Lead (Pb) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®

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<p>Lead is a soft and malleable <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-metal-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">metal</a> with a relatively low melting point. These properties make it easy to work and cast, and in combination with the relative ease of extracting lead metal from its ore, are responsible for its early use by human societies. The earliest lead artifacts, found in modern-day Turkey, date back to 6400 BCE. Lead was used most extensively in antiquity by Roman society, who produced the metal on an industrial scale as a byproduct of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ag.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">silver</a> smelting and used it in the production of pipes to carry water. The metal was known to the Romans by the latin plumbum, from which both the element’s symbol on the periodic table and the English word “plumbing” are derived. The English “lead” is known to have Anglo Saxon roots, but there are conflicting accounts of its precise etymology.</p> <p>Even ancient civilizations had some awareness of the toxicity of lead, as several Greek and Roman scholars noted stomach pains, paralysis, and other ailments in workers who dealt frequently with the metal. Despite this, lead was used in pipes, dishes, cosmetics, coins, and paints, and even intentionally added to foods in the form of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-acetate-546-67-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead acetate</a>. Over time, further evidence of the element’s toxicity accumulated, but the severity of the risk still failed to be fully appreciated or adequately mitigated. After the fall of Roman civilization, lead continued to be used in pipes and artist pigments, and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead oxide</a> was used to make leaded glass or lead crystal. Lead glass containers were often used to store alcoholic beverages for long periods, allowing lead to leach into the liquid. Lead was also a major component of type metal, the alloy used to produce the moveable type used in printing presses.</p> <p>Lead compounds ubiquitous well into the twentieth century: lead pigments were commonly found in artists paints and house paint, tetraethyllead was used as an antiknock agent in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/oil-gas.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">automotive fuel</a>, and lead solder was used to seal joints between pieces of pipe used to carry drinking water until new regulations were effected starting in the 1970s. The effects of these applications linger even today--leaded fuel is still sold in developing nations and for some types of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/aerospace-aircraft.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">aircraft</a>, and lead in plumbing and paint in older buildings is still often causes neurotoxicity in children, who are particularly susceptible to lead's health effects.</p> <p>Today, lead continues to be used, though primarily in applications where the health and environmental risks are low, or where no suitable alternatives have yet been presented. More than half of all lead produced annually is used in lead-acid car <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Battery-Technology.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">batteries</a>. Though using such toxic batteries is not ideal, alternatives are being researched and the majority of lead-acid batteries are recycled, keeping the majority of their lead content out of the waste stream. Lead is often used to line walls or storage containers to provide <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/nuclear-energy.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">radiation shielding</a>, and in weights used in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/sports-equipment.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">sports equipment</a> and applications such as scuba diving and boat ballast, all applications that present relatively low environmental risk. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead oxide</a> is still used to produce high-refractive index <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/optical-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">glass</a> and to produce glass solder. These glasses are mostly used for optical applications or in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/electronics-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">electronics</a>, and therefore the concern of lead leaching into liquids meant for consumption is not significant. Finally, lead-containing soft solder is being phased out of use in electronics due to concerns about leaching following the disposal of the devices.</p> <p>One final use of lead is in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/semiconductors.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">semiconductor devices</a>. There are four binary lead semiconductors: <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-iodide-10101-63-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead iodide</a>, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sulfide-1314-87-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead sulfide</a>, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-selenide-12069-00-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead selenide</a>, and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-telluride-1314-91-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead telluride</a>. Each of these is used in producing radiation detectors--lead iodide in detectors of high-energy radiation such as x-rays or gamma rays, and the remaining three in infrared detectors. Additionally, nanocrystals or “<a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">quantum dots</a>” of these compounds, in addition to ternary lead semiconductors, are areas of active research. There is potential for lead-containing quantum dots to be used in <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/solar-energy-materials.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">solar cells</a> or advanced display screens in the future.</p> <p>The most commonly exploited lead mineral is galena, a naturally occurring form of <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sulfide-1314-87-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead sulfide</a>. Lead ores are roasted to produce <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead oxides</a>, which are then reduced to metallic lead. Only about half of lead used annually comes from newly mined ores; the rest is acquired through recycling.