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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Wales" title="Category:History of Wales">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of Wales</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_Dragon_(Y_Ddraig_Goch).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Dragon of Wales"><img alt="Red Dragon of Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/40px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/60px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg/80px-Welsh_Dragon_%28Y_Ddraig_Goch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="219" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="WALLIA PRINCIPATUS Vulgo WALES"><img alt="WALLIA PRINCIPATUS Vulgo WALES" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_031-WALLIA_PRINCIPATUS_Vulgo_WALES..jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4325" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">British</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Archaeology of Wales">archaeology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Anglesey" title="Roman conquest of Anglesey">of Anglesey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">In the Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_rebellions_against_English_rule" title="Welsh rebellions against English rule">rebellions</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">In the Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">early</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">high</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">late</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambro-Normans" title="Cambro-Normans">settlement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Settlement in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">witchcraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrial revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Wales" title="Modern history of Wales">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_kingdoms" title="Template:Welsh kingdoms">Medieval kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ceredigion" title="Kingdom of Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Gwynedd_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages">history</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gwynedd_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages">culture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Powys_Wenwynwyn" title="Powys Wenwynwyn">Wenwynwyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Fadog</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhwng_Gwy_a_Hafren" title="Rhwng Gwy a Hafren">Rhwng Gwy a Hafren</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rulers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">King of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_royal_houses" title="Category:Welsh royal houses">Royal houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Wales" title="King of Wales">King of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">List of rulers in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Gwynedd" title="List of rulers of Gwynedd">Rulers of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Powys" title="List of monarchs of Powys">Rulers of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Tribes_of_Wales" title="Fifteen Tribes of Wales">Fifteen Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_the_Welsh_Court" title="Titles of the Welsh Court">Titles of the Welsh Court</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Peers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyfraith_Hywel_manuscripts" title="List of Cyfraith Hywel manuscripts">manuscripts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Wales" title="Category:Treaties of Wales">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitutional_laws_of_Wales" title="Category:Constitutional laws of Wales">Constitutional laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_against_the_Welsh" title="Penal laws against the Welsh">Penal laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_Poor_Laws" title="Category:Welsh Poor Laws">Poor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_policy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Language policy in the United Kingdom">Language laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> • <a href="/wiki/March_law_(Anglo-Welsh_border)" title="March law (Anglo-Welsh border)">former march law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">contemporary Welsh law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales-only_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales-only laws">Wales-only laws</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_concerning_Wales" title="Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Wales">Wales-only acts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="History of the courts of England and Wales">History of the courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales and the Marches</a>)<hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom (1801–1922)</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_for_Wales_and_Monmouthshire" title="Council for Wales and Monmouthshire">Council for Wales and Monmouthshire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Office" title="Welsh Office">Welsh Office</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Local history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff" title="History of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Wales" title="Capital of Wales">as capital</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cardiff_history" title="Timeline of Cardiff history">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Llanelli_history" title="Timeline of Llanelli history">Llanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Milford_Haven" title="History of Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Monmouth,_Wales" title="Category:History of Monmouth, Wales">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Newport,_Wales" title="Category:History of Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swansea" title="History of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wrexham" title="History of Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Welsh language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature" title="Welsh literature">Welsh literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">medieval</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">in Welsh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_historical_documents" title="List of Welsh historical documents">Historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Wales" title="Archaeology of Wales">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">Local government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic counties</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music history</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harp_in_Wales" title="History of the harp in Wales">harp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain#Wales" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christian history</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Economic history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">slate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">woollen industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teaching_of_Welsh_history" title="Teaching of Welsh history">history-specific</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_NHS_Wales" title="History of NHS Wales">Health service</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Health_Service" title="History of the National Health Service">UK-wide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Plaid_Cymru" title="History of Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Wales">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_football_team" title="History of the Wales national football team">Football team</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_football_team_(1876%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the Wales national football team (1876–1976)">1876–1976</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_football_team_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Wales national football team (1977–present)">1977–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union_in_Wales" title="History of rugby union in Wales">Rugby union</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Wales_national_rugby_union_team_(2004%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Wales national rugby union team (2004–present)">team since 2004</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Wales_national_rugby_union_team_matches" title="Category:Wales national rugby union team matches">with other teams</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff_City_F.C." title="History of Cardiff City F.C.">History of Cardiff City F.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff_City_F.C._(1899%E2%80%931962)" title="History of Cardiff City F.C. (1899–1962)">1899–1962</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cardiff_City_F.C._(1962%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Cardiff City F.C. (1962–present)">1962–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Britain" title="Military history of Britain">British military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rent_control_in_England_and_Wales" title="History of rent control in England and Wales">Rent control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Rent regulation in England and Wales">regulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">Early modern Witchcraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Wales" title="Template:History of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Wales" title="Template talk:History of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> This is a timeline of Welsh history, comprising important legal and territorial changes, and political events in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of Welsh history">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <div class="toc"> Prehistory: <a href="#Mesolithic_and_Neolithic_periods">Mesolithic/Neolithic periods</a> • <a href="#Bronze_and_Iron_Ages">Bronze/Iron Ages</a> Centuries: <a href="#1st_century">1st</a> • <a href="#2nd_century">2nd</a> • <a href="#3rd_century">3rd</a> • <a href="#4th_century">4th</a> • <a href="#5th_century">5th</a> • <a href="#6th_century">6th</a> • <a href="#7th_century">7th</a> • <a href="#8th_century">8th</a> • <a href="#9th_century">9th</a> • <a href="#10th_century">10th</a> • <a href="#11th_century">11th</a> • <a href="#12th_century">12th</a> • <a href="#13th_century">13th</a> • <a href="#14th_century">14th</a> • <a href="#15th_century">15th</a> • <a href="#16th_century">16th</a> • <a href="#17th_century">17th</a> • <a href="#18th_century">18th</a> • <a href="#19th_century">19th</a> • <a href="#20th_century">20th</a> • <a href="#21st_century">21st</a> <a href="#References">References</a> • <a href="#Sources">Sources</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesolithic_and_Neolithic_periods">Mesolithic and Neolithic periods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mesolithic and Neolithic periods">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 31,000 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Earliest reliably-dated "<a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Subspecies" title="Human taxonomy">modern</a> human" burial with artefacts, first discovered in the 1820s on the <a href="/wiki/Gower" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower">Gower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a> bones were recalibrated in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-CA_2007-1">[1]</a> the (male) Homo sapiens bones were determined to be from 33,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_news-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 6000 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Following the end of glaciation and sea level stabilisation, Wales becomes roughly the shape it is today and is inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> hunter-gatherers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200113–25-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 4000 BC </td> <td></td> <td>The earliest farming communities become established in Wales, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-GGAT_72-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalithic</a> tombs still survive from this period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pentre_Ifan" title="Pentre Ifan">Pentre Ifan</a> Dolmen in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_PentreIfan-5">[5]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_and_Iron_Ages">Bronze and Iron Ages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bronze and Iron Ages">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 2500–2100 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Metal tools first appear, as copper ores are extracted from deep <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open cast mines</a> in central and northern Wales. Implements are initially made from <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> (made by adding <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> to copper).<a href="#cite_note-WelshCopper-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 2500–700 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Wales is part of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">maritime trading culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19945-7">[7]</a> selling tin, lead, iron, silver, gold, pearls, corn, cattle, hides, skins, fleeces, trained hunting dogs and slaves, and buying ivory, amber, glass vessels and other luxuries;<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 12  bronze axeheads from this area have been found on the coasts of Brittany and Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch/Aldhouse-Green/Davies200099-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 650 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Implements start to be produced from iron, the earliest examples are believed to come from <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Fawr" title="Llyn Fawr">Llyn Fawr</a> in South Wales<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_LlynFawr-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 400 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Iron Age settlements emerge in Wales, two of the earliest being <a href="/wiki/Aberdaron" title="Aberdaron">Castell Odo</a>, a small hillfort near the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula" title="Llŷn Peninsula">Llŷn Peninsula</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and Lodge Wood Camp, above the later Roman fort at <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 150 BC </td> <td></td> <td>Gold coins being minted at least as early as this date, imitating <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Currency,_finances,_and_resources" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> designs<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 12  </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 BC </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> later (1st century AD) records that Cymry (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a>) assisted in repelling <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s second invasion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201018-13">[13]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_century">1st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1st century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 25–75 </td> <td></td> <td>Celtic chariot burial in southern Britain discovered in <a href="/wiki/Llanstadwell#Llanstadwell_Celtic_chariot_and_fort" title="Llanstadwell">Llanstadwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, in 2018<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td></td> <td>The Roman conquest of Wales begins as the <a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a> tribe in the northeast submits to <a href="/wiki/Publius_Ostorius_Scapula" title="Publius Ostorius Scapula">Publius Ostorius Scapula</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199428–30-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caratacus" title="Caratacus">Caratacus</a>, a defeated chieftain from east England, encourages the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a> to attack Roman territories, ultimately unsuccessfully;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> he is betrayed by the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> and taken to Rome as a prisoner<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201025-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td></td> <td>A Roman legion, probably <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">Legio XX Valeria Victrix</a>, is defeated by the Silures<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199428–30-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 75 </td> <td></td> <td>The Silures have been defeated;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199428–30-15">[15]</a> Romans establish <a href="/wiki/Venta_Silurum" title="Venta Silurum">Venta Silurum</a>, a market town in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>; the modern village of <a href="/wiki/Caerwent" title="Caerwent">Caerwent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> is built around the Roman ruins;<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Roman fortress at Caerleon is established for the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">Legio II Augusta</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>77 </td> <td></td> <td>Roman general <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> subjugates the Ordovices with "much slaughter"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199428–30-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus" title="Gaius Suetonius Paulinus">Gaius Suetonius Paulinus</a> completes the Roman conquest of Wales, ending with his campaign to capture Anglesey;<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the