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href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen" title="Göppingen">Göppingen</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Göttingen (disambiguation)">Göttingen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Special:EditPage/Göttingen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22">"Göttingen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Göttingen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡœtɪŋən]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2b\/De-G%C3%B6ttingen.ogg\/De-G%C3%B6ttingen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-G\u00f6ttingen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/De-G%C3%B6ttingen.ogg/De-G%C3%B6ttingen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-G%C3%B6ttingen.ogg" title="File:De-Göttingen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: <i lang="nds">Chöttingen</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">university city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(district)" title="Göttingen (district)">the eponymous district</a>. The <a href="/wiki/River_Leine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Leine">River Leine</a> runs through it. According to the 2022 German census, the population of Göttingen was 124,548.<sup id="cite_ref-s995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Göttingen </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small> <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Chöttingen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gänseliesel fountain and pedestrian zone"><img alt="Gänseliesel fountain and pedestrian zone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg/250px-Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg/375px-Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg/500px-Goettingen_Marktplatz_Oct06_Antilived.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4157" data-file-height="2300"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Gänseliesel fountain and pedestrian zone</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flagge_Goettingen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Göttingen"><img alt="Flag of Göttingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flagge_Goettingen.svg/100px-Flagge_Goettingen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flagge_Goettingen.svg/150px-Flagge_Goettingen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flagge_Goettingen.svg/200px-Flagge_Goettingen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Göttingen"><img alt="Coat of arms of Göttingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg/65px-DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg/98px-DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg/130px-DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="506"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Göttingen within Göttingen district</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg/360px-G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg/480px-G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1587" usemap="#ImageMap_1c5820977f1188af" resource="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_in_G%C3%96-2016.svg"></span><map name="ImageMap_1c5820977f1188af"><area href="/wiki/Staufenberg,_Lower_Saxony" shape="poly" coords="7,146,6,147,5,150,9,152,7,155,4,155,3,155,7,162,10,161,15,167,18,166,21,166,20,171,21,171,23,169,26,171,28,171,28,169,29,170,30,171,35,174,38,175,41,176,49,173,50,167,50,163,48,163,48,165,46,166,44,169,42,168,42,166,40,162,37,157,32,155,30,153,26,153,23,153,22,151,21,150,18,148,14,145,12,145,11,147,9,147" alt="Staufenberg" title="Staufenberg"><area href="/wiki/Hann._M%C3%BCnden" shape="poly" coords="8,146,9,144,9,142,12,141,13,143,16,141,20,141,21,139,23,137,20,130,21,123,23,121,23,119,19,117,15,108,12,105,12,103,14,102,16,103,18,101,19,97,17,93,17,92,20,95,23,94,24,94,27,92,27,94,31,94,31,98,30,100,26,97,23,97,22,100,24,102,22,103,25,114,23,115,24,117,25,117,26,120,25,122,28,122,31,124,32,122,35,123,37,125,36,127,37,131,41,131,42,133,45,133,46,135,46,138,51,137,56,139,55,140,54,142,55,143,55,147,53,146,49,147,47,148,46,151,42,153,40,152,35,154,36,157,32,155,30,153,26,154,23,153,22,152,22,150,19,147,18,147,14,145,12,145,11,147,10,147" alt="Hann. Münden" title="Hann. 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alt="Wollbrandshausen" title="Wollbrandshausen"><area href="/wiki/Bodensee,_Lower_Saxony" shape="poly" coords="123,72,122,73,120,74,119,75,120,76,120,79,121,79,121,80,124,81,127,80,129,77,130,76,128,75,129,74,126,73" alt="Bodensee" title="Bodensee"><area href="/wiki/Krebeck" shape="poly" coords="118,71,113,73,112,75,112,77,114,79,117,79,116,80,115,81,115,83,119,84,121,83,124,83,125,85,125,86,126,86,128,84,128,82,128,80,126,80,124,81,121,80,121,79,120,79,121,76,119,75,120,74,120,7" alt="Krebeck" title="Krebeck"><area href="/wiki/Walkenried" shape="poly" coords="218,85,217,85,216,81,219,80,220,79,217,75,217,73,215,71,214,68,212,66,212,63,213,61,217,61,219,63,219,66,217,68,217,69,216,71,219,72,218,74,221,78,224,78,225,79,226,78,225,75,225,74,223,71,225,68,226,66,224,65,228,63,229,63,227,64,227,66,227,67,226,67,225,70,226,73,227,75,227,77,228,82,232,83,233,85,232,86,232,89,230,90,227,89,225,87,225,86,222,84,220,84" alt="Walkenried" title="Walkenried"><area href="/wiki/Bad_Sachsa" 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coords="118,1,125,4,125,12,130,12,131,9,134,11,137,9,136,7,137,5,140,8,141,8,141,6,142,4,144,3,145,3,147,5,151,8,151,14,153,16,153,18,154,21,156,20,159,23,159,24,166,22,167,23,169,24,171,21,171,20,174,16,177,16,178,17,183,19,183,21,186,21,189,21,190,23,197,23,198,24,196,29,195,30,195,31,196,32,197,35,196,36,196,39,196,40,194,41,196,44,193,46,198,48,199,53,200,54,200,57,202,56,204,54,207,55,213,51,216,53,218,51,221,52,221,56,224,56,224,54,225,54,227,57,229,58,228,60,229,61,230,63,233,62,235,64,239,63,235,56,233,52,231,50,231,42,227,39,224,29,215,17,214,10,214,8,216,4,215,2,118,0" alt="Goslar (district)" title="Goslar (district)"><area href="/wiki/Northeim_(district)" shape="poly" coords="0,65,3,64,6,66,6,69,10,70,17,68,19,73,24,75,26,83,30,87,30,88,31,89,33,86,32,83,40,77,41,74,44,74,51,76,55,75,55,76,57,78,59,79,60,77,62,77,63,74,66,76,68,75,71,74,74,75,76,76,79,76,80,77,84,78,87,77,88,74,86,72,87,71,89,72,98,74,103,72,105,73,105,70,109,75,112,75,112,74,118,71,119,72,121,74,123,72,124,69,125,65,129,66,130,63,129,62,129,59,125,57,127,55,128,55,129,53,126,52,125,47,125,44,123,42,120,42,122,40,121,37,124,37,124,35,126,33,127,29,126,27,127,24,128,21,129,20,127,18,128,16,129,15,130,13,125,13,125,4,118,1,118,1,0,0" alt="Northeim (district)" title="Northeim (district)"><area href="/wiki/Northeim_(district)" shape="poly" coords="23,94,20,91,20,89,20,88,21,87,26,91,25,94" alt="Northeim (district)" title="Northeim (district)"><area href="/wiki/Hesse" shape="poly" coords="0,65,2,64,4,64,5,65,6,69,9,70,12,70,14,69,17,67,18,73,23,74,24,75,26,83,27,84,30,86,30,89,30,88,27,91,21,87,20,88,20,91,22,94,20,94,18,92,16,92,19,97,16,103,15,109,19,117,23,119,23,121,20,123,20,129,23,137,21,139,13,143,10,142,7,146,5,150,6,151,9,152,6,155,4,155,3,155,7,162,10,161,15,167,18,166,21,166,20,168,20,171,21,171,23,169,26,171,28,171,29,169,30,172,38,175,42,177,48,173,50,167,50,163,48,163,48,165,46,165,44,169,42,168,43,165,39,159,37,157,36,157,40,152,47,148,53,146,56,147,56,142,54,143,54,140,57,139,61,140,63,142,64,148,66,152,70,152,69,151,67,147,68,145,66,142,67,140,66,138,70,138,72,142,73,138,77,136,80,142,81,144,83,149,79,153,78,158,80,159,80,163,83,168,85,168,85,170,83,172,84,173,87,172,89,174,90,177,91,178,89,181,94,180,99,183,104,183,0,183" alt="Hesse" title="Hesse"><area href="/wiki/Thuringia" shape="poly" coords="105,183,102,182,100,182,95,180,90,181,91,179,90,174,87,172,84,173,85,170,85,168,83,168,82,165,80,163,80,160,79,158,79,154,81,151,85,150,88,145,90,144,94,144,99,140,99,136,105,137,107,133,107,131,109,131,110,136,112,137,114,135,113,132,116,131,121,133,122,132,124,132,126,134,129,133,126,131,127,128,132,129,133,128,135,122,133,121,136,117,139,115,141,117,141,120,145,120,147,116,153,114,159,112,159,109,161,106,163,106,167,104,169,100,172,97,175,89,174,84,173,82,175,82,177,82,180,82,185,80,188,81,189,82,197,85,200,89,201,91,203,93,207,91,209,92,213,91,218,87,218,85,221,83,226,86,225,87,230,90,232,89,232,87,233,83,228,82,226,75,230,75,228,72,228,70,236,67,235,65,239,63,239,183" alt="Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><area href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" shape="poly" coords="214,0,215,2,216,4,214,7,214,14,215,17,215,21,219,26,224,29,224,34,228,37,227,40,231,42,233,47,232,49,233,54,235,56,239,63,239,63,239,0" alt="Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Göttingen is located in Germany"><img alt="Göttingen is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.141%;left:44.356%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Göttingen"><img alt="Göttingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Göttingen </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Göttingen is located in Lower Saxony"><img alt="Göttingen is located in Lower Saxony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/250px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/375px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg/500px-Lower_Saxony_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1202"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.075%;left:64.822%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Göttingen"><img alt="Göttingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Göttingen </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lower Saxony</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=G%C3%B6ttingen&params=51_32_02_N_09_56_08_E_type:city(118946)_region:DE-NI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°32′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">09°56′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.53389°N 9.93556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.53389; 9.93556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(district)" title="Göttingen (district)">Göttingen </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">953</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">18 districts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2021–26) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Petra Broistedt<sup id="cite_ref-mayor_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">116.89 km<sup>2</sup> (45.13 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">150 m (490 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">118,946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000/km<sup>2</sup> (2,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">37001–37085</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0551</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GÖ</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goettingen.de">www<wbr></wbr>.goettingen<wbr></wbr>.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Imperial_palace_of_Grona"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Imperial palace of Grona</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Foundation_of_the_town"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Foundation of the town</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Expansion"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Expansion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Growth_and_independence"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Growth and independence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Loss_of_independence_to_the_present_day"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Loss of independence to the present day</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Nazi_era_(1933%E2%80%931945)"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nazi era (1933–1945)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Modern_history"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern history</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cultural_relevance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural relevance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Incorporations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Incorporations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Coat_of_arms"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Coat of arms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cooperation_and_solidarity"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation and solidarity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Public_service"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public service</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#The_arts"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">The arts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Nobel_Prize_winners"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nobel Prize winners</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#More_science_&_business"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">More science & business</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">12.5</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sport_2"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Universities_and_colleges"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Universities and colleges</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Cultural_establishments"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural establishments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Museums,_collections,_exhibitions"><span class="tocnumber">15.2</span> <span class="toctext">Museums, collections, exhibitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Gardens"><span class="tocnumber">15.3</span> <span class="toctext">Gardens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Local_media"><span class="tocnumber">15.4</span> <span class="toctext">Local media</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The origins of Göttingen lay in a village called <i>Gutingi, </i>first mentioned in a document in 953 AD. The city was founded northwest of this village, between 1150 and 1200 AD, and adopted its name. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times the city was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> and hence a wealthy town. