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<span>Early plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria-Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Austria-Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations_for_Polish_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations_for_Polish_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparations for Polish statehood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparations_for_Polish_statehood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparations for Polish statehood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparations_for_Polish_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proclamation_of_two_Emperors_promising_a_Polish_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_of_two_Emperors_promising_a_Polish_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proclamation of two Emperors promising a Polish state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_of_two_Emperors_promising_a_Polish_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Occupation authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Polish authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Council_of_State_and_Supreme_National_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_State_and_Supreme_National_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Council of State and Supreme National Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_State_and_Supreme_National_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Regency"_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Regency"_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>"Regency" constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Regency"_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces_and_oath_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces_and_oath_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Armed forces and oath crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces_and_oath_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borders_of_the_nascent_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders_of_the_nascent_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Borders of the nascent state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borders_of_the_nascent_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_and_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_and_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>West and North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_and_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>East and South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_control_by_Central_Powers_and_transition_to_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_control_by_Central_Powers_and_transition_to_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Loss of control by Central Powers and transition to republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_control_by_Central_Powers_and_transition_to_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_(1917-1918)" title="مملكة بولندا (1917-1918) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة بولندا (1917-1918)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexencia_de_Polonia" title="Rexencia de Polonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rexencia de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_(1916-1918)" title="Polşa krallığı (1916-1918) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa krallığı (1916-1918)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_(1916%E2%80%941918)" title="Каралеўства Польскае (1916—1918) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Польскае (1916—1918)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_(1916%E2%80%941918)" title="Каралеўства Польскае (1916—1918) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каралеўства Польскае (1916—1918)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_(1916%E2%80%931918)" title="Polské království (1916–1918) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polské království (1916–1918)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regentschaftsk%C3%B6nigreich_Polen" title="Regentschaftskönigreich Polen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regentschaftskönigreich Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencia_de_Polonia" title="Regencia de Polonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regencia de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B7-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B1%DB%B8)" title="پادشاهی لهستان (۱۹۱۷-۱۹۱۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی لهستان (۱۹۱۷-۱۹۱۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Pologne_(1916-1918)" title="Royaume de Pologne (1916-1918) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Pologne (1916-1918)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Polonia_(1916-1918)" title="Reino de Polonia (1916-1918) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Polonia (1916-1918)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%AD%EC%A0%95%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="폴란드 섭정왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드 섭정왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejio_Polonia_(1917-1918)" title="Rejio Polonia (1917-1918) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rejio Polonia (1917-1918)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Polandia_(1916-18)" title="Kerajaan Polandia (1916-18) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Polandia (1916-18)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Polonia_(1916-1918)" title="Regno di Polonia (1916-1918) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Polonia (1916-1918)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_(1916%E2%80%931918)" title="ממלכת פולין (1916–1918) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת פולין (1916–1918)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_(1916-1918)" title="პოლონეთის სამეფო (1916-1918) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთის სამეფო (1916-1918)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polijas_Karaliste_(1916%E2%80%941918)" title="Polijas Karaliste (1916—1918) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polijas Karaliste (1916—1918)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_(1917-1918)" title="Кралство Полска (1917-1918) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Полска (1917-1918)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kerajaan Poland (1917–1918) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Poland (1917–1918)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regentschapskoninkrijk_Polen" title="Regentschapskoninkrijk Polen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regentschapskoninkrijk Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(1916%E5%B9%B4-1918%E5%B9%B4)" title="ポーランド王国 (1916年-1918年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド王国 (1916年-1918年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_Polen" title="Kongeriket Polen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Polskie_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Królestwo Polskie (1917–1918) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Polskie (1917–1918)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Pol%C3%B4nia_(1916%E2%80%931918)" title="Reino da Polônia (1916–1918) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Polônia (1916–1918)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Poloniei_(1916-1918)" title="Regatul Poloniei (1916-1918) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Poloniei (1916-1918)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_(1916%E2%80%941918)" title="Королевство Польское (1916—1918) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Польское (1916—1918)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple 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href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan_kuningaskunta_(1916%E2%80%931918)" title="Puolan kuningaskunta (1916–1918) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolan kuningaskunta (1916–1918)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Polen_(1916%E2%80%931918)" title="Kungariket Polen (1916–1918) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Polen (1916–1918)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Short-lived polity and client state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Poland</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Królestwo Polskie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Polen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1917–1918</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland_(1919%E2%80%931928).