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Metallic & Ceramic Foams | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®
<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.americanelements.com/foams.html"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="description" content="A metallic foam or ceramic foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid metal or ceramic material containing a large volume fraction of gas-filled pores. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or can form an interconnected network (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of these foams is a very high porosity, with typically 75-95% of the volume consisting of void spaces. The strength of foamed material possesses a power law relationship to its density: for example, a 20% dense material is more than twice as strong as a 10% dense material. Metallic foams typically retain some physical properties of their base material. Foam made from non-flammable metal will remain non-flammable, and the foam is generally recyclable back to its base material. The coefficient of thermal expansion also typically remains similar, while thermal conductivity is likely to be reduced.INNOVATION CASE STUDIES#17: American Elements Cooperates with Public and Private Research Efforts to Advance Battery Technology Using Novel Metallic FoamsSEE STUDY>Foamed MaterialsMetals and AlloysOpen-celled metal foams are usually replicas produced using open-celled polyurethane foams as a skeleton. These foams have found a wide variety of applications in heat exchangers, energy absorption, flow diffusion and lightweight optics. Extremely fine-scale open-cell foams are used as high-temperature filters in the chemical industry. Metallic foams used in compact heat exchangers increase the heat transfer at the cost of an additional pressure drop. However, their use permits the physical size of a heat exchanger to be reduced substantially, and therefore also the fabrication costs.Closed-cell metal foams have been developed since the 1950s, but although prototypes were available, commercial production was started only in the 1990s. Close-celled metal foams are commonly made by injecting a gas or mixing a foaming agent into molten metal. The material is then stabilized using a high temperature foaming agent (usually nano- or micrometer sized solid particles). The size of the pores, or cells, is usually 1 to 8 mm. Closed-cell metal foams are primarily used as an impact-absorbing material. Unlike many polymer foams, metal foams remain deformed after impact and can therefore only be used once.CeramicsCeramic foams are usually manufactured by impregnating open-cell polymer foams internally with ceramic slurry and then firing in a kiln, leaving behind only ceramic material. Such foams are often used for thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, adsorption of environmental pollutants, filtration of molten metal alloys, and as substrate for catalysts requiring large internal surface area. 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</a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/magyarorszag.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hungary <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/india.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> India <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/indonesia.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indonesia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/israel.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Israel <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/italia.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Italy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/japan.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Japan <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/malaysia.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Malaysia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/mexico.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mexico <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/nederland.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Netherlands <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/norge.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Norway <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/philippines.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Philippines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/polska.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Poland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/portugal.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Portugal <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/russia.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Russia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/singapore.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Singapore <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/korea.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> South Korea <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/espana.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Spain <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/sverige.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sweden <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/switzerland.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Switzerland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/taiwan.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Taiwan <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thailand.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thailand <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/turkiye.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Turkey <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/united-kingdom.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> United Kingdom <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> United States <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown active active-trail" aria-level="1"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle active-trail" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--2"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-5" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/search-products?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-2"> Search Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Element <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-36" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/products-by-element?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Elements <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/al.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aluminum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/sb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Antimony <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/as.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Arsenic <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ba.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Barium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/be.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Beryllium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/bi.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bismuth <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/bb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Boron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/bromine.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bromine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cd.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cadmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ca.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Calcium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cc.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carbon <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ce.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cerium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cs.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cesium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/chlorine.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chlorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cr.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chromium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/co.