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" id="products" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Products</h2> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#compound-products"> <span class="panel-title">Compounds</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="compound-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/barium-lead-zirconium-titanate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Barium Lead Zirconium Titanate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cesium-lead-bromide-15243-48-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Cesium Lead Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/cesium-lead-iodide-18041-25-3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Cesium Lead Iodide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hafnium-lead-oxide-12029-23-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Hafnium Lead Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-acetate-basic-51404-69-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Acetate Basic</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-acetate-solution-546-67-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Acetate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-acetate-trihydrate-6080-56-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Acetate Trihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-acetate-546-67-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(IV) Acetate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-arsenate-3687-31-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Arsenate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-arsenide?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Arsenide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-borate-35498-15-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Borate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-bromate-monohydrate-10031-21-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Bromate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-bromide-10031-22-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Bromide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ultra-dry-lead-bromide-10031-22-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Bromide, Ultra Dry</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-carbide?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Carbide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-carbonate-598-63-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Carbonate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-carbonate-basic-1319-46-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Carbonate, Basic</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-chloride-7758-95-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Chloride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ultra-dry-lead-chloride-7758-95-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Chloride, Ultra Dry</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-chloride-solution-7758-95-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Chloride Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-chromate-7758-97-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Chromate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-chromate-oxide-18454-12-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Chromate Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-dioxide-1309-60-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Dioxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-fluoride-7783-46-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Fluoride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-iv-fluoride-7783-59-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(IV) Fluoride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-hexafluorosilicate-dihydrate-1310-03-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Hexafluorosilicate Dihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-hydride-15875-18-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Hydride</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-hydrogen-phosphate-15845-52-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Hydrogen Phosphate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-iodate-25659-31-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Iodate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-iodide-10101-63-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Iodide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-iodide-solution-10101-63-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Iodide Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/ultra-dry-lead-iodide-10101-63-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Iodide, Ultra Dry</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-lanthanum-zirconium-titanate-12676-60-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Lanthanum Zirconium Titanate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-magnesium-niobate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Magnesium Niobate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-magnesium-niobate-lead-titanate-single-crystals?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Magnesium Niobate/Lead Titanate (PMN-PT)</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-metaborate-14720-53-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Metaborate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-metaborate-monohydrate-10214-39-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Metaborate Monohydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-metavanadate-10099-79-3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Metavanadate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-molybdate-10190-55-3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Molybdate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-monosilicate-10099-76-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Monosilicate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-niobate-12034-88-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Niobate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-nitrate-10099-74-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Nitrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-nitrate-solution-10099-74-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Nitrate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-orthovanadate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Orthovanadate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-oxalate-814-93-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Oxalate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Oxide PbO</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-iv-oxide-1314-41-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II,IV) Oxide Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-perchlorate-hydrate-207500-00-3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Perchlorate Hydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-perchlorate-trihydrate-13453-62-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Perchlorate Trihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-phosphate-7446-27-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Phosphate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-potassium-niobium-oxide-12372-45-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Potassium Niobium Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-selenate-7446-15-3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Selenate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-selenite-7488-51-9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Selenite</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-stearate-1072-35-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Stearate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-subacetate-1335-32-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Subacetate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sulfate-7446-14-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Sulfate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sulfate-solution-7446-14-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Sulfate Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sulfide-1314-87-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Sulfide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sulfide-hollow-satellites-1314-87-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Sulfide Hollow Satellites</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-tantalate-12065-68-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Tantalate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-telluride-antimony-selenide-solid-solution?