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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117665 apercu surlignable"><p>Markets sometimes require state interventions to function effectively. However, such interventions may also harm the competitive process. Therefore, many countries prohibit - to various degrees - state measures of anti-competitive character. In the EU, a state measure is usually prohibited if it harms competition by itself (see definition of ‘<a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/state-aid">State Aid</a>’) or amplifies the anti-competitive effects of a private measure. Such amplification is not permitted for anti-competitive agreements (under <i>INNO </i> doctrine, also called ‘useful effects’ or ‘effects utile’ doctrine) or for the abuse of dominance (under a combination of articles 106(1) and 102 TFEU). In the USA, state measures are regulated somewhat differently under the ‘state action doctrine’.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117665 texte surlignable"><p>Markets sometimes require state intervention for multiple legitimate reasons: for example, to remedy market failures, support dynamic competition (for example, by introducing a patent system), and to counter information asymmetries that might result in sub-optimal market outcomes. Hence, state measures regulating market competition are not uncommon worldwide. However, these measures need scrutiny under competition law because they can significantly interfere with competitive processes on various markets. A few examples of such harmful interference include the imposition of product prices, the introduction of discriminatory tax cuts, and the raising of market entry barriers via regulation. To ensure that such interventions do not occur, many countries prohibit - to various degrees - state measures of anti-competitive character.</p> <p>In the EU, a state measure can be declared anti-competitive in two scenarios. First, measures that are anti-competitive by themselves – i.e. on a stand-alone basis – might be subject to scrutiny under the State Aid law (so-called “state aid measures”). Second, a state measure can be prohibited as anti-competitive if it amplifies an anti-competitive action undertaken by a market participant or participants. Such prohibition prevents the states from “facilitating anti-competitive behaviour by adopting measures that have the same effect on the market as the undertakings would have achieved themselves” (<i>BEB v KEVR</i>, para 52).</p> <p>EU law defines state measures quite broadly. The term “state” denotes any state institution/administrative body. The term “measure” refers to any instrument emanating from the state, “even of a legislative or regulatory nature” (Case C-2/91, <i>Meng</i>, summary judgment, para 1). Some examples of such measures include state legislation, ministerial decrees, decisions by various administrative bodies under state supervision, and acts by regional/municipal organs. “Measures” may also include recommendations if the latter can prompt undertakings to infringe competition law. Importantly, when adopting a particular measure, the adopting body should act within its public powers.</p> <p>Any state measure described above can be prohibited by joint application of Article 4(3) TEU, Protocol 27 annexed to the TEU, and Article 101 TFEU if such a measure encourages undertakings to engage in anti-competitive agreements, reinforces the effects of such agreements, or delegates to undertakings the powers that enable the latter to interfere with the process of market competition with their collusive actions. A ‘pure’ state measure, without any correlated anti-competitive agreement, will not fall within this prohibition (although it might be qualified as a “state aid measure” under article 107 TFEU). Such regulation of the state measures was developed under the <i>INNO </i> doctrine (also called “useful effects”/“effects utile” doctrine). The doctrine takes its name from the case <i>INNO v ATAB</i> (1977), where the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) clarified that the joint reading of the three above-mentioned legal norms obliged the Member States to take any appropriate measure – or refrain from any measure thereof – to ensure the maintenance of undistorted competition on the EU Internal Market. Hence, the Court elaborated a doctrine that prohibited member states from enacting or maintaining any measure jeopardizing the “useful effects” of the EU competition rules by weakening market competition. In subsequent years, CJEU prohibited various state measures under this doctrine, including pieces of legislation facilitating price-fixing among competitors or approving/enhancing effects of price-fixing agreements; ministerial decrees that declared binding production quotas established by associations of undertakings; and decisions delegating state powers of price-fixing to private bodies while giving the leeway in terms of price ranges to be fixed.</p> <p>Another route of prohibiting anti-competitive state measures is via the combined reading of articles 106(1) and 102 TFEU. Article 106(1) TFEU prohibits Member States from enacting or maintaining in force any measure contrary to the competition rules when dealing with public undertakings (i.e. undertakings under state’s direct or indirect control) or undertakings with State-granted special and exclusive rights. Taken together with Article 102, Article 106(1) TFEU prohibits state measures that make such undertakings abuse their dominant position merely by exercising their public powers or special/exclusive rights or “where such rights are liable to create a situation in which that undertaking is led to commit such abuses” (<i>Ambulanz Glöckner</i>, para 39). The latter situation includes scenarios where state measures facilitate the abuse or prompt undertakings to abuse. Some examples of anti-competitive state measures under articles 106(1) and 102 TFEU include acts creating statutory monopolies that are not able to meet the market demand; statutes equipping dominant/monopoly undertakings with regulatory powers that create a conflict of interest (i.e. an undertaking becomes both a regulator and a competitor on the market); statutes extending the dominance of an undertaking to another market; and acts distorting competition by creating unequal market opportunities.