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6ttingen_G%C3%A4nseliesel_M%C3%A4rz06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Landmark <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4nseliesel" title="Gänseliesel">Gänseliesel</a> fountain at the main market</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, Göttingen is famous for its old university (<i>Georgia Augusta</i>, or <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">"Georg-August-Universität"</a>), which was founded in 1734 (first classes in 1737) and became the most visited university of Europe. In 1837, seven professors protested against the absolute sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>; they lost their positions, but became known as the "<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Seven" title="Göttingen Seven">Göttingen Seven</a>". Its alumni include some well-known historical figures: the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ewald" title="Heinrich Ewald">Heinrich Ewald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Gottfried_Gervinus" title="Georg Gottfried Gervinus">Georg Gervinus</a>. Also, German Chancellors <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> attended law school at the Göttingen University. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> held his first professorship here. Some of the most famous mathematicians in history, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, were professors at Göttingen. </p><p>Like other university towns, Göttingen has developed its own quaint traditions. On the day they are awarded their doctorate degrees, students are drawn in handcarts from the Great Hall to the <i>Gänseliesel</i>-Fountain in front of the Old Town Hall. There they have to climb the fountain and kiss the statue of the <i>Gänseliesel</i> (<i>goose girl</i>). This practice is actually forbidden, but the law is not enforced. The statue is considered the most kissed girl in the world. </p><p>Nearly untouched by Allied bombing in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the inner city of Göttingen is now an attractive place to live with many shops, cafes and bars. For this reason, many university students live in the inner city and give Göttingen a youthful feel. In 2003, 45% of the inner city population was only between 18 and 30 years of age. </p><p>Commercially, Göttingen is noted for its production of optical and precision-engineered machinery, being the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Light_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscopy">light microscopy</a> division of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss" title="Carl Zeiss">Carl Zeiss</a>, Inc., and a main site for <a href="/wiki/Sartorius_AG" title="Sartorius AG">Sartorius AG</a> which specialises in bio-technology and measurement equipment—the region around Göttingen advertises itself as "Measurement Valley". </p><p>Unemployment in Göttingen was 12.6% in 2003 and is now 7% (March 2014). The city's <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_station" title="Göttingen station">railway station</a> to the west of the city centre is on Germany's main north–south railway. </p><p>Göttingen has two <a href="/wiki/BG_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="BG Göttingen">professional basketball teams</a>; both the men's and women's teams play in the <i>Basketball-Bundesliga</i>. For the <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Basketball_Bundesliga" title="2022–23 Basketball Bundesliga">2022–23</a> season, both teams will play in the 1st division. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg/240px-Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg/240px-Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg/360px-Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg/480px-Goe_Albani_Kirche.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>St. Alban's Church today</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4853" data-file-height="5824"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 288px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg/360px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg/480px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img28_Pfalz_Grona_Gedenkstein.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Memorial at <i>Grona</i> fortress site</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg/240px-Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg/240px-Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg/360px-Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg/480px-Goe_Lohmuehle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Watermill from early 13th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The origins of Göttingen can be traced back to a village named <i>Gutingi</i> to the immediate south-east of the present city. The name of the village probably derives from a small stream, called the <i>Gote</i>, that once flowed through it. Since the ending <i>-ing</i> denoted "living by", the name can be understood as "along the Gote". <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> evidence points towards a settlement as early as the 7th century. It is first historically mentioned in a document by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> in 953 AD, in which he gives some of his belongings in the village to the Moritz monastery in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>. Archaeological findings point to extensive commercial relations with other regions and a developed craftsmanship in this early period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_palace_of_Grona">Imperial palace of Grona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imperial palace of Grona" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In its early days, <i>Gutingi</i> was overshadowed by <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfalz_Grona" class="extiw" title="de:Pfalz Grona">Grona</a></i>, historically documented from the year 915 AD as a newly built fortress, lying opposite <i>Gutingi</i> on a hill west of the River Leine. It was subsequently used as an <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">imperial palace</a>, with 18 visits of kings and emperors documented between 941 and 1025 AD. The last Holy Roman emperor to use the fortress of <i>Grona</i> (said to have been fond of the location), <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Heinrich II</a> (1002–1024), also had a church built in the neighbouring <i>Gutingi</i>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a>. The current church building that occupies this site, the St. Albani Church, was built in 1423. </p><p>The fortress then lost its function as a palace in 1025, after Henry II died there, having retreated to it in ill health. It was subsequently used by the lords of Grone. The fortress was destroyed by the citizens of Göttingen between 1323 and 1329, and finally razed to the ground by Duke Otto I during his feuds with the city of Göttingen in 1387. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_town">Foundation of the town</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foundation of the town" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>With time, a trading settlement started to form at the river crossing of the Leine to the west of the village, from which it took its name. It is this settlement that was eventually given city rights. The original village remained recognisable as a separate entity until about 1360, at which time it was incorporated within the town's fortification. </p><p>It is likely the present city was founded between 1150 and 1180, although the exact circumstances are not known. It is presumed that <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, founded it. The configuration of the streets in the oldest part of the town is in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">pentagon</a>, and it has been proposed that the inception of the town followed a planned design. At this time, the town was known by the name <i>Gudingin</i> or also <i>Gotingen</i>. Its inhabitants obeyed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">welfish</a> ownership and ruling rights, and the first Göttingen <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">burghers</a> are mentioned then, indicating that Göttingen was already organised as a true city. It was not, however, a <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free Imperial City</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Reichsstadt</i>), but subject to the Welf dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg. <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" title="Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine">Henry the Elder</a> (V) of Brunswick, eldest son of Henry the Lion and brother of the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a>, is given as the lord over Göttingen between 1201 and 1208. The original Welf residency in the town consisted of a farm building and the stables of the Welf dukes, which occupied the oldest part of the city's fortifications built prior to 1250. In its early days, Göttingen became involved in the conflicts of the Welfs with their enemies. The initial conflicts in the first decades of the 13th century benefited the burghers of Göttingen, who were able to use the political and military situation to be courted by various parties, thus forcing the Welf town lords to make certain compromises with the town. In a document from 1232, Duke <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Otto the Child</a> restored to the citizens of Göttingen the rights that they had held at the time of his uncles Otto IV and Henry the Elder of <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a>. These included privileges concerning self-governance of the town, protection of traders, and facilitating trade. At this time Göttingen possessed a city council of burghers. The names of council members are first given in a document from 1247. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg/220px-ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg/220px-ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg/330px-ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg/440px-ISH_WC_Goettingen24.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Geismar Tor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The area secured by the initial fortification included the old market place, the old town hall, the two main churches, St. Johannes (<i>St John's</i>) and St. Jacobi (<i>St. James's</i>), the smaller church St. Nikolai (<i>St. Nicholas's</i>), as well as the large Weender Straße, Groner Straße and Rote Straße (<i>red street</i>). Outside the fortification in front of the <i>Geismar</i> city gate lay the old village with the Church of St. Alban, which was subsequently known as <i>Geismarer altes Dorf</i> (old <i>Geismar</i> village). This village was only to a limited extent under Welfish control and thus could not be included in the town's privileges and fortifications. </p><p>The town was initially protected by a rampart, as of the late 13th century, then also by walls on top of the mound-like ramparts. Of these, only one tower with a short stretch of the wall survives in the <i>Turmstraße</i> (tower street). This protected area included maximally 600 by 600 metres (2,000 by 2,000 ft), or about 25 hectares (62 acres). This made it smaller than contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, but larger than the neighbouring Welfish towns of <a href="/wiki/Northeim" title="Northeim">Northeim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duderstadt" title="Duderstadt">Duderstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hann._M%C3%BCnden" title="Hann. Münden">Hann. Münden</a>. </p><p>The <i>Gote</i> stream that flowed south of the walls of the town was connected to the <a href="/wiki/River_Leine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Leine">River Leine</a> via a channel at about this time and the waterway has since been known as the Leine Canal. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg/240px-ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="368" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 368px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg/240px-ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="368" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg/360px-ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg/480px-ISH_WC_Goettingen21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Marienkirche</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Otto the Child in 1257, his sons <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Albert I of Brunswick</a> (the Great) and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brunswick,_Duke_of_L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Brunswick, Duke of Lüneburg">Johann</a> inherited their father's territories. Duke Albrecht I governed for his brother, a minor, at first. Subsequently, the brothers agreed to divide the territory between themselves in 1267, effective 1269. The city of Göttingen went to Albert I, and was inherited by his son Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Albert II</a> "the Fat" in 1286. Albert II chose Göttingen as his residence and moved into the Welf residency, which he rebuilt into a fortress known as the <i>Ballerhus</i>, after which the <i>Burgstraße</i> (fortress street) is named. </p><p>Albert II attempted to gain further control over the economically and politically rapidly growing town by founding a <i>new town</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Neustadt</i>) west of the original town, across the Leine Canal and outside of the Groner City Gate. This competing settlement consisted of a single street, no more than 73 metres (80 yd) long, with houses on either side of the street. The Duke, however, could not prevent Göttingen's westward expansion nor the success of the Göttingen City Council in effectively checking any hope of economic development in the <i>Neustadt</i>. The St. Marien Church (<i>St. Mary's</i>) was built to the south of the <i>Neustadt</i> which, together with all adjoining farm buildings, was given to the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> in 1318. </p><p>After the failure of the <i>new town</i>, the city council bought up the uncomfortable competition to the west in 1319 for three hundred <a href="/wiki/Mark_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (money)">Marks</a>, and obtained a promise from the Duke that he would not erect any fortress within a mile of the town. </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> were also founded on the edge of the town at the end of the 13th century. To the east, in the area of today's <i>Wilhelmsplatz</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> monastery was built as early as 1268, according to the city chronicler Franciscus Lubecus. Since the Franciscans walked