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Telluride/ Antimony Selenide Solid Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-telluride-tin-telluride-lead-selenide-solid-solution?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Telluride/ Tin Telluride/Lead Selenide Solid Solution</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-tetrafluoroborate-13814-96-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Tetrafluoroborate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-thiocyanate-592-87-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead(II) Thiocyanate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-tin-oxide-dihydrate-12036-31-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Tin Oxide Dihydrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-titanate-12060-00-3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Titanate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-tungstate-7759-01-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Tungstate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-zirconate-12060-01-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Zirconate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-zirconium-oxide-12060-01-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Zirconium Oxide</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pzt-lead-zirconate-titanate-12626-81-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT)</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/palladium-on-calcium-carbonate-poisoned-with-lead-lindlar-catalyst-53092-86-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lindlar Catalyst</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/magnesium-plumbide-granules-12032-53-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Magnesium Plumbide Granules</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pigment-yellow-34-1344-37-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Pigment Yellow 34</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#metallic-products"> <span class="panel-title">Metallic Forms</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="metallic-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-balls-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Balls</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-band-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Bands</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-bars-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Bar</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-blocks-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Blocks</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-chunk-7439-92-1-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Chunk</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-coil-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Coil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-concentrate-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Concentrate</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-cubes-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Cubes</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-cylinder-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Cylinder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-disc-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Disc</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-electrode-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Electrodes</a></li> <li class="product"><a 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href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-zirconate-titanate-with-niobium-sputtering-target?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead Zirconate Titanate with Niobium Sputtering Target </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/silver-lead-alloy-sputtering-target?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Silver Lead Alloy Sputtering Target</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/strontium-lead-oxide-sputtering-target?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Strontium Lead Oxide Sputtering Target </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#isotope-products"> <span class="panel-title">Isotopes</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="isotope-products" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="grid grid3 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-204-carbonate-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 204 Carbonate Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-204-metal-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 204 Metal Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-206-carbonate-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 206 Carbonate Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-206-metal-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 206 Metal Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-206-oxide-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 206 Oxide Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-207-carbonate-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 207 Carbonate Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-207-metal-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 207 Metal Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-207-nitrate-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 207 Nitrate Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-207-oxide-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 207 Oxide Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-207-sulfate-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 207 Sulfate Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-208-carbonate-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 208 Carbonate Isotope</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-208-metal-isotope?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead 208 Metal Isotope</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall"> + Open All </div> <div class="closeall"> - Close All </div> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <p>Large quantities of lead, both the <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">dioxide</a> and the <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pbm.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">metal</a>, are used in batteries, cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. Lead is highly resistant to corrosion and can be used to contain corrosive liquids such as sulphuric acid. Lead is also extremely effective at absorbing sound and vibration. It is used as radiation shielding for X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors. Lead <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-oxide-powder-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en"><img src="lead-oxide-powder.png" alt="High Purity (99.999%) Lead Oxide (Pb3O4) Powder" width="131" height="139" class="image-right"></a><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/alloys.