</p> <p>In the USA, the assessment of anti-competitive state measures has developed somewhat differently from the EU. The critical distinction between the two approaches is that the former views regulating anti-competitive state measures as a means of maintaining the Internal Market, while the latter looks at the same measures from the constitutional dynamics between the federal and state governments. Consequently, in the USA, the case law recognizes the “state action doctrine”, according to which federal antitrust laws do not apply to state measures under two cumulative conditions. First, the restriction of competition should stream from the state – i.e. the state should allow the anti-competitive activity of private parties to happen, with the explicit aim to disapply federal antitrust regulation in a particular area/on a specific market. Second, such a restriction of competition should be closely controlled by the state – i.e. where state measures weaken competition, this should happen for the sake of public interest (as ensured by the state’s adequate control mechanisms) and not for private benefits (<i>California Retail Liquor Dealers case)</i>. In practice, the “state action doctrine” means that when the two conditions are met, although the federal government acknowledges the limitation of competition by state measures, it won’t annul or disapply the latter due to the division of powers between the federal and state governments.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117665 reference"><p>Case C-347/16 BEB v KEVR, EU:C:2017:816</p> <p>Case C-475/99 Firma Ambulanz Glöckner v Landkreis Südwestpfalz, ECLI:EU:C:2001:577 (“Ambulanz Glöckner”)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/november-1993/case-c-2-91-criminal-proceedings-against-wolf">Case C-2/91 Criminal proceedings against Wolf W. Meng, ECLI:EU:C:1993:885 (“Meng”)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/november-1977/the-eu-court-of-justice-states-that-member-states-may-not-enact-measures">Case 13/77 INNO v ATAB, EU:C:1977:185</a></p> <p>California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass’n v Midcal Aluminium Co. 445 US 97 (1980)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117665 jurisprudence"><p>Alison Jones, Brenda Sufrin and Niamh Dunne, Competition Law: Text, Cases and Materials (8th edition, Oxford University Press, 2023), Chapter 8.<br class='autobr' /> Johan W. VAN DE GRANDEN and Catalin S. RUSU, Competition Law in the EU: Principles, Substance, Enforcement (Edward Elgar 2021), Chapter 11.<br class='autobr' /> Richard Whish and David Bailey, Competition Law (10th end, Oxford University Press 2021), Chapter 6.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/liana-japaridze" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton116439-4888e.jpg?1711364059) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Liana Japaridze</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Sussex</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>6</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>3986</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Liana Japaridze, </span> <span class="entry-title">State measure</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12299</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">3401</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12299 texte surlignable"><p>Law, ministerial decree, decision or other administrative act adopted by a Member State. A Member State’s omission to act may also constitute a measure. The Commission may start infringement proceedings if state measures taken in relation to public undertakings and undertakings to which Member States grant special or exclusive rights contravene EU competition law. <strong>©</strong> <a href="spip.php?page=document&id_document=40561"><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QlK9uyjRSD/ZjHjNjiFzAr3aCzZ42PteG8cQcotMJWuFhIM5s3iBeXznscGFAEPginKJvAU+T1VL1yYJWLvkZUtNQ20VxZGS2Bhfgx89TFjNHlmYMVDfxWALijZt+olMOBAtvajJmVDOr4ZcBiPgL8M2dKf9V1fa1RHnv1VOgL4GqeAJDqxEEIqirP824nPR1u75JpHHIlY2D9JhKma/XG5tPyi829HygSA2HYIhtFJ4UYsY8TTCY131RJOSql5eZTlbTGLi8ou39DoOtpsPkdTgNuLC9Z3LZ53hfpCdiER8Qa25kethscxRwpyA/SSpKH2ShX0/hd+2yyi+N0eIYj6meAYT1NTwvhc0Ii/QKQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/State-measure"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/hans-georg-kamann">Hans-Georg Kamann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anne-vallery">Anne Vallery</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-duvernoy">Christian Duvernoy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-louis">Frédéric Louis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/205861">Su Şimşek</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2020/the-eu-commission-rapidly-approves-21-state-aid-schemes-under-the-temporary" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission rapidly approves 21 State Aid schemes under the Temporary Framework</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-15T09:01:09Z">15 