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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1970s and 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_labels_and_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_labels_and_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable labels and producers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_labels_and_producers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable labels and producers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_labels_and_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motown_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motown_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Motown Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motown_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stax_Records_and_Atlantic_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stax_Records_and_Atlantic_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stax Records and Atlantic Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stax_Records_and_Atlantic_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subgenres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subgenres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subgenres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detroit_(Motown)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detroit_(Motown)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Detroit (Motown)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detroit_(Motown)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_and_Southern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_and_Southern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Deep and Southern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_and_Southern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memphis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memphis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Memphis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memphis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>New Orleans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Chicago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philadelphia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philadelphia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Philadelphia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Progressive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychedelic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Psychedelic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Neo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Northern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nu-jazz_and_other_influenced_electronica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nu-jazz_and_other_influenced_electronica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nu-jazz_and_other_influenced_electronica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-black_musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-black_musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-black musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-black_musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soul music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="موسيقى السول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى السول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4" title="সোল সঙ্গীত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোল সঙ্গীত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAng-h%C3%BBn_im-ga%CC%8Dk" title="Lêng-hûn im-ga̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lêng-hûn im-ga̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Соул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Соул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Soul music" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(hudba)" title="Soul (hudba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soul (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_yr_enaid" title="Cerddoriaeth yr enaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth yr enaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(muusikastiil)" title="Soul (muusikastiil) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soul (muusikastiil)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB" title="Σόουλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σόουλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulo" title="Soulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Soulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="موسیقی سول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی سول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_soul" title="Musique soul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique soul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamcheol" title="Anamcheol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anamcheol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%94_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="솔 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="솔 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Սոուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulo" title="Soulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Soulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_soul" title="Musik soul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik soul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1lart%C3%B3nlist" title="Sálartónlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sálartónlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מוזיקת נשמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת נשמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სოული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_pectoralis" title="Musica pectoralis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica pectoralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulm%C5%ABzika" title="Soulmūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Soulmūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_muzika" title="Soul muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Soul muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Соул-музика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соул-музика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="مزيكا السول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزيكا السول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_soul" title="Muzik soul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik soul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalo_Ivakatagi" title="Yalo Ivakatagi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yalo Ivakatagi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ソウルミュージック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソウルミュージック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmusikk" title="Soulmusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Soulmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="سول موسیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سول موسیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_soul" title="Muzică soul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică soul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Соул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soul music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(hudba)" title="Soul (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Soul (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%DA%B5" title="مۆسیقای سۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسیقای سۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_muzika" title="Soul muzika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Soul muzika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(musiikki)" title="Soul (musiikki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soul (musiikki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulmusik" title="Soulmusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Soulmusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_Soul" title="Musikang Soul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikang Soul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="உள்ளுணர்வு இசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உள்ளுணர்வு இசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5" title="ดนตรีโซล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดนตรีโซล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Соул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82%E4%B9%90" title="灵魂乐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="灵魂乐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_Soul" title="Orin Soul – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orin Soul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82%E6%A8%82" title="靈魂樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靈魂樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82%E6%A8%82" title="靈魂樂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="靈魂樂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131272#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soul_music_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soul music (disambiguation)">Soul music (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Soul</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Charles_(1967).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ray_Charles_%281967%29.png/220px-Ray_Charles_%281967%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ray_Charles_%281967%29.png/330px-Ray_Charles_%281967%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ray_Charles_%281967%29.png/440px-Ray_Charles_%281967%29.