conquest has involved at least thirteen campaigns, up to 30,000 soldiers and, due to Wales's particular terrain, the development of new tactics which were subsequently adopted in other parts of the empire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199428–30-15">[15]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2nd_century">2nd century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2nd century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 100–200 </td> <td></td> <td>Roman rule over <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> is less evident in Wales than in other parts of Britain; there are few Roman settlements, but a number of roads, camps and forts;<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> the Romans exploit resources such as metal ores,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones/Mattingly2007179–196-22">[22]</a> and to a lesser extent coal<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 150 </td> <td></td> <td>According to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, Wales was populated by five indistinct peoples, mostly of Celtic origin: <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetae" title="Demetae">Demetae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangani" title="Gangani">Gangani</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd201339–40-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 162 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llandaff" title="Llandaff">Llandaff</a> was probably the site of the first Christian church built in Wales<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 44  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3rd_century">3rd century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3rd century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">— </td> <td></td> <td>Evidence of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldhouse-Green/Howell2004226-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">— </td> <td></td> <td>Hoard of more than 3,000 Roman coins buried in a ceramic pot in <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>, discovered in 2011<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 280 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> introduced into Britain, including <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Glamorganshire">Glamorganshire</a>; also first established around this time, fruit tree, vegetable and game species not previously indigenous<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 46  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="4th_century">4th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 4th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>311–313 </td> <td></td> <td>The edicts of <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">Serdica</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakacs/Cline2008202-27">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Milan</a> allow Christians throughout the Empire to worship without restriction; there had been periods of persecution in Wales, including two martyrdoms: <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199437-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>350–369 </td> <td></td> <td>Influx of settlers from Ireland take advantage of soft Roman rule in Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199417,_30,_34,_52-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>383 </td> <td></td> <td>Effective end of Roman rule in Wales;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrere1988354-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> Roman ruler <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> leaves Wales defenceless when he embarks on a military campaign with considerable forces, and remains on <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">the continent</a> with his troops<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaws201137–51-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 389 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> invaders begin to fill the vacuum left by Magnus Maximus and his <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201522–23-33">[33]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="5th_century">5th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 5th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>410 </td> <td></td> <td>Roman garrison withdrawn from Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham199371–72-34">[34]</a> followed by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Welsh kingdoms</a>, principally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> (north), <a href="/wiki/Demetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetia">Demetia</a> (south, subsequently <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> (east)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies199450–52-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 430 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre" title="Germanus of Auxerre">Germanus of Auxerre</a> promotes Christianity more widely in Wales and, as a former general, puts himself at the forefront of a British force in a confrontation with raiders near <a href="/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire" title="Mold, Flintshire">Mold</a><a href="#cite_note-butler-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 450 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cunedda" title="Cunedda">Cunedda</a> Wledig (possibly the grandson of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-Briton</a> with military rank on the border with Scotland)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrum1993172-37">[37]</a> comes "from the north" and founds Gwynedd by driving out the Irish settlers<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 480 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tydfil" title="Tydfil">Tydfil</a>, later Saint Tydfil—a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Brychan" title="Brychan">Brychan</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire" title="Brecknockshire">Brecknockshire</a>)—is murdered at <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer2011428-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 490 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubricius" title="Dubricius">Dubricius</a> is appointed archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llandaff" title="Llandaff">Llandaff</a>; he founds several colleges, including asylums for the aged and schools for the young<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201074-40">[40]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="6th_century">6th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 6th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 500–542 </td> <td></td> <td>The supposed time of the legendary <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, of Welsh parentage and crowned at <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>, referred to by early writers such as <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> and many others, but considered by more modern historians as a combination of "monkish legends and chivalrous fiction"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201078–79,_84–85-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 500–589 </td> <td></td> <td>The time of <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Dewi ap Sanctus</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ceredig" title="Ceredig">Ceredig</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a>), who later became Saint David, <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Wales<a href="#cite_note-Toke-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>519 </td> <td></td> <td>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Dubricius" title="Dubricius">Dubricius</a> presides over the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Brefi" title="Synod of Brefi">Synod of Llanddewi Brefi</a>, during which he resigns and recommends that <a href="/wiki/St_David" class="mw-redirect" title="St David">Bishop Dewi</a> succeed him; this is approved<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201082–83-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 522 </td> <td></td> <td>Dewi moves the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primacy</a> to <a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">Mynyw</a>, where the see became known as St David's, but the settlement was called Menevia at least until the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010354-44">[44]</a> and later became the city of St David's<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201082–83-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>547 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of <a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">king of Gwynedd</a>, known for funding the foundation of Christian churches throughout Wales;<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Maelgwn may have died of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">bubonic plague</a>, a pandemic that spread across Europe and beyond in the early 540s, mostly via trade routes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen20073-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c.560 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of Bishop Dewi. His <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> at Menevia is renamed Ty Ddewi (The House of David) in his honour<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201091-48">[48]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="7th_century">7th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 7th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 600 </td> <td></td> <td>The terms Cymry (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a>) and Cymru (<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>), as opposed to other <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic peoples</a> and regions, already in use as self-identifiers<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>615/616 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chester" title="Battle of Chester">Battle of Chester</a> between <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> and native <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>630 </td> <td></td> <td>Welsh/Mercian alliance between King <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a> defeats army of King <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cefn_Digoll" title="Battle of Cefn Digoll">Battle of Cefn Digoll</a> (or "Battle of the Long Mynd") at <a href="/wiki/Long_Mountain_(Powys)" title="Long Mountain (Powys)">Long Mountain</a> near <a href="/wiki/Welshpool" title="Welshpool">Welshpool</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby200271-51">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>633/4 </td> <td></td> <td>Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of Gwynedd, dies in battle in the north of England<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 655–682 </td> <td></td> <td>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon</a>, king of Gwynedd; 660 is the earliest date recorded<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 3  in the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a> (Chronicle of the Princes), an important Welsh history source<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="8th_century">8th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 8th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>700–750 </td> <td></td> <td>At the height of its powers, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> expands westwards to the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">Dee</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">Wye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a> rivers, at the expense of the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">kingdom of Powys</a>; forced back into the upland regions, the Welsh launch a series of raids throughout the late 7th and early 8th centuries, in a bid to regain the rich farming territory of the lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 108–117  </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 753 </td> <td></td> <td>An invading army from <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> is beaten back by the Welsh at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hereford" title="Battle of Hereford">Hereford</a><a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 113–114  </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 754 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of king <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Molwynog" title="Rhodri Molwynog">Rhodri Molwynog</a>, whose lineage is unclear, and whose predecessor and date of succession are not known; the reign of king Rhodri's successor, Cynan (probably Rhodri's son), was one of incessant warfare; Rhodri may have been succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Caradog_ap_Meirion" title="Caradog ap Meirion">Caradog ap Meirion</a>, or Caradog may have been a district ruler<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 115–116  </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 755–794 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Wessex" title="Cynewulf of Wessex">Cynewulf of Wessex</a> campaign vigorously along the length of the border with the Welsh kingdoms, causing the Welsh to lose lands they would never recover and largely establishing the eastern borders of Wales that exist today; internal Welsh strife continues<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 114–117  </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 757–796 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a> is built along the Wales–England border to mark the boundary between Anglian <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and the Welsh kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>; however, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of samples taken from <a href="#OffasDyke">excavations in 2014</a> reveal that it may have been constructed much earlier than this, and over an extended time period<a href="#cite_note-BBC_OffasDyke2014-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>768 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity#Wales" title="Celtic Christianity">Welsh church</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> method of calculating <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> through the efforts of bishop <a href="/wiki/Elfodd" title="Elfodd">Elfodd</a><a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 114  </td></tr> <tr> <td>795/6 </td> <td></td> <td>Battle at Rhuddlan Marsh, between the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and Welsh; there is confusion between possible battles at Rhuddlan Marsh (<a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>) in 795 and <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>) in 796<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Rhuddlan-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 798 </td> <td></td> <td>When Caradog of Gwynedd and <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ap_Tewdws" title="Maredudd ap Tewdws">Meredydd of Dyfed</a> die at the hands of the Mercians, <a href="/wiki/Cynan_Dindaethwy" title="Cynan Dindaethwy">Cynan ap Rhodri</a> becomes the next king of Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-Ysgafell-8">[8]</a>: 116  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="9th_century">9th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 9th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>825 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Egbert of Wessex</a> defeats the Mercians and demands sovereignty over Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010120–121-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 828 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, a 9th-century Welsh monk, is thought to have written <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a>, a history of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>, although some experts argue that the work was written anonymously<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>844 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodri_ap_Merfyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri ap Merfyn">Rhodri ap Merfyn</a> (later known as Rhodri the Great) becomes <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">King of Gwynedd</a>, Powys and Deheubarth by right of succession, uniting the three kingdoms under one rule<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010120–121-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 873 </td> <td></td> <td>When <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri the Great</a> dies fighting the Saxons on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, his three eldest sons become regional rulers: <a href="/wiki/Cadell_ap_Rhodri" title="Cadell ap Rhodri">Cadell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seisyllwg" title="Seisyllwg">Seisyllwg</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anarawd_ap_Rhodri" title="Anarawd ap Rhodri">Anarawd</a> in Gwynedd and <a href="/wiki/Merfyn_ap_Rhodri" title="Merfyn ap Rhodri">Merfyn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 15  </td></tr> <tr> <td>877 </td> <td></td> <td>Cadell ap Rhodri invades Powys, capturing Merfyn's territory<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 17  </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 885 </td> <td></td> <td>Several Welsh kings submit to Alfred the Great's lordship; <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a>, a Welsh cleric, is invited to join Alfred in Wessex; in 893, Asser writes a biography of Alfred<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes/Lapidge198448–58,_93–96,_220–221-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>892 </td> <td></td> <td>Anarawd ap Rhodri takes over Ceredigion and attacks <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a>; Merfyn ap Rhodri is killed by his own men<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 19  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">893 </td> <td>(spring)</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a> ends in victory for a combined