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119872 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the week following the adoption of the Temporary Framework for EU State aid measures to counter the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on March 19, 2020, the European Commission (the ‘EC’) has approved twenty-one State aid schemes notified by EU Member States and the United Kingdom (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/thresholds-the-french-government-proposes-to-remove-turnover-thresholds-that" rel="bookmark"><strong>Thresholds</strong>: The French Senat proposes to remove turnover thresholds that limit ministerial transactions and to align transaction ceilings closely with the fines that can be imposed by the French Competition Authority</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-30T22:00:00Z">31 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119353 introduction entry-content"> <p>Don’t ever call me... "micro-PAC" again! <br class='autobr' /> Article 8 of the bill to simplify economic life, which provides for an increase in merger notification thresholds, was adopted without modification at the end of the discussion in the Senate Special Committee.In view of the fact that the special (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-argentinian-national-court-restructures-national-energy-subsidy-regimes-for" rel="bookmark">The Argentinian National Court restructures national energy subsidy regimes for the benefit of users </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-26T22:00:00Z">27 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119004 introduction entry-content"> <p>On May 28, 2024, Decree 465/2024 (the “ Decree ”) was published in the Official Gazette, which provides for the restructuring of energy subsidy regimes under national jurisdiction, in order to ensure a transition gradual, orderly and predictable towards a scheme that allows: (i) to transfer (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/thresholds-the-french-senate-begins-discussions-on-the-draft-law-providing-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Thresholds</strong> : The French Senate begins discussions on the draft law providing for a significant increase in merger notification thresholds adopted by the French Council of Ministers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-23T22:00:00Z">24 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118892 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Conseil d’Etat considered that that Article 8 of the preliminary draft simplification bill sent to it at the beginning of April, which envisaged a significant increase in the notification thresholds for mergers under Article L. 430-2 of the French Commercial Code, did not call for any (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Estonian-Competition-Authority">Estonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-estonian-competition-authority-opens-a-whistleblower-platform-for-reporting" rel="bookmark">The Estonian Competition Authority opens a whistleblower platform for reporting competition law violations</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-08T22:00:00Z">9 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118396 introduction entry-content"> <p>Help us detect and stop violations of market rules!* <br class='autobr' /> The Estonian Competition Authority has opened a hint platform for reporting all violations relating to the areas of activity of the Competition Authority, regardless of whether the case involves a price-fixing cartel or a violation of energy (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/chroniques/market-organization-the-french-administrative-supreme-court-considers-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Market organisation</strong>: The French Administrative Supreme Court considers that the extension of an interprofessional agreement relating to fruits and vegetables constitutes a mere possibility for the State <em>(Interfel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-21T23:00:00Z">22 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118693 introduction entry-content"> <p>In four rulings dated December 22, 2023, the Conseil d’Etat rejected the appeal lodged by the association interprofessionnelle des fruits et légumes frais(Interfel) against the refusal of the Minister of Agriculture and Food to extend interprofessional agreements concluded within the framework (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/legal-privilege-the-french-supreme-court-censures-part-of-the-justice-bill-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Legal privilege</strong>: The French Supreme Court censures part of the Justice Bill for procedural non-conformity due to the paragraph extending legal privilege to in-house counsel</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-15T23:00:00Z">16 November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115589 introduction entry-content"> <p>It will be recalled that, by letter dated October 16, 2023, the president of the La France insoumise - Nupes parliamentary group, Mathilde Panot, had referred to the Constitutional Council the Ministry of Justice Orientation and Programming Bill 2023-2027 as adopted by Parliament on October 11, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-vuitton">Raphaël Vuitton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/aviation-sector-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-provides" rel="bookmark"><strong>Aviation sector:</strong> The Court of Justice of the European Union provides clarification on how the General