behind paywalls. The main concern that motivates these discussions is that restricted access to public scientific knowledge is slowing scientific progress.<a href="#cite_note-Open_Access_to_Publications_to_Expa-239">[235]</a> The practice has been justified as important for raising awareness of open access.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROAR_growth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ROAR_growth.png/220px-ROAR_growth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ROAR_growth.png/330px-ROAR_growth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/ROAR_growth.png/440px-ROAR_growth.png 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Number of open access repositories listed in the <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases_and_repositories">Databases and repositories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Databases and repositories">edit</a>]</div> Multiple databases exist for open access articles, journals and datasets. These databases overlap, however each has different inclusion criteria, which typically include extensive vetting for journal publication practices, editorial boards and ethics statements. The main databases of open access articles and journals are <a href="/wiki/DOAJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DOAJ">DOAJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>. In the case of DOAJ, only fully gold open access journals are included, whereas PMC also hosts articles from hybrid journals. There are also a number of <a href="/wiki/Preprint_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Preprint server">preprint servers</a> which host articles that have not yet been reviewed as open access copies.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> These articles are subsequently submitted for peer review by both open access and subscription journals, however the preprint always remains openly accessible. A list of preprint servers is maintained at ResearchPreprints.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> For articles that are published in closed access journals, some authors will deposit a postprint copy in an <a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">open-access repository</a>, where it can be accessed for free.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-greenandgold2-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-roar2-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-DemystifyingOpenAccess2-249">[245]</a> Most subscription journals place restrictions on which version of the work may be shared and/or require an <a href="/wiki/Embargo_(academic_publishing)" title="Embargo (academic publishing)">embargo</a> period following the original date of publication. What is deposited can therefore vary, either a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> or the peer-reviewed <a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">postprint</a>, either the author's refereed and revised final draft or the publisher's <a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">version of record</a>, either immediately deposited or after several years.<a href="#cite_note-Embargos2-250">[246]</a> Repositories may be specific to an <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_repository" title="Disciplinary repository">discipline</a> (e.g.<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly society">scholarly society</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">MLA</a>'s CORE Repository), or a funder (e.g. PMC). Although the practice was first formally proposed in 1994,<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> self-archiving was already being practiced by some computer scientists in local <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> archives in the 1980s (later harvested by <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SHERPA/RoMEO" class="mw-redirect" title="SHERPA/RoMEO">SHERPA/RoMEO</a> site maintains a list of the different publisher copyright and self-archiving policies<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ROAR_Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" class="mw-redirect" title="ROAR Registry of Open Access Repositories">ROAR</a> database hosts an index of the repositories themselves.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Representativeness_in_proprietary_databases">Representativeness in proprietary databases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Representativeness in proprietary databases">edit</a>]</div> Uneven coverage of journals in the major commercial citation index databases (such as <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mongeon_2016-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falagas_2008b-258">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harzing_2016-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ràfols_2016-260">[256]</a> has strong effects on evaluating both researchers and institutions (e.g. the UK <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a> or <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education ranking</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a>). While these databases primarily select based on process and content quality, there has been concern that their commercial nature may skew their assessment criteria and representation of journals outside of Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alperin_2017-70">[70]</a> At the time of that study in 2018, there were no comprehensive, open source or non-commercial academic databases.<a href="#cite_note-Okune_2018-264">[259]</a> However, in more recent years, <a href="/wiki/The_Lens" title="The Lens">The Lens</a> emerged as a suitable outside-paywalls universal academic database. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal#Electronic_publishing" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal § Electronic publishing</a></div> Like the self-archived green open access articles, most gold open access journal articles are distributed via the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>,<a href="#cite_note-suber_overview-1">[1]</a> due to low distribution costs, increasing reach, speed, and increasing importance for scholarly communication. <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">Open source software</a> is sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">open-access repositories</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BOAI_FAQ-265">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Publication_management_software" title="Category:Publication management software">open access journal websites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> and other aspects of open access provision and open access publishing. Access to online content requires Internet access, and this distributional consideration presents physical and sometimes financial barriers to access. There are various open access aggregators that list open access journals or articles. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directory_of_Open_Access_Scholarly_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources (page does not exist)">ROAD</a> (the Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources)<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> synthesizes information about open access journals and is a subset of the <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> register. <a href="/wiki/SHERPA/RoMEO" class="mw-redirect" title="SHERPA/RoMEO">SHERPA/RoMEO</a> lists international publishers that allow the published version of articles to be deposited in <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repositories" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional repositories">institutional repositories</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a> (DOAJ) contains over 12,500 peer-reviewed open access journals for searching and browsing.