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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="0J1nM2WWc45A5kAfGYjknUdnjXd3CqGA+4bGlXIpLH5IkCp+jXLRsm0Vvc8x3BcnAenyBm9PHCrDdofC0YhUMw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ciro De Florio" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="In addressing the problem of the (in)compatibility of divine fore-knowledge and human freedom, philosophers of religion encounter problems regarding the metaphysics and structure of time. Some models of temporal logic developed for completely" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/67711/19006/19870881/s200_ciro.de_florio.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="book" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-book.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In addressing the problem of the (in)compatibility of divine fore-knowledge and human freedom, philosophers of religion encounter problems regarding the metaphysics and structure of time. Some models of temporal logic developed for completely" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unicatt.academia.edu/CiroDeFlorio" /> <meta name="description" content="In addressing the problem of the (in)compatibility of divine fore-knowledge and human freedom, philosophers of religion encounter problems regarding the metaphysics and structure of time. Some models of temporal logic developed for completely" /> <title>(PDF) The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time | Ciro De Florio - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732491520000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732491520000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"In addressing the problem of the (in)compatibility of divine fore-knowledge and human freedom, philosophers of religion encounter problems regarding the metaphysics and structure of time. Some models of temporal logic developed for completely independent reasons have proved especially appropriate for representing the temporal structure of the world as Molinism conceives it. In particular, some models of the Thin Red Line (TRL) seem to imply that conditionals of freedom are true or false, as Molinists maintain. Noting the resemblance between Molinism and TRL models, Restall (2011) has advanced some criticisms of Molinism that have also been leveled against TRL models. In particular, Restall believes that the implication p → HFp is not true in TRL models. Because Molinists must also accept that this implication is not true, this is a problem for them. We will show that Restall\u0026amp;#39;s criticism is wide of the mark. Firstly, it will be demonstrated that in many open future models (not just TRL) the implication p → HFp is invalid. Secondly, while it is possible to account for this implication, some modifications are required in respect of the branching time semantics. In proposing one such modification, we show that this new","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Ciro De Florio"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-10-23","dateModified":"2019-10-23","datePublished":null,"headline":"The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Temporal Logics","Molinism","The Thin Red Line"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"unicatt"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40711321%2FThe_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":60996361,"identifier":"Attachment_60996361","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":40711321,"created_at":"2019-10-23T09:22:19.330-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-14T12:45:13.230-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1007/s10849-019-09304-4","abstract":"In addressing the problem of the (in)compatibility of divine fore-knowledge and human freedom, philosophers of religion encounter problems regarding the metaphysics and structure of time. Some models of temporal logic developed for completely independent reasons have proved especially appropriate for representing the temporal structure of the world as Molinism conceives it. In particular, some models of the Thin Red Line (TRL) seem to imply that conditionals of freedom are true or false, as Molinists maintain. Noting the resemblance between Molinism and TRL models, Restall (2011) has advanced some criticisms of Molinism that have also been leveled against TRL models. In particular, Restall believes that the implication p → HFp is not true in TRL models. Because Molinists must also accept that this implication is not true, this is a problem for them. We will show that Restall's criticism is wide of the mark. Firstly, it will be demonstrated that in many open future models (not just TRL) the implication p → HFp is invalid. Secondly, while it is possible to account for this implication, some modifications are required in respect of the branching time semantics. In proposing one such modification, we show that this new"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [67711]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":60996361,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/60996361/mini_magick20191023-3063-1y7ivch.png?1571850645" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Thin Red Line, Molinism, and the Flow of Time</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67711" href="https://unicatt.academia.edu/CiroDeFlorio"><img alt="Profile image of Ciro De Florio" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/67711/19006/19870881/s65_ciro.de_florio.jpeg" />Ciro De Florio</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In addressing the problem of the (in)compatibility of divine fore-knowledge and human freedom, philosophers of religion encounter problems regarding the metaphysics and structure of time. Some models of temporal logic developed for completely independent reasons have proved especially appropriate for representing the temporal structure of the world as Molinism conceives it. In particular, some models of the Thin Red Line (TRL) seem to imply that conditionals of freedom are true or false, as Molinists maintain. Noting the resemblance between Molinism and TRL models, Restall (2011) has advanced some criticisms of Molinism that have also been leveled against TRL models. In particular, Restall believes that the implication p → HFp is not true in TRL models. Because Molinists must also accept that this implication is not true, this is a problem for them. We will show that Restall's criticism is wide of the mark. Firstly, it will be demonstrated that in many open future models (not just TRL) the implication p → HFp is invalid. Secondly, while it is possible to account for this implication, some modifications are required in respect of the branching time semantics. In proposing one such modification, we show that this new</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":60996361,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":60996361,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="60996361" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/40711321/The_Thin_Red_Line_Molinism_and_the_Flow_of_Time" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="66535437" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66535437/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior_Volume_1">Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior, Volume 