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)"><img alt="Flag of Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_(1916-1918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_%281916-1918%29.svg/85px-God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_%281916-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_%281916-1918%29.svg/128px-God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_%281916-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_%281916-1918%29.svg/170px-God%C5%82o_Kr%C3%B3lestwa_Polskiego_%281916-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Poland_1918.png/250px-Poland_1918.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Poland_1918.png/375px-Poland_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Poland_1918.png/500px-Poland_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro</a>-<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Pole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">Head of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Provisional Council of State">State Council</a><sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a><sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1917–1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kucharzewski" title="Jan Kucharzewski">Jan Kucharzewski</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Ponikowski" title="Antoni Ponikowski">Antoni Ponikowski</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kanty_Steczkowski" title="Jan Kanty Steczkowski">Jan Kanty Steczkowski</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_%C5%9Awie%C5%BCy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Świeżyński">Józef Świeżyński</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wr%C3%B3blewski" title="Władysław Wróblewski">Władysław Wróblewski</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 November 1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 March 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany">Armistice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1918</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_marka" title="Polish marka">Polish marka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Imperial ruble</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">Austro-Hungarian krone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Government_General_of_Warsaw" title="Government General of Warsaw">Government General of Warsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Government of Lublin">Military Government of Lublin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Committee" title="Supreme National Committee">Supreme National Committee</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Ruled as collective heads of state.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Królestwo Polskie</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königreich Polen</i>), also known informally as the <b>Regency Kingdom of Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Królestwo Regencyjne</i>), was a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> that was proclaimed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> held by the Central Powers as the <a href="/wiki/Government_General_of_Warsaw" title="Government General of Warsaw">Government General of Warsaw</a> and which became active on 14 January 1917. It was subsequently transformed between 7 October 1918 and 22 November 1918 into the independent <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918. </p><p>In spite of the initial total dependence of this <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> on its sponsors,<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it ultimately served against their intentions in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> as the cornerstone <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-state</a> of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, the latter composed also of territories never intended by the Central Powers to be ceded to Poland, and therefore played a crucial role in the resurrection of Polish statehood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision to propose the restoration of Poland after a <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">century of partitions</a> was taken up by the German policymakers in an attempt to legitimize further imperial presence in the occupied territories and create a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> to prevent future wars with Russia. The plan was followed by the German propaganda pamphlet campaign delivered to the Poles in 1915, claiming that the German soldiers were arriving as liberators to free Poland from subjugation by the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the German High Command under <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> also wanted to annex around 30,000 square kilometers of the territory of former <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, and planned to evict up to 3 million Poles and Jews to make room for German colonists in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Strip" title="Polish Border Strip">Polish Border Strip</a> plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Geiss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German government used punitive threats to force Polish landowners living in the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> to relocate and sell their Baltic property to the Germans in exchange for entry to Poland. Parallel efforts were made to remove Poles from Polish territories of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_plans">Early plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(August_14,_1917)" title="Berlin Conference (August 14, 1917)">Berlin Conference (August 14, 1917)</a></div> <p>With the onset of the war in 1914, for the purposes of securing Germany's eastern border against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian imperial army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the German Empire">German chancellor</a>, decided on the <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of a specific strip of land from <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, known later on as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Strip" title="Polish Border Strip">Polish Border Strip</a>. In order to avoid adding the Polish population there to the population of imperial Germany, it was proposed that the Poles would be <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a> to a proposed new Polish state further east, while the strip would be resettled with Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">German Emperor Wilhelm II</a> conceived of creating a dependent Polish state from territory conquered from Russia. This new autonomous Kingdom of Poland would be ruled by a German prince and have its military, transportation, and economy controlled by Germany. Its army and railway network would be placed under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> command.<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several memoranda sent during 1915 and 1916, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hartwig_von_Beseler" title="Hans Hartwig von Beseler">Hans Hartwig von Beseler</a>, the Governor-General of the Polish areas under German control, proposed the establishment of an independent Polish state. Under the influence of General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, then in effect the director of Germany's eastern European operations, this proposal included the annexation of considerable amounts of land by Germany, Lithuania, and Austria-Hungary. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_von_Mutius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard von Mutius (page does not exist)">Gerhard von Mutius</a>, the cousin of Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and the foreign office's representative at Beseler's headquarters, disputed the use of annexation, insisting that "if the military interests allow for it, divisions and secessions should be avoided", as such a policy would secure an "anti-Russian inclination [toward] the new Poland".<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar plans were advanced by influential German intellectuals in the early years of the war. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Hans_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Hans Delbrück">Hans Delbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rohrbach" title="Paul Rohrbach">Paul Rohrbach</a>. They generally argued that because Polish nationalism and Polish society were so highly developed, Germany would encounter severe resistance if they attempted to annex large territories in Poland. They concluded that Germany could only effectively project power into Poland by establishing an autonomous Polish state as a German protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Special:EditPage/Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1917%E2%80%931918">"Kingdom of Poland" 1917–1918</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1917%E2%80%931918+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1917%E2%80%931918&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1917%E2%80%931918+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1917%E2%80%931918">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1917%E2%80%931918&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg/170px-Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg/255px-Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg/340px-Karl_Stephan_Austria_1860_1933_photo1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Archduke Charles Stephen (Karl Stephan)</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The borders of this "autonomous" Poland were to be changed in favour of Germany with the annexation of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Strip" title="Polish Border Strip">Polish Border Strip</a>" which would lead to the annexation of considerable parts of Polish territory that had been part of the Russian partition of Poland. By the end of 1916, Germany wanted to annex almost 30,000 square kilometres of Polish territory. These lands were to be settled by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, while the Polish and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Jewish</a> population was to be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-border_strip_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-border_strip-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the expected victory the Polish economy was to be dominated by Germany and preparations were made for German control over the Polish railway system, shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and industrial areas in <a href="/wiki/Zag%C5%82%C4%99bie_D%C4%85browskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagłębie Dąbrowskie">Dąbrowa basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such plans were also proposed by members of the German minority in Poland in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> area, who protested the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a>, and in a letter to the German government demanded the annexation of western Poland by Germany and settlement of ethnic Germans in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraushar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraushar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German candidates for the throne were disputed between the royal houses of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bavaria demanded that their <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Prince Leopold</a>, the Supreme Commander of the German forces on the Eastern front, become the new monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Württemberg's candidate <a href="/wiki/Albrecht,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg">Duke Albrecht</a> was considered suitable for the throne because he belonged to the Catholic line of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saxon <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a>'s claim to the Polish throne was based on three previous Saxon rulers - Electors <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus the Strong </a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus II</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a> - having ruled over Poland before.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Austria-Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austria-Hungary allowed formation of a Polish quasi-government, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Committee" title="Supreme National Committee">Supreme National Committee</a>, and had three different ideas regarding Poland. One, the "Austro-Polish Solution", involved the creation of a Polish kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a>, who, among his other titles, was already <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">King of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>. German and <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyar (Hungarian)</a> elements within the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> monarchy opposed such a move for fear of creating a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> area. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Francis_Joseph_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Joseph of Austria">Emperor Francis Joseph</a>, however, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Charles I of Austria</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">acceded</a> to the Habsburg thrones in 1916, promoted the idea. The other two ideas involved the division of former Congress Poland between Germany and Austria-Hungary, or between Austria-Hungary and a state built from Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and the remnants of Congress Poland to create a new version of the 1795 dissolved <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Polish historian Janusz Pajewski "the Austrians had underestimated Germany's desire to determine Poland's fate".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did recognise, according to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_St%C3%BCrgkh" title="Karl von Stürgkh">Karl von Stürgkh</a>, that "<a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> will remain Poles [...] even 150 years after <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> was joined to <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Austria">Austria</a>, Poles still didn't become <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the candidates for the new Polish throne, <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Karol Stefan</i>) and his son <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Karl_Albrecht_of_Austria" title="Archduke Karl Albrecht of Austria">Charles Albert</a> were early contenders. Both resided in the Galician town of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec" title="Żywiec">Saybusch (now Żywiec)</a> and spoke <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> fluently. Charles Stephen's daughters were married to the Polish aristocrats Princes <a href="/wiki/Czartoryski" title="Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł</a>. </p><p>By early 1916, the "Austro-Polish Solution" had become hypothetical. <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>, the German Chief of the General Staff, had rejected the idea in January, followed by Bethmann Hollweg in February. Bethmann Hollweg had been willing to see an Austrian candidate on the new Polish throne, so long as Germany retained control over the Polish economy, resources and army.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG/200px-OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG/300px-OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG/400px-OkupacjaKP1914-18.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>Occupation of the Kingdom of Poland during World War I:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#699BA9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3BCECE; color:black;"> </span> Occupied (from Russia) by Germany </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7CB01E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9FFE9F; color:black;"> </span> Occupied (from Russia) by Austria-Hungary</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6AAF8B; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>During the first year of the war, German and Austrian troops quickly conquered Russian <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, and in 1915 divided its administration between a German Governor General in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Government of Lublin">Austrian counterpart in Lublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the German military campaign in the ethnically Polish territory, Poles were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> and confiscation of food and private property.