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals-169">[167]</a> Open access articles can be found with a <a href="/wiki/Web_search_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search timeline">web search</a>, using any general <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> or those specialized for the scholarly and scientific literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/OAIster" title="OAIster">OAIster</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">base-search.net</a>,<a href="#cite_note-base-search-269">[264]</a> and <a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> Many open-access repositories offer a programmable interface to query their content. Some of them use a generic protocol, such as <a href="/wiki/Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol for Metadata Harvesting">OAI-PMH</a> (e.g., base-search.net<a href="#cite_note-base-search-269">[264]</a>). In addition, some repositories propose a specific API, such as the <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> API, the Dissemin API, the <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a>/oadoi API, or the base-search API. In 1998, several universities founded the <a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a> to foster open access, and developed the open-source journal publishing system <a href="/wiki/Open_Journal_Systems" title="Open Journal Systems">Open Journal Systems</a>, among other scholarly software projects. As of 2010, it was being used by approximately 5,000 journals worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> Several initiatives provide an alternative to the English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including <a href="/wiki/Index_Copernicus" title="Index Copernicus">Index Copernicus</a> (Polish), <a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> (Portuguese, Spanish) and <a href="/wiki/Redalyc" title="Redalyc">Redalyc</a> (Spanish). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_and_mandates">Policies and mandates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Policies and mandates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_access_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access mandate">Open access mandate</a></div> Many universities, research institutions and research funders have adopted mandates requiring their researchers to make their research publications open access.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> For example, Research Councils UK spent nearly £60m on supporting their open access mandate between 2013 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> New mandates are often announced during the Open Access Week, that takes place each year during the last full week of October. The idea of mandating self-archiving was raised at least as early as 1998.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Since 2003<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> efforts have been focused on open access mandating by the funders of research: governments,<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> research funding agencies,<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> and universities.<a href="#cite_note-roarmap-278">[273]</a> Some publishers and publisher associations have lobbied against introducing mandates.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> In 2002, the University of Southampton's School of Electronics & Computer Science became one of the first schools to implement a meaningful mandatory open access policy, in which authors had to contribute copies of their articles to the school's repository. More institutions followed suit in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In 2007, Ukraine became the first country to create a national policy on open access, followed by Spain in 2009. Argentina, Brazil, and Poland are currently in the process of developing open access policies. Making master's and doctoral theses open access is an increasingly popular mandate by many educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a> has required since 2008 that papers describing research funded by the National Institutes of Health must be available to the public free through <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a> (PMC) within 12 months of publication. In 2022, US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden's</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> issued a memorandum calling for the removal of the 12-month embargo.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> By the end of 2025, US federal agencies must require all results (papers, documents and data) produced as a result of US government-funded research to be available to the public immediately upon publication.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> In 2023, the Council of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> recommended the implementation of an open-access and not-for-profit model for research publishing by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and member states. These recommendations are not legally binding and received mixed reactions. While welcomed by some members of the academic community, <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">publishers</a> argued that the suggested model is unrealistic due to the lack of crucial funding details. Furthermore, the council's recommendations raised concerns within the publishing industry regarding the potential implications, and they also emphasized the importance of research integrity and the need for member states to address <a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">predatory journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates Foundation">Gates Foundation</a> announced a "preprint-centric" open access policy, and their intention to stop paying APCs.<a href="#cite_note-Lenharo_2024_b052-285">[280]</a> In 2024, the government of Japan also announced a Green open access policy, requiring that government-funded research be made freely available on institutional preprint repositories from April 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Chawla_2024-286">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compliance">Compliance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Compliance">edit</a>]</div> As of March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">open-access mandates</a> have been registered by over 100 research funders and 800 universities worldwide, compiled in the <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repository_Mandates_and_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies">Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> As these sorts of mandates increase in prevalence, collaborating researchers may be affected by several at once. Tools such as <a href="/wiki/SWORD_(protocol)" title="SWORD (protocol)">SWORD</a> can help authors manage sharing between repositories.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Compliance rates with voluntary open access policies remain low (as low as 5%).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> However it has been demonstrated that more successful outcomes are achieved by policies that are compulsory and more specific, such as specifying maximum permissible embargo times.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> Compliance with compulsory open-access mandates varies between funders from 27% to 91% (averaging 67%).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> From March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> started tracking and indicating compliance with funders' open-access mandates, although it only checks whether items are free-to-read, rather than openly licensed.<a href="#cite_note-2103Nature-290">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inequality_and_open_access">Inequality and open access</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Inequality and open access">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_inequality">Gender inequality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Gender inequality">edit</a>]</div> Gender inequality still exists in the modern system of scientific publishing. In terms of citation and authorship position, gender differences favoring men can be found in many disciplines such as political science, economics and neurology, and critical care research. For instance, in critical care research, 30.8% of the 18,483 research articles published between 2008 and 2018 were led by female authors and were more likely to be published in lower-impact journals than those led by male authors.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Such disparity can adversely affect the scientific career of women and underrate their scientific impacts for promotion and funding. Open access (OA) publishing can be a tool to help female researchers increase their publications' visibility, measure impact, and help close the gendered citation gap. OA publishing is a well-advocated practice for providing better accessibility to knowledge (especially for researchers in low- and middle-income countries) as well as increasing transparency along with the publishing procedure [21,22]. Publications' visibility can be enhanced through OA publishing due to its high accessibility by removing paywalls compared to non-OA publishing. Additionally, because of this high visibility, authors can receive more recognition for their works. OA publishing is also suggested to be advantageous in terms of citation number compared to non-OA publishing, but this aspect is still controversial within the scientific community. The association between OA and a higher number of citations may be because higher-quality articles are self-selected for publication as OA. Considering the gender-based issues in academia and the efforts to improve gender equality, OA can be an important factor when female researchers choose a place to publish their articles. With a proper supporting system and funding, OA publishing is shown to have increased female researchers' productivity.