Court of the European Union is to assess the admissibility of actions brought against a decision, taken on the basis of Article 108(3) TFEU, finding that aid is compatible with the internal market <em>(Land Rheinland-Pfalz / Deutsche Lufthansa AG)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-13T22:00:00Z">14 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115731 introduction entry-content"> <p>The financing of Frankfurt-Hahn airport and the airlines that use it is decidedly an inexhaustible source of State aid litigation (see, for example, CJUE, Nov. 21, 2013, Deutsche Luthansa, aff. C-284/12, EU:C:2013:755, comm. J. Derenne, Concurrences, n° 1-2014, pp. 144-147Trib. EU, April 12, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/emma-tacon">Emma Tacon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/operating-costs-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-provides" rel="bookmark"><strong>Operating costs:</strong> The Court of Justice of the European Union provides clarification on the financing of the operating costs of the postal services regulatory authority <em>(Nexive Commerce)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-06T22:00:00Z">7 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115705 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a ruling dated September 7, 2023, the Court of Justice of the European Union clarified the concept of the "operating costs" of the postal services regulatory authority, and how these costs are to be financed. The main issue was whether the State could impose the financing of these costs on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/virginie-coursiere-pluntz">Virginie Coursiere-Pluntz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gautier-bernand">Gautier Bernand</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/freedom-of-trade-and-industry-the-administrative-court-of-cergy-pontoise" rel="bookmark"><strong>Freedom of trade and industry:</strong> The Administrative Court of Cergy-Pontoise validates the injunction issued to a sports television channel not to broadcast matches by teams whose shirts bear the name of the sponsor "Plus 500", on the basis of the prohibition on direct or indirect advertising for risky financial products <em>(BeIN Sports)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-12T22:00:00Z">13 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115681 introduction entry-content"> <p>In November 2022, the DGCCRF (Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes) ordered BeIN Sports France to cease all electronic distribution of advertising for the sponsor "Plus 500", a Cypriot investment company offering risky financial products whose (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/extension-of-an-existing-aid-the-european-commission-extends-state-aid-rules-by" rel="bookmark"><strong>Existing aid</strong>: The European Commission extends State aid rules by three years to support regional airports</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-06T22:00:00Z">7 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113281 introduction entry-content"> <p>Noting the combined effects of the Covid-19 health crisis and the energy crisis following Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on regional airports facing falling revenues and rising costs, at the risk of leading to the closure of some of them, which in turn could have a negative impact on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-philippe-kovar">Jean-Philippe Kovar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/administrative-policing-the-conseil-d-etat-validates-the-obligation-to-switch" rel="bookmark"><strong>Administrative policing:</strong> The French Administrative Supreme Court validates the obligation to switch off illuminated advertising in the event of high voltage on the electricity system <em>(Cocktail Développement)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-29T22:00:00Z">30 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115634 introduction entry-content"> <p>In accordance with article L. 143-6-2 C. en., introduced by Article 31 of Law no. 2022-1158 of August 16, 2022 on emergency measures to protect purchasing power, "In the event of a threat to the security of electricity supply, without compromising the objectives of public safety and national (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-vuitton">Raphaël Vuitton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/general-block-exemption-regulation-the-european-commission-publishes-in-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Foreign subsidies: </strong>The European Commission publishes in the Official Journal the regulation amending the General Block Exemption Regulation and aimed, in particular, at facilitating support for the ecological and digital transitions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-22T22:00:00Z">23 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115727 introduction entry-content"> <p>On March 9, 2023, the Commission approved a draft regulation amending Regulation No. 651/2014, of June 17, 2014, declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market (GBER). The amendments introduced aim, among other objectives, to adapt State aid regulations to the Union’s (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeremy-martinez">Jérémy Martinez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/environmental-protection-the-constitutional-council-rules-that-the-ban-on" rel="bookmark"><strong>Environmental protection:</strong> The French Constitutional Council rules that the ban on labelling fruit and vegetables with plastic components complies