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">alloys</a> include solder, type metal, and various anti-friction metals and compounds. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead oxides</a> are used in producing fine "crystal glass" and "flint glass" of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. Lead ceramics and crystalline material have a wide range of industrial and optical applications, including infrared detection and imaging. Lead-based semiconductors, such as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-telluride-1314-91-6?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead telluride</a>, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-selenide-12069-00-0?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead selenide</a> and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-antimonide-12266-38-5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">lead antimonide</a> are finding application in photovoltaic (solar energy) cells and infrared detectors. White lead, the b<a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-sputtering-target-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en"><img src="lead-sputtering-target.png" alt="High Purity (99.99999%) Lead (Pb) Sputtering Target" width="100" height="123" class="image-left"></a>asic carbonate, sublimed white lead, chrome yellow, and other lead compounds are used in paints- although the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed in recent years to reduce health hazards. Lead is available as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-metal-7439-92-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">metal</a> and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">ultra-high purity</a>). <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-oxide-1317-36-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead oxides</a> are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/oxides.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Oxides</a> tend to be insoluble. <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-ii-fluoride-7783-46-2?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Lead fluorides</a> are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Lead is also available in soluble forms including <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-chloride-7758-95-4?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">chlorides</a>, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-nitrate-10099-74-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">nitrates</a> and <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/lead-acetate-546-67-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">acetates</a>. These compounds are manufactured as <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/solutions?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">solutions</a> at specified stoichiometries.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Lead Properties</h2> <p><img src="lead-block.png" alt="Lead (Pb) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbol" hspace="10" class="image-left"><strong>Lead</strong> is a Block P, Group 14, Period 6 element. <img src="lead-bohr.jpg" alt="Lead Bohr Model" width="95" height="93" class="image-right"> The number of electrons in each of Lead's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 and its electron configuration is [Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> 6p<sup>2</sup>. The lead atom has a radius of 175.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 202.pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7439-92-1, lead has a metallic gray appearance. Lead occurs naturally as a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.48%), 206Pb (23.6%), 207Pb (22.6%), and 208Pb <img src="elemental-lead.png" alt="Elemental Lead" class="image-left" height="82" width="88">(52.3%). Lead is obtained mainly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite, cerussite, and minim are other common lead minerals. Lead has been used by human civilizations for all of recorded history. <span class="style1">Lead information</span>, including technical data, safety data, <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">high purity</a> properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on earth, conductivity and thermal properties are also included.</p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Pb</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>207.2</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>post-transition metal</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>14, 6, p</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>bluish gray/ bluish white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>327.46 °C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>1749 °C</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>11.34 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>10.66 g·cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>11.34 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>11340 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>7.2 [or -265.9 °C (-446.6 °F)] K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>5.121</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>177.8</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>195.74</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>35.3 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>(25 °C) 28.9 µm·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>(20 °C) 208 nΩ·m</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>26.650 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>16 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>5.6 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>46 GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>0.44</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>1.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>5.0 HB = 38.3 MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>1190 m·s<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.33</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.29</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.55</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>2.41 (sp3 orbital)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>1.67</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>82</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>125</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup> 6p<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>175 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2.02</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>146±5 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>1.45</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>202 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>4, 3, 2, 1 (Amphoteric oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>face-centered cubic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>diamagnetic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>35.108</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>715.60 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1450.40 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>3081.50 