Anglo-Saxon and Welsh force against the Danish <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>;<a href="#cite_note-wp-61">[61]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Buttington_Oak" title="Buttington Oak">Buttington Oak</a>, believed to have been planted around this time to commemorate the battle, survives until February 2018<a href="#cite_note-bbc-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(autumn)</td> <td>Danish Vikings occupy the town of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, but when <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> cuts off their food supplies, they move west and carry out raids in north Wales before returning to Essex[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="10th_century">10th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 10th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>900 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of <a href="/wiki/Cadell_ap_Rhodri" title="Cadell ap Rhodri">Cadell ap Rhodri</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Seisyllwg" title="Seisyllwg">Seisyllwg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anarawd_ap_Rhodri" title="Anarawd ap Rhodri">Anarawd ap Rhodri</a> becomes ruler of most of Wales, being the last to survive of Rhodri the Great's three eldest sons<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 21  </td></tr> <tr> <td>904 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel ap Cadell</a> (grandson of <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Mawr" title="Rhodri Mawr">Rhodri The Great</a>) marries Elen,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> daughter of <a href="/wiki/Llywarch_ap_Hyfaidd" title="Llywarch ap Hyfaidd">Llywarch ap Hyfaidd</a>, the late king of Dyfed, thus inheriting the kingdom<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 21  </td></tr> <tr> <td>913 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of Hywel's uncle, Anarawd ap Rhodri<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 21  </td></tr> <tr> <td>920 </td> <td></td> <td>Hywel ap Cadell unites the kingdoms of Dyfed and Seisyllwg, to create the new realm of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a> ("southern district")[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 926 </td> <td></td> <td>Hywel convenes a council from all parts of Wales to establish a set of <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Laws</a> for the whole country; he takes the transcript to Rome and obtains the Pope's approval<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010135–138-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>928 </td> <td></td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> of England asserts authority over the Welsh kings, and fixes the border between England and Wales at the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001340–341-65">[65]</a> this may have been the first time a border dispute (involving the Welsh in the <a href="/wiki/Witangemot" class="mw-redirect" title="Witangemot">Witangemot</a>) was settled by discussion, rather than by war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010135–138-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>943 </td> <td></td> <td>Hywel ap Cadell (known by this time as <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a> or "Hywel the Good") assumes control of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> after a joint Danish and Saxon incursion leads to the death of their king and his brother;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010151-66">[66]</a> Hywel eventually extends his rule to most of Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2013337–338-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>948 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of king Hywel Dda,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> followed by several decades of inter-family warfare, interspersed with battles with the Saxons and Danes<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>950 </td> <td></td> <td>Hywel Dda's nephews, <a href="/wiki/Iago_ab_Idwal" title="Iago ab Idwal">Iago ab Idwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ieuaf_ab_Idwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ieuaf ab Idwal">Ieuaf ab Idwal</a>, reclaim the kingdom of Gwynedd by driving out their cousins at the Battle of Carno<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 25  </td></tr> <tr> <td>952–954 </td> <td></td> <td>Territorial struggles continue between the sons and nephews of <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>, ending in defeat for the southern princes at a major battle near <a href="/wiki/Llanrwst" title="Llanrwst">Llanrwst</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 25–27  </td></tr> <tr> <td>969 </td> <td></td> <td>Iago ab Idwal imprisons his brother Ieuaf, then continues to rule Gwynedd unimpeded for the next decade<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 33  </td></tr> <tr> <td>972 </td> <td></td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar</a> of England <a href="/wiki/King_Edgar%27s_council_at_Chester" title="King Edgar's council at Chester">comes to Chester</a> in person to broker peace between the regional kings, but the conflicts resume after his departure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010158-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>979 </td> <td></td> <td>Iago ab Idwal is defeated in battle by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Hywel_ap_Ieuaf" title="Hywel ap Ieuaf">Hywel ap Ieuaf</a>, who becomes the next king of Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 33  </td></tr> <tr> <td>985 </td> <td></td> <td>After the death of Hywel ap Ieuaf, his brother <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ab_Ieuaf" title="Cadwallon ab Ieuaf">Cadwallon ab Ieuaf</a> takes on the rule of Gwynedd for a brief period<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 37  </td></tr> <tr> <td>986 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ab_Owain" title="Maredudd ab Owain">Maredudd ab Owain</a> captures the kingdom of Gwynedd, which is later annexed with Deheubarth; Danes invade in the south<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 37  </td></tr> <tr> <td>987 </td> <td></td> <td>After carrying out several major raids on Wales in previous years, Norse king <a href="/wiki/Gofraid_Mac_Arailt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gofraid Mac Arailt">Godfrey Haroldson</a> takes two thousand captives from <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> for ransom<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2013351–352-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>996 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> sack <a href="/wiki/St_David%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="St David's">St David's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, and murder the bishop, Morgeneu<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 43  </td></tr> <tr> <td>999 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cynan_ap_Hywel" title="Cynan ap Hywel">Cynan ap Hywel</a> becomes king of Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 43  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="11th_century">11th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 11th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1000 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeddan_ap_Blegywryd" title="Aeddan ap Blegywryd">Aeddan ap Blegywryd</a> subjugates north Wales; the hereditary heir, <a href="/wiki/Iago_ab_Idwal" title="Iago ab Idwal">Iago</a>, flees to Ireland; <a href="/wiki/Cynan_ap_Hywel" title="Cynan ap Hywel">Cynan ap Hywel</a>, though supported by Irish Danes, fails to recover his possessions<a href="#cite_note-CJ1859-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1005 </td> <td></td> <td>On the death of Cynan, the pretender Aeddan is ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd2013346–347-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1018 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Seisyll" title="Llywelyn ap Seisyll">Llywelyn ap Seisyll</a>, with distant claims to Gwynedd and Deheubarth, defeats Aeddan (who is killed along with his four sons)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013665-73">[73]</a> and takes control of the kingdoms of Gwynedd and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1022 </td> <td></td> <td>Llywelyn ap Seisyll defeats the <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhain_the_Irishman" title="Rhain the Irishman">Rhain</a> ("the Irishman"), who claimed to be a son of <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ab_Owain" title="Maredudd ab Owain">Maredudd ab Owain</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Abergwili" title="Abergwili">Abergwili</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and takes control of the south<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2013556-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1023 </td> <td></td> <td>On the death of Llywelyn ap Seisyll, the rule of Gwynedd and Powys passes to <a href="/wiki/Iago_ab_Idwal_ap_Meurig" title="Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig">Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig</a> who is descended from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aberffraw" title="House of Aberffraw">ancient dynasty</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1039 </td> <td></td> <td>Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig is killed by his own men,<a href="#cite_note-Pierce-74">[74]</a> and replaced as ruler of Gwynedd and Powys by <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a> (King Llywelyn ap Seisyll's son, and great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1055 </td> <td>24 October </td> <td>Gruffydd ap Llywelyn sacks Hereford, one of several territories that he is able to seize in Wales and along the border with England<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1056 </td> <td>16 June </td> <td>Gruffydd ap Llywelyn defeats an English army at the Battle of Glasbury (Claftbyrig), near Hereford;<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-77">[77]</a> around this time, he begins to be recognised as the true <a href="/wiki/King_of_Wales" title="King of Wales">King of Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaund19914-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1062–1063 </td> <td></td> <td>English nobleman <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> (who will later become the last <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> king of England) leads a series of campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Gruffydd ap Llywelyn">Gruffydd ap Llywelyn</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudson-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1063 </td> <td>5 August </td> <td>Death of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> after which the Welsh kingdoms are ruled separately for a brief period prior to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion of Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bleddyn_ap_Cynfyn" title="Bleddyn ap Cynfyn">Bleddyn ap Cynfyn</a> becomes king of Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-BaC-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1067 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> is invaded by <a href="/wiki/William_FitzOsbern,_1st_Earl_of_Hereford" title="William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford">William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford</a> and his followers, and becomes the first of the Welsh kingdoms to be overrun following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> the previous year<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1070 </td> <td></td> <td>Bleddyn ap Cynfyn becomes king of both Gwynedd and Powys after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mechain" title="Battle of Mechain">Battle of Mechain</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1075 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of <a href="/wiki/Bleddyn_ap_Cynfyn" title="Bleddyn ap Cynfyn">Bleddyn ap Cynfyn</a> leads to a civil war in which the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> take the opportunity to seize lands in northern Wales<a href="#cite_note-BaC-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1081 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan" title="Gruffudd ap Cynan">Gruffudd ap Cynan</a> becomes king of Gwynedd following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mynydd_Carn" title="Battle of Mynydd Carn">Battle of Mynydd Carn</a>, but is captured and imprisoned by Norman invaders soon afterwards;<a href="#cite_note-Parry-83">[83]</a> William the Conqueror leads a Norman army into Deheubarth, and worships at the shrine of St David<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010188-84">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1088–1092 </td> <td></td> <td>Lordships of Welsh lands apportioned to Normans and their Welsh allies; Normans accelerate building or strengthening castles across the country<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 73–77  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1094–1098 </td> <td></td> <td>Welsh revolt against Norman rule leads to territories being regained by the Britons;<a href="#cite_note-Parry-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a> attempts to suppress the revolt in north Wales with little success<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 81–85  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1098 </td> <td>June/July </td> <td>Shortly after capturing <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> from the Welsh, the Normans are defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a> and forced to retreat, paving the way for the return of the exiled <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan" title="Gruffudd ap Cynan">Gruffudd ap Cynan</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 85  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1099 </td> <td></td> <td>Gruffudd ap Cynan escapes from imprisonment again and rules Anglesey with the consent of the Normans<a href="#cite_note-Parry-83">[83]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="12th_century">12th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 12th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1100 </td> <td></td> <td>With the death of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a>, much of Wales is under Welsh rule but, with constant struggles for local control, there is no cohesive national identity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994108-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1102–1113 </td> <td></td> <td>Period of violent power struggles for regional control between the English crown, under the new King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>, and Welsh leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Iorwerth_ap_Bleddyn" title="Iorwerth ap Bleddyn">Iorwerth ap Bleddyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Prince of Powys</a>, and his brothers <a href="/wiki/Cadwgan_ap_Bleddyn" title="Cadwgan ap Bleddyn">Cadwgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ap_Bleddyn" title="Maredudd ap Bleddyn">Maredudd</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 87–95  </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1106 </td> <td></td> <td>Construction begins on <a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore Castle</a> in Glamorgan, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> stone castles in South Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2005102-86">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1111–1114 </td> <td></td> <td>Normans move into south and north Wales; peace is agreed between King Henry I and <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan" title="Gruffudd ap Cynan">Gruffudd ap Cynan</a> of Gwynedd; <a href="/wiki/Owain_ap_Cadwgan" title="Owain ap Cadwgan">Owain ap Cadwgan</a> is knighted by King Henry I for his service in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 95–97  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1115–1130 </td> <td></td> <td>A period of inter-family differences and rights of succession, mainly in the south and east (but to some extent in Gwynedd), are marked by warfare and brutality; Owain ap Cadwgan is killed in battle and most of Powys passes to his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ap_Bleddyn" title="Maredudd ap Bleddyn">Maredudd ap Bleddyn</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 97–111 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994116-87">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1123 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a> is canonised by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994121-88">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1131 </td> <td>9 May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tintern_Abbey" title="Tintern Abbey">Tintern Abbey</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monastery in Wales, is founded in <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1132 </td> <td>9 February </td> <td>Death of Maredudd ap Bleddyn; he is succeeded as ruler of Powys by his son <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd" title="Madog ap Maredudd">Madog ap Maredudd</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1136 </td> <td>1 January </td> <td>The Welsh revolt against Norman occupation continues with a defeat of Norman forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Llwchwr" title="Battle of Llwchwr">Battle of Llwchwr</a> (Battle of Gower)<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September/ October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd" title="Owain Gwynedd">Owain ap Gruffudd</a>, allied with <a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhys" title="Gruffydd ap Rhys">Gruffydd ap Rhys</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a>, inflicts a crushing defeat on the Normans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crug_Mawr" title="Battle of Crug Mawr">Battle of Crug Mawr</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance1999191-92">[92]</a> and annexes <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 