barefoot as part of their vow of poverty, they were known colloquially as <i>the barefoot people</i>, hence the name <i>Barfüßerstraße</i> (Barefoot People's Street) for the road that led to the monastery. In 1294, Albert the Fat permitted the founding of a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> monastery along the Leine Canal opposite the <i>Neustadt</i>, for which the <a href="/wiki/SS._Peter_and_Paul%27s_Church,_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="SS. Peter and Paul's Church, Göttingen"><i>Paulinerkirche</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline</a> church</i>), completed in 1331, was constructed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">Jews</a> settled in Göttingen in the late 13th century. On 1 March 1289, the Duke gave the City Council permission to allow the first Jew, Moses, to settle inside the town limits. The subsequent Jewish population lived predominantly close to St. James's Church on the <i>Jüdenstraße</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_independence">Growth and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth and independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After Albert the Fat's death in 1318, Göttingen passed to <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Mild,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Otto the Mild</a> (d. 1344), who ruled over both the "<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Principality of Göttingen">Principality of Göttingen</a>" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Fürstentum Göttingen</i>) and the territory of Brunswick. These dukes joined Göttingen and surrounding towns in battles against aristocratic knights in the surroundings of Göttingen, in the course of which the citizens of Göttingen succeeded in destroying the fortress of Grone between 1323 and 1329, as well as the fortress of Rosdorf. Since Otto the Mild died without leaving any children, his brothers Magnus and Ernest divided the land between themselves. Ernest I received Göttingen, the poorest of all the Welf principalities, which was to remain separate from Brunswick for a long time to come. At this time, the territory consisted of the regions formerly owned by Northeim, the towns of Göttingen, Uslar, Dransfeld, Münden, Gieselwerder and half of Moringen. Not much is known about the rule of Duke Ernest I, but it is generally assumed that he continued to fight against aristocratic knights. </p><p>Ernest I was succeeded after his death in 1367 by his son Otto I of Göttingen (the Evil; German: <i>der Quade</i>) (d. 1394), who initially lived in the city's fortress and attempted to make it a permanent Welf residency. The epithet <i>the Evil</i> came from Otto I's incessant feuds. Breaking with the policies of his predecessors, he frequently aligned himself with the aristocratic knights of the neighbourhood in battles against the cities, whose growing power disturbed him. Under Otto the Evil, Göttingen gained a large degree of independence. After losing control of the provincial court at the Leineberg to Göttingen in 1375, Otto finally tried to impose his influence on Göttingen in 1387, but with little success. In April 1387, Göttingen's citizens stormed and destroyed the fortress within the city's walls. In retaliation, Otto destroyed villages and farms in the town's surroundings. However, Göttingen's citizens gained a victory over the Duke's army in a battle between the villages of Rosdorf and Grone, under their leader Moritz of Uslar, forcing Otto to acknowledge the independence of the town and its surrounding properties. 1387 thus marks an important turning point in the history of the town. Göttingen's relative autonomy was further strengthened under Otto's successor Otto II "the One-eyed" of Göttingen (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Cocles/der Einäugige</i>), not least because the Welf line of Brunswick-Göttingen died out with Otto II, and the resulting questions surrounding his succession after his abdication in 1435 destabilized the regional aristocracy. </p><p>After Duke Otto I of Göttingen relinquished his jurisdiction over Jews to the town of Göttingen in the years 1369–70, conditions for Jews greatly deteriorated, and several bloody persecutions and evictions from the town followed. Between 1460 and 1599, no Jews lived in Göttingen at all. </p><p>The trend towards ever diminishing Welf influence over the town continued until the end of the 15th century, although the town officially remains a Welf property. Nevertheless, it is counted in some contemporaneous documents among the <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Imperial Free Cities</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg/240px-St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg/240px-St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg/360px-St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg/480px-St_Johannis_Church_Goettingen_memming.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>St. John's Church</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg/240px-Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3457"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg/240px-Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg/360px-Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg/480px-Goe_Jacobi_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>St. Jacobi's Church</figcaption></figure> <p>The 14th and 15th centuries thus represent a time of political and economic power expansion, which is also reflected in the contemporary architecture. The expansion of the St. Johannis Church to a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hall_church" title="Hall church">hall church</a> began in the first half of the 14th century. As of 1330, a Gothic structure also replaced the smaller St Nikolai Church (<i>St. Nicholas's</i>). After completion of the work on St John's Church, the rebuilding of St James's Church was begun in the second half of the 14th century. The original, smaller church that preceded this building was probably initiated by Henry the Lion or his successor, and functioned as a fortress chapel to the city fortress that lay immediately behind it. The representative old town hall was built between 1366 and 1444. </p><p>Around 1360, the town's fortifications were rebuilt to encompass now also the <i>new town</i> and the <i>old village</i>. In the course of this construction work, the four city gates were moved farther out, and the town's area grew to roughly 75 hectares (190 acres). The city council forged alliances with surrounding towns, and Göttingen joined the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> in 1351 (see below). Göttingen also gained <i>Grona</i> (currently Grone) and several other surrounding villages in the Leine Valley. </p><p>The reason for the progressive increase in importance in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was the growing economic strength of the town. This depended largely on its good connections with the north–south trade route, particularly the north–south trade route that followed the Leine Valley, which greatly aided the local <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> industry in particular. Next to the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> weavers, the guild of wool weavers gained in importance. The wool for the weaving originated in the immediate surroundings of the town, where up to 3000 sheep and 1500 lambs were kept. Woollen cloth was successfully exported all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. From 1475, textile production was augmented by the addition of new weavers who brought novel weaving techniques to Göttingen and consolidated the position of the town as a textile exporter for three generations. Only at the end of the 16th century did the decline of the local textile industry occur when Göttingen could not compete anymore with cheap <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> textiles. </p><p>Göttingen's traders also profited from the important trade route between <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>. Göttingen's market became important beyond the region. Traders from other regions would come in great numbers four times a year. Göttingen also joined the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, to the first meeting of which it was invited in 1351. Göttingen's relationship with the Hanseatic League remained distant, however. As an inland town, Göttingen enjoyed the economic connections of the League, but it did not want to get involved in the politics of the alliance. Göttingen only became a paying member in 1426, and left as early as 1572. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_independence_to_the_present_day">Loss of independence to the present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Loss of independence to the present day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After several dynastic splits and shifts in power that followed the death of Otto the One-Eyed, Duke Eric I "the Elder", Prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Calenberg</a>, annexed the principality of Göttingen, which became an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Principality of Calenberg</a>. The town refused to pay homage to Eric I in 1504, and as a result, Eric I had the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>, declare the town of Göttingen outlawed. The subsequent tensions economically weakened Göttingen, leading to the town finally paying its homage to Eric I in 1512. Afterward the relationship between Eric and the town improved, because of Eric's financial dependence on Göttingen. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_(1585).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png/220px-Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png/220px-Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png/330px-Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png/440px-Goettingen_-_Ansicht_der_Stadt_von_Westen_%281585%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Woodcut showing the town in the year 1585 as viewed from the west</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1584 the city came into the possession of the dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, also of the Welf dynasty, and in 1635 it passed to the house of Lüneburg, which ruled it thenceforth. In 1692 it was named as part of the indivisible territory <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electoral</a> State of Hanover (officially the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> was founded in 1737 by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II Augustus</a>, who was king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">prince-elector of Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleonic</a> period, the city was briefly in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1806, turned over in 1807 to the newly created Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>, and returned to the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">State of Hanover</a> in 1813 after Napoleon's defeat. In 1814 the prince-electors of Hanover were elevated to kings of Hanover and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> was established. During the Austro-Prussian War (1866), the Kingdom of Hanover had attempted to maintain a neutral position. After Hanover voted in favor of mobilizing confederation troops against Prussia on 14 June 1866, Prussia saw this as a just cause for declaring war. In 1868, the Kingdom of Hanover was dissolved and Göttingen became part of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>. The Province of Hanover was disestablished in 1946. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg/220px-Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5012" data-file-height="3296"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg/220px-Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg/330px-Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg/440px-Goettingen_Markt_Weender_Strasse_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Market Place and Weender Strasse at Göttingen. Drawing by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Batty_(artist)" title="Robert Batty (artist)">Robert Batty</a>, engraved in 1828 by W. R. Smith</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1854 the city was connected to the new <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Southern_Railway" title="Hanoverian Southern Railway">Hanoverian Southern Railway</a>. Today, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_station" title="Göttingen station">Göttingen railway station</a> is served by (<a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a>) high-speed trains on the <a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway">Hanover–Würzburg high-speed line</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="353" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="3070"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 353px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="353" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg/360px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg/480px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Nabel_pano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>"The Navel", centre of the pedestrian zone</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_era_(1933–1945)"><span id="Nazi_era_.281933.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Nazi era (1933–1945)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nazi era (1933–1945)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the 1930s, Göttingen housed the top math-physics faculty in the world, led by eight men, almost all Jews, who became known as the Göttingen eight. Their members included <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>. This faculty was not tolerable to the Reich, however, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> suffered greatly as a result. The Göttingen eight were expelled, and these men were forced to emigrate to the West in 1938. Szilárd and Teller went on to become key members of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> team. Ironically, the Nazi insistence on "<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">German physics</a>" prevented German scientists from applying <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s breakthrough insights to physics, a policy which stifled the further development of physics in Germany. After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the famous university had to be reorganised almost from scratch, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> departments, a process which has continued into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was considerable support in the population of Göttingen for Hitler and Nazism from the start of the National Socialist era. As early as 1933 the Theaterplatz (Theater Square) was renamed Adolf-Hitlerplatz, and by the end of World War II 70 streets had been renamed in reference to the Nazi regime or military topics.