with the Constitution</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-15T22:00:00Z">16 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115630 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article L. 541-1 C. env. sets an ambitious target of a 50% reduction in food waste, compared to 2015 levels, by 2025 or 2030 depending on the areas concerned(Cf., 10°, I., of article L. 541-1). This target was introduced by the law of February 10, 2020 on the fight against waste and the circular (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-stromsky">Bruno Stromsky</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/chroniques/incompatible-aid-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-confirms-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Incompatible aid</strong>: The General Court of the European Union confirms that the Commission correctly applied the genuine need test to marketing services purchased by a small airport <em>(Ryanair)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-13T22:00:00Z">14 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113796 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Ryanair ruling of June 14, 2023 sheds further light on the applicability and application of the private operator principle in a market economy, in the specific context of contracts concluded between the State or airports, on the one hand, and airlines, on the other, particularly low-cost (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/State-measure?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yTvRhKtpyjRgDNlPou64lkbXJ+7eGOq4BG0dNIgFNOlZXSN9jWNN6isUL0LBcsXTTZDkzl03dUxZdtCGxx40ZNP7vZnPiQidJT22vYLo40OZ6yUZXm6CiLZxWJrirHh9reMO9YpFWvgr+31+e0u+o0vnYEaXGNsqbP9O5bnnVW+gH6GqlD0p6PJKJuc6YrL1wTJxxM7DIJK4ybzvV4C7BRockTBkpEKosCGg6i9ir792qd7UYuY8TTCo14Fc1oJu+L/xqjR2CNxpVrarY05agET6MlE5Rbv/D4cPAkK97GskemP7MpehLFOggTHOKTQMDhTMVgHVZdIRMfazAF1SWVc8vlXIkwzummHYg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/State-measure"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-folliot-lalliot">Laurence Folliot Lalliot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christopher-r-yukins">Christopher R. Yukins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/articles/will-protectionism-prevail-in-global-public-procurement-118413" rel="bookmark">Will protectionism prevail in global public procurement?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118413 introduction entry-content"> <p>Public procurement is a highly effective tool for amplifying governments’ macro-protectionist policies. But precisely because of this flexibility, public procurement can also be used to promote other objectives, while preserving competition. At a time when sustainable public procurement policies (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/victoria-godefrood-berra">Victoria Godefrood-Berra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maxime-landreau">Maxime Landreau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-bridoux">Vincent Bridoux</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lise-damelet">Lise Damelet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-marty">Frédéric Marty</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/on-topic/foreign-subsidies-regulation-explanation-and-discussion-for-companies-and-legal" rel="bookmark">"Foreign Subsidies" Regulation: Explanation and discussion for companies and legal practitioners for "turnkey" application</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115449 introduction entry-content"> <p>Subsidies granted by third countries to undertakings engaging in an economic activity in the internal market can distort competition. State aid measures granted by EU Member States are subject to the strict rules of State aid control and are prohibited by default. Foreign subsidies used to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/conor-quigley">Conor Quigley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/books/european-state-aid-law-and-policy-and-uk-subsidy-control-conor-quigley" rel="bookmark">European State Aid Law and Policy (and UK Subsidy Control), QUIGLEY Conor</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115036 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/daniele-gallo">Daniele Gallo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2022/books/public-services-and-eu-competition-law-the-social-market-economy-in-action" rel="bookmark">Public Services and EU Competition Law: The Social Market Economy in Action, Daniele GALLO</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114898 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/farouk-er-razki">Farouk Er-razki</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/livres/la-concurrence-emmanuel-combe" rel="bookmark">La concurrence, Emmanuel COMBE</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101667 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lucile-fournereau">Lucile Fournereau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/cyril-jacoulet">Cyril Jacoulet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2020/conferences/jurisdiction-of-the-french-competition-authority-over-the-practices-of-en" rel="bookmark">Jurisdiction of the French Competition Authority over the practices of professional orders</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95470 introduction entry-content"> <p>This contribution was collected following up the Conference "Competition and regulation: How to coordinate the interventions of competition authorities and sectoral regulators?" organized by Concurrences in Paris on 14 November 2019. <br class='autobr' /> 1. If the question of the competence of the Competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/darren-brady-nelson">Darren Brady Nelson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/editorial/antitrust-anti-competition-lessons-from-economics-92528" rel="bookmark">Antitrust, anti-competition: Lessons from economics</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92528 introduction entry-content"> <p>Textbook economics provides the foundation for the legislative creation of, judicial interpretation about, and public support for, antitrust. The inbuilt bias against markets is already apparent by the wording that suggests markets have “forces” and “power”; monopolies are “natural”; and that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/livres/eu-competition-law-an-analytical-guide-to-the-leading-cases-ariel-ezrachi" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law: An Analytical Guide to the Leading Cases, Ariel EZRACHI</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88332 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/amanda-athayde">Amanda Athayde</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/monica-fujimoto">Mônica Fujimoto</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/international/brazil-common-ownership-by-institutional-investors-and-its-impact-on-86065-en" rel="bookmark">Brazil: Common ownership by institutional investors and its impact on competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86065 introduction entry-content"> <p>Brazilian capital markets have experienced a significant increase in the engagement of institutional investors (including investment funds), despite the fact intertwined companies or those with family control are still dominant in the country. In this sense, one must question whether (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/livres/eu-competition-law-cases-texts-and-context-eleanor-m-fox-and-damien-gerard" rel="bookmark">EU Competition Law: Cases, Texts and Context, Eleanor M. FOX and Damien GERARD</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86294 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/beau-w-buffier">Beau Buffier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-l-weiner">Michael L. Weiner</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/interview/beau-buffier" rel="bookmark">Beau Buffier (New York State AG): Observations on Twelve months as New York’s antitrust chief</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85099 introduction entry-content"> <p>On the anniversary of his appointment to the position of Chief of the Antitrust Bureau at the New York Office of the Attorney General, Michael Weiner from Dechert LLP interviews Beau Buffier about his experiences as an enforcement official, the role of State AGs in antitrust matters and about (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/livres/une-troisieme-voie-entre-l-etat-et-le-marche-echanges-avec-elinor-ostrom-85109" rel="bookmark">Une troisième voie entre l’État et le marché. Échanges avec Elinor Ostrom, Martine ANTONA and François BOUSQUET </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85109 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonin-pitras">Antonin Pitras</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/livres/the-art-of-regulation-competition-in-europe-wealth-and-wariness-christian-85112" rel="bookmark">The Art of Regulation. Competition in Europe – Wealth and Wariness, Christian KOENIG, Bernhard VON WENDLAND and Nora Bettina BRAUN </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85112 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bernard-roy">Bernard Roy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/claire-borsenberger">Claire Borsenberger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/denis-joram">Denis Joram</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/francois-boldron">François Boldron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/lecou">Sebastien Lecou</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/liberalisation-services-publics-economie-postale-110536" rel="bookmark">Libéralisation & Services publics: Économie postale</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-06-06T14:59:18Z">6 June 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110536 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/american-bar-association-128763">American Bar Association Antitrust Law Section</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2017/livres/1900-state-action-practice-manual-ed-3-american-bar-association" rel="bookmark">State Action Practice Manual (ed.3), American Bar Association</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104254 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/State-measure?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lSXKPzCGDkx18cMoCax5QJ8PBnZBz7xhhNExPGjNccy2hxFiObYqO1TlpAlj/EvB29ZfYdnuevxhKikdSxA68l+Tp24FaMIbP85YFH184reNe09c1gscpfnTFVkbzS++CxZ5FFo+n/zURiWKit0cunQxa07g5/pxSCCQMb28ByO+IBLWR+wT+5twHGgJisPMi7h+BPfFY+JidLV9i/eg5T7EaNS4Iymf6VL6kwWQi4O+sUMuADXRlVmlTWb8NV+XGY72mDuVbsnaE3yBXIFiFYOjMHpohyo0+te8wckPoN+dAgdCkay0SbmQhBu7V2F+5wsUnjGC4E20+ZfbfmQrhqEUV0A==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/State-measure"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Camilla-Jain-Holtse">Camilla Jain Holtse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/charles-malaise">Charles Malaise</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-levitt">Matthew Levitt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eddy-de-smijter">Eddy de Smijter</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-taladay">John