111  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1137 </td> <td>11 April </td> <td>Death of Gruffudd ap Cynan; he is succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son Owain ap Gruffudd (who later becomes known as <a href="/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd" title="Owain Gwynedd">Owain Gwynedd</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 113  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1157 </td> <td>July </td> <td>Owain Gwynedd, with an army of around 3,000, forces the retreat of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>'s much larger army (supported by Madog of Powys, who has yielded to Henry the previous year)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994125-93">[93]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ewloe" title="Battle of Ewloe">Battle of Ewloe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>;<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> following the campaign, Owain yields to Henry, but retains his rule and territory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994125-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1160 </td> <td></td> <td>Following the death of Madog ap Maredudd, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">kingdom of Powys</a> is split into two parts: <a href="/wiki/Maelor" title="Maelor">Maelor</a>, the northern portion, is later renamed <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Powys Fadog</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Cyfeiliog" title="Cyfeiliog">Cyfeiliog</a>, in the south, becomes <a href="/wiki/Powys_Wenwynwyn" title="Powys Wenwynwyn">Powys Wenwynwyn</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994127–128-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1165 </td> <td>August </td> <td>Henry II's efforts to subdue north Wales continue with the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crogen" title="Battle of Crogen">Battle of Crogen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ceiriog_Valley" title="Ceiriog Valley">Ceiriog Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-latimer-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1170 </td> <td></td> <td>Death of Owain Gwynedd throws the kingdom of Gwynedd into disarray; within weeks, his nominated heir <a href="/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd" title="Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd">Hywel</a> is dead, and his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd" title="Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd">Dafydd</a> usurps the rule of Gwynedd, but he fails to maintain his father's hold on south Wales, which falls into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd" title="Rhys ap Gruffydd">Rhys ap Gruffydd</a><a href="#cite_note-CP15-54">[54]</a>: 133  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1171 </td> <td></td> <td>Henry II leads a large army into south Wales, meets amicably with Rhys ap Gruffydd, and after making an offering at St David's shrine, he sails from <a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Pembrokeshire" title="Pembroke, Pembrokeshire">Pembroke</a> with his army for Ireland<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010267-99">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1172 </td> <td></td> <td>Rhys ap Gruffydd is appointed justice of south Wales by Henry II, essentially becoming ruler in Henry's stead<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994127–128-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1176 </td> <td>December </td> <td>To celebrate his primacy, Rhys ap Gruffydd hosts <a href="/wiki/1176_Cardigan_eisteddfod" title="1176 Cardigan eisteddfod">a gathering of bards, musicians and performers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Castle" title="Cardigan Castle">Cardigan Castle</a>, which is now regarded as the first recorded <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994127–128-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1188 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a> accompanies the <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> on a journey through Wales to recruit volunteers for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog" title="Owain Cyfeiliog">Owain Cyfeiliog</a>, Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn refuses to support the visit and is consequently excommunicated<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1191 </td> <td></td> <td>Gerald of Wales writes <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Cambriae" title="Itinerarium Cambriae">Itinerarium Cambriae</a>, an account of his tour of Wales with the Archbishop of Canterbury three years earlier<a href="#cite_note-AVOB-102">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1194 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn ap Iorwerth</a> (who later becomes known as Llywelyn the Great) defeats his uncle Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberconwy" title="Battle of Aberconwy">Battle of Aberconwy</a> and seizes control of Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Gerald of Wales writes <a href="/wiki/Descriptio_Cambriae" title="Descriptio Cambriae">Descriptio Cambriae</a>; he writes of Wales as a nation, with defined borders, and a common ancestry and identity who "if they would be inseparable, they would be insuperable"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994134-104">[104]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_century">13th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 13th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td></td> <td>By this date, the title of regional rulers as "king" has given way to the title "prince"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994127–128-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1201 </td> <td>July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Prince of Gwynedd</a>, signs a treaty with King <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John of England</a> and they remain on good terms for the next ten years<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994135–137-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1204 </td> <td></td> <td>After five years of lobbying, including directly to the Pope, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a> fails to have St David's raised to an archbishopric<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994132-106">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1205 </td> <td></td> <td>Llywelyn the Great consolidates his position by marrying King John's illegitimate daughter <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Lady_of_Wales" title="Joan, Lady of Wales">Joan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994135–137-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1211 </td> <td>August</td> <td>Suspicious of Llywelyn's expansion of Gwynedd into neighbouring territories, King John invades Gwynedd, assisted by most of the other Welsh princes, forcing Llywelyn to seek terms with John and accept abandonment by his allies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994135–137-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1212 </td> <td></td> <td>John's clear intent of intrusive overlordship of Wales leads to Welsh leaders rallying to Llywelyn the Great, who recaptures all of Gwynedd; King John plans another invasion but this attempt is abandoned<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994135–137-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1215 </td> <td>May</td> <td>Llywelyn, in support of the disaffected English barons, seizes Shrewsbury, a factor in King John's submission to the barons<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994135–137-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 June</td> <td>When King John is forced to sign <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, Llywelyn the Great is rewarded with several favourable provisions relating to Wales, in particular the rights to its own laws<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994135–137-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1218 </td> <td></td> <td>After three more years of conflict within Wales, Llywelyn overcomes all opposition and receives the homage of all the other Welsh rulers, and his pre-eminence is confirmed by the English crown in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Worcester">Treaty of Worcester</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994138–139-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1234 </td> <td>21 June</td> <td>The "Peace of Middle" establishes a truce between Llywelyn the Great and the English Crown; Llywelyn styles himself "Prince of Aberffraw" and "Lord of Snowdonia"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994138–139-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1240 </td> <td>11 April</td> <td>Death of Llywelyn the Great; <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Dafydd ap Llywelyn">Dafydd ap Llywelyn</a> succeeds his father as Prince of Gwynedd, but King Henry III does not support his overlordship as prince of all Wales, thus deliberately undermining Welsh unity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994143–144-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1244 </td> <td></td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> attacks Gwynedd; Dafydd styles himself prince of Wales; he offers Wales as a vassal state to the Pope, to free Wales from English dominion, but this is denied<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994143–144-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1246 </td> <td>25 February </td> <td>Dafydd ap Llywelyn dies without issue; his nephew <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> (grandson of Llywelyn the Great) eventually succeeds as Prince of Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994143–144-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1247 </td> <td></td> <td>After three years of devastating war, Wales is reduced again to lordships under English rule by the <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Palace" title="Woodstock Palace">Treaty of Woodstock</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994143–144-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1258 </td> <td></td> <td>Llywelyn ap Gruffudd begins to use the title of "Prince of Wales"<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Llywelyn_ap_Gruffydd-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1267 </td> <td>29 September </td> <td>King Henry III accepts Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as Prince of Wales under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montgomery" title="Treaty of Montgomery">Treaty of Montgomery</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Llywelyn_ap_Gruffydd-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1282 </td> <td>11 December </td> <td>Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orewin_Bridge" title="Battle of Orewin Bridge">Battle of Orewin Bridge</a>; his brother <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a> succeeds, styling himself Prince of Wales<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1283 </td> <td>22 June </td> <td>Dafydd ap Gruffudd is captured by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> and charged with <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 October </td> <td>Dafydd ap Gruffudd is executed at <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1284 </td> <td>3 March </td> <td>King Edward I enacts the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a>, which provides the constitutional basis for the government of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_North_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of North Wales">Principality of North Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._R._Davies2000368,_422,_461-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1294–1295 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Madog ap Llywelyn">Madog ap Llywelyn</a> leads <a href="/wiki/Welsh_revolt_of_1294%E2%80%9395" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh revolt of 1294–95">a Welsh revolt against English rule</a>, claiming the title of "Prince of Wales"<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Madog-112">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1295 </td> <td></td> <td>Madog is defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maes_Moydog" title="Battle of Maes Moydog">Battle of Maes Moydog</a>; he escapes, but subsequently surrenders unconditionally and is taken to London, but his fate is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Madog-112">[112]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_century">14th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 14th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1301 </td> <td>7 February </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward of Carnarvon</a> is invested as the first English Prince of Wales (as the title is transferred to the heir apparent to the English or British throne)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201285–87-113">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1306 </td> <td></td> <td>Work resumes on <a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a> prompted by fears of a Scottish invasion of North Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19998–13-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beaumaris-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1316 </td> <td>28 January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_Bren" title="Llywelyn Bren">Llywelyn Bren</a> launches a surprise attack on <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_Castle" title="Caerphilly Castle">Caerphilly Castle</a> in a revolt against English rule in Wales; he lays siege to the castle for six weeks and surrenders unconditionally to <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">King Edward II</a>'s forces on 18 March<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_L_ap_Gr-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1318 </td> <td></td> <td>Llywelyn Bren is unlawfully executed at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierce_L_ap_Gr-116">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1321 </td> <td>May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a> are seized by the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a> in an intense eight-day campaign in the <a href="/wiki/Despenser_War" title="Despenser War">Despenser War</a> against King Edward II of England<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2006130-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1326 </td> <td></td> <td>King Edward II retreats to Wales with his forces after his regime collapses; he is captured by rebel forces north of Caerphilly, escorted back to England via <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Castle" title="Monmouth Castle">Monmouth Castle</a> and relinquishes his crown two months later<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2012512–515-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1330 </td> <td></td> <td>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a> is halted and, despite a huge sum of money being spent on it (£15,000) the building is never completed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19998–13-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beaumaris-115">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1339 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farndon_Bridge" title="Farndon Bridge">Farndon Bridge</a> is built across the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1345 </td> <td></td> <td>The first stone bridge at <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> is built across the River Dee by <a href="/wiki/John_Trevor_(died_1357)" title="John Trevor (died 1357)">John Trevor</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1369 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a> launches an unsuccessful invasion attempt on Wales in a bid to take back his confiscated lands<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Lawgoch-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1372 </td> <td>May </td> <td>In Paris, Owain Lawgoch announces his intention of claiming the throne of Wales, and then mobilises his forces in readiness for another invasion attempt<a href="#cite_note-Pierce_Lawgoch-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1384 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> enters the army of King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a><a href="#cite_note-R.R._Davies_1995-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1399 </td> <td>July–September </td> <td>King Richard II seeks refuge at <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and surrenders to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry Bolingbroke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flint_Castle" title="Flint Castle">Flint Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaul1997411–417-123">[123]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="15th_century">15th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 15th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1401 </td> <td>March </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> is taken by <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>'s supporters and is held for several months<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbee200712-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conwy_Castle-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mynydd_Hyddgen" title="Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen">Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndŵr Rising">Glyndŵr Rising</a> against English rule, is the first major victory for Glyndŵr's Welsh rebels<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011212-126">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuthill" title="Battle of Tuthill">Battle of Tuthill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon" title="Caernarfon">Caernarfon</a> where Owain Glyndŵr first raises the royal standard bearing a golden dragon on a white field<a href="#cite_note-R.R._Davies_1995-122">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1402 </td> <td>22 