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_for_Polish_statehood">Preparations for Polish statehood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparations for Polish 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Political history of Poland">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Polish statehood</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/100px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/150px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/200px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland">Duchy of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Poznań">Grand Duchy of Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(November_Uprising)" title="Polish National Government (November Uprising)">Polish National Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Kraków">Free City of Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Grand Duchy of Kraków">Grand Duchy of Kraków</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regency Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Republic of Poland</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Personal union</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Poland" title="Union of Hungary and Poland">Union of Hungary and Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_union" title="Polish–Swedish union">Polish–Swedish union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Poland_and_Saxony" title="Personal union of Poland and Saxony">Union of Poland and Saxony</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Proposed</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Occupational powers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_General_of_Warsaw" title="Government General of Warsaw">Government General of Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Government of Lublin">Military Government of Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Republic of Central Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></b></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_statehood" title="Template:Polish statehood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_statehood" title="Template talk:Polish statehood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_statehood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish statehood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_of_two_Emperors_promising_a_Polish_state">Proclamation of two Emperors promising a Polish state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proclamation of two Emperors promising a Polish state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a></div> <p>After the German offensive failed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> and Austria suffered military setbacks against Italy, Generals <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludendorff" title="Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">supreme commanders of the German military</a> and increasingly the dominant force over the politics of both Germany and Austria, changed their positions on Poland: having previously considered Poland as a bargaining card in the event of a separate peace with Russia, they now postulated the establishment of a German dependency, hoping that the creation of a Polish army could replace the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' losses. In October 1916, at joint deliberations at <a href="/wiki/Pszczyna" title="Pszczyna">Pszczyna</a>, the German and Austrian leadership agreed to accelerate the proclamation promising the creation of a Polish state in the future. Although early plans called for an Austro-Polish solution, they were abandoned by the German Chancellor in February 1916 in the face of growing dependence of Austria-Hungary on Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Goemans_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goemans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both control over Polish economy and raw resources was to be in Germany's hands and Germany would also be in total control over the Polish army.<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500,_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500%2C_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500%2C_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500%2C_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500%2C_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500%2C_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-1001-500%2C_Warschaus_Generalgouverneur_in_Lublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Governors-General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hartwig_von_Beseler" title="Hans Hartwig von Beseler">Beseler</a> (first from left) and Kuk (second from left) in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>In the meantime, General Beseler had managed to gain support among pro-Austrian Poles and the followers of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Narodowa_Demokracja" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowa Demokracja">Narodowa Demokracja</a> party (centred in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>), however, rejected any cooperation with the Central Powers. After the German Emperor and Chancellor met with a Polish delegation led by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Brudzi%C5%84ski" title="Józef Brudziński">Józef Brudziński</a>, the final details were arranged. On 5 November 1916, Governor Beseler at Warsaw issued an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a>, in which he promised that a Polish state would be created, without specifying any future Polish ruler, Polish borders or system of governance and, for the first time since 1831, had the Warsaw <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> decorated with Polish flags. The Austrian Governor-General Kuk issued a similar proclamation at Lublin. A pro-German faction led by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Studnicki" title="Władysław Studnicki">Władysław Studnicki</a> existed but didn't gain any significant backing among the Polish population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_authorities">Occupation authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occupation authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after the proclamation, the German governor-general in Warsaw issued an advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">military recruitment</a>, resulting in Polish protests which especially decried the absence of a Polish government. In December 1916, a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish legions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szeptycki" title="Stanisław Szeptycki">Stanisław Szeptycki</a> moved into Warsaw to form the <a href="/wiki/Officer_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer corps">officer corps</a> of the new Polish army. </p><p>The occupation authorities included <a href="/wiki/Government_General_of_Warsaw" title="Government General of Warsaw">German Governor-General</a> at Warsaw, commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Polska_Si%C5%82a_Zbrojna" class="mw-redirect" title="Polska Siła Zbrojna">Polska Siła Zbrojna</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hartwig_von_Beseler" title="Hans Hartwig von Beseler">Hans Hartwig von Beseler</a> (1 October 1915 – 11 November 1918); as well as the Austro-Hungarian Governors-General at Lublin: including Major General Erich Freiherr von Diller (1 October 1915 – 20 April 1916), Feldzeugmeister Karl Kuk (21 April 1916 – April 1917); as well as Major General <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Graf_Szeptycki" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaus Graf Szeptycki">Stanislaus Graf Szeptycki</a> (April 1917 – 28 February 1918); and the Infantry General <a href="/wiki/Anton_Lipo%C5%A1%C4%87ak" title="Anton Lipošćak">Anton Lipošćak</a> (1 March – 11 November 1918). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_authorities">Polish authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polish authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_State_and_Supreme_National_Committee">Council of State and Supreme National Committee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Council of State and Supreme National Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Provisional Council of State">Provisional Council of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Committee" title="Supreme National Committee">Supreme National Committee</a></div> <p>On 14 January 1917, a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Provisional Council of State">Provisional Council of State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Tymczasowa Rada Stanu</i>) was established as a provisional government, consisting of 15 members chosen by the German and ten by the Austrian authorities. The <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnate</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waclaw_Niemojowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waclaw Niemojowski (page does not exist)">Waclaw Niemojowski</a> was appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82ek" title="Marszałek">Crown Marshal</a></i>, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Miku%C5%82owski-Pomorski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Mikułowski-Pomorski (page does not exist)">Józef Mikułowski-Pomorski</a> acting as his deputy. <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Pius_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Franciszek Pius