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="785" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, one of soul music's pioneers and most influential artists, in 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1950s – early 1960s, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_soul" title="Cinematic soul">Cinematic soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_soul" title="Latin soul">Latin soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown sound</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">neo soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Retro-soul" title="Retro-soul">retro-soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">quiet storm</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">nu jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop soul">pop soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">progressive soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">soul blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">soul jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_soul" title="Smooth soul">smooth soul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">swamp rock</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">United Kingdom</a></li><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#R&B/Soul" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans soul">New Orleans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_soul" title="New York soul">New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">West Coast</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_musicians" title="List of soul musicians">List of soul musicians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is a part in a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/75px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/113px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/150px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Roots and beginnings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hymn#Christian_tradition" title="Hymn">Christian Hymns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Negro Spirituals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Harp" title="Sacred Harp">Sacred Harp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shape_note" title="Shape note">Shape note</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Genres and subgenres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Gospel">Southern Gospel</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel blues</a></dd> <dd>Bluegrass gospel</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Country Gospel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Southern_Gospel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progressive Southern Gospel (page does not exist)">Progressive Southern Gospel</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban contemporary gospel</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related music genres</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">CCM</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Associations and groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gospel Music Hall of Fame">Gospel Music Hall of Fame</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Workshop_of_America" title="Gospel Music Workshop of America">Gospel Music Workshop of America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Gospel_Singing_Convention" title="National Gospel Singing Convention">National Gospel Singing Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Quartet_Convention" title="National Quartet Convention">National Quartet Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Gospel_Music_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Gospel Music Association (page does not exist)">Australian Gospel Music Association</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/GMA_Canada" title="GMA Canada">GMA Canada</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Awards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/GMA_Dove_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="GMA Dove Awards">GMA Dove Awards</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stellar_Awards" title="Stellar Awards">Stellar Awards</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Awards" title="Covenant Awards">Covenant Awards</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_music" title="Category:Gospel music">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_gospel_musicians" title="List of gospel musicians">Musicians</a></b></li></ul> <p>See also: </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Portal</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_music" title="Category:Christian music">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_music_articles" title="Template:Gospel music articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_music_articles" title="Template talk:Gospel music articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_music_articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel music articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Soul music</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> genre that originated in <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">communities</a> throughout the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body movements, are an important hallmark of soul. Other characteristics are a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> between the lead and <a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">backing vocalists</a>, an especially tense vocal sound, and occasional <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvisational</a> additions, twirls, and auxiliary sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-valter_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valter-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soul music is known for reflecting African-American identity and stressing the importance of African-American culture. </p><p>Soul has its roots in African-American <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and primarily combines elements of gospel, R&B and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre emerged from the power struggle to increase black Americans' awareness of their African ancestry, as a newfound consciousness led to the creation of music that boasted pride in being black.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soul music became popular for dancing and listening, and American record labels such as <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax</a> were influential in its proliferation during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">civil rights movement</a>. Soul also became popular worldwide, directly influencing <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">music of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mojapelo2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojapelo2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a resurgence in the mid-to late 1990s with the subgenre <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">neo soul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which incorporated modern production elements and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> influences. </p><p>Soul music dominated the U.S. <a href="/wiki/R%26B_charts" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B charts">R&B charts</a> in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the United States, United Kingdom, and elsewhere. Many prominent soul artists, including <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, and various acts under the Motown label, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, were highly influential in the genre's development and all gained widespread popularity during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1968, the soul music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists moved to <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, and in some cases more socially conscious varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s, soul music had begun to absorb influences from <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, among other genres, leading to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">progressive soul</a>. Prominent soul artists of this era include <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Withers" title="Bill Withers">Bill Withers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a>, which adopted hip hop influences, emerged around 1994. </p><p>Other subgenres of soul include the "<a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown sound</a>", a more rhythmic and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>-friendly style that originated from the eponymous label; <a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a>, a driving, energetic variety combining R&B with southern gospel music influences;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis soul</a>, a shimmering, sultry style; <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans soul">New Orleans soul</a>, which emerged from the rhythm and blues style; <a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">Chicago soul</a>, a lighter gospel-influenced sound; and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia soul</a>, a lush <a href="/wiki/Orchestral" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral">orchestral</a> variety with <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doohickey-wop</a>-inspired vocals. Soul music is a genre that evolved from African American popular music in the United States during the 1950s to the 1970s. It is deeply rooted in gospel and blues, characterized by intense vocal delivery, call-and-response patterns, and melisma. Soul music reinterpreted the sounds of earlier rhythm-and-blues pioneers like Chuck Berry and Ray Charles, and it was a return to African American musical roots after the emergence of rock and roll, which was seen as a white interpretation of rhythm and blues. </p><p>The style of soul music is marked by its emotional intensity and personal expression. It incorporates elements from gospel music, such as the use of church-rooted call-and-response and vocal techniques. Soul music also draws from blues, evident in its expressive and often improvisational vocal style. The genre was popularized by artists like Aretha Franklin, James Brown, and Otis Redding, who infused their music with themes of personal and social significance. </p><p>Soul music also influenced and was influenced by other musical styles. The Motown sound, which is considered a form of soul music, had a lighter, more pop-oriented style, while Southern soul was rawer and more emotive. As the genre evolved, it contributed to the development of funk, disco, and hip-hop, with its emphasis on rhythm and groove becoming foundational to these later styles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg/250px-Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg/330px-Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg/500px-Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles.</figcaption></figure><p> Soul music has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional black gospel music">traditional African-American gospel music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> and as the hybridization of their respective religious and secular styles – in both lyrical content and instrumentation – that began in the 1950s. The term "soul" had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to musicologist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Hansen">Barry Hansen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Though this hybrid produced a clutch of hits in the R&B market in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> sung gospel-style.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesBrown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/JamesBrown.jpg/170px-JamesBrown.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/JamesBrown.jpg/255px-JamesBrown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/JamesBrown.jpg/340px-JamesBrown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> was known as the "Godfather of Soul".<sup id="cite_ref-Maycock_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maycock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to AllMusic, "Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s."<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "soul" in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture. <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a> groups in the 1940s and '50s occasionally used the term as part of their names. The <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> style that originated from gospel became known as <a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">soul jazz</a>. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for African-American popular music at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg/250px-Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg/330px-Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg/500px-Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a> is regarded as one of soul music's "forefathers".</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Acoustic Music Organization, the "first clear evidence of soul music shows up with <a href="/wiki/The_%225%22_Royales" title="The "5" Royales">the "5" Royales</a>, an ex-gospel group that turned to R&B and in <a href="/wiki/Faye_Adams" title="Faye Adams">Faye Adams</a>, whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included <a href="/wiki/Clyde_McPhatter" title="Clyde McPhatter">Clyde McPhatter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hank_Ballard" title="Hank Ballard">Hank Ballard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etta_James" title="Etta James">Etta James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> is often cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954's "<a href="/wiki/I_Got_a_Woman" title="I Got a Woman">I Got a Woman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pc15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singer <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Womack" title="Bobby Womack">Bobby Womack</a> said, "Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Travelers" title="Pilgrim Travelers">Pilgrim Travelers</a> vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, who inspired <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-white_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> both were equally influential. Brown was nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music",<sup id="cite_ref-Maycock_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maycock-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Richard proclaimed himself as the "King of Rockin' and Rollin', Rhythm and Blues Soulin<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a> also are often acknowledged as soul forefathers.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pc17_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc17-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooke became popular as the lead singer of the gospel group <a href="/wiki/The_Soul_Stirrers" title="The Soul Stirrers">the Soul Stirrers</a>, before controversially moving into secular music. His recording of "<a href="/wiki/You_Send_Me" title="You Send Me">You Send Me</a>" in 1957 launched a successful <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> career. Furthermore, his 1962 recording of "<a href="/wiki/Bring_It_On_Home_To_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="Bring It On Home To Me">Bring It On Home To Me</a>" has been described as "perhaps the first record to define the soul experience".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackie Wilson, a contemporary of both Cooke and James Brown, also achieved <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">crossover</a> success, especially with his 1957 hit "<a href="/wiki/Reet_Petite" title="Reet Petite">Reet Petite</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He even was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomon_Burke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Solomon_Burke.jpg/220px-Solomon_Burke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Solomon_Burke.jpg/330px-Solomon_Burke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Solomon_Burke.jpg/440px-Solomon_Burke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Burke" title="Solomon Burke">Solomon Burke</a> recorded for <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> in the 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Husband-wife duo <a href="/wiki/Ike_%26_Tina_Turner" title="Ike & Tina Turner">Ike & Tina Turner</a> emerged as "leading exponents" of soul music in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their debut single "<a href="/wiki/A_Fool_in_Love" title="A Fool in Love">A Fool in Love</a>" crossed over to the pop charts in 1960. They earned a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy</a> nomination for their song "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Work_Out_Fine" title="It's Gonna Work Out Fine">It's Gonna Work Out Fine</a>" in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rhythm" title="Kings of Rhythm">Kings of Rhythm</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ikettes" title="The Ikettes">the Ikettes</a>, they toured the <a href="/wiki/Chitlin%27_Circuit" title="Chitlin' Circuit">Chitlin’ Circuit</a> as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Writer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Peter Guralnick</a> is among those to identify <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Burke" title="Solomon Burke">Solomon Burke</a> as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> as the key <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a>. Burke's early 1960s songs, including "<a href="/wiki/Cry_to_Me" title="Cry to Me">Cry to Me</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Just_Out_of_Reach" title="Just Out of Reach">Just Out of Reach</a>" and "Down in the Valley" are considered classics of the genre. Guralnick wrote: </p><blockquote><p>Soul started, in a sense, with the 1961 success of Solomon Burke's "Just Out of Reach". Ray Charles, of course, had already enjoyed enormous success (also on Atlantic), as had James Brown and Sam Cooke — primarily in a pop vein. Each of these singers, though, could be looked upon as an isolated phenomenon; it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could begin to see anything even resembling a movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Guralnick_(soul)_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guralnick_(soul)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20%2C_2009.jpg/250px-Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20%2C_2009.jpg/500px-Aretha_Franklin_on_January_20%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> is widely known as the "<a href="/wiki/Honorific_nicknames_in_popular_music" title="Honorific nicknames in popular music">Queen of Soul</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ben_E._King" title="Ben E. King">Ben E. King</a> also achieved success in 1961 with "<a href="/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(Ben_E._King_song)" title="Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)">Stand By Me</a>", a song directly based on a gospel hymn.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1960s, the initial successes of Burke, King, and others had been surpassed by new soul singers, including <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a>, who mainly recorded in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals,_Alabama" title="Muscle Shoals, Alabama">Muscle Shoals, Alabama</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Jon_Landau" title="Jon Landau">Jon Landau</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Between 1962 and 1964 Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly sentimental lyrics usually begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to come home... He soon became known as "Mr. Pitiful" and earned a reputation as the leading performer of soul ballads.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The most important female soul singer to emerge was <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but whose career was later revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic. Her 1967 recordings, such as "<a href="/wiki/I_Never_Loved_a_Man_(The_Way_I_Love_You)" title="I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)">I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Respect_(song)" title="Respect (song)">Respect</a>" (written and originally recorded by Otis Redding), and "<a href="/wiki/Do_Right_Woman,_Do_Right_Man" title="Do Right Woman, Do Right Man">Do Right Woman, Do Right Man</a>" (written by <a href="/wiki/Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Penn" title="Dan Penn">Dan Penn</a>), were significant and commercially successful recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-pc52_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc52-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone_2010,_500_Songs,_p._112_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolling_Stone_2010,_500_Songs,_p._112-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soul music dominated the U.S. African-American music charts in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S. Otis Redding was a huge success at the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Pop Festival">Monterey Pop Festival</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre also became highly popular in the UK, where many leading acts toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" became an umbrella term for an increasingly wide variety of R&B-based music styles – from the dance and pop-oriented acts at <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, to "<a href="/wiki/Deep_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep soul">deep soul</a>" performers such as <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sledge" title="Percy Sledge">Percy Sledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Carr_(singer)" title="James Carr (singer)">James Carr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Motown_Museum_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motown_Museum-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erlewine_(Sledge)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlewine_(Sledge)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huey_(Carr)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huey_(Carr)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different regions and cities within the U.S., including New York City, Detroit, Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the home of <a href="/wiki/FAME_Studios" title="FAME Studios">FAME Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_Shoals_Sound_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle Shoals Sound Studios">Muscle Shoals Sound Studios</a>) became noted for different subgenres of the music and recording styles.