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cobalt <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cu.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Copper <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/dy.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dysprosium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/er.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Erbium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/eu.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Europium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/fluorine.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/gd.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gadolinium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ga.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gallium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ge.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germanium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/au.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gold <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hf.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hafnium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ho.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Holmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/in.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ii.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iodine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div></li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3"> <div class="tbm-link-container"><a 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</div></li> </ul> <div id="block-ae-theme-simplesocialicons-2" class="mobile-social-icons simple-social-icons"> <div class="social-icons"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=it&hl=en&u=https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon facebook"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=it&hl=en&u=https://twitter.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon twitter"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=it&hl=en&u=https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/" class="simple-social-icon instagram"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"><a 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class="title-with-btns__title"></h3> <div class="title-with-btns__btns"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/materials-science?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">EXPLORE MATERIALS SCIENCE</a> <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/toolbox.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">TOOLBOX</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="header" class="header" role="banner"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> </div> </header> <div class="highlighted"> <aside class="layout-container section clearfix" role="complementary"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="page-layout-main-wrapper layout-container clearfix"> <div id="main" class="layout-main clearfix container-fluid"> <main id="content" class="column main-content" role="main"> <section class="section"><a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div id="block-ae-theme-gratis-ae-subtheme-system-main"> <div class="views-element-container"> <div class="js-view-dom-id-c89c2f4f577ee8340c19fbcb9be2e499da7db8e95483408aa1d949625490bf01"> <header> <div> <div class="forms-and-shapes layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="banner-image"><img loading="lazy" src="/images/images/banners/metal-ceramic-foams-banner.jpg" width="1640" height="360" alt=""> </div> <div class="title-class"> Metallic & Ceramic Foams </div> <div class="sub-heading"> medium </div> </div> </div> <div class="forms-and-shapes-one layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="views-element-container p-class block-class"> <div> <div class="forms-and-shapes js-view-dom-id-2aa4869ed6d552181813a8233ec093e2ba7b32bcb0437f3416e5bb82fa99ff2f"> <div class="all-items"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"> <span class="field-content"> <div class="forms-and-shapes-accordion"> <div class="accordion-title custom-accordion-header accordion--item1"> About Metallic & Ceramic Foams </div> <div class="accordion-body custom-accordion-body accordion--item1"> <p>A metallic foam or ceramic foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/metals.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">metal</a> or <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ceramics.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">ceramic</a> material containing a large volume fraction of gas-filled pores. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or can form an interconnected network (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of these foams is a very high porosity, with typically 75-95% of the volume consisting of void spaces. The strength of foamed material possesses a power law relationship to its density: for example, a 20% dense material is more than twice as strong as a 10% dense material. Metallic foams typically retain some physical properties of their base material. Foam made from non-flammable metal will remain non-flammable, and the foam is generally recyclable back to its base material. The coefficient of thermal expansion also typically remains similar, while thermal conductivity is likely to be reduced.</p> <div class="case-study-link-box"> <div class="case-study-link-header"> INNOVATION CASE STUDIES </div> <h3 class="case-study-link-title">#17: American Elements Cooperates with Public and Private Research Efforts to Advance Battery Technology Using Novel Metallic Foams</h3> <p><a class="link-button" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/energy-storage-batteries.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en"><span class="button-text">SEE STUDY</span><span class="button-go">></span></a></p> </div> <h3>Foamed Materials</h3> <h4>Metals and Alloys</h4> <p>Open-celled metal foams are usually replicas produced using open-celled polyurethane foams as a skeleton. These foams have found a wide variety of applications in heat exchangers, energy absorption, flow diffusion and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/optical-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lightweight optics</a>. Extremely fine-scale open-cell foams are used as high-temperature filters in the <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/chemical-manufacturing.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">chemical industry</a>. Metallic foams used in compact heat exchangers increase the heat transfer at the cost of an additional pressure drop. However, their use permits the physical size of a heat exchanger to be reduced substantially, and therefore also the fabrication costs.</p> <p><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/metal-foams.png" alt="Ultra High Purity Metal Foams" width="181" height="158"></p> <p>Closed-cell metal foams have been developed since the 1950s, but although prototypes were available, commercial production was started only in the 1990s. Close-celled metal foams are commonly made by injecting a gas or mixing a foaming agent into molten metal. The material is then stabilized using a high temperature foaming agent (usually nano- or micrometer sized solid particles). The size of the pores, or cells, is usually 1 to 8 mm. Closed-cell metal foams are primarily used as an impact-absorbing material. Unlike many polymer foams, metal foams remain deformed after impact and can therefore only be used once.</p> <h3>Ceramics</h3> <p>Ceramic foams are usually manufactured by impregnating open-cell polymer foams internally with ceramic slurry and then firing in a kiln, leaving behind only ceramic material. Such foams are often used for thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, adsorption of environmental pollutants, filtration of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/metallurgy.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">molten metal alloys</a>, and as substrate for catalysts requiring large internal surface area. Ceramic foams have also been used as stiff lightweight structural material, specifically for support of reflecting telescope mirrors.