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1931726" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickBlackburn">Patrick Blackburn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A.N. Prior’s Past, Present and Future [18] was published 50 years ago in 1967 and was clearly a milestone in the development of tense-logic. It is a mature and comprehensive presentation of the basic concepts, systems and issues in tense-logic. In addition it also contains a number of interesting ideas that later led to important further developments of the field. Past, Present and Future represents a culmination of Prior’s struggle with the problem of determinism (including his study of the tension between the doctrines of divine foreknowledge and human freedom). Prior’s study of the problem of determinism led him to a reconstruction of the famous DiodoreanMaster Argument which had for centuries been regarded as a strong argument in favour of determinism. In his further analysis of the problem, hemade extensive use of tense-logic and the idea of branching time. However, in Past, Present and Future Prior also stresses that time as such should not simply be understood in terms of bra...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior, Volume 1","attachmentId":77688835,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66535437/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior_Volume_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66535437/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior_Volume_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="75039600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75039600/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior">Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29244544" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PerHasle">Per Hasle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A.N. Prior (1914-69) in the course of the 1950s and 1960s founded a new and revolutionary paradigm in philosophy and logic. Its most central feature is the preoccupation with time and the development of the logic of time. However, this was inseparably interwoven with fundamental questions about human freedom, ethics, and existence. This remarkable integration of themes also embodies an original and in fact revolutionary conception of logic. 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Prior’s invention of tense-logic constitutes a return of medieval logic in the philosophy of time. The argument proceeds from an analysis of W.V. Quine and P.W. Strawson’s 1953 discussion about the inability of formal logic to analyse the tenses of ordinary language. Recent discoveries in the A.N. Prior archive at the Bodleian Library in Oxford reveal that J.J.C. Smart, in a letter to Prior, brought up their discussion in his rejection of Prior’s invention of tense-logic. The correspondence will be discussed in terms of the importance of Prior’s discovery of tense-logic and the presentation of this as a solution to the problem discussed by Strawson and Quine in The Syntax of Time Distinctions (1958, [9]). Recent discoveries reveal a close connection between this discussion and Prior’s discussion of future contingency in Diodoran Modality (1955, [7]). 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Rabern</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Noûs, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Future Contingents and the Logic of Temporal Omniscience*","attachmentId":95074158,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91924626/Future_Contingents_and_the_Logic_of_Temporal_Omniscience_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91924626/Future_Contingents_and_the_Logic_of_Temporal_Omniscience_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="70576354" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70576354/Impossible_Time_Past_and_Future_in_the_Philosophy_of_Religion">Impossible Time Past and Future in the Philosophy of Religion</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2689849" href="https://sh.academia.edu/JonnaBornemark">Jonna Bornemark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impossible Time Past and Future in the Philosophy of Religion","attachmentId":80270812,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70576354/Impossible_Time_Past_and_Future_in_the_Philosophy_of_Religion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70576354/Impossible_Time_Past_and_Future_in_the_Philosophy_of_Religion"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="14439652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14439652/Divine_Foreknowledge_Time_and_Tense">Divine Foreknowledge, Time and Tense</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="293370" href="https://unav.academia.edu/PabloCobreros">Pablo Cobreros</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">If God’s omniscience entails knowing all things, including those that did not occur yet, how is it possible that humans act freely? This very much discussed old question had a sudden revival with Nelson Pike’s paper fifty years ago. In this paper we provide an analysis of the argument for “theological fatalism” under the light of some assumptions about the structure of time and the semantics of tensed sentences. We present, in particular, Prior-Thomason semantics for indeterminist time (second section). This semantics motivates the distinction between time of evaluation and perspective which, we argue, is required for the definition of an appropriate truth-predicate in the context of tensed discourse. Third section shows how the previous language and semantics can be used to formalise the argument for theological fatalism. The argument turns out to be valid and we argue that the only way left for a compatibilist solution makes essential use of the distinction between time of evaluation and perspective which was independently motivated in the previous section. We included an appendix with precise definitions and some examples. The first section explains the argument for theological fatalism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Divine Foreknowledge, Time and Tense","attachmentId":38307654,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14439652/Divine_Foreknowledge_Time_and_Tense","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14439652/Divine_Foreknowledge_Time_and_Tense"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="54791838" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54791838/The_Reality_of_Time_and_the_Existence_of_God">The Reality of Time and the Existence of God</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2193429" href="https://huntington.academia.edu/WilliamHasker">William Hasker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Faith and Philosophy, 1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Reality of Time and the Existence of God","attachmentId":70984389,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54791838/The_Reality_of_Time_and_the_Existence_of_God","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54791838/The_Reality_of_Time_and_the_Existence_of_God"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":60996361,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":60996361,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_60996361" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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