<sup id="cite_ref-tamke_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamke-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absorption of Nazi culture into the everyday life of the citizens of Göttingen has been documented by historian David Imhoof.<sup id="cite_ref-imhoof_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imhoof-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Göttingen was destroyed during <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> on 9 November 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Jews were killed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a>. Also, there was a concentration camp for <a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">adolescents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moringen" title="Moringen">Moringen</a>, which was not liberated until 1945. </p><p>During the widespread <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">air raids</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Göttingen suffered comparatively little damage. Only about 2.1% of the city was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in July 1944, the air raids were sometimes heavier, but these mainly hit the area of the main <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway station</a> last on 7 April 1945. The historic old town of Göttingen remained practically undamaged. </p><p>The <i>Junkernschänke</i>, a historic half-timbered house, was destroyed in a 1945 air-raid and the exterior was not properly reconstructed until the 1980s. Two of the churches (<i>Paulinerkirche</i> and <i>Johanniskirche</i>) in the old town, and several buildings of the <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>, were heavily damaged. The Institute of Anatomy and 57 residential buildings, especially in Untere Masch Street in the centre of the city, were completely destroyed. Overall, only about 107 deaths were caused by the air raids, a comparatively small number. However, the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> experienced a much greater impact from the bombing raids. <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> was destroyed several times. </p><p>Because the city had many hospitals, those hospitals had to take care of up to four thousand wounded <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers and airmen during World War II. Göttingen was also fortunate in that before troops of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> arrived in Göttingen on 8 April 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of the Wehrmacht's combat units had departed from this area, hence Göttingen experienced no heavy ground fighting, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardments</a> or other major combat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Studios" title="Göttingen Studios">Göttingen Studios</a> were a significant centre of film production in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> from 1948 to 1961. In a reform in 1973 the district of Göttingen was enlarged by incorporating the dissolved districts of <a href="/wiki/Duderstadt" title="Duderstadt">Duderstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannoversch_M%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannoversch Münden">Hannoversch Münden</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_relevance">Cultural relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultural relevance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottingenculturalnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gottingenculturalnight.jpg/240px-Gottingenculturalnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1023"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gottingenculturalnight.jpg/240px-Gottingenculturalnight.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gottingenculturalnight.jpg/360px-Gottingenculturalnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gottingenculturalnight.jpg/480px-Gottingenculturalnight.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Göttingen Nacht der Kultur (Göttingen Cultural Night)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the period of German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, a group of German poets that had studied at this university between 1772 and 1776, formed the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttinger_Hainbund" title="Göttinger Hainbund">Göttinger Hainbund</a> or "<i>Dichterbund</i>" ('circle of poets'). Being disciples of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Klopstock</a>, they revived the folksong and wrote lyric <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a> period. Their impact was essential on romanticism in the German-speaking area and on folklore in general. </p><p>Since the 1920s, the town has been associated with the revival of interest in the music of <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_International_Handel_Festival" title="Göttingen International Handel Festival">Göttingen International Handel Festival</a> is held each summer with performances in the Stadthalle Göttingen and a number of churches. </p><p>The city is home to several ensembles such as the Göttinger Sinfonie Orchester<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Boys%27_Choir" title="Göttingen Boys' Choir">Göttingen Boys' Choir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are also performing nationwide. </p><p>In the mid-1960s, the song named after the city by the French singer <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(singer)" title="Barbara (singer)">Barbara</a> created a considerable popular impetus towards post-war Franco-German reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A street in the city – Barbarastraße – is named after her.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the city's long association with academics and scholarly journals, Göttingen has acquired the motto <i>Die Stadt, die Wissen schafft.</i> The phrase is a pun: <i>Die Stadt der Wissenschaft</i> means 'the city of science,' <i>Die Stadt, die Wissen schafft</i> (identical pronunciation apart from <i>der</i> ~ <i>die</i>) means 'the city that creates knowledge.' </p><p>Göttingen is a part of a <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> attraction in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/German_Fairy_Tale_Route" title="German Fairy Tale Route">German Fairy Tale Route</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Deutsche Märchenstraße). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Incorporations">Incorporations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Incorporations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The following communities were incorporated in the city of Göttingen: </p> <ul><li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Herberhausen" title="Herberhausen">Herberhausen</a></li> <li>1964: Geismar, Grone, <a href="/wiki/Nikolausberg" title="Nikolausberg">Nikolausberg</a>, and Weende</li> <li>1973: Deppoldshausen, Elliehausen, Esebeck, <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Ellershausen" title="Groß Ellershausen">Groß Ellershausen</a>, Hetjershausen, Holtensen, <a href="/wiki/Knutb%C3%BChren" title="Knutbühren">Knutbühren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roringen" title="Roringen">Roringen</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Göttingen (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br>(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br>(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br>(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br>(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br>(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br>(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br>(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br>(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br>(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br>(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br>(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br>(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.0<br>(57.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br>(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br>(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br>(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br>(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br>(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br>(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br>(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br>(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br>(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br>(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br>(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br>(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.5<br>(49.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br>(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br>(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br>(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br>(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br>(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br>(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br>(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br>(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br>(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br>(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br>(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br>(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.9<br>(40.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.3<br>(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br>(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.9<br>(1.69) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br>(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br>(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3<br>(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.2<br>(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.4<br>(2.50) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4<br>(1.91) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.3<br>(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2<br>(1.94) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.3<br>(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">624<br>(24.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.0 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #1B1BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.4 </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">181.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8D8D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.1 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">173.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.9 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.9 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.3 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.0 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.7 </td> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.6 </td> <td style="background: #444444; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.6 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB3E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,556.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1393</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1503</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−16.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1600</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−20.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−22.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1812</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">8,957</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+188.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1833</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,968</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,847</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+59.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,234</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+90.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,246</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">47,149</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">51,214</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">78,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+53.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,377</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">108,991</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1987</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">114,698</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">116,052</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,801</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. source:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The city's population has increased since the Middle Ages. With the arrival of the early modern period, the growth rate greatly accelerated. The population peaked at 132,100 in 1985. In 2004, it stood at 129,466, of which around 24,000 were students. </p></section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The Göttingen bus system is run by the GöVB (Göttinger Verkehrsbetriebe). Buses run throughout the city and to the neighboring villages, as well as <a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">intercity bus services</a> from the station Göttingen ZOB, adjacent to the railway station.