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-income–low-income_country_inequality">High-income–low-income country inequality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: High-income–low-income country inequality">edit</a>]</div> A 2022 study has found "most OA articles were written by authors in high-income countries, and there were no articles in Mirror journals by authors in low-income countries."<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> "One of the great ironies of open access is that you grant authors around the world the ability to finally read the scientific literature that was completely closed off to them, but it ends up excluding them from publishing in the same journals" says Emilio Bruna, a scholar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> in Gainesville.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open access in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_knowledge_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to knowledge movement">Access to knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies of academic publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerilla_Open_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla Open Access">Guerilla Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open_access_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open access journals">List of open access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Button" title="Open Access Button">Open Access Button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_monograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access monograph">Open access monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Week" title="Open Access Week">Open Access Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_open_access_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory open access publishing">Predatory open access publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_access_journals" title="Category:Open access journals">Category:Open access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_access_by_country" title="Category:Open access by country">Category:Open access by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Publication_management_software" title="Category:Publication management software">Category:Publication management software</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asapbio.org/preprint-info/preprint-faq#qe-faq-923">"ASAPbio FAQ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011402/https://asapbio.org/preprint-info/preprint-faq#qe-faq-923">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASAPbio+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasapbio.org%2Fpreprint-info%2Fpreprint-faq%23qe-faq-923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/index.php">"SHERPA/RoMEO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830211037/http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHERPA%2FRoMEO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sherpa.ac.uk%2Fromeo%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"> database. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenmanifesto.org/">"The Leiden Manifesto for Research Metrics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011418/http://www.leidenmanifesto.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Leiden+Manifesto+for+Research+Metrics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenmanifesto.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"> 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coalition-s.org/feedback/">"Plan S implementation guidelines"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011423/https://www.coalition-s.org/feedback-on-the-implementation-guidance-of-plan-s-generates-large-public-response/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+S+implementation+guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coalition-s.org%2Ffeedback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988">, February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Publications in journals listed in the WoS has a large effect on the UK <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a>. Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE rankings</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-suber_overview-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suber_overview_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suber_overview_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suber_overview_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suber_overview_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suber_overview_1-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuber" class="citation web cs1">Suber, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm">"Open Access Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519103647/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2007. 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Licensed under CC-BY-SA. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000215863">Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access</a>, 45-48, Swan, Alma, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Darnton, Robert</a>, "The Dream of a Universal Library" (review of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(professor)" title="Peter Baldwin (professor)">Peter Baldwin</a>, Athena Unbound: Why and How Scholarly Knowledge Should Be Free for All, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2023, 405 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXX, no. 20 (21 December 2023), pp. 73–74. Reviewer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Darnton</a> writes: "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Baldwin_(professor)" title="Peter Baldwin (professor)">Baldwin</a> warns: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">journal</a> publishers are gouging their customers, scholarly <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> reach a tiny audience, <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a> are floundering under <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> pressures, <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a> are pursuing <a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">careers</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, and readers are not getting all the <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> they deserve." (p. 74.) Writes Darnton: "Most scientific research is subsidized by the federal government." Under a 2022 <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> directive, "As of December 31, 2025, all agencies... must require immediate open access... The <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> leaders took a similar stand on May 14, 2023, as did the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> on May 23. The tide is turning in favor of unrestricted access, but the countervailing forces are so complex that the future remains cloudy." (p. 73.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuber2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Suber, Peter</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_%28the_book%29">Open access</a> (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51763-8"><bdi>978-0-262-51763-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+access&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.edition=The+MIT+Press+Essential+Knowledge+Series&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51763-8&rft.aulast=Suber&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fhoap%2FOpen_Access_%2528the_book%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kirsop, Barbara, and Leslie Chan. (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/4416">Transforming access to research literature for developing countries.</a> Serials Reviews, 31(4): 246–255.