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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ناریندر سینق کاپانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناریندر سینق کاپانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ناریندر سینگ کاپانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناریندر سینگ کاپانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="नरिंदर सिंह कपानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नरिंदर सिंह कपानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="നരീന്ദർ സിംഗ് കപാനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നരീന്ദർ സിംഗ് കപാനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="ناريندر سينج كابانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناريندر سينج كابانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ナリンダー・シン・カパニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナリンダー・シン・カパニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਪਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਪਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85" title="Капани, Нариндер Сингх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Капани, Нариндер Сингх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Narinder Singh Kapany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நாரிந்தர் கப்பானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாரிந்தர் கப்பானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q382760#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Narinder Singh" redirects here. For the Indian cricketer, see <a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_(cricketer)" title="Narinder Singh (cricketer)">Narinder Singh (cricketer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Narinder Singh Kapany</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">ਨਰਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਕਪਾਨੀ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Narinder_Singh_Kapany,_the_father_of_fibre_optics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Photograph_of_Narinder_Singh_Kapany%2C_the_father_of_fibre_optics.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Narinder_Singh_Kapany%2C_the_father_of_fibre_optics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Photograph_of_Narinder_Singh_Kapany%2C_the_father_of_fibre_optics.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Father of Fiber Optics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-10-31</span>)</span>31 October 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 2020<span style="display:none">(2020-12-04)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, USA</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Indian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra University">Agra University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optics">fibre optics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Samman">Pravasi Bharatiya Samman</a></li><li>The Excellence 2000 Award</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering</a><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_Fellows_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1998)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> (2021)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra University">Agra University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factories_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factories Board">Ordnance Factories Board</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College of Science">Imperial College of Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Academy of Engineering">British Royal Academy of Engineering</a><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_Fellows_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a></li><li>Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, Berkeley (UCB)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, Santa Cruz (UCSC)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Narinder Singh Kapany</b> (31 October 1926 – 4 December 2020) was an <a href="/wiki/Indian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American">Indian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> best known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optics">fiber optics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soe.ucsc.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soe.ucsc.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rediff.com:_Honouring_the_Achievers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediff.com:_Honouring_the_Achievers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rediff.com:_How_India_missed_another_Nobel_Prize_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediff.com:_How_India_missed_another_Nobel_Prize-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapany is a pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optics">fiber optics</a>, known for coining and popularising the term.<sup id="cite_ref-ucsc.edu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsc.edu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> named him one of seven "Unsung Heroes of the 20th Century" for his <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-deserving invention.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rediff.com:_Honouring_the_Achievers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediff.com:_Honouring_the_Achievers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tribuneindia.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a>, posthumously in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ordnance_Factories_Service" title="Indian Ordnance Factories Service">Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS)</a> officer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also offered the post of Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister of India, by the first Prime Minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered the father of Fiber Optics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_research">Early life and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapany was born on 31 October 1926, in <a href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga, Punjab</a> to Sundar Singh and Kundan Kaur. He was from a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a> Clan and were <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">landlords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.intoday.in_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.intoday.in-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his schooling in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> and went on to graduate from <a href="/wiki/Agra_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra University">Agra University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.intoday.in_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.intoday.in-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTProfile_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTProfile-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ordnance_Factories_Service" title="Indian Ordnance Factories Service">Indian Ordnance Factories Service</a> officer, before going to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> in 1952 to work on a Ph.D. degree in optics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, which he obtained in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.intoday.in_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.intoday.in-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a>, Kapany worked with <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a> on transmission through fibers, achieving good image transmission through a large bundle of optical fibers for the first time in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Hecht2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hecht2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optical fibers had been tried for image transmission before, but Hopkins and Kapany's technique allowed much better image quality than could previously be achieved. This, combined with the almost-simultaneous development of <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(fiber_optics)" title="Cladding (fiber optics)">optical cladding</a> by Dutch scientist Bram van Heel, helped jump start the new field of <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optics">fiber optics</a>. Kapany coined the term 'fiber optics' in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> in 1960, wrote the first book about the new field, and was the new field's most prominent researcher, writer, and spokesperson.