June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bryn_Glas" title="Battle of Bryn Glas">Battle of Bryn Glas</a> (also known as the Battle of Pilleth) ends in victory for Owain Glyndŵr, prolonging the Welsh rebellion against English rule<a href="#cite_note-R.R._Davies_1995-122">[122]</a>: 22, 231  </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr receives a warm welcome in southeast Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994199-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1403 </td> <td>July </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr attacks, but fails to take, <a href="/wiki/Carreg_Cennen_Castle" title="Carreg Cennen Castle">Carreg Cennen Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shrewsbury" title="Battle of Shrewsbury">Battle of Shrewsbury</a> ends in defeat and death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy_(Hotspur)" title="Henry Percy (Hotspur)">Henry Percy</a>, an ally of Owain Glyndŵr, ending the Percy challenge to King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a><a href="#cite_note-trust-129">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Autumn </td> <td>Reputed <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalling_Down" title="Battle of Stalling Down">Battle of Stalling Down</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cowbridge" title="Cowbridge">Cowbridge</a> ends in defeat for the King's army<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1404 </td> <td>May </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr writes to the King of France requesting military support<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994200-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr holds a Welsh Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Machynlleth" title="Machynlleth">Machynlleth</a>, where he is crowned Prince of Wales<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> in the presence of envoys from France, Scotland and Castile <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994200-131">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1405 </td> <td>28 February </td> <td>Peak of the Glyndŵr Rising: <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Indenture" title="Tripartite Indenture">Tripartite Indenture</a> is agreed between Owain Glyndŵr, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer_(rebel)" title="Edmund Mortimer (rebel)">Edmund Mortimer</a>, to divide Wales and England between them, at the expense of King Henry IV<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994200-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle201095-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 May </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pwll_Melyn" title="Battle of Pwll Melyn">Battle of Pwll Melyn</a>, the first major defeat for Owain Glyndŵr<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994201-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>French forces land at Milford Haven;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994200-131">[131]</a> Owain Glyndŵr holds his second Welsh Parliament, at <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle#15th–17th_centuries" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr's and French forces reach Worcester, but the French, not seeing English support, abandon the campaign and return to France<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994201-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1406 </td> <td>31 March </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr writes the "<a href="/wiki/Pennal_Letter" title="Pennal Letter">Pennal Letter</a>" to King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a>, outlining his vision for the future government of an independent Wales<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1408 </td> <td>September </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_Castle" title="Aberystwyth Castle">Aberystwyth Castle</a> surrenders to the English, and Owain Glyndŵr moves his court to Harlech<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994202-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1409 </td> <td></td> <td>Harlech Castle is captured by English forces; Glyndŵr and his supporters flee to the mountains, from where they continue sporadic attacks for several years;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994202-137">[137]</a> Glyndŵr's wife <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hanmer" title="Margaret Hanmer">Margaret Hanmer</a> is taken prisoner, along with her children and grandchildren, most of whom probably die later in captivity (Hanmer herself dies c. 1420)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1413 </td> <td></td> <td>Nothing is heard of Owain Glyndŵr after this date<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994203-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1415 </td> <td>21 September </td> <td>End of the Glyndŵr Rising; approximate date of Owain Glyndŵr's death, possibly in Herefordshire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994203-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 October </td> <td>Welsh archers play a key part in the victory of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> over a much larger French army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>;<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> some Welsh combatants fight on the French side<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994205-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1417 </td> <td>30 April </td> <td>Owain Glyndŵr's son, <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ab_Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr">Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr</a>, declines the offer of a pardon from King Henry V for both himself and his father<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._R._Davies1996326-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1421 </td> <td></td> <td>Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr finally accepts a pardon (for himself alone) from King Henry V<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._R._Davies1996293-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1437 </td> <td></td> <td>Work begins on the construction of the (present) <a href="/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle">Raglan Castle</a>, replacing an earlier structure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon2003-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1451 </td> <td></td> <td>The first large-scale <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a> is held at <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Edmwnd" title="Dafydd ab Edmwnd">Dafydd ab Edmwnd</a> wins the silver chair for his poetry<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1460 </td> <td>10 July </td> <td>Following defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, Queen of England, escapes to <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> with her son <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1468 </td> <td>14 August </td> <td>The garrison of Harlech Castle surrenders to King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> after a seven-year siege<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1471 </td> <td>4 May </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a> ends <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> hopes of regaining the ascendance over the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>; King Edward IV is victorious, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster</a> becomes the only Prince of Wales ever to die in battle<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1473 </td> <td></td> <td>The Court of the President and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wales_and_the_Marches" title="Council of Wales and the Marches">Council of Wales</a> is established at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle" title="Ludlow Castle">Ludlow Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994217-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1483 </td> <td>14 April </td> <td>Whilst residing at Ludlow Castle, 12-year-old King <a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V of England</a> receives news of his father's sudden death and his own accession to the English throne; the Council at Ludlow comes to an end<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994217-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1485 </td> <td>1 August </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> lands near Dale, Pembrokeshire, and marches through Wales (8 to 14 August)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994218-150">[150]</a> and England where, on 22 August, he defeats King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaws2011223–224-151">[151]</a> to become the third and last Welsh-born King of England </td></tr> <tr> <td>1488 </td> <td></td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>'s uncle, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, takes possession of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1490 </td> <td>27 February </td> <td>English-born <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tudor" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Tudor">Arthur Tudor</a>, the eldest son of King Henry VII, is ceremonially invested as Prince of Wales at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllison1991605-153">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1498 </td> <td></td> <td>An insurrection breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Meirionydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Meirionydd">Meirionydd</a> in north Wales and the rebels capture <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a>; the revolt is the last of the medieval era in Wales[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_century">16th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 16th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1523 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caerwys" title="Caerwys">Caerwys</a> hosts an <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a>, one of the most important of the early modern era, attended by Welsh poet <a href="/wiki/Tudur_Aled" title="Tudur Aled">Tudur Aled</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams195028-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1535–1542 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts">Laws in Wales Acts</a> replace Welsh law with English law and replace the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lordships" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lordships">Marcher Lordships</a> with newly established counties; Wales is unified with England<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Tudors-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1536 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a>: a great number of abbeys and priories in Wales are suppressed over the next four years, including <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Priory" title="Monmouth Priory">Monmouth Priory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neath_Abbey" title="Neath Abbey">Neath Abbey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tintern_Abbey" title="Tintern Abbey">Tintern Abbey</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1546 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yny_lhyvyr_hwnn" title="Yny lhyvyr hwnn">Yny lhyvyr hwnn</a>, the first book to be printed in the Welsh language (said to be written anonymously by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Prise" title="John Prise">John Prise</a>), is published in London<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1563 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Usk_Bridge_(Brecon)" title="Usk Bridge (Brecon)">Usk Bridge</a> is built to replace the medieval bridge that was washed away in floods in 1535; this is <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a>'s oldest route over the <a href="/wiki/River_Usk" title="River Usk">River Usk</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1567 </td> <td></td> <td>Caerwys hosts its second large-scale eisteddfod, sanctioned by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> of England<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodbody2002157–158-161">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1573 </td> <td></td> <td>The earliest map showing Wales as a separate country from the rest of Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Cambriae_Typus" title="Cambriae Typus">Cambriae Typus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Llwyd" title="Humphrey Llwyd">Humphrey Llwyd</a>, is published in the first modern atlas <a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1584 </td> <td></td> <td>The first Welsh copper <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> works is established at <a href="/wiki/Aberdulais" title="Aberdulais">Aberdulais</a><a href="#cite_note-WelshCopper-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1588 </td> <td></td> <td>The first translation of the Bible into Welsh, <a href="/wiki/Y_Beibl_cyssegr-lan" title="Y Beibl cyssegr-lan">Y Beibl cyssegr-lan</a> by bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a>, is published<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1601 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poor_Relief_Act_1601" title="Poor Relief Act 1601">Poor Relief Act 1601</a> is passed to create a <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">poor law</a> system in England and Wales<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1606 </td> <td>12 April </td> <td>A new <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">national flag</a> is created by royal decree to mark the union between England and Scotland; Wales is not represented in the design because it is legally a part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1607 </td> <td>30 January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_floods,_1607" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Channel floods, 1607">Bristol Channel floods</a> cause devastation on the south coast of Wales, affecting Pembrokeshire, Glamorgan, and Monmouthshire;<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Cardiff is the worst affected town, with the foundations of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Cardiff" title="St Mary's Church, Cardiff">St Mary's Church</a> destroyed<a href="#cite_note-11_Cardiff_facts-167">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1615–1617 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Wye_Bridge,_Monmouth" title="Wye Bridge, Monmouth">Wye Bridge</a> in Monmouth is rebuilt in stone<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands19941–2-168">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620 </td> <td></td> <td>Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a>'s Bible translation into Welsh (first published in 1588) is revised by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parry_(bishop)" title="Richard Parry (bishop)">Richard Parry</a> and Dr <a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(Mallwyd)" title="John Davies (Mallwyd)">John Davies</a> as Y Bibl Cyssegr-lan, and published in London<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1636 </td> <td></td> <td>The three-arch stone bridge, Pont Fawr,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Llanrwst" title="Llanrwst">Llanrwst</a> is built by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Wynn,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Wynn, 2nd Baronet">Sir John Wynn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwydir_Castle" title="Gwydir Castle">Gwydir Castle</a>; nicknamed locally as "Pont Inigo Jones", its design is attributed to classical architect <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1640 </td> <td></td> <td>Cannon production begins at <a href="/wiki/Bersham_Ironworks" title="Bersham Ironworks">Bersham Ironworks</a><a href="#cite_note-GracesGuideBersham-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1642/43 </td> <td></td> <td>Skirmishes between <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalists</a> bring the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> to (largely Royalist or neutral<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Davies1994279-173">[173]</a>) Wales, including naval action at <a href="/wiki/Milford_Haven" title="Milford Haven">Milford Haven</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips187476–79-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1643 </td> <td>November </td> <td>Parliamentary forces make piecemeal strategic gains in Wales from the north and south<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips187493–94-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1644 </td> <td>April </td> <td>Further advances by Parliamentary forces in southwest Wales, threatening Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874154–157-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Widespread military actions across the whole of south Wales, resulting in gains for the Parliamentarians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874189–193-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 September </td> <td>The first battle of the English Civil War on Welsh soil takes place at <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys" title="Montgomery, Powys">Montgomery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Castle" title="Montgomery Castle">the castle</a> is taken by the Parliamentarians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874201–209-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1644/45 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Castle" title="Cardigan Castle">Cardigan Castle</a> is besieged and captured by Parliamentarians, before being attacked by Royalists who leave the castle <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a> and burned<a href="#cite_note-CardiganCastle-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874228–234-180">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1645 </td> <td>June–September </td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> tours south and mid-Wales to rally support in the wake of his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby" title="Battle