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7439-92-1</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>231-100-4</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>MFCD00134050</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Pb]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Pb</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>5352425</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>4509317</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td width="64">1.58 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>0.018 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td> 1.66 ppb</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>0.03</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.0009</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth -  Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>10000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth -  Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>1000</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.07</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>3</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>0.01</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>1400</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>1700</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>0.06</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"><a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/pb.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>Ancient</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="safety" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <h2>Health, Safety & Transportation Information for Lead</h2> <p>Safety data for Lead <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/metals.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">metal</a> forms, lead <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">nanoparticles</a> and lead compounds. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific lead material or compound referenced in the Products tab. The below information applies to elemental (metallic) Lead.</p> <table class="safety-table"> <thead> <tr> <th colspan="2" id="safety-data">Safety Data</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#signalword">Signal Word </a></th> <td>Danger</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#hazardstatements">Hazard Statements </a></th> <td>H302-H332-H360Df-H373-H410</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#hazardcodes">Hazard Codes</a></th> <td>T, N</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#riskcodes">Risk Codes </a></th> <td>61-33-40-48/20-51/53-62</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#safetyprecautions">Safety Precautions </a></th> <td>53-36/37-45</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#rtecs">RTECS Number </a></th> <td>OF7525000</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#transportation">Transport Information</a></th> <td>N 3077 9/PG 3</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/safety-information.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#wgk">WGK Germany </a></th> <td>nwg</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en">Globally Harmonized System of <br> Classification and Labelling (GHS) </a></th> <td><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#exclamation"><img src="exclamation-mark.png" alt="Exclamation Mark-Acute Toxicity " width="44" height="45"></a> <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#healthhazard"><img src="health-hazzard.png" alt="Health Hazard" width="45" height="45"></a> <a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/hazard-codes.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en#environment"><img src="environment.png" alt="Environment-Hazardous to the aquatic environment " width="42" height="42"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion4"> <div class="panel panel-products"> <div class="panel-heading panel-heading-sds activate-panel active-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sds"> <span class="panel-title">Review and Print SDS for Lead Metal</span><span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="sds" class="panel-body collapse in row"> <div class="view view-sds-pane view-id-sds_pane view-display-id-block sds-content view-dom-id-975205d751c3d1e0ab2f34f1e6c0eed5"> <div class="view-header"> <div class="link-container"><span class="print_pdf"><a href="https://www-americanelements-com.translate.goog/printpdf/lead-metal-7439-92-1/sds?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=it&_x_tr_hl=en" title="Display a PDF version of this page." class="print-pdf" rel="nofollow">Create Printable PDF</a></span> </div> <h2 class="centered">SAFETY DATA SHEET</h2> <div id="sds-date"> <div> <strong>Date Created:</strong> 05/15/2015 </div> <div> <strong>Date Revised:</strong> 05/15/2015 </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <hr> <h3>SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p><strong>Product Name:</strong> Lead Metal</p> <p><strong>Product Number:</strong> All applicable American Elements product codes, e.g. PB-M-02, PB-M-03, PB-M-04, PB-M-05, PB-M-06, PB-M-07</p> <p><strong>CAS #:</strong> 7439-92-1</p> <p><strong>Relevant identified uses of the substance: </strong> Scientific research and development</p> <p>Supplier details:<br> American Elements<br> 1093 Broxton Ave. Suite 2000<br> Los Angeles, CA 90024<br> Tel: +1 310-208-0551<br> Fax: +1 310-208-0351<br><br> Emergency telephone number:<br> Domestic, North America +1 800-424-9300<br> International +1 703-527-3887</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION</h3> <p>Classification of the substance or mixture<br> Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br> GHS08 Health hazard<br> Repr. 1A H360 May damage fertility or the unborn child.<br> STOT RE 2 H373 May cause damage to the reproductive system, the blood, the brain and the endocrine system through prolonged or repeated exposure. Routeof exposure: Oral, Inhalative.<br> GHS07<br> Acute Tox. 4 H302 Harmful if swallowed.<br> Acute Tox. 4 H332 Harmful if inhaled.<br> Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC or Directive 1999/45/EC<br> T; Toxic<br> R61: May cause harm to the unborn child.<br> Xn; Harmful<br> R62-20/22: Possible risk of impaired fertility. Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.<br> N; Dangerous for the environment<br> R50/53: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.<br> R33: Danger of cumulative effects.<br> Information concerning particular hazards for human and environment:<br> Not applicable<br> Hazards not otherwise classified<br> No information known.<br> Label elements<br> Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008<br> The substance is classified and labeled according to the CLP regulation.<br> Hazard pictograms</p> <div class="ghs-images"> <img src="exclamation-mark.png" alt="Exclamation Mark - GHS07" width="44" height="45"><img src="health-hazard.png" alt="Health Hazard - GHS08" width="45" height="45"> </div> <p>GHS07 GHS08<br> Signal word: Danger<br> Hazard statements<br> H302+H332 Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled.<br> H360 May damage fertility or the unborn child.<br> H373 May cause damage to the reproductive system, the blood, the brain and the endocrine system through prolonged or repeated exposure. Route ofexposure: Oral, Inhalative.<br> Precautionary statements<br> P260 Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.<br> P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.<br> P281 Use personal protective equipment as required.