</p> </div> </div></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="body-class block-class"> <div class="accordion-title custom-accordion-header accordion--item7"> Production Methods & Applications </div> <div class="accordion-body accordion-default-close custom-accordion-body accordion--item7 diff-style-weight"> <h2>Production Methods</h2> <h3>Metals</h3> <p><img class="image-right" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/content/metallurgy.jpg" alt="molten metal" width="175" height="175"></p> <h4>Melt-based methods</h4> <h5>Gas Injection</h5> <p>A liquid metallic melt can be foamed by blowing gases (air, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/nitrogen.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ar.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">argon</a>) using rotating impellers that are responsible for producing gas bubbles in the melt.</p> <h5>Gas-releasing foaming agents</h5> <p>Adding foaming agents to a liquid melt is another method of releasing gas bubbles into the melt. The process is now used in small scale batches.</p> <h5>Solid-gas eutectic solidification (Gasar)</h5> <p>Eutectic systems (or multi-phase systems) formed between liquid metals and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hh.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">hydrogen</a> gas can be used to create a two phase system by reducing temperature and pressures. The process leads to gas entrapment within the solidifying metal.</p> <h5>Investment casting</h5> <p>An indirect method of producing metal foams involves using polymer foam as a starting material in order to form a porous structure by using a reticulation method or foaming method. The polymer foam is filled with a heat resistant material followed by drying and removal of the polymer matrix. Molten metal is then cast into voids to produce a replica of the original foam structure.</p> <h4>Powder-Based Methods</h4> <p><img class="image-right" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/Powder.jpg" alt="metal powder" width="123" height="125"></p> <h5>Sintered</h5> <p>The <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=it&hl=en&u=http://www.ifam.fraunhofer.de/">Fraunhofer-Institute</a> process consists of mixing <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/metals.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">metal powders</a> with a foaming agent, densely compacting the mixture, followed by sintering to obtain the final foam product.</p> <h5>Gas entrapment</h5> <p>Metal powders can also be foamed by compressing powders to a precursor material, then filling the metal compact with gas followed by heating the precursor material to expand the metal due to the entrapped gas. This process is commonly used to make <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/titanium-foam-7440-32-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">porous titanium structures</a>.</p> <h4>Electrodeposition of Ionized Foams</h4> <p>Ionized foams are made by galvanic electro-deposition. These foams have been tested for use as advanced <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Battery-Technology.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">battery electrode materials</a>.</p> <h3>Ceramics</h3> <h4>Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)</h4> <p>Applying ceramic foams as a surface coating uses the process of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">chemical vapor deposition</a>. Protective or <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pigments-coatings.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">anti-corrosive coatings</a>, for example, are produced using this method.</p> <h4>Foamed Slurry</h4> <p>Either a ceramic powder is mixed to form a slurry with water or organic monomers are mixed with an initiator catalyst to form a slurry. The slurry is then mixed with a foaming agent to create a foam, followed by polymerization, drying and sintering.</p> <h4>Gas-releasing foaming agents</h4> <p>Adding foaming agents to a ceramic slurry or melt is another method of releasing gas bubbles into the melt. The process is now used in small scale batches.</p> <h2>Applications of Foamed Materials</h2> <h3>Light, strong structural materials</h3> <p>Aircraft and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/automotive.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">automobile manufacturers</a> frequently use lightweight strong components consisting of metal or ceramic foam. Lightweight structural materials allow increased fuel efficiency while preserving or even increasing the safety standards of the vehicle.</p> <h3>Filtration</h3> <p>Porous foam membranes are used in filtration of gases and liquids.</p> <h3>Water remediation and absorption of environmental pollutants</h3> <p>Graphene oxide foams are commonly used in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/water-treatment-chemicals.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">water treatment</a>. In addition, spray foams have been used for environmental remediation applications.</p> <h3>Biomedical</h3> <p><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/medical-devices.html%20?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Biomedical devices</a> such as implants and orthopedics incorporate foams to allow for the use of biocompatible, but inconveniently heavy materials. For example, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/titanium-foam-7440-32-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">titanium foams</a> are currently used in numerous load bearing orthopedic applications.</p> <h3>Lightweight armor</h3> <p><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/defense.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lightweight armor</a> solutions for various environments such as land, sea, and air often utilizes ceramics, composite materials and metallic foams. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/aluminum-foam-7429-90-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Aluminum foam</a> is commonly used for lightweight armor production.</p> <h3>Catalyst Supports</h3> <p>Catalyst supports use foamed ceramic structures to provide large surface areas for catalysis of chemical reactions.</p> <h3>Thermal management</h3> <p>Carbon-based <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/mesoporous-carbon-1333-86-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">graphite foams</a> are commonly used in heat exchangers and heat sinks.</p> <h3>Vibrational dampening and noise reduction</h3> <p>The noise insulation properties of some foams are used to create sound barriers.</p> <h3>Energy storage - batteries and fuel cells</h3> <p>Recent research has found uses for <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/copper-foam-7440-50-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">copper-based foams</a> in advanced energy storage devices such as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Battery-Technology.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">batteries</a> and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/fuel-cell-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">fuel cells</a>.</p> <h3>Advanced optical components and mirrors</h3> <p>Lightweight mirrors and advanced <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/optical-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">optical components</a> utilize foam components for consumer products, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/defense.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">defense</a>, and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/aerospace-aircraft.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">aerospace</a> applications.</p> <h3>Fuel injection & jet engines</h3> <p>Fuel injectors and jet engines use ceramic and metallic foam material components that can withstand high temperatures and pressures while retaining strength.</p> </div> </div> <div class="main"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <p><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(68, 68, 68);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"Franklin Gothic", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">American Elements manufactures a wide variety of metal and ceramic foams. Ceramic foams are typically open-cell foams, while foamed metals can be produced with either open or closed cells. 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