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_(Muscle_Shoals)_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_(Muscle_Shoals)-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1968, while at its peak of popularity, soul began to fragment into different subgenres. Artists such as James Brown and <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a> evolved into <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> music, while other singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a> developed slicker, more sophisticated and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, soul music continued to evolve, informing most subsequent forms of R&B from the 1970s-onward, with pockets of musicians continuing to perform in traditional soul style.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s">1970s and 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marvin_Gaye_(1973).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marvin_Gaye_%281973%29.png/250px-Marvin_Gaye_%281973%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marvin_Gaye_%281973%29.png/330px-Marvin_Gaye_%281973%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Marvin_Gaye_%281973%29.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> shifted to a socially conscious sound with his 1971 hit "<a href="/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_(Marvin_Gaye_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)">What's Going On</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>Mitchell's <a href="/wiki/Hi_Records" title="Hi Records">Hi Records</a> continued in the <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax</a> tradition of the previous decade, releasing a string of hits by Green, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Peebles" title="Ann Peebles">Ann Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Clay" title="Otis Clay">Otis Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/O.V._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="O.V. Wright">O.V. Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syl_Johnson" title="Syl Johnson">Syl Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisle_(Mithcell)_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisle_(Mithcell)-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Womack" title="Bobby Womack">Bobby Womack</a>, who recorded with Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued to produce soul recordings in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurt_(Womak/Moman)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurt_(Womak/Moman)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graceland_(Womak/Moman)_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graceland_(Womak/Moman)-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, producer <a href="/wiki/Don_Davis_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Davis (producer)">Don Davis</a> worked with <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Taylor" title="Johnnie Taylor">Johnnie Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dramatics" title="The Dramatics">the Dramatics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_(Davis/AllMusic)_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan_(Davis/AllMusic)-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early 1970s recordings by <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_Emeralds" title="The Detroit Emeralds">the Detroit Emeralds</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Me_Right_(album)" title="Do Me Right (album)">Do Me Right</a></i>, are a link between soul and the later <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-Wynn_(Detroit_Emeralds/AllMusic)_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wynn_(Detroit_Emeralds/AllMusic)-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a> contributed to the evolution of soul music, although their recordings were considered more in a <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> vein than those of Redding, Franklin and Carr.<sup id="cite_ref-Motown_Museum_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motown_Museum-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although stylistically different from classic soul music, recordings by <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>-based artists are often considered part of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-AllMusic_(Chicago_soul)_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_(Chicago_soul)-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> and other genres.<sup id="cite_ref-AllMusic_(Psych._Soul)_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic_(Psych._Soul)-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists like <a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (musician)">James Brown</a> led soul towards <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> music, which became typified by 1970s bands like <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Meters" title="The Meters">the Meters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlewine_(Meters)_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlewine_(Meters)-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More versatile groups such as <a href="/wiki/War_(U.S._band)" class="mw-redirect" title="War (U.S. band)">War</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Commodores" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commodores">the Commodores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth, Wind and Fire">Earth, Wind and Fire</a> became popular around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Huey_(War)_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huey_(War)-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s, some slick and commercial <a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a> acts like Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a> and Oakland's <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Power" title="Tower of Power">Tower of Power</a> achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation of street-corner harmony or "city-soul" groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Delfonics" title="The Delfonics">the Delfonics</a> and the historically black <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Unifics">Unifics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erlewine_(Hall/Oats)_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlewine_(Hall/Oats)-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prato_(Tower)_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prato_(Tower)-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The syndicated music/dance variety television series <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a></i>, hosted by Chicago native <a href="/wiki/Don_Cornelius" title="Don Cornelius">Don Cornelius</a>, debuted in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Chideya_(Cornelius)_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chideya_(Cornelius)-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show provided an outlet for soul music for several decades, also spawning a franchise that saw the creation of a record label (<a href="/wiki/Soul_Train_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul Train Records">Soul Train Records</a>) that distributed music by <a href="/wiki/The_Whispers" title="The Whispers">the Whispers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lucas" title="Carrie Lucas">Carrie Lucas</a>, and an up-and-coming group known as <a href="/wiki/Shalamar" title="Shalamar">Shalamar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soul_Train_(Record_Label)_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soul_Train_(Record_Label)-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous disputes led to Cornelius spinning off the record label to his talent booker, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Griffey" title="Dick Griffey">Dick Griffey</a>, who transformed the label into <a href="/wiki/Solar_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Records">Solar Records</a>, itself a prominent soul music label throughout the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Soul_Train_(Record_Label)_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soul_Train_(Record_Label)-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TV series continued to air until 2006, although other predominantly African-American music genres such as hip-hop began overshadowing soul on the show beginning in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond">Beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and funk musicians had hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, soul went in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">quiet storm</a>. With its relaxed tempos and soft melodies, quiet storm soul took influences from <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">fusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult contemporary">adult contemporary</a>. Some funk bands, such as EW&F, the Commodores and <a href="/wiki/Con_Funk_Shun" title="Con Funk Shun">Con Funk Shun</a> would have a few quiet storm tracks on their albums. Among the most