<br> P304+P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.<br> P405 Store locked up.<br> P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.<br> WHMIS classification<br> D2A - Very toxic material causing other toxic effects<br> Classification system<br> HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)<br> (Hazardous Materials Identification System)<br> HEALTH<br> FIRE<br> REACTIVITY<br> 1<br> 0 <br> 0 <br> Health (acute effects) = 1<br> Flammability = 0<br> Physical Hazard = 0<br> Other hazards<br> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br> PBT:<br> Not applicable.<br> vPvB:<br> Not applicable.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS</h3> <p>Chemical characterization: Substances<br> CAS# Description:<br> 7439-92-1 Lead<br> Identification number(s):<br> EC number:<br> 231-100-4<br> Index number:<br> 082-001-00-6</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 4. FIRST AID MEASURES</h3> <p>Description of first aid measures<br> General information<br> No special measures required.<br> After inhalation<br> Seek medical treatment in case of complaints.<br> After skin contact<br> Generally the product does not irritate the skin.<br> After eye contact<br> Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.<br> After swallowing<br> If symptoms persist consult doctor.<br> Information for doctor<br> Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed<br> No further relevant information available.<br> Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed<br> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES</h3> <p>Extinguishing media<br> Suitable extinguishing agents<br> Special powder for metal fires. Do not use water.<br> For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents<br> Water<br> Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture<br> If this product is involved in a fire, the following can be released:<br> Lead oxide fume<br> Advice for firefighters<br> Protective equipment:<br> No special measures required</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES</h3> <p>Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures<br> Not required.<br> Environmental precautions:<br> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br> Do not allow product to reach sewage system or any water course.<br> Do not allow to penetrate the ground/soil.<br> Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:<br> Dispose of contaminated material as waste according to section 13.<br> Ensure adequate ventilation.<br> Prevention of secondary hazards:<br> No special measures required.<br> Reference to other sections<br> See Section 7 for information on safe handling<br> See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.<br> See Section 13 for disposal information.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 7. HANDLING AND STORAGE</h3> <p>Handling<br> Precautions for safe handling<br> Keep container tightly sealed.<br> Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.<br> Ensure good ventilation at the workplace.<br> Open and handle container with care.<br> Information about protection against explosions and fires:<br> No special measures required.<br> Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities<br> Storage<br> Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles:<br> No special requirements.<br> Information about storage in one common storage facility:<br> No information known.<br> Further information about storage conditions:<br> Keep container tightly sealed.<br> Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.<br> Specific end use(s)<br> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION</h3> <p>Additional information about design of technical systems:<br> No further data; see section 7.<br> Control parameters<br> Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace:<br> 7439-92-1 Lead (100.0%)<br> PEL (USA) Long-term value: 0.05* mg/m³<br> *see 29 CFR 1910.1025<br> REL (USA) Long-term value: 0.05* mg/m³<br> *8-hr TWA,excl. lead arsenate;See PocketGuideApp.C<br> TLV (USA) Long-term value: 0.05* mg/m³<br> *and inorganic compounds, as Pb; BEI<br> EL (Canada) Long-term value: 0.05 mg/m³<br> R; elemental: IARC 2B, inorganic comp.: IARC 2A<br> EV (Canada) Long-term value: 0.05 mg/m³<br> as Pb, Skin (organic compounds)<br> Ingredients with biological limit values:<br> 7439-92-1 Lead (100.0%)<br> BEI (USA) 30 μg/100 ml<br> Medium: blood<br> Time: not critical<br> Parameter: Lead<br> 10 μg/100 ml<br> Medium: blood<br> Time: not critical<br> Parameter: Lead (women of child bearing potential)<br> Additional information:<br> No data<br> Exposure controls<br> Personal protective equipment<br> General protective and hygienic measures<br> The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed.<br> Store protective clothing separately.<br> Maintain an ergonomically appropriate working environment.<br> Breathing equipment:<br> Not required.<br> Protection of hands:<br> Not required.<br> Material of gloves<br> Nitrile rubber, NBR<br> Penetration time of glove material (in minutes)<br> Not determined<br> Eye protection:<br> Safety glasses<br> Body protection:<br> Protective work clothing.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES</h3> <p>Information on basic physical and chemical properties<br> General Information<br> Appearance:<br> Form: Solid in various forms<br> Color: Grey<br> Odor: Odorless<br> Odor threshold: Not determined.<br> pH-value: Not applicable.<br> Change in condition<br> Melting point/Melting range: 327.5 °C (622 °F)<br> Boiling point/Boiling range: 1749 °C (3180 °F)<br> Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined<br> Flammability (solid, gaseous)<br> Not determined.<br> Ignition temperature: Not determined<br> Decomposition temperature: Not determined<br> Auto igniting: Not determined.<br> Danger of explosion: Product does not present an explosion hazard.<br> Explosion limits:<br> Lower: Not determined<br> Upper: Not determined<br> Vapor pressure at 20 °C (68 °F): 0 hPa<br> Density at 20 °C (68 °F): 11.34 g/cm³ (94.632 lbs/gal)<br> Bulk density at 20 °C (68 °F): 5280 kg/m³<br> Relative density<br> Not determined.<br> Vapor density<br> Not applicable.<br> Evaporation rate<br> Not applicable.<br> Solubility in / Miscibility with Water: Insoluble<br> Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): Not determined.<br> Viscosity:<br> dynamic: Not applicable.<br> kinematic: Not applicable.<br> Other information<br> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY</h3> <p>Reactivity<br> No information known.<br> Chemical stability<br> Stable under recommended storage conditions.<br> Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:<br> Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications.<br> Possibility of hazardous reactions<br> No dangerous reactions known<br> Conditions to avoid<br> No further relevant information available.<br> Incompatible materials:<br> No information known.<br> Hazardous decomposition products:<br> Lead oxide fume</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION</h3> <p>Information on toxicological effects<br> Acute toxicity:<br> Harmful if inhaled.<br> Harmful if swallowed.<br> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains acute toxicity data for this substance.<br> LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:<br> No data<br> Skin irritation or corrosion:<br> May cause irritation<br> Eye irritation or corrosion:<br> May cause irritation<br> Sensitization:<br> No sensitizing effects known.