Radziwiłł">Franciszek Pius Radziwiłł</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> were put in charge of the Military Commission. The Council's first proclamation espoused <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical government</a>, Poland's expansion towards the east and supported an army of volunteers. A <i>National Council</i> served as a provisional parliament. The Councillors insisted on actual Polish autonomy and, on 21 April, were given authority over education, law courts, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. Still, students were dissatisfied with the extent of autonomy and organised a strike on 3 May, resulting in the temporary closing of all universities. </p><p>The state authorities within the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Provisional Council of State">Provisional Council of State</a> (14 January – 15 August 1917) included Waclaw Niemojowski, Crown Marshall (14 January – 6 August 1917); Deputy Marshall Józef Mikułowski-Pomorski. </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Committee" title="Supreme National Committee">Supreme National Committee</a> continued since 1914 as the limited Polish authority in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Regency"_constitution"><span id=".22Regency.22_constitution"></span>"Regency" constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Regency" constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council (Poland)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regency_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Regency_Council.jpg/220px-Regency_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Regency_Council.jpg/330px-Regency_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Regency_Council.jpg/440px-Regency_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>The Regency Council. Left to right: Ostrowski, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Kakowski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski" title="Zdzisław Lubomirski">Lubomirski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both abovementioned bodies were dissolved after creation of the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a> (15 October 1917 – 14 November 1918), consisting of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Warsaw">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski" title="Zdzisław Lubomirski">Zdzisław Lubomirski</a>, and Józef Ostrowski.<sup id="cite_ref-Monitor_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monitor-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A draft constitution was proposed in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the intermission of the Temporary Committee of the Provisional Council of State (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Komisja Przejściowa Tymczasowej Rady Stanu</i>), the Central Powers introduced a provisional constitution, the <i>patent</i>, on 12 September 1917. The <i>patent</i> devised a constitutional monarchy with a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> but without <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial responsibility">ministerial responsibility</a>. Only schools and courts were transferred to Polish authorities, but — under Polish protests — the German minority was given a separate school system. Pending the election of a King of Poland, a <a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Rada Regencyjna</i>) was installed as a provisional government. On 18 September, the following members of the Council were named: <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kakowski" title="Aleksander Kakowski">Aleksander Kakowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Warsaw">Archbishop of Warsaw</a>; aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski" title="Zdzisław Lubomirski">Prince Zdzisław Lubomirski</a> who had served as mayor of Warsaw in 1916/17; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Ostrowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Ostrowski (page does not exist)">Józef Ostrowski</a>, a great landowner and formerly the leading Polish politician in the Russian <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Regency Council was ceremonially installed on 15 October, the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>'s death, and on 26 November, appointed <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kucharzewski" title="Jan Kucharzewski">Jan Kucharzewski</a>, a lawyer who had been working in the government since June, as Prime Minister. Administration, however, strictly remained in the hands of German authorities, now headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_von_Steinmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto von Steinmeister (page does not exist)">Otto von Steinmeister</a>. In March 1918, a resolution of the German Reichstag called for the establishment of a native civil administration in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Kurland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. However, the German authorities refused to transfer administration to Polish authorities and merely considered Poles as candidates to be trained under German supervision. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Regents_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polish_Regents_1916.jpg/200px-Polish_Regents_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polish_Regents_1916.jpg/300px-Polish_Regents_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Polish_Regents_1916.jpg/400px-Polish_Regents_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Regency Council with officers of the Polish Army</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1918, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Achille Ratti</a> arrived in Warsaw as an apostolic visitor to adjust the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> to the altered political circumstances. This appointment was mainly due to the influence of German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Eugenio Pacelli</a>, since 1917 <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria">Nuncio to Bavaria</a> in Munich. Ratti gained fame in 1920 for being the only diplomat to stay in Warsaw during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> and was elected as Pope Pius XI in 1922. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces_and_oath_crisis">Armed forces and oath crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armed forces and oath crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oath_crisis" title="Oath crisis">Oath crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg/150px-Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg/225px-Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg/300px-Jozef_Pilsudski1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s proclamation in favor of a unified and independent Poland (on 22 January 1917) and the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> strengthened the Polish forces favoring a neutral or pro-<a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> stance. </p><p>On 21 April, the Council of State had passed a proclamation in favor of the Polish army (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Polnische_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Polnische Wehrmacht">Polnische Wehrmacht</a></i>) and appointed <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Colonel Sikorski</a> to oversee recruitment. The relationship between the Central Powers and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish legions</a> became increasingly difficult, especially after the powers barred Austrian subjects from the Legions (now called the Polish auxiliary corps, <i>Polski Korpus Posilkowy</i>), aiming to divert them into the regular Austrian army. Piłsudski agreed to serve in the government, and acted as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of war">minister of war</a>. Piłsudski had abstained from the vote on the Polish army's oath, and on 2 July resigned together with two left-wing State Councillors. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army_oaths#Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Army oaths">new army's oath</a> drafted by the governors-general and passed by the Council of State resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Oath_crisis" title="Oath crisis">political crisis</a>, especially since it was directed to an unspecified "future king" and emphasized the alliance with Germany and Austria. Several legionaries refused to take the oath and were arrested, prompting General Beseler to arrest Piłsudski, his associate <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski" title="Kazimierz Sosnkowski">Kazimierz Sosnkowski</a>, and have them confined in Germany. In August, the remains of the Legions, roughly ten thousand soldiers, were transferred to the Eastern front. Crown Marshall Niemojowski resigned on 6 August and the Council disbanded on 25 August. After the <a href="/wiki/Oath_crisis" title="Oath crisis">oath crisis</a> of 1917, recruitment to the Polish army had received scant support and achieved negligible results, reaching merely 5,000 men. In May 1918, the force was strengthened by General <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Dowb%C3%B3r-Mu%C5%9Bnicki" class="mw-redirect" title="Józef Dowbór-Muśnicki">Józef Dowbór-Muśnicki</a> moving his Polish corps — assembled from the former <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> army — to Poland. In August, the legionaries arrested for refusing the oath were released and some again volunteered for the Polish army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borders_of_the_nascent_state">Borders of the nascent state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Borders of the nascent state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their proclamation of 5 November 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> refused to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which power demanded that determination? Otherwise the CPs "didn't determine", instead of "refused to determine" (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> determine the Polish borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_and_North">West and North</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: West and North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Strip" title="Polish Border Strip">Polish Border Strip</a></div> <p>However, Poland's unspecified borders were threatened in the West as well: Late in 1917, the German supreme command had proposed annexing a "<a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Strip" title="Polish Border Strip">border strip</a>" to Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-border_strip_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-border_strip-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a policy earlier suggested by a letter to the German government by members of Poland's German minority, settled around <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. Such plans were agreed to in principle by the German government in March 1918 and in April gained support in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussian House of Lords</a>, but were strongly opposed by General Beseler in a report to Emperor Wilhelm. </p><p>In July, Ludendorff specified his plans in a memorandum, proposing annexing a greatly enlarged "border strip" of 20,000 square kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-Goemans_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goemans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-border_strip_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-border_strip-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria" title="Charles I of Austria">Emperor Charles of Austria</a> insisted on the Austro-Polish option, forbidding <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles_Stephen_of_Austria" title="Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria">Archduke Charles Stephen</a> from accepting the crown and declaring his opposition to any German plans for annexation, but General Ludendorff reaffirmed the "border strip" plan, while Poles refused to yield any part of the former <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_and_South">East and South</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East and South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludendorff agreed in turn to leave Wilno (and possibly <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>) to Poland, but this did little to soothe Polish sentiment, which regarded the return of Wilno as self-evident. Moreover, Germany's policy later shifted in favour of creating several smaller <a href="/wiki/Client_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Client states">client states</a> east of Poland, supported especially by the supreme command under Ludendorff, further heightening resistance to German presence on Polish territories. With the support of the German military, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Lithuania" title="Council of Lithuania">Council of Lithuania</a> proclaimed an independent Lithuanian state on 11 December. Polish sentiment reacted strongly, as it considered <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland and Lithuania to be a historical union</a> and especially since it regarded <a href="/wiki/Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno">Wilno</a> (Vilnius), the proposed new Lithuanian capital, as a Polish city. Meanwhile, as it was becoming clear to Austrian politicians that the creation of a Polish state along the lines intended by Germany would result in the loss of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, they similarly proposed to award only its western part to Poland, while <a href="/wiki/East_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Galicia">East Galicia</a> and the whole of <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> were to be separated in order to create a Ukrainian client state.<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German representative <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a> expressed a belief that "independent Poland was always considered by me to be a utopia, and I have no doubts regarding my support for Ukrainian claims."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach resulted in the signing on 9 February of the initially secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine-Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine-Central Powers)">First Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> between the Central Powers and the new <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">state of Ukraine</a>, which ceded to the latter the <a href="/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Ukraine)" title="Kholm Governorate (Ukraine)">province of Chełm</a> separated from Congress Poland by Russia in 1913. When it became public, many in Poland regarded this as a "<a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland#.22Fourth_Partition.22" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">Fourth partition of Poland</a>", prompting a "political <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>" in Warsaw on 14 February and the resignation of the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kucharzewski" title="Jan Kucharzewski">Jan Kucharzewski</a> administration later that month. Parts of the Polish auxiliary corps under <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Haller" title="Józef Haller">Józef Haller</a> protested by breaking through the Austro-Russian front line to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, where they united with Polish detachments which had left the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> army. After a fierce <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kani%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kaniów">battle with the German army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kaniv" title="Kaniv">Kaniów</a> in May, the remnants were interned, though Haller managed to escape to Moscow. </p><p>The Regency Council sought admission to the negotiation regarding the future (Second) <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> with the Bolshevik government during travels to Berlin and Vienna early in 1918 but only gained German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a>'s promise to admit the Polish government in an advisory capacity. This, however, was refused by the Bolshevik representatives, who denied the Polish government any legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_of_control_by_Central_Powers_and_transition_to_republic">Loss of control by Central Powers and transition to republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Loss of control by Central Powers and transition to republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Germany's 1918 <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">Spring Offensive</a> had failed to win the war on the Western front, General Ludendorff in September proposed seeking peace based on the plan outlined by U.S. President Wilson in January 1918 in his <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>, which in regard to Poland demanded the creation of an "independent Polish state ... guaranteed by international covenant" with "free and secure access to the sea". On 3 October the new German Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Max of Baden</a>, announced Germany's acceptance of Wilson's plan and immediate disestablishment of military administration in the countries occupied by Germany. Three days later the Regency Council in Warsaw also adopted Wilson's proposals as the basis for creating a Polish state.