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_station" title="Göttingen station">Göttingen railway station</a> lies west of the medieval town center and provides links to several destinations in Germany. </p><p>Like most German cities, the town is bicycle-friendly, with bicycle paths throughout the commercial areas (except for in pedestrian-only shopping areas) and beyond. The time to pedal downtown from the outskirts is fifteen to twenty minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Special:EditPage/Göttingen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22">"Göttingen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22G%C3%B6ttingen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg/240px-Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2661" data-file-height="2772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg/240px-Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg/360px-Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg/480px-Goettingen_StMichael_Oct06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>St. Michael Church</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Middle Ages, the area of Göttingen was part of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">archbishopric of Mainz</a>, and most of the population were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholic</a>. Starting in 1528, the teachings of church reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> became more and more popular in the city. In 1529 the first <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant</a> sermon was preached in the Paulinerkirche, a former <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> monastery church. For many centuries, nearly all of the population of the city were <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>. As of today, the area of Göttingen is part of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_of_Hanover" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover">Lutheran Church of Hanover</a>. Apart from this <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a>, there are several <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany#Christianity" title="Religion in Germany">other Protestant churches</a> in Göttingen, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Free_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Free churches">Freikirchen</a></i>. In 1746, Catholic services in Göttingen were resumed, at first only for the students of the new university, but a year later for all citizens who wished to attend. However, it was not until 1787 that the first Catholic church since the Reformation, St. Michael's, was built. In 1929 a second Catholic church, St. Paul's, was erected. Today, the major religions are Lutheran and Catholicism. In addition, there has been a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> congregation since 1894, a <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> congregation since 1946, as well as a congregation of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a documented Jewish community dating back to the 16th century. During the Third Reich, the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> was destroyed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Reichspogromnacht</a></i> on 9 November 1938, as were many others throughout Germany. The Jewish community was persecuted, and many of its members were murdered in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. In recent years, the Jewish community has again been flourishing, with the immigration of Jewish people from the states of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 2004, the first <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> could be celebrated in the new Jewish community centre. Finally, there are many <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> congregations. Islam gained a foothold in Göttingen, as it did in other German cities, with the immigration of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gastarbeiter" title="Gastarbeiter">Gastarbeiter</a></i> during the <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i> in the 1960s and 1970s. They constitute the majority of Muslims in Göttingen. Other Muslims are of <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> origin or come from West Asia. There are two mosques in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> trend in Germany, especially in <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Eastern Germany</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany">West</a>, where a growing number of people are not <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> or leave the church. This trend is especially noticeable since the 1990s, percentagewise between 1990 and 2014 the Protestants in Göttingen dropped from 56.2 to 40.6% and the Catholics dropped from 17.1 to 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Special:EditPage/Göttingen">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A town council with 24 councillors dates from the 12th century. In 1319 this council took control of the new city district (<i>Neustadt</i>) just in front of the wall. The council election took place on the Mondays following <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> (29 September). Starting in 1611 all citizens were able to elect the 24 councillors. Previously this right was restricted and depended on income and profession. Afterwards, the council elected the <i>Bürgermeister</i> (mayor). In 1669 the number of councillors was reduced to 16, and later to 12. In 1690 the city administration was reorganised again. Then the council consisted of the judge, two mayors, the city lawyer (<i>Syndikus</i>), the secretary and eight councillors. All of these were appointed by the government. During the Napoleonic era the mayor was called <i>Maire</i>, and there was also a city council. In 1831 there was another reform of the constitution and the administration. The title of the mayor changed to <i>Oberbürgermeister</i>. In the following decades there were more reforms to the city administration, which reflected the constitutional and territorial reorganisations of Germany. During the Third Reich the mayor was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. </p><p>In 1946 the authorities of the British Occupation Zone, to which Göttingen then belonged, introduced a communal constitution which reflected the British model. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coat of arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of Göttingen shows in the top half three silver towers with red roofs on a field of blue. The lateral towers possess four windows each and are crowned by golden crosses. Around the central tower are four silver balls. The city towers represent the status as a city which has been granted certain rights. In the bottom field is a golden lion on a red field. This lion represents the lion of the Welf dynasty, which in its various branches ruled the area of Göttingen for 850 years. This coat of arms was first documented in 1278. The city has sometimes used a simpler one, consisting of a black capital "G" on a golden field, topped with a crown. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p>The city is the <a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">namesake</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Göttingen Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twinning_emblems.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Twinning_emblems.jpg/200px-Twinning_emblems.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Twinning_emblems.jpg/200px-Twinning_emblems.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Twinning_emblems.jpg/300px-Twinning_emblems.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/Twinning_emblems.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Coats of arms of twin towns of <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, Göttingen and <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Göttingen is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, England, United Kingdom (1951)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, Poland (1978)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a>, France (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, Germany (1988)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_and_solidarity">Cooperation and solidarity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cooperation and solidarity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Göttingen cooperates with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><noscript><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" data-alt="Nicaragua" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Centro" title="La Paz Centro">La Paz Centro</a>, Nicaragua (1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qixia_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qixia District">Qixia (Nanjing)</a>, China (2010)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Neander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/140px-August_Neander.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="571"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/140px-August_Neander.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/210px-August_Neander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/280px-August_Neander.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander">August Neander</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewald,_Georg_Heinrich_August_(1803-1875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg/140px-Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg/140px-Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg/210px-Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg/280px-Ewald%2C_Georg_Heinrich_August_%281803-1875%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ewald" title="Heinrich Ewald">Heinrich Ewald</a>, before 1875</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service">Public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Public service" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Schelling" title="Caroline Schelling">Caroline Schelling</a> (1763–1809), noted German intellectual<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Heinrich_Matthiae" title="August Heinrich Matthiae">August Heinrich Matthiae</a> (1769–1835), classical scholar<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander">August Neander</a> (1789–1850), theologian and church historian<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Grotefend" title="Friedrich August Grotefend">Friedrich August Grotefend</a> (1798–1836), philologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ewald" title="Heinrich Ewald">Heinrich Ewald</a> (1803–1875), theologian and orientalist.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Dieckhoff" title="August Wilhelm Dieckhoff">August Wilhelm Dieckhoff</a> (1823–1894), Lutheran theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher">Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher</a> (1845–1923), classical philologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wissell" title="Rudolf Wissell">Rudolf Wissell</a> (1869–1962), politician and Minister during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Sachse" title="Emma Sachse">Emma Sachse</a> (1887–1965), political activist and state chairwoman of the AWO in Thuringia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Meyer" title="Alfred Meyer">Alfred Meyer</a> (1891–1945), Nazi Party official and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Helmuth Plessner</a> (1892–1985), philosopher and sociologist, advocated <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lossky" title="Vladimir Lossky">Vladimir Lossky</a> (1903–1958), a Russian Eastern Orthodox theologian exiled in Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Voigt_(engineer)" title="Woldemar Voigt (engineer)">Woldemar Voigt</a> (1907–1980), engineer, designed advanced swept wing jet-powered aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vieweg" title="Kurt Vieweg">Kurt Vieweg</a> (1911–1976), a leading agricultural politician in the early years of the GDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Gelhaus" title="Harald Gelhaus">Harald Gelhaus</a> (1915–1997), a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> commander in World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel" title="Hans-Jochen Vogel">Hans-Jochen Vogel</a> (1926–2020), politician, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Munich" title="List of mayors of Munich">Mayor of Munich</a> from 1960 to 1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Vogel (politician)">Bernhard Vogel</a> (born 1932), politician, Minister President of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Struck_(politician)" title="Peter Struck (politician)">Peter Struck</a> (1943–2012), lawyer and politician, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_defence_ministers" title="List of German defence ministers">Minister of Defence</a>, 2002 to 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conny_Wessmann" title="Conny Wessmann">Conny Wessmann</a> (1965–1989), antifascist activist, killed during a police raid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Jovin" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzanne Jovin">Suzanne Jovin</a> (1977–1998), unsolved US murder victim at Yale University</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg/140px-Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="861"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg/140px-Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg/210px-Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg/280px-Therese_Huber_miniatur_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Therese_Huber" title="Therese Huber">Therese Huber</a>, 1804</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_(Berlin_Film_Festival_2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg/140px-Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="3031"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg/140px-Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg/210px-Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg/280px-Juliane_K%C3%B6hler_%28Berlin_Film_Festival_2009%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juliane_K%C3%B6hler" title="Juliane Köhler">Juliane Köhler</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Heinrich_Waagen" title="Friedrich Ludwig Heinrich Waagen">Friedrich Ludwig Heinrich Waagen</a> (1750–1822), a portrait, history and landscape painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Huber" title="Therese Huber">Therese Huber</a> (1764–1829), author, one of a group of five academically active women</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Oesterley" title="Carl Oesterley">Carl Oesterley</a> (1805–1891), art historian and oil painter with Biblical themes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Teichm%C3%BCller" title="Anna Teichmüller">Anna Teichmüller</a> (1861–1940), composer who set the works of many poets to music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schachtebeck" title="Heinrich Schachtebeck">Heinrich Schachtebeck</a> (1886–1965), violinist, conductor and university lecturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Weiss" title="Helmut Weiss">Helmut Weiss</a> (1907–1969), actor, screenwriter and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresi_Rudolph" title="Tresi Rudolph">Tresi Rudolph</a> (1911–1997), operatic soprano and actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> (1919–2004), German-American actress and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_practitioner" title="Theatre practitioner">theatre practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Brainard" title="Ingrid Brainard">Ingrid Brainard</a> (1925–2000), musicologist, dance historian and teacher of historical dance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ahrend" title="Jürgen Ahrend">Jürgen Ahrend</a> (1930–2024), organ builder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Engelke" title="Kai Engelke">Kai Engelke</a> (born 1946), writer, singer-songwriter and teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_von_Dewitz" title="Bodo von Dewitz">Bodo von Dewitz</a> (1950–2017), an art historian, focused on historical photography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Staier" title="Andreas Staier">Andreas Staier</a> (born 1955), pianist and harpsichordist, <a href="/wiki/Historically_Informed_Performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically Informed Performance">Historically Informed Performance</a> specialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer" title="Herbert Grönemeyer">Herbert Grönemeyer</a> (born 1956), singer, musician, producer, composer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Kraus_(director)" title="Chris Kraus (director)">Chris Kraus</a> (born 1963), author and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schneider_(composer)" title="Michael Schneider (composer)">Michael Schneider</a> (born 1964), composer and musicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Eichenberg" title="Iris Eichenberg">Iris Eichenberg</a> (born 1965), contemporary artist and metalsmith, works at <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Educational_Community" title="Cranbrook Educational Community">Cranbrook Educational Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliane_K%C3%B6hler" title="Juliane Köhler">Juliane Köhler</a> (born 1965), theatre, TV and film actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Schimmelpfennig" title="Roland Schimmelpfennig">Roland Schimmelpfennig</a> (born 1967), theatre director and playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Nasi%C4%87" title="Sandra Nasić">Sandra Nasić</a> (born 1976), singer, vocalist of the rock band <a href="/wiki/Guano_Apes" title="Guano Apes">Guano Apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TheFatRat" title="TheFatRat">Christian Büttner</a> (born 1979), stage name, <i><a href="/wiki/TheFatRat" title="TheFatRat">TheFatRat</a></i>, electronic dance music producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Heese" title="Luisa Heese">Luisa Heese</a> (born 1984), director of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_im_Kulturspeicher_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Museum im Kulturspeicher Würzburg">Museum im Kulturspeicher Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Liepe" title="Niklas Liepe">Niklas Liepe</a> (born 1990), classical violinist</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_(1858-1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg/140px-Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2542"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg/140px-Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg/210px-Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg/280px-Max_Planck_%281858-1947%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize_winners">Nobel Prize winners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize winners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1858–1947), physicist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Adolf Zsigmondy</a> (1865–1929), chemist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> (1879–1968), chemist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> (1882–1970), physicist and mathematician, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> (1927–2019), biophysical chemist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a> (born 1955), biochemist, won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 2013</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_science_&_business"><span id="More_science_.26_business"></span>More science & business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: More science & business" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg/140px-Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="756"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg/140px-Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg/210px-Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg/280px-Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg_Big.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/140px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/140px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/210px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg/280px-Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber_II.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_(HeidICON_53016)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="2604"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen_%28HeidICON_53016%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Georg Christoph Lichtenberg</a>, (1742–1799), physicist, satirist and Anglophile<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Stromeyer" title="Friedrich Stromeyer">Friedrich Stromeyer</a> FRSE (1776–1835), chemist, discovered <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (1777–1855), mathematician and physicist<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Leopold Gmelin</a> (1788–1853), chemist, worked on <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">red prussiate</a> and created <a href="/wiki/Gmelin%27s_test" title="Gmelin's test">Gmelin's test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Eisenbrandt" title="Heinrich Christian Eisenbrandt">Heinrich Christian Eisenbrandt</a> (1790-1860), manufacturer of brass and woodwind instruments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Ammon" title="Friedrich August von Ammon">Friedrich August von Ammon</a> (1799–1861), surgeon and ophthalmologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1800–1882), chemist, worked on inorganic chemistry<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1804–1891), physicist<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet" title="Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet">Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet</a> (1805–1859), mathematician, contributed to <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kohlrausch" title="Rudolf Kohlrausch">Rudolf Kohlrausch</a> (1809–1858), physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sartorius_von_Waltershausen" title="Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen">Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen</a> (1809–1876), geologist<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1811–1899), chemist, investigated <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">emission spectra</a> of heated elements<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bergmann_(anatomist)" title="Carl Bergmann (anatomist)">Carl Bergmann</a> (1814–1865), anatomist, physiologist and biologist, developed <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%27s_rule" title="Bergmann's rule">Bergmann's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kolbe" title="Hermann Kolbe">Hermann Kolbe</a> (1818–1884), contributed to the birth of modern <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Auwers" title="Arthur Auwers">Arthur Auwers</a> (1838–1915), astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1849–1925), mathematician, worked on <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Andreas-Salom%C3%A9" title="Lou Andreas-Salomé">Lou Andreas-Salomé</a> (1861–1937), psychoanalyst, well-travelled author, narrator and essayist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> (1862–1943), mathematician, worked on <a href="/wiki/Hilbert%27s_basis_theorem" title="Hilbert's basis theorem">Hilbert's basis theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Hermann Minkowski</a>, (1864–1909), mathematician, developed the <a href="/wiki/Geometry_of_numbers" title="Geometry of numbers">geometry of numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl" title="Ludwig Prandtl">Ludwig Prandtl</a> (1875–1953), fluid dynamicist, physicist and aerospace scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Schering" title="Harald Schering">Harald Schering</a> (1880–1959), physicist, worked on electricity, invented the <a href="/wiki/Schering_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schering Bridge">Schering Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Heinrich_Schultz" title="Johannes Heinrich Schultz">Johannes Heinrich Schultz</a> (1884–1970), psychiatrist, developed autogenic training</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza" title="Theodor Kaluza">Theodor Kaluza</a> (1885–1954), mathematician and physicist, worked on the <a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Reidemeister" title="Kurt Reidemeister">Kurt Reidemeister</a> (1893–1971), mathematician, worked on <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">differential geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl Ludwig Siegel</a> (1896–1981), mathematician, worked on <a href="/wiki/Analytic_number_theory" title="Analytic number theory">analytic number theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Deuring" title="Max Deuring">Max Deuring</a> (1907–1984), mathematician, worked on <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_geometry" title="Arithmetic geometry">arithmetic geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_K%C3%BCchemann" title="Dietrich Küchemann">Dietrich Küchemann</a> CBE FRS (1911–1976), aerodynamicist, worked in the UK on <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Neugebauer" title="Gerry Neugebauer">Gerry Neugebauer</a> (1932–2014), astronomer, worked on <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Reich" title="Jens Reich">Jens Reich</a> (born 1939), physician and biochemist, founder of the <a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Steidl" title="Gerhard Steidl">Gerhard Steidl</a> (born 1950), printer and publisher, founded the publisher <a href="/wiki/Steidl" title="Steidl">Steidl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Streeck" title="Hendrik Streeck">Hendrik Streeck</a> (born 1977), <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> researcher, epidemiologist and clinical trialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Frebel" title="Anna Frebel">Anna Frebel</a> (born 1980), astronomer working on the oldest stars in the universe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_(Ansgar_Knauff_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg/140px-2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="777"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg/140px-2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg/210px-2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg/280px-2022128173650_2022-05-08_Fussball_Eintracht_Frankfurt_vs_Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0682_-_AK8I7417_%28Ansgar_Knauff_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ansgar_Knauff" title="Ansgar Knauff">Ansgar Knauff</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Duhm" title="Hans Duhm">Hans Duhm</a> (1878–1946), <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Duhm" title="Dietrich Duhm">Dietrich Duhm</a> (1880–1954) & <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Duhm" title="Andreas Duhm">Andreas Duhm</a> (1883–1975), a family of chess masters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sackewitz" title="Christian Sackewitz">Christian Sackewitz</a> (born 1955), a former footballer with 286 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_von_Saldern" title="Sophie von Saldern">Sophie von Saldern</a> (born 1973), a former women's basketball player, played 106 times for <a href="/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Germany women's national basketball team">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franziska_Gude" title="Franziska Gude">Franziska Gude</a> (born 1976) a field hockey midfielder and team gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timo_Ochs" title="Timo Ochs">Timo Ochs</a> (born 1981), retired footballer with 220 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schulze_(footballer,_born_1989)" title="Michael Schulze (footballer, born 1989)">Michael Schulze</a> (born 1989), a former footballer with 248 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Beister" title="Maximilian Beister">Maximilian Beister</a> (born 1990), footballer with over 250 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Grimaldi" title="Adriano Grimaldi">Adriano Grimaldi</a> (born 1991), footballer with over 280 club caps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansgar_Knauff" title="Ansgar Knauff">Ansgar Knauff</a> (born 2002), footballer with over 60 club caps so far</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sport_2">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <p>Göttingen has: </p> <ul><li>some <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (soccer) teams, playing in amateur leagues e.g. <a href="/wiki/I._SC_G%C3%B6ttingen_05" class="mw-redirect" title="I. SC Göttingen 05">1. SC Göttingen 05</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Landesliga_Braunschweig" title="Landesliga Braunschweig">Landesliga Braunschweig</a></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Germany" title="Cricket in Germany">cricket club</a></li> <li>a bowling alley</li> <li>an American football team</li> <li>a baseball team</li> <li>at least two skittles alleys.</li> <li>an indoor swimming complex and a number of outdoor pools.</li> <li>a sports stadium (Jahn-Stadion)</li> <li>some basketball teams, including <a href="/wiki/ASC_1846_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="ASC 1846 Göttingen">ASC 1846 Göttingen</a> (national champions in 1979–80, 1982–83, 1983–84) and <a href="/wiki/BG_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="BG Göttingen">BG Göttingen</a> (playing since 2007 in the first league in Germany and <a href="/wiki/EuroChallenge" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroChallenge">EuroChallenge</a> winners of 2009–10)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Universities_and_colleges">Universities and colleges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Universities and colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <p>Göttingen is officially a 'University town' and is known particularly for its University. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Georg-August University of Göttingen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uni-goettingen.de/">http://www.uni-goettingen.de/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://adw-goe.de/en/home/">https://adw-goe.de/en/home/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="German Aerospace Centre">German Aerospace Centre</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dlr.de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-343/470_read-664/">http://www.dlr.de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-343/470_read-664/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604221310/http://www.dlr.de/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-343/470_read-664/">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Private University of Applied Sciences, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pfh.de/">http://www.pfh.de/</a></li> <li>University of Applied Sciences and Arts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fh-goettingen.de">http://www.fh-goettingen.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060715095357/http://www.fh-goettingen.de/">Archived</a> 15 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a> Göttingen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.goethe.de/goettingen/">http://www.goethe.de/goettingen/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biophysical_Chemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry">Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Experimental_Medicine" title="Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine">Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Religious_and_Ethnic_Diversity" title="Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity">Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Dynamics_and_Self-Organization" title="Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization">Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Primate_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="German Primate Center">German Primate Center</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dpz.eu">http://www.dpz.eu</a></li></ul> <table align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%" align="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG/240px-Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG/240px-Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG/360px-Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG/480px-Goe.Uni.SUB.detail.03.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Göttingen State and University Library (SUB)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="33%" align="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg/360px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg/480px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Aula_May06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Assembly Hall on the Wilhelmsplatz</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="33%" align="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg/240px-ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg/240px-ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg/360px-ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg/480px-ISH_WC_GoettingenUni1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>View from University Campus looking South</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_establishments">Cultural establishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cultural establishments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Theatre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Göttingen has two professional theatres, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsches_Theater_(G%C3%B6ttingen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsches Theater (Göttingen) (page does not exist)">Deutsches Theater</a></i> and the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.junges-theater.de/">Junges Theater</a></i>. In addition, there is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Theater_im_OP" title="Theater im OP">Theater im OP</a></i></span>, which mostly presents student productions. </p> <table align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" align="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5129" data-file-height="4103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg/240px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg/360px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg/480px-G%C3%B6ttingen_asv2022-06_img49_Deutsches_Theater.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Deutsches Theater</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="50%" align="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg/240px-ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg/240px-ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg/360px-ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg/480px-ISH_WC_Goettingen23.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Junges Theater, Wochenmarkt</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_collections,_exhibitions"><span id="Museums.2C_collections.2C_exhibitions"></span>Museums, collections, exhibitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Museums, collections, exhibitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.goettingen.de/">Göttingen City Museum (Städtisches Museum Göttingen)</a> has permanent and temporary exhibitions of historical and artistic materials, although most of the building is currently closed for renovation.</li> <li>The university's <a href="/wiki/Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_V%C3%B6lkerkunde" title="Sammlung für Völkerkunde">Ethnographic Collection</a> includes an internationally significant South Seas exhibition (Cook/Forster collection) and mostly 19th-century materials from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> polar region (Baron von Asch collection) as well as major displays on Africa.</li> <li>The Old City Hall (Altes Rathaus) has temporary art shows of local, regional, and international artists.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/SS._Peter_and_Paul%27s_Church,_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="SS. Peter and Paul's Church, Göttingen">Paulinerkirche</a> in the Historical University Library building has various temporary exhibitions, usually of a historic nature.</li></ul> <p>The university has a number of significant museums and collections.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens">Gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gardens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>Göttingen is home to four <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_Garden" title="Intercultural Garden">intercultural gardens</a> and the German Association of International Gardens (Internationale Gärten e.V.).</li> <li>The university maintains three major <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical gardens</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter_Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alter Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen">Alter Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuer_Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen">Neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forstbotanischer_Garten_und_Pflanzengeographisches_Arboretum_der_Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Forstbotanischer Garten und Pflanzengeographisches Arboretum der Universität Göttingen">Forstbotanischer Garten und Pflanzengeographisches Arboretum der Universität Göttingen</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The city cemetery, the <i><a href="/wiki/Stadtfriedhof_(G%C3%B6ttingen)" title="Stadtfriedhof (Göttingen)">Stadtfriedhof</a></i> is planted with groves of trees.</li> <li>Cheltenhampark, a park next to the historic city wall of Göttingen. The park is named after one of Göttingen's twin cities and is located next to the <a href="/wiki/Albanifriedhof" title="Albanifriedhof">Albanifriedhof</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_media">Local media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Local media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The local radio station Stadtradio Göttingen which is funded indirectly by the state of Lower Saxony broadcasts on <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> 107.1 MHz and covers all parts of the city and some surrounding towns and villages. Its hourly news bulletins are the population's main source of local news. Additionally, the radio stations <a href="/wiki/NDR_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NDR 1">NDR 1</a>, Hitradio Antenne Niedersachsen and <a href="/wiki/Radio_ffn" title="Radio ffn">Radio ffn</a> provide specific local newscasts on their affiliate local frequencies. </p><p>The regional newspaper <a href="/wiki/Hessisch-Nieders%C3%A4chsische_Allgemeine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessisch-Niedersächsische Allgemeine">Hessisch-Niedersächsische Allgemeine</a> has editorial offices in Göttingen. Its local news service is available for free on the internet and competes directly with the "Stadtradio" news service: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadtradio-goettingen.de">local news from Stadtradio Göttingen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hna.de/goettingen.html">local news from HNA newspaper</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttinger_Tageblatt" title="Göttinger Tageblatt">Göttinger Tageblatt</a>, is published by the <a href="/wiki/Hannoversche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung">Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung</a> on Mondays through Saturdays. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannover%E2%80%93Braunschweig%E2%80%93G%C3%B6ttingen%E2%80%93Wolfsburg_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region">Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayor-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayor_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/SW2021/reports/DW/DW_Uebersicht.pdf">"Stichwahlen zu Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 26. September 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen">Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen</a>. 13 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stichwahlen+zu+Direktwahlen+in+Niedersachsen+vom+26.+September+2021&rft.pub=Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+Niedersachsen&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de%2FSW2021%2Freports%2FDW%2FDW_Uebersicht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.niedersachsen.de/startseite/">"LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_Niedersachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen">Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSN-Online+Regionaldatenbank%2C+Tabelle+A100001G%3A+Fortschreibung+des+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstandes%2C+Stand+31.+Dezember+2022&rft.pub=Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+Niedersachsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.niedersachsen.de%2Fstartseite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/gottingen">"Göttingen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331145835/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/gottingen">Archived</a> 31 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/G%C3%B6ttingen">"Göttingen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Oxford Dictionaries</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FG%25C3%25B6ttingen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/G%C3%B6ttingen">"Göttingen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FG%25C3%25B6ttingen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s995-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s995_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zensus2022.de/EN/News/Population_VOE.html">"Population"</a>. <i>Zensus 2022</i>. 15 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zensus+2022&rft.atitle=Population&rft.date=2022-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zensus2022.de%2FEN%2FNews%2FPopulation_VOE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Göttingen"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/G%C3%B6ttingen">"Göttingen" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. X (9th ed.). 1879. pp. 854–855.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=854-855&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach, <i>Emigration of Mathematicians and Transmission of Mathematics: Historical Lessons and Consequences of the Third Reich</i>, Report No. 51/2011; organized by June Barrow-Green, Milton-Keynes, <a href="/wiki/Della_Dumbaugh" title="Della Dumbaugh">Della Fenster</a>, Joachim Schwermer, & Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. (30 October – 5 November 2011). Retrievable from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mfo.de/occasion/1144">http://www.mfo.de/occasion/1144</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201746/http://www.mfo.de/occasion/1144">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 13 July 2014. DOI: 10.4171/OWR/2011/51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamke-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tamke_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamke G. & Driever R. (2012). Göttinger Straßennamen (Veröffentlichung des Stadtarchivs Göttingen (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/strassennamen/tamke-driever%20goettinger%20strassennamen_01.pdf2">http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/strassennamen/tamke-driever%20goettinger%20strassennamen_01.pdf2</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imhoof-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imhoof_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imhoof, David (2013). Becoming a Nazi Town: Culture and Politics in Göttingen between the World Wars. University of Michigan Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlocke2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klocke, Katharina (11 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goettinger-tageblatt.de/Thema/Specials/Goettinger-Zeitreise/Vor-74-Jahren-in-Flammen-aufgegangen">"Vor 74 Jahren in Flammen aufgegangen"</a> (in German). Göttinger Tageblatt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107193824/http://www.goettinger-tageblatt.de/Thema/Specials/Goettinger-Zeitreise/Vor-74-Jahren-in-Flammen-aufgegangen">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vor+74+Jahren+in+Flammen+aufgegangen&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttinger+Tageblatt&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.aulast=Klocke&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goettinger-tageblatt.de%2FThema%2FSpecials%2FGoettinger-Zeitreise%2FVor-74-Jahren-in-Flammen-aufgegangen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Schneider: <i>Niedersachsen 1945</i>, p. 95. Hannover 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/chronik/1945_04.htm">"Chronik für das Jahr 1945"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211627/http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/chronik/1945_04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronik+f%C3%BCr+das+Jahr+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de%2Fchronik%2F1945_04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gso-online.de/">"Startseite – GSO :: Göttinger Symphonie Orchester"</a>. <i>www.gso-online.