<br> Germ cell mutagenicity:<br> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains mutation data for this substance.<br> Carcinogenicity:<br> EPA-B2: Probable human carcinogen, sufficient evidence from animal studies; inadequate evidence or no data from epidemiologic studies.<br> IARC-2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans: limited evidence in humans in the absence of<br> sufficient evidence in experimental animals.<br> NTP-R: Reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen: limited evidence from studies in humans<br> or sufficient evidence from studies in experimental animals.<br> ACGIH A3: Animal carcinogen: Agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) not considered relevant to worker exposure. Available epidemologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans.<br> Available evidence suggests that the agent is not likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure.<br> Reproductive toxicity:<br> May damage fertility or the unborn child.<br> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains reproductive data for this substance.<br> Specific target organ system toxicity - repeated exposure:<br> May cause damage to the reproductive system, the blood, the brain and the endocrine system through prolonged or repeated exposure. Route of exposure: Oral, Inhalative.<br> Specific target organ system toxicity - single exposure:<br> No effects known.<br> Aspiration hazard:<br> No effects known.<br> Subacute to chronic toxicity:<br> The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) contains multiple dose toxicity data for this substance.<br> Additional toxicological information:<br> To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION</h3> <p>Toxicity<br> Aquatic toxicity:<br> No further relevant information available.<br> Persistence and degradability<br> No further relevant information available.<br> Bioaccumulative potential<br> No further relevant information available.<br> Mobility in soil<br> No further relevant information available.<br> Ecotoxical effects:<br> Remark:<br> Very toxic for aquatic organisms<br> Additional ecological information:<br> General notes:<br> Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.<br> Do not allow product to reach ground water, water course or sewage system, even in small quantities.<br> Danger to drinking water if even extremely small quantities leak into the ground.<br> Also poisonous for fish and plankton in water bodies.<br> May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.<br> Avoid transfer into the environment.<br> Very toxic for aquatic organisms<br> Results of PBT and vPvB assessment<br> PBT:<br> Not applicable.<br> vPvB:<br> Not applicable.<br> Other adverse effects<br> No further relevant information available.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS</h3> <p>Waste treatment methods<br> Recommendation<br> Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal.<br> Uncleaned packagings:<br> Recommendation:<br> Disposal must be made according to official regulations.</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 14. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION</h3> <p>UN-Number<br> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br> Not applicable<br> UN proper shipping name<br> DOT, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br> Not applicable<br> Transport hazard class(es)<br> DOT, ADR, ADN, IMDG, IATA<br> Class<br> Not applicable<br> Packing group<br> DOT, IMDG, IATA<br> Not applicable<br> Environmental hazards:<br> Environmentally hazardous substance, solid<br> Special precautions for user<br> Not applicable.<br> Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL73/78 and the IBC Code<br> Not applicable.<br> Transport/Additional information:<br> DOT<br> Marine Pollutant (DOT):<br> No</p> <hr> <h3>SECTION 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture<br> National regulations<br> All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory.<br> All components of this product are listed on the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL).<br> SARA Section 313 (specific toxic chemical listings)<br> 7439-92-1 Lead<br> California Proposition 65<br> Prop 65 - Chemicals known to cause cancer<br> 7439-92-1 Lead<br> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity<br> 7439-92-1 Lead<br> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, female<br> 7439-92-1 Lead<br> Prop 65 - Developmental toxicity, male<br> 7439-92-1 Lead<br> Information about limitation of use:<br> For use only by technically qualified individuals.<br> Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations<br> Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) according to the REACH Regulations (EC) No. 1907/2006.<br> Substance is not listed.<br> The conditions of restrictions according to Article 67 and Annex XVII of the Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) for the manufacturing, placing on the market and use must be observed.<br> Substance is not listed.<br> Annex XIV of the REACH Regulations (requiring Authorisation for use)<br> Substance is not listed.<br> REACH - Pre-registered substances<br> Substance is listed.<br> Chemical safety assessment:<br> A Chemical Safety Assessment has not been carried out.</p> <hr> <h3>16. OTHER INFORMATION</h3> <p>Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH). The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product. American Elements shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and conditions of sale. COPYRIGHT 1997-2016 AMERICAN ELEMENTS. LICENSED GRANTED TO MAKE UNLIMITED PAPER COPIES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab5"> <h2>Lead Isotopes</h2> <p>Lead (Pb) has four stable isotopes. Lead-204 is a primordial nuclide. Lead-206, Lead-207, and Lead-208 result from the uranium (or radium) series, the actinium series, and the thorium series decay chains respectively.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>178</sup>Pb</th> <td>178.003830(26)</td> <td>0.23(15) ms</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1346</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>179</sup>Pb</th> <td>179.00215(21)#</td> <td>3# ms</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1354.08</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>180</sup>Pb</th> <td>179.997918(22)</td> <td>4.5(11) ms</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1371.47</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>181</sup>Pb</th> <td>180.99662(10)</td> <td>45(20) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>181</sup>Tl; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>181</sup>Tl</td> <td>5/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1379.55</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>182</sup>Pb</th> <td>181.992672(15)</td> <td>60(40) ms [55(+40-35) ms]</td> <td>a to <sup>178</sup>Hg; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>182</sup>Tl</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1387.63</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>183</sup>Pb</th> <td>182.99187(3)</td> <td>535(30) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>179</sup>Hg; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>183</sup>Tl</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1395.71</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>184</sup>Pb</th> <td>183.988142(15)</td> <td>490(25) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>180</sup>Hg; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>184</sup>Tl</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1413.11</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>185</sup>Pb</th> <td>184.987610(17)</td> <td>6.3(4) s</td> <td>a