successful acts in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, <a href="/wiki/Peabo_Bryson" title="Peabo Bryson">Peabo Bryson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Graham" title="Larry Graham">Larry Graham</a>. </p><p>After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced by <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro music</a>. It became less raw and more slickly produced, resulting in a style that is known as <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a>, which sounded very different from the original <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> style. The United States saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Neo-soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-soul">neo-soul</a> around 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_labels_and_producers">Notable labels and producers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable labels and producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motown_Records">Motown Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Motown Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeviStubbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/LeviStubbs.jpg/220px-LeviStubbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/LeviStubbs.jpg/330px-LeviStubbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/LeviStubbs.jpg/440px-LeviStubbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Levi_Stubbs" title="Levi Stubbs">Levi Stubbs</a> singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soul_music" title="Special:EditPage/Soul music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>'s successful Tamla/Motown group of labels was notable for being African-American owned, unlike most of the earlier independent R&B labels. Notable artists under this label were <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">the Supremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">the Miracles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelettes" title="The Marvelettes">the Marvelettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells" title="Mary Wells">Mary Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junior_Walker" title="Junior Walker">Jr. Walker & the All-Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tammi_Terrell" title="Tammi Terrell">Tammi Terrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pc25_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jackson Five">the Jackson 5</a>. </p><p>Hits were made using a quasi-industrial "<a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a>" approach. The producers and songwriters brought artistic sensitivity to the three-minute tunes. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Holland" title="Brian Holland">Brian Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamont_Dozier" title="Lamont Dozier">Lamont Dozier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Holland" title="Eddie Holland">Eddie Holland</a> were rarely out of the charts for their work as <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producers</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">the Supremes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pc25_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc25-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They allowed important elements to shine through the dense musical texture. The rhythm was emphasized by handclaps or <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a> was another writer and record producer who added lyrics to "<a href="/wiki/The_Tracks_of_My_Tears" title="The Tracks of My Tears">The Tracks of My Tears</a>" by his group <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">the Miracles</a>, which was one of the most important songs of the decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stax_Records_and_Atlantic_Records">Stax Records and Atlantic Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stax Records and Atlantic Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a></div> <p>Stax Records and Atlantic Records were independent labels that produced high-quality dance records featuring many well-known singers of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tended to have smaller ensembles marked by expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Brass and saxophones were also used extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a>, founded by siblings Estelle and James Stewart, was the second most successful record label behind <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a>. They were responsible for releasing hits by <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Pickett" title="Wilson Pickett">Wilson Pickett</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Staple_Singers" title="The Staple Singers">the Staple Singers</a>, and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmet Ertegun, who had anticipated being a diplomat until 1944 when his father died, founded <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> in 1947 with his friend <a href="/wiki/Herb_Abramson" title="Herb Abramson">Herb Abramson</a>. Ertegun wrote many songs for <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clovers" title="The Clovers">the Clovers</a>. He even sang <a href="/wiki/Backup_vocals" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup vocals">backup vocals</a> for his artist <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a> on the song, "Shake Rattle and Roll".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgenres">Subgenres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subgenres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detroit_(Motown)"><span id="Detroit_.28Motown.29"></span>Detroit (Motown)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Detroit (Motown)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></div> <p>Dominated by <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown Records</a> empire, Detroit's soul is strongly rhythmic and influenced by gospel music. The Motown sound often includes hand <a href="/wiki/Clapping" title="Clapping">clapping</a>, a powerful <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">bassline</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">strings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">vibraphone</a>. Motown Records' house band was <a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">the Funk Brothers</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> cites Motown as the pioneering label of pop-soul, a style of soul music with raw vocals, but polished production and toned-down subject matter intended for pop radio and <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">crossover</a> success.<sup id="cite_ref-popsoul_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsoul-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists of this style included <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Preston" title="Billy Preston">Billy Preston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-popsoul_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsoul-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular during the 1960s, the style became glossier during the 1970s and led to <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-popsoul_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsoul-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 2000s, the style was revisited by contemporary soul singers such as <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Saadiq" title="Raphael Saadiq">Raphael Saadiq</a> (specifically his 2008 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_I_See_It" title="The Way I See It">The Way I See It</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Solange_Knowles" title="Solange Knowles">Solange Knowles</a> (her 2008 album <i><a href="/wiki/Sol-Angel_and_the_Hadley_St._Dreams" title="Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams">Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_and_Southern">Deep and Southern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deep and Southern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otis_Redding.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Otis_Redding.png/250px-Otis_Redding.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Otis_Redding.png/330px-Otis_Redding.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Otis_Redding.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Soul singer <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a> was known to be an electrifying stage presence.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></div> <p>The terms "deep soul" and "Southern soul" generally refer to a driving, energetic soul style combining <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>'s energy with pulsating southern United States <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> sounds. <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, label <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> nurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands <a href="/wiki/Booker_T_%26_the_MGs" class="mw-redirect" title="Booker T & the MGs">Booker T & the MGs</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Jones" title="Booker T. Jones">Booker T. Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cropper" title="Steve Cropper">Steve Cropper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck_Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck Dunn">Duck Dunn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Jackson_Jr." title="Al Jackson Jr.">Al Jackson</a>) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of <a href="/wiki/The_Mar-Keys" title="The Mar-Keys">the Mar-Keys</a>, trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Jackson_(musician)" title="Wayne Jackson (musician)">Wayne Jackson</a> and saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Love_(musician)" title="Andrew Love (musician)">Andrew Love</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memphis">Memphis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memphis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis soul</a></div> <p>"Memphis soul" is a shimmering, sultry style of soul music produced in the 1960s and 1970s at <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hi_Records" title="Hi Records">Hi Records</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. It featured melancholic and melodic horns, <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, bass, and drums, as heard in recordings by Hi's <a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">Al Green</a> and Stax's <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s" title="Booker T. & the M.G.'s">Booker T. & the M.G.'s</a>. The latter group also sometimes played in the harder-edged <a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a> style. The Hi Records house band (<a href="/wiki/Hi_Rhythm_Section" title="Hi Rhythm Section">Hi Rhythm Section</a>) and producer <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mitchell_(musician)" title="Willie Mitchell (musician)">Willie Mitchell</a> developed a surging soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordings. Some Stax recordings fit into this style but had their own unique sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Orleans">New Orleans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New Orleans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soul_music" title="Special:EditPage/Soul music">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans soul">New Orleans soul</a></div> <p>The New Orleans soul scene directly came out of the rhythm and blues era, when such artists as <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huey_Piano_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Huey Piano Smith">Huey Piano Smith</a> made a huge impact on the pop and R&B charts and a huge direct influence on the birth of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a> music. The principal architect of Crescent City's soul was a songwriter, arranger, and producer <a href="/wiki/Allen_Toussaint" title="Allen Toussaint">Allen Toussaint</a>. He worked with such artists as <a href="/wiki/Irma_Thomas" title="Irma Thomas">Irma Thomas</a> ("the Soul Queen of New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kenner" title="Chris Kenner">Chris Kenner</a>, Benny Spellman, and <a href="/wiki/Ernie_K-Doe" title="Ernie K-Doe">Ernie K-Doe</a> on the Minit/Instant label complex to produce a distinctive New Orleans soul sound that generated a passel of national hits. Other notable New Orleans hits came from Robert Parker, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Harris" title="Betty Harris">Betty Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Neville" title="Aaron Neville">Aaron Neville</a>. While record labels in New Orleans largely disappeared by the mid-1960s, producers in the city continued to record New Orleans soul artists for other mainly New York City and Los Angeles–based record labels—notably <a href="/wiki/Lee_Dorsey" title="Lee Dorsey">Lee Dorsey</a> for New York-based Amy Records and the Meters for New York–based Josie and then LA-based Reprise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago">Chicago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chicago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">Chicago soul</a></div> <p>Chicago soul generally had a light gospel-influenced sound, but the large number of record labels based in the city tended to produce a more diverse sound than other cities. <a href="/wiki/Vee_Jay_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Vee Jay Records">Vee Jay Records</a>, which lasted until 1966, produced recordings by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Butler_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Butler (singer)">Jerry Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Everett" title="Betty Everett">Betty Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dee_Clark" title="Dee Clark">Dee Clark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Chandler" title="Gene Chandler">Gene Chandler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a>, mainly a blues and rock and roll label, produced several major soul artists, including <a href="/wiki/The_Dells" title="The Dells">the Dells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Stewart" title="Billy Stewart">Billy Stewart</a>. <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a> not only scored many hits with his group, <a href="/wiki/The_Impressions" title="The Impressions">the Impressions</a>, but wrote many hit songs for Chicago artists and produced hits on his own labels for <a href="/wiki/The_Fascinations" title="The Fascinations">the Fascinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_Lance" title="Major Lance">Major Lance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Stairsteps" title="Five Stairsteps">Five Stairsteps</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philadelphia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia soul</a></div> <p>Based primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia International">Philadelphia International</a> record label, Philadelphia soul (or Philly Soul) had lush <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn</a> arrangements and <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a>-inspired vocals. <a href="/wiki/Thom_Bell" title="Thom Bell">Thom Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gamble_%26_Leon_Huff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff">Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff</a> are considered the founders of Philadelphia soul, which produced hits for <a href="/wiki/Patti_LaBelle" title="Patti LaBelle">Patti LaBelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">the O'Jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Intruders_(music_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Intruders (music group)">the Intruders</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Degrees" title="The Three Degrees">the Three Degrees</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Delfonics" title="The Delfonics">the Delfonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stylistics" title="The Stylistics">the Stylistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Melvin_%26_the_Blue_Notes" title="Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes">Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_group)" title="The Spinners (American group)">the Spinners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive">Progressive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Progressive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg/250px-BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg/330px-BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg/500px-BLACK_SOUL_SINGER_ISAAC_HAYES_PERFORMS_AT_THE_INTERNATIONAL_AMPHITHEATER_IN_CHICAGO_AS_PART_OF_THE_ANNUAL_PUSH_%27BLACK..._-_NARA_-_556307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a> performing in 1973</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">Progressive soul</a></div> <p>By the 1970s, African-American popular musicians had drawn from the conceptual album-oriented approach of the then-burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> development. This progressive-soul development inspired a newfound sophisticated musicality and ambitious lyricism in black pop.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these musicians were <a href="/wiki/Sly_Stone" title="Sly Stone">Sly Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoardBrackett2004524_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoardBrackett2004524-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In discussing the progressive soul of the 1970s, Martin cites this period's albums from Wonder (<i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Book" title="Talking Book">Talking Book</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Innervisions" title="Innervisions">Innervisions</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life" title="Songs in the Key of Life">Songs in the Key of Life</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/War_(band)" title="War (band)">War</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/All_Day_Music" title="All Day Music">All Day Music</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_a_Ghetto" title="The World Is a Ghetto">The World Is a Ghetto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/War_Live_(album)" title="War Live (album)">War Live</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">the Isley Brothers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/3_%2B_3" title="3 + 3">3 + 3</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199841,_205,_216,_244_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199841,_205,_216,_244-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>'s 1969 recording of "<a href="/wiki/Walk_on_By_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk on By (song)">Walk on By</a>" is considered a "classic" of prog-soul, according to <i><a href="/wiki/City_Pages" title="City Pages">City Pages</a></i> journalist Jay Boller.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later prog-soul music includes recordings by <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Himes_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himes-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meshell_Ndegeocello" title="Meshell Ndegeocello">Meshell Ndegeocello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joi_(singer)" title="Joi (singer)">Joi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bilal_(American_singer)" title="Bilal (American singer)">Bilal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwele" title="Dwele">Dwele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_David_(singer)" title="Anthony David (singer)">Anthony David</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e" title="Janelle Monáe">Janelle Monáe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Soulquarians" title="Soulquarians">Soulquarians</a>, an experimental black-music collective active during the late 1990s and early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychedelic">Psychedelic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Psychedelic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></div> <p>Psychedelic soul, sometimes known as "black rock", was a blend of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> and soul music in the late 1960s, which paved the way for the mainstream emergence of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> music a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington2002_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington2002-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early pioneers of this subgenre of soul music include <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While psychedelic rock began its decline, the influence of psychedelic soul continued on and remained prevalent through the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollingshaus_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollingshaus-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_(30410853565).