<sup id="cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October, General Beseler had conferred with Hindenburg at Berlin and, informed of the gloomy military situation, had returned to Warsaw ill and dispirited. On 6 October, he handed over the administration to Polish civil servants. The Regency Council declared independence on 7 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-sejm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sejm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 October, the Regency Council installed the Świeżyński government, whom Beseler transferred the command over Polish forces (which by then included the Polish regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>) to the Regency Council. On 4 November, the government was dismissed after an attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d’état">coup d’état</a> to depose the Regency Council, and was replaced by the provisional government of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Wr%C3%B3blewski" title="Władysław Wróblewski">Władysław Wróblewski</a>. </p><p>However, another Polish government based in Lublin arose to challenge the Regency's authority: on 6 November <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Ignacy Daszyński</a> proclaimed the "Polish People's Republic" (<i>Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej</i> - literally: "Temporary People's Government of the Polish Republic"), with Daszyński himself (a Socialist politician and formerly a member of the Austrian parliament) as Prime Minister and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> as a military commander. Moderates in Warsaw, who now hoped for a return of General Piłsudski, who was still held in custody at <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, repudiated Lublin's declaration of the deposition of the Regency to be deposed and its plans for radical social reforms. Already in October, the Regency Council had requested Piłsudski's release, and after negotiations through <a href="/wiki/Harry_Graf_Kessler" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Graf Kessler">Harry Graf Kessler</a> the General was allowed to return to Warsaw, where he arrived on 10 November. The following day Germany signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice</a> and German troops in Warsaw were disarmed as they refused to fire on Polish insurgents. On the same day Daszyński government ceded all authority to Piłsudski and resigned, while the Regency Council transferred to him its military authority. On 14 November the Council ceded also the remainder of its authority to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> and voted itself out of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already on the same day, Piłsudski issued in turn decree reappointing the [Daszyński] Government of the Polish Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in spite of the continued existence of Wróblewski provisional government of the Kingdom. On 16th November 1918, Piłsudski sent a radio telegram to "Mr President of the United States, the Royal English Government, the Government of the French Republic, the Royal Italian Government, the Imperial Japanese Government, the Government of the German Republic, as well as the governments of all the warring or neutral states”, notifying them about the establishment of an independent Polish State, named in the telegram as the Polish Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17th November, both the newly designated prime minister Daszyński and the provisional government of Wróblewski resigned in favour of the new Moraczewski government, finally ending the governmental diarchy. Therefore, either 14th November or 17th November may both be considered the final day of kingdom’s existence. The transition to republican government was formally completed through the decree of 22 November 1918 on the supreme representational authority of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish Republic</a>, which stipulated assumption by Piłsudski of the interim office of <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_State_(Poland)" title="Chief of State (Poland)">chief of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">History of Poland (1795–1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DavLukZaw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavLukZaw_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> in <i>Europe: A history</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/910">Internet Archive, p. 910</a>); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in <i>A Concise History of Poland</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA218">Google Books, p. 218</a>); by Piotr J. Wroblel in <i>Chronology of Polish History</i> and <i>Nation and History</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWHDEE6OqkC&pg=PA454">Google Books, p. 454</a>); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in <i>Poland: Key to Europe</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&q=Poland+Key+to+Europe">Google Books, p. 68</a>: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aviel Roshwald. Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914-23. Routledge, 2002. P. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiss-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geiss_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immanuel Geiss <i>Tzw. polski pas graniczny 1914-1918</i>. Warszawa (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elusive Alliance: The German Occupation of Poland in World War I Jesse Kauffman - 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Military Occupations in First World War Europe Sophie De Schaepdrijver page 69, Routledge, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Great and Holy War: How World War I Changed Religion For Ever Philip Jenkins, page 38, Lion, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin Autorzy Ronald Grigor Suny,Terry Martin, page 126, Oxford University Press 2001 "To wall off this space, German planners discussed establishing an ethnically cleansed border strip in Poland, cleared of all Slavs and settled by ethnic Germans. Ober Ost officials deported large segments of the local population"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annemarie Sammartino. The Impossible Border: Germany and the East, 1914-1922. Cornell University, 2010, p. 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holborn 1982, p. 449 (see <a href="#Sources">"Sources" section below</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ideology and the Rationality of Domination: Nazi Germanization Policies in Poland, Gerhard Wolf, pp. 29-31, Indiana University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKettler2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kettler, Mark T. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/designing-empire-for-the-civilized-east-colonialism-polish-nationhood-and-german-war-aims-in-the-first-world-war/258712941BA8D216303972D77FB84857">"Designing Empire for the Civilized East: Colonialism, Polish Nationhood, and German War Aims in the First World War"</a>. <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>47</b> (6): 936–952. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fnps.2018.49">10.1017/nps.2018.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191697268">191697268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Designing+Empire+for+the+Civilized+East%3A+Colonialism%2C+Polish+Nationhood%2C+and+German+War+Aims+in+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=936-952&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191697268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fnps.2018.49&rft.aulast=Kettler&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnationalities-papers%2Farticle%2Fdesigning-empire-for-the-civilized-east-colonialism-polish-nationhood-and-german-war-aims-in-the-first-world-war%2F258712941BA8D216303972D77FB84857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-border_strip-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-border_strip_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-border_strip_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-border_strip_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Bullivant, Geoffrey J. Giles and Walter Pape, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXKk-gs-VNEC&dq=%22kingdom+of+Poland%22+1916&pg=PA28">Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identity and Cultural Differences</a></i>, Rodopi, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0678-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0678-1">90-420-0678-1</a>, p. 28-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreteIon1984" class="citation book cs1">Prete, Roy Arnold; Ion, A. Hamish (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armiesofoccupati0000unse/page/128"><i>Armies of occupation</i></a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armiesofoccupati0000unse/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-156-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-156-0"><bdi>0-88920-156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+occupation&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-88920-156-0&rft.aulast=Prete&rft.aufirst=Roy+Arnold&rft.au=Ion%2C+A.