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaaksoWellingBukvovaNyman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Laakso, Mikael; Welling, Patrik; Bukvova, Helena; Nyman, Linus; Björk, Bo-Christer; Hedlund, Turid (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113847">"The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009"</a>. 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IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin. 28 (4): 39–47. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0606079">cs/0606079</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006cs........6079H">2006cs........6079H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Data+Engineering+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Ten-Year+Cross-Disciplinary+Comparison+of+the+Growth+of+Open+Access+and+How+It+Increases+Research+Citation+Impact&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=39-47&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F0606079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006cs........6079H&rft.aulast=Hajjem&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Harnad%2C+S&rft.au=Gingras%2C+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk%2F11688%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTötösyde_ZepetnekJoshua2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tötösy; de Zepetnek, S.; Joshua, Jia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7771%2F1481-4374.2426">"Electronic Journals, Prestige, and the Economics of Academic Journal Publishing"</a>. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 16 (1): 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7771%2F1481-4374.2426">10.7771/1481-4374.2426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CLCWeb%3A+Comparative+Literature+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Electronic+Journals%2C+Prestige%2C+and+the+Economics+of+Academic+Journal+Publishing&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2014&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7771%2F1481-4374.2426&rft.au=T%C3%B6t%C3%B6sy&rft.au=de+Zepetnek%2C+S.&rft.au=Joshua%2C+Jia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7771%252F1481-4374.2426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poynder.blogspot.com/">"Open and Shut?"</a> <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a> on open access by Richard Poynder, a freelance journalist, who has done a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richardpoynder.co.uk/the-state-of-open-access.html">series of interviews</a> with a few of the leaders of the open access movement.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMietchen2014" class="citation web cs1">Mietchen, Daniel (15 January 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/01/15/wikimedia-and-open-access/">"Wikimedia and Open Access — a rich history of interactions"</a>. Wikimedia Blog. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 10 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Blog&rft.atitle=Wikimedia+and+Open+Access+%E2%80%94+a+rich+history+of+interactions&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.aulast=Mietchen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.wikimedia.org%2F2014%2F01%2F15%2Fwikimedia-and-open-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkerson,_AnnO'Donnell,_James_(Eds.)1995" class="citation book cs1">Okerson, Ann; O'Donnell, James (Eds.) (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InDgAAAAMAAJ">Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918006-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918006-26-4"><bdi>978-0-918006-26-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholarly+Journals+at+the+Crossroads%3A+A+Subversive+Proposal+for+Electronic+Publishing&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Association+of+Research+Libraries&rft.date=1995-06&rft.isbn=978-0-918006-26-4&rft.au=Okerson%2C+Ann&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+James+%28Eds.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInDgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillinsky,_John2006" class="citation book cs1">Willinsky, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105133741/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262512664_Download_the_full_text.pdf">The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship</a> (PDF). Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262512664" title="Special:BookSources/9780262512664"><bdi>9780262512664</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262512664_Download_the_full_text.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Access+Principle%3A+The+Case+for+Open+Access+to+Research+and+Scholarship&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780262512664&rft.au=Willinsky%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftitles%2Fcontent%2F9780262512664_Download_the_full_text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050440/http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Finch-Group-report-FINAL-VERSION.pdf">"Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications"</a> (PDF). United Kingdom: Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Finch-Group-report-FINAL-VERSION.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessibility%2C+sustainability%2C+excellence%3A+how+to+expand+access+to+research+publications&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Working+Group+on+Expanding+Access+to+Published+Research+Findings&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchinfonet.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F06%2FFinch-Group-report-FINAL-VERSION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116065504/http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/mmproceedings/138guedon.shtml">In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists, Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlyn_Moody2016" class="citation web cs1">Glyn Moody (17 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/06/what-is-open-access-free-sharing-of-all-human-knowledge/">"Open access: All human knowledge is there—so why can't everybody access it?"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 20 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Open+access%3A+All+human+knowledge+is+there%E2%80%94so+why+can%27t+everybody+access+it%3F&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft.au=Glyn+Moody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2F06%2Fwhat-is-open-access-free-sharing-of-all-human-knowledge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+access" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_access&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_access_(publishing)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Open access (publishing)">Open access (publishing)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Science" class="extiw" title="v:WikiJournal of Science">WikiJournal of Science</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine" class="extiw" title="v:WikiJournal of Medicine">WikiJournal of Medicine</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q232932" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q232932">Open access</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Open access <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Open+access">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Open+access&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oad.simmons.edu/">OAD</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Access_Directory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Access Directory (page does not exist)">Open Access Directory</a>, an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a> and Robin Peek). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757073363">757073363</a>. Published by <a href="/wiki/Simmons_School_of_Library_and_Information_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Simmons School of Library and Information Science">Simmons School of Library and Information Science</a> in US.