Taladay</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/global-antitrust-hot-topics-3-in-house-counsel-round-table-new-opportunities-95708" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Hot Topics #3 In-house Counsel Round-Table: New Opportunities and Challenges & Closing discussion </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-25T13:30:00Z">25 September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95708 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the « 8th Global Antitrust Hot Topics Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts, with <a href="en/auteur/Camilla-Jain-Holtse" class="spip_in">Camilla Holtse</a> (Associate General Counsel - Head of Competition Law & Policy, Maersk), <a href="en/authors/matthew-levitt" class="spip_in">Charles Malaise</a> (Chief Counsel, Antitrust & Regulatory Counsel, Koch Industries), [Miriam van Heyningen] (Senior Legal Counsel, Shell), <a href="en/auteurs/miriam-van-heyningen" class="spip_in">Matthew Levitt</a> (Partner, Baker Botts), and closing discussion by <a href="en/authors/eddy-de-smijter" class="spip_in">Eddy De Smijter</a> (Head of A5 Unit in charge of international relations, DG COMP) and <a href="en/authors/john-taladay" class="spip_in">John Taladay</a> (Partner, Baker Botts).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart">Andrea Collart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/security-of-supply-chains-how-to-address-it-in-covid-19-and-beyond" rel="bookmark">Security of Supply Chains: How to address it in Covid-19 and beyond?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-29T13:30:00Z">29 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95314 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "#NewAntitrust" Webinar Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Arnold & Porter and Avisa Partners, with <a href="en/authors/paul-csiszar" class="spip_in">Paul Csiszar</a> (Director, Markets and cases IV: Basic industries, Manufacturing and Agriculture, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/pascal-belmin" class="spip_in">Pascal Belmin</a> (Head of EU regulatory affairs, Airbus), <a href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart" class="spip_in">Andrea Collart</a> (Partner, Avisa Partners) and <a href="en/authors/luc-gyselen" class="spip_in">Luc Gyselen</a> (Partner, Arnold & Porter).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-levy">Nicholas Levy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-2-mergers-filing-review-is-it-a-100-deadlock-situation-93938" rel="bookmark">WEBINAR #2 Mergers: Filing, review… Is it a 100 % deadlock situation?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-09T13:30:00Z">9 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93938 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar on mergers as part of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/authors/nicholas-levy" class="spip_in">Nicholas Levy</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb), and, <a href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal" class="spip_in">Antoine Chapsal</a> (Partner, Analysis Group).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/georges-siotis">Georges Siotis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-charles-laprevote">François-Charles Laprévote</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-3-state-aid-in-the-covid-19-context" rel="bookmark">WEBINAR #3 State aid in the COVID-19 context</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-14T13:30:00Z">14 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94007 introduction entry-content"><p>Third Webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/authors/jacques-derenne" class="spip_in">Jacques Derenne</a> (Partner, Sheppard Mullin – Associate Professor, Liège University & Brussels School of Competition), <a href="en/authors/francois-charles-laprevote" class="spip_in">François-Charles Laprévote</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb), <a href="en/authors/nicole-robins" class="spip_in">Nicole Robins</a> (Partner, Oxera) and <a href="en/authors/georges-siotis" class="spip_in">Georges Siotis</a> (Consultant, Compass Lexecon – Associate Professor, University Carlos III Madrid).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/jose-maria-carpi-badia">Josep M. Carpi Badia</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Karl-Soukup">Karl Soukup</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-1-coronavirus-crisis-the-dg-comp-s-response-state-aid-mergers-en" rel="bookmark">WEBINAR #1 Coronavirus crisis - The DG COMP’s response (State aid & Mergers)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-07T13:30:00Z">7 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93995 introduction entry-content"><p>Inaugural webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/auteur/Karl-Soukup" class="spip_in">Karl Soukup</a> (Director of the State aid General Scrutiny and Enforcement’s Direction, DG COMP), and, <a href="en/auteur/jose-maria-carpi-badia" class="spip_in">Josep Carpi Badia</a> (Head of the Mergers case support and policy’s Unit, DG COMP).