+Hamish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmiesofoccupati0000unse%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraushar-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraushar_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksander Kraushar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblioteka.warszawa1939.pl/books/book/okupacja/53.jpg">Warszawa podczas okupacji niemieckiej 1915–1918</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928034304/http://www.biblioteka.warszawa1939.pl/books/book/okupacja/53.jpg">Archived</a> 2006-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Lwów 1921, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elusive Alliance: The German Occupation of Poland in World War I page 134 Jesse Kauffman 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tipton, Frank B. <i>A History of Modern Germany Since 1815</i>, p. 312, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520240499" title="Special:BookSources/0520240499">0520240499</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne (Polish Historical Society), <i>Przegląd historyczny</i> (<i>Historical Review</i>), volume 60, page 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer C. <i>The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia</i>, p. 34, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135507015" title="Special:BookSources/1135507015">1135507015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig, Gordon A. <i>Germany: 1866–1945</i>, pp. 358-359, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192851012" title="Special:BookSources/0192851012">0192851012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pajewski 2005, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pajewski 2005, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pajewski 2005, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hein Eirch Goemans 2000, p. 104 (see <a href="#Sources">"Sources" section below</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113081804/http://firstworldwar.com/source/poland_prussianspeech.htm">Primary Documents: Speech by Polish Member of Prussian Legislature Regarding German Rule in Poland, 1917</a>; Source: Source Records of the Great War, Vol. IV, ed. Charles F. Horne, National Alumni 1923</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goemans-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goemans_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goemans_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hein Erich Goemans, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sQOlYk032oC&q=Kingdom+Poland+1916">War and Punishment: The Causes of War Termination and the First World War</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04944-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04944-0">0-691-04944-0</a>, pp. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monitor-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monitor_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/92033/BibliographicResource_3000053592371.html"><i>Monitor Polski</i>, z dn. 7 października 1918, s. 1.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Roberts. Europe 1880-1945. P. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pajewski 643</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pajewski 643</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sejm-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sejm_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRada_Regencyjna1918" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rada Regencyjna (1918-10-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19180120023">"Message of the Regency Council to the Polish Nation"</a> [Orędzie Rady Regencyjnej do Narodu Polskiego]. <i>isap.sejm.gov.pl</i> (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isap.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Message+of+the+Regency+Council+to+the+Polish+Nation&rft.date=1918-10-07&rft.au=Rada+Regencyjna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2FDocDetails.xsp%3Fid%3DWDU19180120023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRada_Regencyjna1918" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rada Regencyjna (1918-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu19180170039">"Orędzie Rady Regencyjnej w przedmiocie rozwiązania Rady Regencyjnej i przekazania Najwyższej Władzy Państwowej naczelnemu dowódcy wojsk polskich Józefowi Piłsuskiemu"</a>. <i>isap.sejm.gov.pl</i> (in Polish). Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isap.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Or%C4%99dzie+Rady+Regencyjnej+w+przedmiocie+rozwi%C4%85zania+Rady+Regencyjnej+i+przekazania+Najwy%C5%BCszej+W%C5%82adzy+Pa%C5%84stwowej+naczelnemu+dow%C3%B3dcy+wojsk+polskich+J%C3%B3zefowi+Pi%C5%82suskiemu&rft.date=1918-11-14&rft.au=Rada+Regencyjna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2FDocDetails.xsp%3Fid%3Dwdu19180170039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilsudski1918" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pilsudski, J. (1918-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19180170040/O/D19180040.pdf">"40. Dekret"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>isap.sejm.gov.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isap.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=40.+Dekret&rft.date=1918-11-14&rft.aulast=Pilsudski&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2Fdownload.xsp%2FWDU19180170040%2FO%2FD19180040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiłsudski1918" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piłsudski, Józef (1918-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikurzedowy.msz.gov.pl/pl/p/msz_pl/ministerstwo/historia/wydarzenia/depesza_jozefa_pilsudskiego_z_16_listopada_1918_r_.html">"Depesza Józefa Piłsudskiego z 16 listopada 1918 R"</a> [The message of Józef Piłsudski, 16 November 1918.]. <i>gov.pl</i> (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.pl&rft.atitle=Depesza+J%C3%B3zefa+Pi%C5%82sudskiego+z+16+listopada+1918+R&rft.date=1918-11-16&rft.aulast=Pi%C5%82sudski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikurzedowy.msz.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Fp%2Fmsz_pl%2Fministerstwo%2Fhistoria%2Fwydarzenia%2Fdepesza_jozefa_pilsudskiego_z_16_listopada_1918_r_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilsudski1918" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pilsudski, J. (1918-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19180170041/O/D19180041.pdf">"41. Dekret"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>isap.sejm.gov.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isap.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=41.+Dekret&rft.date=1918-11-22&rft.aulast=Pilsudski&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisap.sejm.gov.pl%2Fisap.nsf%2Fdownload.xsp%2FWDU19180170041%2FO%2FD19180041.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Poland+%281917%E2%80%931918%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Immanuel Geiss, Tzw., <i>Polski Pas Graniczny 1914-1918</i>, Warszawa, 1964.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Janusz Pajewski, <i>Pierwsza Wojna Światowa 1914-1918</i>, Wydawnictwa PWN, 2005.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> Piotr Eberhardt, "Projekty aneksyjne Cesarstwa Niemieckiego wobec ziem polskich podczas I wojny swiatowej in Problematyka geopolityczna ziem polskich", Warszawa: PAN IGiPZ, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Hajo Holborn</a>, <i>A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1982.</li> <li>Hein Eirch Goemans, <i>War and punishment: the causes of war termination and the First World War</i>, Princeton University Press, 2000.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=3047&from=FBC">Pro memoria. Prusak w Polsce</a>, by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Rapacki" title="Józef Rapacki">Józef Rapacki</a>, Wydawnictwo Tygodnika Ilustrowanego, Warszawa.</li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917–1918)&oldid=1252409989">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917–1918)&oldid=1252409989</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Category:Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland 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