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a>, a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project">OATP</a>: <a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Tracking_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Access Tracking Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a>, a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1040261573">1040261573</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goap.info/">GOAP</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Open_access" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Open_access_navbox" title="Template:Open access navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Open_access_navbox" title="Template talk:Open access navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_access_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Open access navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Open_access" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open access</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_open_access" title="History of open access">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_open-access_movement" title="Timeline of the open-access movement">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_transfer_agreement" title="Copyright transfer agreement">Copyright transfer agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">Article processing charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_publishing" title="Predatory publishing">Predatory publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Open_Access_Initiative" title="Budapest Open Access Initiative">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_on_Open_Access_to_Knowledge_in_the_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Statement_on_Open_Access_Publishing" title="Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing">Bethesda Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">DORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Statement_on_Open_Access_to_Legal_Scholarship" title="Durham Statement on Open Access to Legal Scholarship">Durham Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Declaration_on_the_Future_of_the_World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization">Geneva Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIH_Public_Access_Policy" title="NIH Public Access Policy">NIH Public Access Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Works_Act" title="Research Works Act">Research Works Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">Self-archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_mandate" title="Open-access mandate">Open-access mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_repository" title="Open-access repository">Open-access repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_open-access_journal" title="Hybrid open-access journal">Hybrid open-access journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_open-access_journal" title="Delayed open-access journal">Delayed open-access journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cost_of_Knowledge" title="The Cost of Knowledge">The Cost of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory of Open Access Books">Directory of Open Access Books</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21750281#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q21750281">Wikidata</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">Initiative for Open Citations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Access_Scholarly_Publishing_Association" title="Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association">Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge_Project" title="Public Knowledge Project">Public Knowledge Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Open_Access_Repositories" title="Registry of Open Access Repositories">Registry of Open Access Repositories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Australia" title="Open access in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Austria" title="Open access in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Belgium" title="Open access in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Canada" title="Open access in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_France" title="Open access in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Germany" title="Open access in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Greece" title="Open access in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Hungary" title="Open access in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_India" title="Open access in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Open access in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Italy" title="Open access in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_the_Netherlands" title="Open access in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_New_Zealand" title="Open access in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Norway" title="Open access in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Poland" title="Open access in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Portugal" title="Open access in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_South_Africa" title="Open access in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Spain" title="Open access in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Sweden" title="Open access in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Ukraine" title="Open access in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access2Research" title="Access2Research">Access2Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">List of open-access journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information, and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_publishing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia">Acequia (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido">Ejido (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars (key work)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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107.407 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 3.63% 102.561 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.84% 80.312 7 Template:Fix"," 2.66% 75.174 1 Template:Open_access_navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.943","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10833121,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Author-pays_model\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguado-LópezBecerril-Garcia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbanese2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlhooriRay_ChoudhuryKananFox2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrachBerryBlumevon_Foerster1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalajiDhanamjaya2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBasken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjorkRoosLauri2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjörk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjörk2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBjörkSolomon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjörkSolomon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjörkWellingLaaksoMajlender2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBohannon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBohannon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolick2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosmanFrantsvågKramerLanglais2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBournePolkaValeKiley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowmanKeene2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandom2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrembs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuaQureshiKrishnanPai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaysonBaldwinLarson2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCommittee_on_Electronic_Information_and_Communication_(CEIC)_of_the_International_Mathematical_Union2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrickHallIshtiaq2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrotty2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCsiszar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDOAJ\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadkhahBorchardt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDadkhahMaliszewskiTeixeira_da_Silva2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavisLewensteinSimonBooth2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonYang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodds2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgarWillinsky2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElSabry2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElmore2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEve2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEve2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEve2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEysenbach2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFalagasPitsouniMalietzisPappas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortierJamesJerméBerge2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrosio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchsSandoval2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddOppenheimProbets2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddTroll_Covey2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGajović2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargouriHajjemLariviereGingras2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGemma_DerrickAlesia_Ann_ZuccalaGeorgiana_Turculet2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentil-BeccotMeleBrooks2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsparg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlyn_Moody2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreshake2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrudniewiczMoherCobeyBryson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajjemHarnadGingras2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardistyHaaga2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnad2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnadBrodyVallièresCarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarzingAlakangas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimmelsteinRomeroLevernierMunro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHull2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamali2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlstrømAksnesPiro2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimPark2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkmanHaddow2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopfstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoroso2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozakHartley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaakso2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaaksoBjörk2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaaksoBjörk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaaksoWellingBukvovaNyman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenharo2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippincott2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachovec2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarwick2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatushek2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKiernanBourneBrownBuck2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMietchen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMongeonPaul-Hus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoxhamFyfe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunafòNosekBishopButton2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNew2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeylonPattinsonBilderLin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorden2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormand2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNosekEbersoleDeHavenMellor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkerson,_AnnO\u0026#039;Donnell,_James_(Eds.)1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkuneHillyerAlbornozPosada2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivarezBalesSareVanduinkerken2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttaviani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPablo_AlperinRozemblum2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalazzo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawlikHütterKocherMann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeiperl2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenfoldPolka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlinImasatoBorenstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersMargoni2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinfieldSalterBath2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiwowarPriemLarivièreAlperin2018\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPolkaKileyKonfortiStern2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPontikaRozenberga2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPourretHeddingIbarraIrawan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPourretIrawanTennantHursthouse2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPourretIrawanTennantWien2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson-GarciaChavarroMolas-GallartRàfols2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenblumGreenbergBolickEmmett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss-Hellauer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss-HellauerSchmidtKramer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarabipourDebatEmmottBurgess2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmerGeschuhnVogler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroterTite2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchönfelder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchöpfelProst2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamseerMoherMaduekweTurner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShemaBar-IlanThelwall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenBjörk2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimardGhiasiMongeonLarivière2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh_Chawla2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMerzBordenGulick2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeziWakelingPinfieldCreaser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrinzelSeverinMilzowEgger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuber\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuber2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuber2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuber2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwabRomme2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSwan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanBrown2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennant2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennantBauinJamesKant2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennantDuganGraziotinJacques2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennantWaldnerJacquesMasuzzo2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTeplitskiyLuDuede2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrust2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTötösyde_ZepetnekJoshua2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Noorden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Noorden2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanholsbeeckThackerSattlerRoss-Hellauer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent-LamarreBoivinGargouriLarivière2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVranasOuyangLinSlatore2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._FrassJ._CrossV._Gardner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalt_Crawford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLiuMaoFang2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicherts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonDumontierAalbersbergAppleton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonda_Silva_SantosDumontierVelterop2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillinsky,_John2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillinsky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖchsner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Fee-based\"] = 1,\n [\"Free_access\"] = 1,\n [\"No-fee\"] = 1,\n [\"Open_access\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Academic publishing\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL inline\"] = 1,\n [\"CC-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SSRN\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 147,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 92,\n [\"Cn\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Open Access (Publishing)\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 2,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Open navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Property navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Summarize\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 23,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Chun-Kai (Karl) Huang\n2 2 Cameron Neylon\n3 3 Richard Hosking\n4 4 Lucy Montgomery\n5 5 Katie S Wilson\n6 6 Alkim Ozaygen\n7 7 Chloe Brookes-Kenworthy\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","18.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","16.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.9"],["recursiveClone 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