to <sup>181</sup>Hg; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>185</sup>Tl</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1421.18</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>186</sup>Pb</th> <td>185.984239(12)</td> <td>4.82(3) s</td> <td>a to <sup>182</sup>Hg; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>186</sup>Tl</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1429.26</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>187</sup>Pb</th> <td>186.983918(9)</td> <td>15.2(3) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>187</sup>Tl; a to <sup>183</sup>Hg</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1437.34</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>188</sup>Pb</th> <td>187.980874(11)</td> <td>25.5(1) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>188</sup>Tl; a to <sup>184</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1445.42</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>189</sup>Pb</th> <td>188.98081(4)</td> <td>51(3) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>189</sup>Tl</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1453.5</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>190</sup>Pb</th> <td>189.978082(13)</td> <td>71(1) s</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>190</sup>Tl; a to <sup>186</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1470.89</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>191</sup>Pb</th> <td>190.97827(4)</td> <td>1.33(8) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>191</sup>Tl; a to <sup>187</sup>Hg</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1478.97</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>192</sup>Pb</th> <td>191.975785(14)</td> <td>3.5(1) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>192</sup>Tl; a to <sup>188</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1487.05</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>193</sup>Pb</th> <td>192.97617(5)</td> <td>5# min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>193</sup>Tl</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1495.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>194</sup>Pb</th> <td>193.974012(19)</td> <td>12.0(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>194</sup>Tl; a to <sup>190</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1503.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>195</sup>Pb</th> <td>194.974542(25)</td> <td>~15 min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>195</sup>Tl</td> <td>3/2#-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1511.29</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>196</sup>Pb</th> <td>195.972774(15)</td> <td>37(3) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>196</sup>Tl; a to <sup>192</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1519.37</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>197</sup>Pb</th> <td>196.973431(6)</td> <td>8.1(17) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>197</sup>Tl</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1527.45</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>198</sup>Pb</th> <td>197.972034(16)</td> <td>2.4(1) h</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>198</sup>Tl</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1535.52</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>199</sup>Pb</th> <td>198.972917(28)</td> <td>90(10) min</td> <td>ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>199</sup>Tl</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1543.6</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>200</sup>Pb</th> <td>199.971827(12)</td> <td>21.5(4) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>200</sup>Tl</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1551.68</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>201</sup>Pb</th> <td>200.972885(24)</td> <td>9.33(3) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>201</sup>Tl</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>0.675</td> <td>1559.76</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>202</sup>Pb</th> <td>201.972159(9)</td> <td>52.5(28)E+3 y</td> <td>EC to <sup>202</sup>Tl; a to <sup>198</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1567.84</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>203</sup>Pb</th> <td>202.973391(7)</td> <td>51.873(9) h</td> <td>EC to <sup>203</sup>Tl</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>0.686</td> <td>1575.92</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>204</sup>Pb</th> <td>203.9730436(13)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1584</td> <td>1.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>205</sup>Pb</th> <td>204.9744818(13)</td> <td>15.3(7)E+6 y</td> <td>EC to <sup>205</sup>Tl</td> <td>5/2-</td> <td>0.712</td> <td>1592.07</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>206</sup>Pb</th> <td>205.9744653(13)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1600.15</td> <td>24.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>207</sup>Pb</th> <td>206.9758969(13)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>1/2-</td> <td>0.58219</td> <td>1608.23</td> <td>22.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>208</sup>Pb</th> <td>207.9766521(13)</td> <td>Observationally Stable</td> <td>-</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1616.31</td> <td>52.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>209</sup>Pb</th> <td>208.9810901(19)</td> <td>3.253(14) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>209</sup>Bi</td> <td>9/2+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1615.07</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>210</sup>Pb</th> <td>209.9841885(16)</td> <td>22.20(22) y</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>210</sup>Bi; a to <sup>206</sup>Hg</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1623.15</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>211</sup>Pb</th> <td>210.9887370(29)</td> <td>36.1(2) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>211</sup>Bi</td> <td>9/2+</td> <td>-1.414</td> <td>1631.23</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>212</sup>Pb</th> <td>211.9918975(24)</td> <td>10.64(1) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>212</sup>Bi</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1629.99</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>213</sup>Pb</th> <td>212.996581(8)</td> <td>10.2(3) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>213</sup>Bi</td> <td>(9/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1638.07</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>214</sup>Pb</th> <td>213.9998054(26)</td> <td>26.8(9) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>214</sup>Bi</td> <td>0+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1646.15</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><sup>215</sup>Pb</th> <td>215.00481(44)#</td> <td>36(1) s</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>5/2+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1644.91</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup"> ^ </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); 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