of Naseby">Battle of Naseby</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874255–265-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1646 </td> <td>February </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a> is besieged by Royalists, but relieved by Parliamentarians<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874298–300-182">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April–June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_Castle" title="Aberystwyth Castle">Aberystwyth Castle</a>, after a long siege, surrenders to Parliamentary forces; most castles in north Wales are under siege; Caernarvon, Anglesey and Beaumaris submit to Parliament<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874305–313-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 August </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle">Raglan Castle</a> surrenders to Parliamentary forces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874314–324-184">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denbigh_Castle_and_town_walls" title="Denbigh Castle and town walls">Denbigh Castle</a> surrenders to Parliamentary forces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874328–331-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1647 </td> <td>19 January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holt_Castle" title="Holt Castle">Holt Castle</a> surrenders to Parliamentary forces after a siege lasting several months<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettifer200066–67-186">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 March </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> surrenders to Parliamentary forces; it is the last Royalist stronghold of the English Civil War in mainland Britain<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874332–334-187">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1648 </td> <td>8 May </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Fagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St. Fagans">Battle of St. Fagans</a> takes place near Cardiff, a pitched battle (termed by some an insurrection) between Parliamentarians and Royalists (more accurately disaffected Parliamentary forces), part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874335–343-188">[188]</a> in which there is fighting throughout south Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874344–379-189">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>Fighting breaks out in north Wales; the insurrection is suppressed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874380–386-190">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>After a long siege, Pembroke surrenders to Parliament<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874397–398-191">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July–October </td> <td>Anglesey is the last area in Wales to submit to the rule of Parliament, which demands the sum of £7,000 for military expenditure; end of the English Civil War in Wales<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._R._Phillips1874399–401-192">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1649 </td> <td>January </td> <td>Welsh politicians, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wogan" title="Thomas Wogan">Thomas Wogan</a> (Pembroke) and <a href="/wiki/John_Jones_Maesygarnedd" title="John Jones Maesygarnedd">John Jones Maesygarnedd</a> (Merioneth), are among the signatories to the death warrant of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>; after the restoration, Wogan flees the country and Jones is executed<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_Castle" title="Aberystwyth Castle">Aberystwyth Castle</a> is <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a> troops<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Castle" title="Montgomery Castle">Montgomery Castle</a> is demolished by order of the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1650 </td> <td>22 February </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ordinances_and_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660#1650" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">Act for the better propagation and preaching of the Gospel in Wales</a> is passed by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a>, resulting in the ejection of <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> clergymen and the creation of English-language schools<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1655 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> is slighted by order of the <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">English Council of State</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">British Civil Wars</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbee200716-198">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1659 </td> <td>5 August </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Booth,_1st_Baron_Delamer" title="George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer">Booth</a>'s Rebellion proclaims <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> as King of England; its leaders include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Myddelton_(younger)" title="Thomas Myddelton (younger)">Thomas Myddelton</a>, a former Parliamentary general, of <a href="/wiki/Chirk_Castle" title="Chirk Castle">Chirk Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denbigh_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Denbigh Castle">Denbigh Castle</a> is slighted after being seized by <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2007-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1682 </td> <td>30 August </td> <td>A group of Welsh settlers, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wynne" title="Thomas Wynne">Thomas Wynne</a>, set sail for <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1686 </td> <td></td> <td>Welsh Quaker leader <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Ellis" title="Rowland Ellis">Rowland Ellis</a>, and his fellow <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, leave Wales for <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> to avoid religious persecution<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1688 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a> is annulled when the chief officers of the town's corporation refuse to take the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_allegiance" title="Oath of allegiance">oath of allegiance</a> to King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a>, leading to a subsequent decline in the town's prosperity<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1694 </td> <td></td> <td>The first of two copper mills opens in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Neath" title="Vale of Neath">Neath Valley</a>, powered by waterfalls on the <a href="/wiki/River_Neath" title="River Neath">River Neath</a>. Copper <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">refining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">working</a> becomes a prime commercial concern in Wales in the late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-WelshCopper-6">[6]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1717 </td> <td>4 November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skerries_Lighthouse" title="Skerries Lighthouse">Skerries Lighthouse</a> begins operation, guiding ships past the low tract of submerged land off <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Head" title="Carmel Head">Carmel Head</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a><a href="#cite_note-Trinity_Skerries-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1723 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Workhouse_Test_Act_1723" class="mw-redirect" title="Workhouse Test Act 1723">Workhouse Test Act</a> (also known as Knatchbull's Act) is passed by UK government, leading to the establishment of numerous workhouses in England and Wales over the next two decades<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1746 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act</a> is passed, creating a statutory definition of "England" as including England, Wales and <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackstone/Stewart201092-208">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1761 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bersham_Ironworks" title="Bersham Ironworks">Bersham Ironworks</a> employs a new boring machine for the accurate production of smooth bore cannon, later supplying cannon for use in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a><a href="#cite_note-GracesGuideBersham-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1765 </td> <td> </td> <td>Opening of the <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a> and construction of the first coke <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> for the production of pig iron<a href="#cite_note-GracesGuideCyfarthfa-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1768 </td> <td></td> <td>A rich seam of copper <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> is discovered at <a href="/wiki/Parys_Mountain" title="Parys Mountain">Parys Mountain</a>, Anglesey, leading to the formation of the Parys Mine Company, soon to become the world's most productive copper mining concern. Wales dominates the world copper markets throughout this period.<a href="#cite_note-WelshCopper-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1782 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_the_Poor_Act_1782" title="Relief of the Poor Act 1782">Relief of the Poor Act</a> (also known as Gilbert's Act) is passed by UK government, enabling poor relief to be provided at home for the able-bodied poor<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> (later repealed in 1871 by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1871" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1871">Statute Law Revision Act</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1793 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pont-y-Cafnau" title="Pont-y-Cafnau">Pont-y-Cafnau</a>, the world's earliest surviving iron railway bridge, is constructed to support a tramway and aqueduct for the transport of raw materials to the <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Pont-y-Cafnau-212">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1797 </td> <td>22–24 February </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> coast is invaded by <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republican France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fishguard" title="Battle of Fishguard">Battle of Fishguard</a>, often referred to as the "last invasion of Britain" as it represents the last assault launched on British soil by a hostile foreign power<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1802 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a> pays a personal visit to the <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a> in Merthyr Tydfil<a href="#cite_note-GracesGuideCyfarthfa-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1804 </td> <td>21 February</td> <td>The world's first ever railway journey takes place when <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> runs along the newly laid <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tramroad" title="Merthyr Tramroad">tramroad</a> from <a href="/wiki/Penydarren_Ironworks" title="Penydarren Ironworks">Penydarren Ironworks</a> to the canal wharf at <a href="/wiki/Abercynon" title="Abercynon">Abercynon</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1810/11 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Madocks" title="William Madocks">William Madocks</a> builds a sea wall to reclaim a large proportion of <a href="/wiki/Traeth_Mawr" title="Traeth Mawr">Traeth Mawr</a> from the sea for agricultural use, the origins of the town of <a href="/wiki/Porthmadog" title="Porthmadog">Porthmadog</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1819 </td> <td></td> <td>The first "provincial" <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfod</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>, marking the revival of the traditional arts festival as a Welsh institution<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1823 </td> <td>18 January </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a>, a partial skeleton from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, is discovered by <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> in a limestone cave on the <a href="/wiki/Gower_Peninsula" title="Gower Peninsula">Gower Peninsula</a>; considered to be the oldest known ceremonial burial in Western Europe[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> is by now the largest town in Wales, mainly populated by workers in the iron and coal industries, and their families<a href="#cite_note-SocialistMay2007-217">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1831 </td> <td>June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Rising" title="Merthyr Rising">An armed uprising</a> takes place in Merthyr Tydfil, as thousands of workers protest against their poor wages and working conditions<a href="#cite_note-SocialistMay2007-217">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 August</td> <td>Despite a <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> for his release, a young miner called Richard Lewis (also known as <a href="/wiki/Dic_Penderyn" title="Dic Penderyn">Dic Penderyn</a>) is hanged outside <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Gaol" title="Cardiff Gaol">Cardiff Gaol</a> for stabbing a soldier with a <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Rising" title="Merthyr Rising">Merthyr Rising</a>; later proven to be innocent, he is remembered as a working-class <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a><a href="#cite_note-SocialistMay2007-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1833 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lewis_(publisher)" title="Samuel Lewis (publisher)">Samuel Lewis</a> publishes the comprehensive, two-volume, historical and geographical A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (the 4th edition, 1849, is online)<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1834 </td> <td>14 August </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law Amendment Act</a> is passed by UK government, replacing earlier poor relief legislation and fundamentally reforming the <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">poverty relief</a> system in England and Wales (later repealed in 1948 at the rise of the British <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>)<a href="#cite_note-PLAA1834-220">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1835 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_South_Wales" title="Royal Institution of South Wales">Swansea Philosophical & Literary Society</a> is established with the purpose of making <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> a centre of culture and scientific research<a href="#cite_note-RISW-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837 </td> <td></td> <td>Opening of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Port_Talbot" title="Port of Port Talbot">Port Talbot Docks</a>, the first major docks in South Wales, which are named after <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rice_Mansel_Talbot" title="Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot">Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot</a> (MP for <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Glamorganshire</a>), the main <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsor</a> of the project<a href="#cite_note-ITV_Port_Talbot-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1838 </td> <td></td> <td>The Swansea Philosophical & Literary Society is granted a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in recognition of the high quality of scientific research by its members; the society is renamed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_South_Wales" title="Royal Institution of South Wales">Royal Institution of South Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-RISW-221">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1839 </td> <td>4 November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newport_Rising" title="Newport Rising">Newport Rising</a>, an armed rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a> movement against authority, led by Chartist <a href="/wiki/John_Frost_(Chartist)" title="John Frost (Chartist)">John Frost</a><a href="#cite_note-Chartism_e-Mag-223">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1840 </td> <td>16 January </td> <td>Chartists John Frost, <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Williams" title="Zephaniah Williams">Zephaniah Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(Chartist)" title="William Jones (Chartist)">William Jones</a> are found guilty of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> for their part in the 1839 Newport Rising, and sentenced to death<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> (later commuted to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Chartism_e-Mag-223">[223]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 June </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_(bishop)" title="Joseph Brown (bishop)">Joseph Brown</a> is appointed <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic">Vicar Apostolic</a> of the Roman Catholic District of Wales<a href="#cite_note-bbrownt-225">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 October </td> <td>Official opening of <a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway" title="Taff Vale Railway">Taff Vale Railway</a>, the first steam-worked passenger railway in Wales<a href="#cite_note-TaffValeRailway-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_(bishop)" title="Joseph Brown (bishop)">Joseph Brown</a>, Vicar Apostolic of the Roman Catholic District of Wales, is consecrated as a bishop<a href="#cite_note-bbrownt-225">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">1841 </td> <td>19 February </td> <td>The Governor Fenner, carrying <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigrants</a> to America, collides with a <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamer</a> off <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a> and sinks with the loss of 123 lives<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 March </td> <td>The earliest recorded photograph in Wales, a <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margam_Castle" title="Margam Castle">Margam Castle</a>, is taken by <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Jones" title="Calvert Jones">Calvert Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>The population of Wales exceeds one million<a href="#cite_note-Census_200-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 April </td> <td>The Taff Vale Railway is extended from <a href="/wiki/Abercynon" title="Abercynon">Abercynon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a><a href="#cite_note-TaffValeRailway-226">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Opening of <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Museum" title="Swansea Museum">Swansea Museum</a>—the oldest museum in Wales—by the Royal Institution of South Wales<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1842 </td> <td>12 April </td> <td>Morgan Williams travels to the Chartist Convention in London, to present to parliament a petition signed by 36,000 people from south Wales<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Children%27s_Employment" title="Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment">Royal Children's Employment Commission</a> publishes its first report on the employment of children in the British coal industry, which reveals that children as young as five are working long shifts underground<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a> begin in earnest in south and west Wales, as local farmers and agricultural workers launch a series of attacks on tollhouses and other symbols of economic oppression<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 October </td> <td>Official opening of the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks#Town_Dock" title="Newport Docks">Town Dock</a> (later known as the "Old Dock"), the first <a href="/wiki/Floating_dock_(impounded)" title="Floating dock (impounded)">floating dock</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a> harbour, able to accommodate the largest ships in the world<a href="#cite_note-NewportOldDock-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a> is established in <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>, near Newport<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 </td> <td></td> <td>A bronze statue of the British military leader <a href="/wiki/William_Nott" title="William Nott">Sir William Nott</a> is erected in his home town of <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Nott-236">[236]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860 </td> <td>1 December </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Risca_colliery_disasters" title="Risca colliery disasters">major explosion at the Black Vein Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Risca" title="Risca">Risca</a>, southeast Wales, claims 142 lives<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861 </td> <td> </td> <td>The first official <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod</a> as we know it today took place in <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Eisteddfod-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865 </td> <td>28 July</td> <td>153 Welsh settlers establish <a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> in Patagonia, Argentina<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams197535-239">[239]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867 </td> <td>8 November</td> <td>Two explosions at the <a href="/wiki/Ferndale_Colliery" title="Ferndale Colliery">Ferndale Colliery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda Valley</a> claim the lives of 178 men and boys<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1875 </td> <td>16 April </td> <td>Official opening of the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks#The_Alexandra_Dock" title="Newport Docks">Alexandra Dock</a> in Newport, following the success of the Town Dock and the subsequent increase in the volume of trade<a href="#cite_note-NewportAlexandraDocks-241">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a> is forced to close after more than 100 years of production<a href="#cite_note-GracesGuideCyfarthfa-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1878 </td> <td>11 September </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Abercarn_colliery_disaster" title="Abercarn colliery disaster">catastrophic explosion</a> at the Prince of Wales Colliery in <a href="/wiki/Abercarn" title="Abercarn">Abercarn</a> claims the lives of 268 men and boys<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td>15 July </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Risca_colliery_disasters" title="Risca colliery disasters">major explosion at the New Risca Colliery</a> in Risca, southeast Wales, claims 120 lives<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1883 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> hosts the National Eisteddfod for the first time since its modern inception in 1861<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1887 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> for the first time </td></tr> <tr> <td>1888 </td> <td></td> <td>The small village of <a href="/wiki/Llanwddyn" title="Llanwddyn">Llanwddyn</a>, at the head of the <a href="/wiki/River_Vyrnwy" title="River Vyrnwy">Vyrnwy</a> valley, is flooded to create the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vyrnwy" title="Lake Vyrnwy">Lake Vyrnwy</a> reservoir for supplying fresh water to Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1890 </td> <td>6 February</td> <td>An explosion at the Llanerch Colliery in <a href="/wiki/Abersychan" title="Abersychan">Abersychan</a> claims the lives of 176 men and boys<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> returned as Liberal MP for Carnarvon Boroughs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert198775–76-247">[247]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1893 </td> <td>6 June </td> <td>The second of the Alexandra Docks, the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks#South_Dock" title="Newport Docks">South Dock</a>, opens at Newport (and the original Alexandra Dock is renamed the "North Dock")<a href="#cite_note-NewportAlexandraDocks-241">[241]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Construction work begins on the dams for the <a href="/wiki/Elan_Valley_Reservoirs" title="Elan Valley Reservoirs">Elan Valley Reservoirs</a>, which will supply clean drinking water to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in the English <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a><a href="#cite_note-ElanValley-248">[248]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894 </td> <td>23 June </td> <td>An explosion at the <a href="/wiki/Albion_Colliery" title="Albion Colliery">Albion Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilfynydd" title="Cilfynydd">Cilfynydd</a> claims the lives of 290 men and boys; one of the worst mining accidents ever to occur in the United Kingdom, it is the second worst mining disaster in Welsh history (after the <a href="/wiki/Senghenydd_colliery_disaster" title="Senghenydd colliery disaster">Senghenydd colliery disaster</a> in 1913)<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1900–1920 </td> <td></td> <td>Peak of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">coal mining industry in Wales</a>, with more than 600 collieries employing over 230,000 men<a href="#cite_note-20Coal-250">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td></td> <td>The population of Wales exceeds two million, having doubled in 60 years<a href="#cite_note-Census_200-229">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td>21 July </td> <td>Official opening of the <a href="/wiki/Elan_Valley_Reservoirs" title="Elan Valley Reservoirs">Elan Valley Reservoirs</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queen Alexandra</a>; water starts flowing along 118 km of <a href="/wiki/Gravity_feed" title="Gravity feed">gravity-driven</a> pipeline to the <a href="/wiki/Frankley_Reservoir" title="Frankley Reservoir">Frankley Reservoir</a> in Birmingham<a href="#cite_note-ElanValley-248">[248]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1905 </td> <td></td> <td>Construction of the original <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a> is completed<a href="#cite_note-ITV_Port_Talbot-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> is granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> by King Edward VII<a href="#cite_note-CardiffCapCity-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td>27 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1906_Swansea_earthquake" title="1906 Swansea earthquake">An earthquake strikes near Swansea</a>, causing some minor structural damage to buildings; measuring 5.2 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a>, it is one of the most significant earthquakes to occur in the UK in the 20th century<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td>19 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amgueddfa_Cymru_%E2%80%93_National_Museum_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales">National Museum of Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a> is established in Cardiff and Aberystwyth respectively, by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td>10 August </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a> established<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne/Griffiths200819–29-255">[255]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1911 </td> <td>13 July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Prince Edward</a> is <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture of the Prince of Wales">invested</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> in an elaborate ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-CharlesInvest-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 December </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Act_1911" title="Coal Mines Act 1911">1911 Coal Mines Act</a> is passed, following a series of mine disasters in the 19th and early-20th centuries, including several in Wales; the Act amends existing laws covering safety and other aspects of the UK coal mining industry<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911–1913 </td> <td> </td> <td>A significant prehistoric metalwork hoard, thought to have been deposited in a sacred ritual, is discovered at <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Fawr" title="Llyn Fawr">Llyn Fawr</a> when the lake is partially drained for the construction of a new reservoir<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_LlynFawr-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913 </td> <td>14 October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senghenydd_colliery_disaster" title="Senghenydd colliery disaster">A huge explosion at the Universal Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senghenydd" title="Senghenydd">Senghenydd</a> claims the lives of 439 men and boys; it is the worst mining disaster in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">British coalfields</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Senghenydd-258">[258]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td>18 September </td> <td>The long-awaited <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act</a> receives <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ChurchAct1914-259">[259]</a> but will not come into force until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916 </td> <td>6 December </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>;<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> although not actually Welsh-born, Lloyd George grew up in Wales and he was the first Welsh-speaking <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British prime minister</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td></td> <td>Final closure of the <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Ironworks" title="Cyfarthfa Ironworks">Cyfarthfa Ironworks</a>, which is dismantled nine years later<a href="#cite_note-GracesGuideCyfarthfa-209">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <td>31 March </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a> takes effect, allowing the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> which encompasses most of the Welsh part of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>;<a href="#cite_note-ChurchAct1914-259">[259]</a> The Act <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">disestablishes</a> the Church in Wales and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishopric of Wales</a>; the first Archbishop is <a href="/wiki/A._G._Edwards_(bishop)" title="A. G. Edwards (bishop)">Alfred George Edwards</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924 </td> <td>25 September </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Campbell" title="Malcolm Campbell">Malcolm Campbell</a> sets a world <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed record</a> of 146.16 mph (235.22 km/h) on <a href="/wiki/Pendine_Sands" title="Pendine Sands">Pendine Sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen_Bay" title="Carmarthen Bay">Carmarthen Bay</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Sunbeam_350HP" title="Sunbeam 350HP">Sunbeam 350HP</a> car Blue Bird, the first of several successful record attempts on the Sands in the 1920s<a href="#cite_note-Pendine_records-263">[263]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td>5 August </td> <td>The Welsh <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> political party Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru (meaning "The National Party of Wales") is formed in <a href="/wiki/Pwllheli" title="Pwllheli">Pwllheli</a>, later changing its name to <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> (or simply "The Party of Wales")<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td>May </td> <td>The first <a href="/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod" title="Urdd National Eisteddfod">Urdd National Eisteddfod</a>, a competitive youth festival of literature, music and performing arts, is held in <a href="/wiki/Corwen" title="Corwen">Corwen</a>, Denbighshire<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td>October </td> <td>Closure of Newport's <a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks#Town_Dock" title="Newport Docks">"Old Dock"</a>, as resources are concentrated on the modern Alexandra Dock complex<a href="#cite_note-NewportOldDock-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td>22 September </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gresford_disaster" title="Gresford disaster">A major explosion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Gresford_Colliery" title="Gresford Colliery">Gresford Colliery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> claims the lives of 266 men<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td></td> <td>Production of Y Chwarelwr (The Quarryman), the first <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">audio feature film</a> recorded in the Welsh language<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td>8 September </td> <td>Arson attack at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Penrhos" title="RAF Penrhos">RAF Penrhos</a> "bombing school" by three members of Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, known as the Tân yn Llŷn (Fire in Llŷn) protest; the culmination of an ongoing opposition campaign, it is considered to be a defining moment in the history of the political party<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936/7 </td> <td> </td> <td>Welsh archaeologist <a href="/wiki/W._F._Grimes" title="W. F. Grimes">W. F. Grimes</a> excavates the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Pentre_Ifan" title="Pentre Ifan">Pentre Ifan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_PentreIfan-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942/3 </td> <td></td> <td>Over 150 <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> metal objects are discovered in <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Cerrig_Bach" title="Llyn Cerrig Bach">Llyn Cerrig Bach</a> on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, evidently placed in the lake as <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a><a href="#cite_note-Coflein_LlynCerrigBach-269">[269]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1947 </td> <td>1 January</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">British coal industry</a> is <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Industry_Nationalisation_Act_1946" title="Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946">Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946</a>; the move is unable to halt the decline in the Welsh coal mining industry and the repeated closure of Welsh collieries<a href="#cite_note-20Coal-250">[250]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June</td> <td>The first <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_International_Musical_Eisteddfod" title="Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod">International Musical Eisteddfod</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1948 </td> <td>1 July</td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_National_Museum_of_History" title="St Fagans National Museum of History">national open-air museum</a> (originally called the "Welsh Folk Museum") opens to the public at <a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_Castle" title="St Fagans Castle">St Fagans Castle</a> near Cardiff, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Plymouth" title="Earl of Plymouth">Earl of Plymouth</a> having donated the site to the <a href="/wiki/Amgueddfa_Cymru_%E2%80%93_National_Museum_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales">National Museum of Wales</a> in 1946<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 July</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> is established in the UK<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> as one of a series of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">welfare