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_%2830410853565%29.jpg/220px-Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_%2830410853565%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_%2830410853565%29.jpg/330px-Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_%2830410853565%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_%2830410853565%29.jpg/440px-Adele_%27Adele_Live_2016%27_-_Nashville_DSC04671_%2830410853565%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Adele performing in 2016</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">British soul</a></div> <p>In the early 1960s, small soul scenes began popping up around the UK. Liverpool in particular had an established <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">black</a> community from which artists such as Chants and Steve Aldo emerged and go on to record within the British music industry. As a result, many recordings were commercially released by British soul acts during the 1960s which were unable to connect with the mainstream market.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, soul has been a major influence on British popular music since the 1960s including bands of the <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>, most significantly <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a handful of significant British <a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a> acts, including <a href="/wiki/Dusty_Springfield" title="Dusty Springfield">Dusty Springfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)" title="Tom Jones (singer)">Tom Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Carl_Douglas" title="Carl Douglas">Carl Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(British_band)" title="The Real Thing (British band)">the Real Thing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delegation_(band)" title="Delegation (band)">Delegation</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had hits in the UK. American soul was extremely popular among some youth sub-cultures like the <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a> and modern soul movements, but a clear genre of British soul did not emerge until the 1980s when several artists including <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sade_(band)" title="Sade (band)">Sade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simply_Red" title="Simply Red">Simply Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield" title="Lisa Stansfield">Lisa Stansfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_II_Soul" title="Soul II Soul">Soul II Soul</a> enjoyed commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-Wald1997_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wald1997-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of British soul artists in the U.S., most notably <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estelle_(musician)" title="Estelle (musician)">Estelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duffy_(singer)" title="Duffy (singer)">Duffy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joss_Stone" title="Joss Stone">Joss Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leona_Lewis" title="Leona Lewis">Leona Lewis</a>, led to talk of a "<a href="/wiki/Third_British_Invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Third British Invasion">Third British Invasion</a>" or "British Soul Invasion" in the 2000s and 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo">Neo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></div> <p><i>Neo soul</i> is a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentation with <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a> sounds, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a> beats, and poetic interludes. The style was developed in the early to mid-1990s, and the term was coined in the early 1990s by producer and <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Kedar_Massenburg" title="Kedar Massenburg">Kedar Massenburg</a>. A key element in neo-soul is a heavy dose of <a href="/wiki/Fender_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Rhodes">Fender Rhodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurlitzer electric piano">Wurlitzer electric piano</a> "pads" over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums (usually with a rim shot snare sound) and a muted, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano sound gives the music a warm, organic character. </p><p>Notable artists include Jill Scott, Lauryn Hill, and Erykah Badu. Also newer artists like H.E.R and Sza are influenced by Neo Soul. Neo Soul is full of deep lyrics and soulful sounds that resonate with listeners. Neo Soul has had a lasting impact on the music industry, Along with a deep soulful sound, it also includes very soulful lyrics that touch on topics of love and even loss. This genre comes from African American culture and is connected to genres like gospel and blues. Fashion is also very important to this genre. It’s not just a sound, it’s also a look. It comes with fashion that breaks barriers and shows creativity. The whole aesthetic is art, from the sound to the look. Neo-soul is a blend of music and culture and its impact in the music industry is timeless. Its impact can still be seen and felt across many genres and artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern">Northern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Northern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a></div> <p>Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in the late 1960s out of the British <a href="/wiki/Mod_subculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod subculture">mod subculture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">English Midlands</a>, based on a particular style of soul music with a heavy beat and fast tempo. The phrase <i>northern soul</i> was coined by a journalist <a href="/wiki/Dave_Godin" title="Dave Godin">Dave Godin</a> and popularised through his column in <i>Blues and Soul</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rare soul records were played by DJs at <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a>, and included obscure 1960s and early 1970s American recordings with an <a href="/wiki/Uptempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Uptempo">uptempo</a> beat, such as those on <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> and smaller labels, not necessarily from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nu-jazz_and_other_influenced_electronica">Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a></div> <p>Many artists in various genres of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_n_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum n bass">drum n bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Downtempo" title="Downtempo">downtempo</a>) are heavily influenced by soul, and have produced many soul-inspired compositions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-black_musicians">Non-black musicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-black musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of soul music was manifold; internationally, white and other non-black musicians were influenced by soul music. <a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">British soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a>, rare soul music played by DJs at <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> in Northern England, are examples. </p><p>Several terms were introduced, such as "<a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a>", which is <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Blues">R&B</a> or soul music performed by <a href="/wiki/White_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (people)">white</a> artists. The meaning of <i>blue-eyed soul</i> has evolved over the decades. Originally the term was associated with mid-1960s white artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music released by <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pc52_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc52-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Righteous Brothers, <a href="/wiki/The_Rascals" title="The Rascals">the Rascals</a>, Spencer Davis Group, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a>, Van Morrison & Them, and <a href="/wiki/The_Grass_Roots" title="The Grass Roots">the Grass Roots</a> were famous blue-eyed soul musicians in the 1960s. The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the British media to refer to a new generation of singers who adopted elements of the Stax and Motown sounds. To a lesser extent, the term has been applied to singers in other <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genres</a> that are influenced by soul music. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teena_Marie" title="Teena Marie">Teena Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Joe_Frank_%26_Reynolds" title="Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds">Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Valli" title="Frankie Valli">Frankie Valli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a> are known as blue-eyed soul singers. </p><p>Another term is <a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">brown-eyed soul</a>, or soul music or R&B created and performed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> during the 1960s, continuing through to the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-ALLmu_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALLmu-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre of soul music occasionally draws from <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin</a>, and often contains rock music influences.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with blue-eyed soul, soul music performed by <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic white">non-Hispanic white</a> artists.