<sup id="cite_ref-Hecht2004_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hecht2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kapany's research and work encompassed fiber-optics communications, lasers, biomedical instrumentation, solar energy and pollution monitoring. He had over 120 patents, and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Council" title="National Inventors Council">National Inventors Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an International <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_Fellows_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of numerous scientific societies including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_Fellows_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibreoptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/220px-Fibreoptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/330px-Fibreoptic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Optical fibers</figcaption></figure> <p>As an entrepreneur and business executive, Kapany specialized in the processes of innovation and the management of technology and technology transfer. In 1960, he founded Optics Technology Inc. and was chairman of the board, president, and director of research for twelve years. In 1967 the company went public with numerous corporate acquisitions and joint-ventures in the United States and abroad. In 1973, Kapany founded Kaptron Inc. and was president and CEO until 1990 when he sold the company to <a href="/wiki/AMP_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="AMP Incorporated">AMP Incorporated</a>. For the next nine years, Kapany was an AMP Fellow, heading the Entrepreneur & Technical Expert Program and serving as chief technologist for global communications business. He founded K2 Optronics. He also served on the boards of various companies. He was a member of the Young Presidents Organization and later a member of the World Presidents Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an academic, Kapany taught and supervised research activity of postgraduate students. He was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. He founded the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurial Development (CIED) at UCSC<sup id="cite_ref-auto_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served as director for seven years. At <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, he was a visiting scholar in the Physics Department and consulting professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an author and lecturer, Kapany published over 100 scientific papers and four books on opto-electronics and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropy_and_art">Philanthropy and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philanthropy and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh art</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_Janam_Sakhi,_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas,_Kapany_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/19th_century_Janam_Sakhi%2C_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas%2C_Kapany_collection.jpg/220px-19th_century_Janam_Sakhi%2C_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas%2C_Kapany_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/19th_century_Janam_Sakhi%2C_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas%2C_Kapany_collection.jpg/330px-19th_century_Janam_Sakhi%2C_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas%2C_Kapany_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/19th_century_Janam_Sakhi%2C_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas%2C_Kapany_collection.jpg/440px-19th_century_Janam_Sakhi%2C_Guru_Nanak_meets_Natha_Siddhas%2C_Kapany_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>19th century Sikh manuscripts from the Kapany collection at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco</figcaption></figure> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropist</a>, Kapany was active in education and the arts. He was the founding chairman of the Sikh Foundation and a major funder of its activities for over 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In collaboration with international institutions and publishers, the Foundation runs programs in publishing, academia and the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Kapany endowed a Chair of <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Studies" title="Sikh Studies">Sikh Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. His gift in 1999 of $500,000 to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco established a gallery in its new building displaying the works he donated from his collection of Sikh art.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, he endowed a Chair of Optoelectronics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. Again in 2012, he established the Narinder Kapany Endowed Chair in Entrepreneurship at UC Santa Cruz.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a trustee of the University of California, Santa Cruz Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Menlo_School" title="Menlo School">Menlo School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an art collector, Kapany specialised in Sikh art. He provided paintings and other objects on loan for the "Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms" exhibition, which was held at London's Victoria & Albert Museum beginning in March 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, the exhibition proceeded to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (with the Sikh Foundation as a sponsor) and opened in May 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> in Toronto. The exhibition follows "Splendors of the Punjab: Sikh Art and Literature in 1992" organised by Kapany in collaboration with the Asian Art Museum and UC Berkeley to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Sikh Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an artist, Kapany's 'dynoptic' sculptures were displayed at the Exploratorium of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fine_Arts" title="Palace of Fine Arts">Palace of Fine Arts</a> in San Francisco in 1972 and at museums and art galleries in Chicago, Monterey, Palo Alto, and Stanford.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognitions">Awards and recognitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and recognitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapany was posthumously included in the list of Padma Vibhushan awardees<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award is India's second highest civilian honor. He received the UC Santa Cruz Foundation Fiat Lux Award in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Samman">Pravasi Bharatiya Samman</a> in 2004. He received the Excellence 2000 Award from the USA Pan-Asian American Chamber of Commerce in 1998. In November 1999, he was identified by <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> as one of the seven "unsung heroes who greatly influenced life in the twentieth century" in the "Businessmen of the Century" issue. Dr. Kapany was also on Time Magazine's list of top ten scientists of the 20th century in Time's last issue of 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapany married Satinder Kaur in 1954, in London.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTProfile_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTProfile-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 2016 after a long battle against Parkinson's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-satinder_kaur_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satinder_kaur-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapany died on 4 December 2020, aged 94 in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shinzo+Abe%2C+Tarun+Gogoi%2C+Ram+Vilas+Paswan+among+Padma+Award+winners%3A+Complete+list&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fshinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list%2Farticleshow%2F80453596.