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrew-c-finch">Andrew C. Finch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-neven-38490">Damien Neven</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-a-crane">Daniel A. Crane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/douglas-h-ginsburg">Douglas H. Ginsburg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-r-emch">Eric R. Emch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-f-rill">James F. Rill</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jay-jurata">Jay Jurata</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joshua-d-wright">Joshua D. Wright</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/justus-herrlinger">Justus Herrlinger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/keith-hylton">Keith Hylton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marina-lao">Marina Lao</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/michael-a-salinger">Michael A. Salinger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/michael-l-keeley">Michael L. Keeley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Richard-Steuer">Richard Steuer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/roger-alford">Roger Alford</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Scott-Andrew-Sher">Scott Sher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/terry-calvani">Terry Calvani</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/timothy-cornell">Timothy Cornell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/an-antitrust-professor-on-the-bench-judge-douglas-ginsburg-liber-amicorum" rel="bookmark">An Antitrust Professor on the Bench - Judge Douglas Ginsburg Liber Amicorum Conference</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-11-05T08:30:00Z">5 November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87914 introduction entry-content"><p>George Mason University Global Antitrust Institute + Concurrences conference honoring Judge Douglas Ginsburg and the release of the book "Judge Douglas Ginsburg: An Antitrust Professor on the Bench - Liber Amicorum Vol. I", with the support of Axinn, Bates White, Clifford Chance, CRA, Orrick, White & Case, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati (Panel Sponsors), and MLex (Media Sponsor).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/adriana-franco-giannini">Adriana Franco Giannini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anthony-woolich">Anthony Woolich</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristiane-schmidt">Cristiane Schmidt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-rubinfeld">Daniel L. Rubinfeld</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elizabeth-kraus">Elizabeth Kraus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/felipe-irarrazabal-25637">Felipe Irarrázabal Philippi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/harry-first">Harry First</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-killick">James Killick</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jason-wu">Jason Wu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/tsai">Joanna Tsai</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/koren-wong-ervin">Koren W Wong-Ervin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/makan-delrahim">Makan Delrahim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/martha-licetti">Martha Martinez Licetti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-tritell-2131">Randolph Tritell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/roger-alford">Roger Alford</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rosie-lipscomb">Rosanna Garza Lipscomb</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/scott-hemphill">Scott Hemphill</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-roberts">Simon Roberts</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/susan-jones">Susan Jones</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/susan-ning">Susan Ning</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tembinkosi-bonakele">Tembinkosi Bonakele</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/morrison">Trevor W. Morrison</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-developing-countries-competition-policy-in-a-politicized-world" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Developing Countries: Competition Policy in a Politicized World</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-27T06:00:00Z">27 October 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85038 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences & NYU School of Law conference, with the support of Baker McKenzie, Charles River Associates, Compass Lexecon, ELIG Attorneys-at-Law, HFW, King & Wood Mallesons, and White & Case (Panel Sponsors) and MLex and PaRR (Media Sponsors).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/david-desforges">David Desforges</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elisabeth-flury-herard">Elisabeth Flury-Herard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/emmanuel-benefice">Emmanuel Bénéfice</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-yves-ollier">Jean-Yves Ollier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jerome-philippe">Jérôme Philippe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-rious">Vincent Rious</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/energy-security-competition-and-environment-is-there-any-consistency" rel="bookmark">Energy security, competition and environment: is there any consistency?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-09-15T10:00:00Z">15 September 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83072 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Microeconomix, Observatoire Énergies d’Entreprises and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-j-gidley">J. 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Ian is a lawyer with worldwide vision, (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/State-measure?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/State-measure#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> 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class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a 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