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News+website%2C+22+January+2013&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21126353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamkeDriever2012" class="citation web cs1">Tamke, Gerd; Driever, Rainer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/strassennamen/tamke-driever%20goettinger%20strassennamen_01.pdf">"Göttinger Staßennamen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stadtarchiv Göttingen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065352/http://www.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de/strassennamen/tamke-driever%20goettinger%20strassennamen_01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Sta%C3%9Fennamen&rft.pub=Stadtarchiv+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tamke&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Driever%2C+Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadtarchiv.goettingen.de%2Fstrassennamen%2Ftamke-driever%2520goettinger%2520strassennamen_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012155009/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Goettingen_10444.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Goettingen_10444.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FGoettingen_10444.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einwohnerentwicklung_von_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="extiw" title="de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Göttingen">Link</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelinho.com/en/travel/goettingen">"Göttingen: Stations"</a>. 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HNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142859/http://www.hna.de/lokales/goettingen/kommentar-e-bike-test-goettingen-firmen-kauft-fahrraeder-3955813.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HNA+Kommentar+zum+E-Bike-Test+in+Goettingen&rft.pub=HNA&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=Kopietz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hna.de%2Flokales%2Fgoettingen%2Fkommentar-e-bike-test-goettingen-firmen-kauft-fahrraeder-3955813.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.local-masjid.com/mosques/gottingen/63292">"The 5 mosques and prayer times in Göttingen (37073) – Local Masjid"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+5+mosques+and+prayer+times+in+G%C3%B6ttingen+%2837073%29+%E2%80%93+Local+Masjid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.local-masjid.com%2Fmosques%2Fgottingen%2F63292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122953/http://www.goesis.goettingen.de/pdf/022_20.pdf">"Religion in Göttingen 1990–2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+G%C3%B6ttingen+1990%E2%80%932014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goesis.goettingen.de%2Fpdf%2F022_20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goettingen.de/leben/goettingen-ueberblick/partnerstaedte.html">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>goettingen.de</i> (in German). Göttingen<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schelling%2C+Karoline&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=319&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Matthiae, August Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Matthiae,_August_Heinrich">"Matthiae, August Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthiae%2C+August+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=899&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neander, Johann August Wilhelm"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Neander,_Johann_August_Wilhelm">"Neander, Johann August Wilhelm" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neander%2C+Johann+August+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ewald,_Georg_Heinrich_August_von">"Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 38–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ewald%2C+Georg+Heinrich+August+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=38-39&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lichtenberg,_Georg_Christoph">"Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 586–587.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lichtenberg%2C+Georg+Christoph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=586-587&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Cayley, Arthur</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gauss, Karl Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gauss,_Karl_Friedrich">"Gauss, Karl Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 535–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gauss%2C+Karl+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=535-536&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cayley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wöhler, Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/W%C3%B6hler,_Friedrich">"Wöhler, Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 768–769.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=W%C3%B6hler%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=768-769&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Weber, Wilhelm Eduard"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Weber,_Wilhelm_Eduard">"Weber, Wilhelm Eduard" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 458.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weber%2C+Wilhelm+Eduard&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=458&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waltershausen, Wolfgang Sartorius, Baron von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Waltershausen,_Wolfgang_Sartorius,_Baron_von">"Waltershausen, Wolfgang Sartorius, Baron von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waltershausen%2C+Wolfgang+Sartorius%2C+Baron+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=297&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bunsen,_Robert_Wilhelm_von">"Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bunsen%2C+Robert+Wilhelm+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=801&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/521325.html">"The collections, museums and gardens of Göttingen University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070807/https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/521325.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+collections%2C+museums+and+gardens+of+G%C3%B6ttingen+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-goettingen.de%2Fen%2F521325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" class="extiw" title="commons:Göttingen"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Vol. 10 (9th ed.). 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/G%C3%B6ttingen" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Göttingen">Göttingen</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6ttingen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Göttingen&oldid=1258502824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Göttingen&oldid=1258502824</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Rufus the Unqualified" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732071011"> <span>Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 02:50</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86" title="غوتينغن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوتينغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D9%86" title="قوتینقن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوتینقن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="গ্যোটিঙেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্যোটিঙেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гётынген – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гётынген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гётынген – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гётынген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гьотинген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гьотинген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(kapital_sa_distrito)" title="Göttingen (kapital sa distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Göttingen (kapital sa distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Γκέτινγκεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκέτινγκεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotinga" title="Gotinga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gotinga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="گوتینگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوتینگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotinga" title="Gotinga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gotinga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%ED%8C%85%EA%B2%90" title="괴팅겐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="괴팅겐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գյոթինգեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գյոթինգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="गाटिंजेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गाटिंजेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гёттинген – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гёттинген" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottinga" title="Gottinga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gottinga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9F" title="גטינגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גטינגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಾಟಿಂಗೆನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಟಿಂಗೆನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გეტინგენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეტინგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гёттинген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гёттинген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гөттинген – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гөттинген" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottinga" title="Gottinga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gottinga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getingene" title="Getingene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Getingene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getingenas" title="Getingenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Getingenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гетинген – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гетинген" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्यॉटिंगन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्यॉटिंगन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86" title="جوتينجن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوتينجن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_(stad)" title="Göttingen (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Göttingen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="ゲッティンゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲッティンゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гоьттинген – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гоьттинген" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="گوٹنگن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوٹنگن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гёттинген – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Гёттинген" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B6ttingen" title="Chöttingen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chöttingen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getynga" title="Getynga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Getynga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotinga" title="Gotinga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gotinga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%91%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гёттинген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гёттинген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottinga" title="Gottinga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gottinga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8E%D9%86" title="گوتینگێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوتینگێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гетинген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гетинген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гөттинген – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөттинген" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เกิททิงเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกิททิงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Геттінген – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геттінген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9" title="哥廷根 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥廷根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="געטינגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געטינגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9" title="哥廷根 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥廷根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Göttingen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9" title="哥廷根 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥廷根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 02:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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