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Valens" title="Ritchie Valens">Ritchie Valens</a>, one of the original pioneers of brown-eyed soul music, also became one of the first brown-eyed soul artists to bring traditional Latin music and rock and roll influences into the genre. Latino groups on the East and West Coast also drew from the <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>-influenced Philadelphia soul, or <a href="/wiki/Philly_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Philly soul">"Philly" soul</a>. The West Coast <a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Latin rock</a> scene continued to influence brown-eyed soul artists as well. Inspired by Valens, 1960s and 1970s bands such as <a href="/wiki/Cannibal_%26_the_Headhunters" title="Cannibal & the Headhunters">Cannibal & the Headhunters</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Land_of_a_Thousand_Dances" title="Land of a Thousand Dances">Land of a Thousand Dances</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Thee_Midniters" title="Thee Midniters">Thee Midniters</a> played brown-eyed R&B music with a rebellious <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> edge. Many of these artists drew from the <a href="/wiki/Frat_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Frat rock">frat rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> scenes. However, the large Hispanic population on the West Coast began gradually moving away from energetic R&B to romantic soul, and the results were "some of the sweetest soul music heard during the late 1960s and 1970s."<sup id="cite_ref-ALLmu_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALLmu-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFontenot2019" class="citation web cs1">Fontenot, Robert (February 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-swamp-rock-2522008">"What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul"</a>. Liveabout<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved on December 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTorres2000" class="citation news cs1">Torres, Richard (September 17, 2000). 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Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-481-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-481-5"><bdi>978-1-61774-481-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Spacemen+and+Wayfaring+Strangers&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-61774-481-5&rft.aulast=Unterberger&rft.aufirst=Richie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Michael (2008). Review of Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built, by Susan Steinberg. Notes 65, no. 1.</li> <li>Cummings, Tony (1975). <i>The Sound of Philadelphia.</i> London: Eyre Methuen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Escott" title="Colin Escott">Escott, Colin</a>. (1995). Liner notes for <i>The Essential James Carr</i>. Razor and Tie Records.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gillett" title="Charlie Gillett">Gillett, Charlie</a> (1974). <i>Making Tracks.</i> New York: E. P. Dutton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Guralnick, Peter</a> (1986). <i>Sweet Soul Music.</i> New York: Harper & Row.</li> <li>Hannusch, Jeff (1985). <i>I Hear You Knockin': The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues.</i> Ville Platte, LA: Swallow Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9614245-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9614245-0-8">0-9614245-0-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoardBrackett2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoard, Christian; Brackett, Nathan, eds. (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Rolling Stone Album Guide">The New Rolling Stone Album Guide</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743201698" title="Special:BookSources/9780743201698"><bdi>9780743201698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Rolling+Stone+Album+Guide&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780743201698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoskyns, Barney (1987). <i>Say it One More Time for the Broken Hearted.</i> Glasgow: Fontana/Collins.</li> <li>Jackson, John A. (2004). <i>A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul.</i> New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514972-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514972-6">0-19-514972-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Martin_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Martin (philosophy)">Martin, Bill</a> (1998), <i>Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock</i>, Chicago: Open Court, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9368-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9368-X"><bdi>0-8126-9368-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+to+the+Future%3A+The+Time+of+Progressive+Rock&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8126-9368-X&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miller, Jim (editor) (1976). <i>The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll</i>. New York: Rolling Stone Press/Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73238-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-73238-3">0-394-73238-3</a>. Chapter on "Soul," by Guralnick, Peter, pp. 194–197.</li> <li>Pareles, Jon. 2004. Estelle Stewart Axton, 85, A Founder of Stax Records. New York Times.</li> <li>Pruter, Robert (1991). <i>Chicago Soul: Making Black Music Chicago-Style</i>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01676-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01676-9">0-252-01676-9</a>.</li> <li>Pruter, Robert, editor (1993). <i>Blackwell Guide to Soul Recordings.</i> Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18595-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18595-X">0-631-18595-X</a>.</li> <li><i>Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time</i>. Alfred Music. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739075780" title="Special:BookSources/0739075780">0739075780</a></li> <li>Walker, Don (1985). <i>The Motown Story.</i> New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</li> <li>Winterson, Julia, Nickol, Peter, Bricheno, Toby (2003). <i>Pop Music: The Text Book</i>, Edition Peters. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84367-007-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84367-007-0">1-84367-007-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul_music&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Soul music</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soul_music" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Soul music">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Soul_music" class="extiw" title="q:Soul music">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Garland, Phyl (1969). <i>The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music</i>. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p. 300 p. + [32] p. of b & w photos.</li> <li>Cole, Laurence (2010). <i>Deep Soul Ballads: From Sam Cooke to Stevie Wonder.</i> Libri Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907471087" title="Special:BookSources/9781907471087">9781907471087</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soul_music47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soul_music" title="Template:Soul music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soul_music" title="Template talk:Soul music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soul_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soul music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soul_music47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">Blue-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Brown-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_soul" title="Cinematic soul">Cinematic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_soul" title="Future soul">Future soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_soul" title="Hip-hop soul">Hip-hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_soul" title="Latin soul">Latin soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">Progressive soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retro-soul" title="Retro-soul">Retro-soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_soul" title="Smooth soul">Smooth soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">Soul blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-soul" title="Afro-soul">Afro-soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">Chicago soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Soul" title="New Orleans Soul">New Orleans Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">Mod revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_soul" title="Plastic soul">Plastic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_funk" title="Samba funk">Samba funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulboy" title="Soulboy">Soulboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_musicians" title="List of soul musicians">List of soul musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_music_history" title="Template:Black music history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_music_history" title="Template talk:Black music history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_music_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black music history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></i> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early 20th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1950s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1960s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown#Motown_sound" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1970s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1980s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1990s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2000s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2010s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Elsewhere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Template:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Template talk:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhythm_and_blues40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_music" title="Beach music">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rhythm_and_blues" title="British rhythm and blues">British rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_R%26B" title="Alternative R&B">Alternative R&B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunk&B">Crunk&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">Latin R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluggnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluggnb">Pluggnb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet 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