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html">"Father Of Fibre Optics, Narinder Singh Kapany Created A Communication Revolution"</a>. <i>IndiaTimes</i>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163100/https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/narinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndiaTimes&rft.atitle=Father+Of+Fibre+Optics%2C+Narinder+Singh+Kapany+Created+A+Communication+Revolution&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2Fnarinder-singh-kapany-father-of-fibre-optics-527511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753">"How A Job In Jawaharlal Nehru's Team Eluded "Father Of Optics"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224163058/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=How+A+Job+In+Jawaharlal+Nehru%27s+Team+Eluded+%22Father+Of+Optics%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fnarinder-singh-kapany-how-a-job-in-jawaharlal-nehrus-team-eluded-father-of-optics-2647753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapany2021" class="citation book cs1">Kapany, Narinder (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZFOEAAAQBAJ"><i>Narinder Singh Kapany: The Man Who Bent Light</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Question+Mark&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=India+Today&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2FNobel%2Bquestion%2Bmark%2F1%2F66364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTProfile-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTProfile_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTProfile_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2021" class="citation web cs1">Risen, Clay (7 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html">"Narinder S. Kapany, 'Father of Fiber Optics,' Dies at 94"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210145758/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/technology/narinder-s-kapany-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Narinder+S.+Kapany%2C+%27Father+of+Fiber+Optics%2C%27+Dies+at+94&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F07%2Ftechnology%2Fnarinder-s-kapany-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html">"Narinder Singh Kapany Chair in Opto-electronics"</a>. <i>southasia.ucsc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116162425/https://southasia.ucsc.edu/endowed-chairs/narinder-singh-kapany.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citylightstoryfi00hech_258/page/n67">55</a>–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195162554" title="Special:BookSources/9780195162554"><bdi>9780195162554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Light%3A+The+Story+of+Fiber+Optics&rft.pages=55-70&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195162554&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitylightstoryfi00hech_258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins,_H._H.Kapany,_N._S.1954" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Cruz+News&rft.atitle=Gift+from+Narinder+Kapany+establishes+endowed+chair+in+entrepreneurship&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ucsc.edu%2F2012%2F11%2Fkapany-chair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitanoCarvell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Boitano, Margaret; Carvell, Tim (22 November 1999). "Unsung Heroes". <i>Fortune Magazine</i>: 144–146 – via EBSCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune+Magazine&rft.atitle=Unsung+Heroes&rft.pages=144-146&rft.date=1999-11-22&rft.aulast=Boitano&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Carvell%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/">"Jewels of Punjab – Dr Narinder Singh Kapany – The Sikh Foundation International"</a>. 23 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035654/http://www.sikhfoundation.org/jewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewels+of+Punjab+%E2%80%93+Dr+Narinder+Singh+Kapany+%E2%80%93+The+Sikh+Foundation+International&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhfoundation.org%2Fjewels-of-punjab-dr-narinder-singh-kapany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation web cs1">Service, Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142">"Scientist, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist"</a>. <i>Tribuneindia News Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205024518/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/scientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Scientist%2C+Entrepreneur%2C+Philanthropist&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fscientist-entrepreneur-philanthropist-180142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satinder_kaur-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-satinder_kaur_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhfoundation.org/a-portrait-of-elegance-grace-satinder-kaur-kapany/">"A Portrait of Elegance and Grace – Satinder Kaur Kapany"</a>. <i>www.sikhfoundation.org</i>. 29 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sikhfoundation.org&rft.atitle=A+Portrait+of+Elegance+and+Grace+%E2%80%93+Satinder+Kaur+Kapany&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhfoundation.org%2Fa-portrait-of-elegance-grace-satinder-kaur-kapany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Kamal P. (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-021-00812-z">"In memory of Narinder Singh Kapany"</a>. <i>Nature Photonics</i>. <b>15</b> (6): 403–404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NaPho..15..403S">2021NaPho..15..403S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41566-021-00812-z">10.1038/s41566-021-00812-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4893">1749-4893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Photonics&rft.atitle=In+memory+of+Narinder+Singh+Kapany&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=403-404&rft.date=2021-06&rft.issn=1749-4893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41566-021-00812-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NaPho..15..403S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kamal+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41566-021-00812-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldar" class="citation web cs1">Haldar, Raktim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/55907">"Dr Narinder Singh Kapany: Forgotten 'Father of Fiber-Optics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science Reporter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802234342/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/55907">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Reporter&rft.atitle=Dr+Narinder+Singh+Kapany%3A+Forgotten+%27Father+of+Fiber-Optics%27&rft.aulast=Haldar&rft.aufirst=Raktim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnopr.niscair.res.in%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F55907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANarinder+Singh+Kapany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narinder_Singh_Kapany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316024705/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/kapany.html">Article on Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 16 March 2019)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040119/biz.htm#1">News Article on Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/55907/">Obituary of Narinder Singh Kapany by Science Reporter (Published on 8 January 2021)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008257100X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68042099">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyt4dRvPrTmb9hJ66w6Kd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1020815760">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88608998">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Gill" title="M. S. Gill">M. S. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Lall" title="K. B. Lall">K. B. Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao">V. K. R. V. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and <br />engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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