reforms</a> designed to guarantee basic levels of personal and social security after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1951 </td> <td>17 July </td> <td>Official opening of the Abbey Steelworks in <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>; the new steel production plant is fully operational within two years<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Port_Talbot-274">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 October </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snowdonia_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdonia National Park">Snowdonia National Park</a> is designated as the first <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in Wales; it has a total area of 823 square miles (2,130 km2) and incorporates <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a>, the highest mountain in Wales<a href="#cite_note-WelshNationalParksPack-275">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1952 </td> <td>29 February </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_National_Park" title="Pembrokeshire Coast National Park">Pembrokeshire Coast National Park</a> is designated as the second national park in Wales; noted for its spectacular coastline, the park covers a total area of 236 square miles (612 km2)<a href="#cite_note-WelshNationalParksPack-275">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 August </td> <td>Television becomes available in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> for the first time following the switching on of the <a href="/wiki/Wenvoe_transmitting_station" title="Wenvoe transmitting station">Wenvoe transmitting station</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 October </td> <td>Completion of Elan Valley Reservoirs project, with the official opening of the <a href="/wiki/Claerwen" title="Claerwen">Claerwen</a> dam by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td></td> <td>Further restoration work is carried out at <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a><a href="#cite_note-Conwy_Castle-125">[125]</a> on lease to the UK's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Works</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>20 December </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> is named the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of Wales<a href="#cite_note-CardiffCapCity-251">[251]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>17 April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons_National_Park" title="Brecon Beacons National Park">Brecon Beacons National Park</a> is designated as the third of three national park in Wales; incorporating <a href="/wiki/Pen_y_Fan" title="Pen y Fan">Pen y Fan</a>, the highest peak in south Wales, the park covers a total area of 520 square miles (1,347 km2)<a href="#cite_note-WelshNationalParksPack-275">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1958 </td> <td>14 January </td> <td>Independent television comes to Wales when <a href="/wiki/Television_Wales_and_the_West" title="Television Wales and the West">TWW</a> starts broadcasting across South Wales. Four years later, <a href="/wiki/Wales_West_and_North_Television" title="Wales West and North Television">Wales West and North Television</a> begins broadcasting to the northern areas of Wales. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a> is named <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> at the closing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">British Empire and Commonwealth Games</a> in Cardiff<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> (his <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture of the Prince of Wales">investiture</a> is delayed until July 1969) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1970 </td> <td></td> <td>Peak production at the Abbey Steelworks in <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot" title="Port Talbot">Port Talbot</a>: by the mid-1960s, the site has grown to be Europe's largest steel-producing complex and the largest single employer in Wales, with a <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> of over 18,000<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Port_Talbot-274">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1961 </td> <td></td> <td>Closure of the original steel mill at Port Talbot; the site is demolished a few years later<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Port_Talbot-274">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 August </td> <td>The Lower Swansea Valley Project is launched,<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> with the aim of reclaiming the land that has been devastated by industrial processes over the past two centuries; the land will eventually house new developments such as the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Quarter" title="Maritime Quarter">Maritime Quarter</a>, a shopping complex, sports complex and industrial park<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>4 August </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a> (Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg) is established, to campaign for the right of Welsh people to use the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> in every aspect of their lives<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>17 October </td> <td>The post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State for Wales</a> is created in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK government</a> when <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> appoints the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Jim Griffiths</a>, to the new role<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>21 October </td> <td>Official opening of the <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a> reservoir, created by flooding parts of the <a href="/wiki/Afon_Tryweryn" title="Afon Tryweryn">Afon Tryweryn</a> valley, including the village of <a href="/wiki/Capel_Celyn" title="Capel Celyn">Capel Celyn</a>, for supplying water to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a><a href="#cite_note-Llyn_Celyn-282">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1966 </td> <td>14 July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> gains its first seat in the UK Parliament, as <a href="/wiki/Gwynfor_Evans" title="Gwynfor Evans">Gwynfor Evans</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmarthen (UK Parliament constituency)">Carmarthen</a> bi-election<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 October </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a> kills 116 children and 28 adults<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td>27 July </td> <td>Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" title="Wales and Berwick Act 1746">Wales and Berwick Act 1746</a> that relate to the "dominion of Wales" are repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a>, allowing free use of the Welsh language in some political and legal proceedings<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>1 July </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a> <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales">is invested</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a>; the televised event attracts a world-wide audience of 500 million people, the largest TV audience ever gained for an event in Wales<a href="#cite_note-CharlesInvest-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td></td> <td>Opening of <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_Coast_Path" title="Pembrokeshire Coast Path">Pembrokeshire Coast Path</a>, a designated <a href="/wiki/National_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trail">National Trail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, southwest Wales; mostly a cliff-top walking route, the path measures a total distance of 186 miles (299 km)<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>10 July </td> <td>Official opening of <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke_Path" title="Offa's Dyke Path">Offa's Dyke Path</a>, a designated <a href="/wiki/National_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trail">National Trail</a> stretching for 177 miles (285 km) along the Wales–England border from the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Estuary" title="Severn Estuary">Severn Estuary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> coast, with a visitors' centre at the "half-way point" in <a href="/wiki/Knighton,_Powys" title="Knighton, Powys">Knighton, Powys</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>25 May </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Slate_Museum" title="National Slate Museum">National Slate Museum</a> opens to the public in <a href="/wiki/Llanberis" title="Llanberis">Llanberis</a>, Gwynedd<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>1 April </td> <td>Enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">communities</a><a href="#cite_note-lga1972-290">[290]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1976 </td> <td></td> <td>Opening of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Miners%27_Museum" title="South Wales Miners' Museum">South Wales Miners' Museum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Afan_Forest_Park" title="Afan Forest Park">Afan Forest Park</a>, the first mining museum in Wales<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Wool_Museum" title="National Wool Museum">National Wool Museum</a> is established at <a href="/wiki/Dre-fach_Felindre" title="Dre-fach Felindre">Dre-fach Felindre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>3 January </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> launches, and becomes the first broadcasting outlet dedicated wholly to programmes in Welsh. The service is part-time and restricted to breakfast shows, extended news bulletins at breakfast, lunchtime & early evening and a number of off-peak opt-outs from a sustaining Radio 4 Wales English-language feed. It isn't until the end of the decade that the station is on air for a significant number of hours each day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>23 November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a> launches on the former <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">Radio 4</a> Welsh medium wave opt-out wavelength, albeit initially with very limited broadcast hours due to very limited coverage of Radio 4 on FM in Wales. The establishment of a separate network becomes possible by the transfer of Radio 4 to a fully UK-wide network on moving from <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> to <a href="/wiki/Long_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Long wave">long wave</a>. Previously news bulletins for Wales were restricted to brief out-puts from Radio 4.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>1 March </td> <td>In the first <a href="/wiki/1979_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1979 Welsh devolution referendum">Welsh devolution referendum</a>, the electorate votes against establishing a devolved assembly<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>1 November </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> begins broadcasting as Wales' fourth television channel. The channel broadcasts Welsh programming during peaktime and airs programmes from <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, which launches the nest day, during off-peak hours.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum" title="Big Pit National Coal Museum">Big Pit National Coal Museum</a> opens to the public in <a href="/wiki/Blaenafon" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaenafon">Blaenafon</a>, southeast Wales<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>19 July </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> measuring 5.4 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a> strikes the <a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula" title="Llŷn Peninsula">Llŷn Peninsula</a> in Gwynedd, the largest earthquake to occur in the UK since instrumental measurements began<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd</a> is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the first <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1987 </td> <td>3 April </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay_Development_Corporation" title="Cardiff Bay Development Corporation">Cardiff Bay Development Corporation</a> is set up by the UK government to redevelop an area of Cardiff to produce <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skerries_Lighthouse" title="Skerries Lighthouse">Skerries Lighthouse</a> becomes fully automated<a href="#cite_note-Trinity_Skerries-205">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bodelwyddan_Castle" title="Bodelwyddan Castle">Bodelwyddan Castle</a>'s portrait gallery exhibition is named National Heritage <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Year" title="Museum of the Year">Museum of the Year</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>21 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a> (c. 38) (Welsh: Deddf Yr Iaith Gymraeg 1993) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales<a href="#cite_note-:1-300">[300]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swansea_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swansea City Council">Swansea City Council</a> saves <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Museum" title="Swansea Museum">Swansea Museum</a> from the threat of closure<a href="#cite_note-Swansea_Museum-301">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>18 September </td> <td>The second <a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">Welsh devolution referendum</a> results in a small majority in favour of forming a devolved assembly for Wales<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>31 July </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act</a> receives royal assent and becomes law, allowing a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> to be established following elections to be held in May 1999<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1999 </td> <td>6 May </td> <td>In the first <a href="/wiki/1999_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="1999 National Assembly for Wales election">National Assembly for Wales election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> wins the most seats but falls short of an overall majority, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority</a> Labour administration<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 May </td> <td>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, officially open the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">Welsh National Assembly</a> at <a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_Hywel" title="Tŷ Hywel">Crickhowell House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>, a symbolic transfer of legislative powers from <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a> to Wales<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 June </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</a>, the Welsh national stadium in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, opens in time to host the <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999 Rugby World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Stadium-303">[303]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%">Year</th> <th style="width:6%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">2000 </td> <td>June</td> <td>Don Wales (grandson of Sir <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Campbell" title="Malcolm Campbell">Malcolm Campbell</a>) sets a UK electric <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed record</a> of 137 mph (220 km/h) on <a href="/wiki/Pendine_Sands" title="Pendine Sands">Pendine Sands</a> in Bluebird Electric 2.<a href="#cite_note-Pendine_records-263">[263]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay_Development_Corporation" title="Cardiff Bay Development Corporation">Cardiff Bay Development Corporation</a> is dissolved, after the completion of a major regeneration project at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> officially opens the <a href="/wiki/National_Botanic_Garden_of_Wales" title="National Botanic Garden of Wales">National Botanic Garden of Wales</a>, which has been open to the public since 24 May.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penderyn_(whisky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penderyn (whisky)">Penderyn whisky</a> begins production at its distillery in the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons_National_Park" title="Brecon Beacons National Park">Brecon Beacons National Park</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Penderyn_Whiskey-306">[306]</a> this is the first commercially available malt whisky made in Wales since the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 October</td> <td>After operating as a minority government for seventeen months, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour Party</a> agrees to form a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats" title="Welsh Liberal Democrats">Welsh Liberal Democrats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">Welsh Assembly</a>;<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> the coalition agreement is officially signed twelve days later.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a> in southeast Wales is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the second <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glyndwr%27s_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndwr's Way">Glyndwr's Way</a>, a long-distance footpath in mid Wales, is granted <a href="/wiki/National_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trail">National Trail</a> status; the footpath runs for 135 miles (217 km) in an extended loop through <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a> between <a href="/wiki/Knighton,_Powys" title="Knighton, Powys">Knighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welshpool" title="Welshpool">Welshpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2001 </td> <td>1 June</td> <td>Official opening of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay_Barrage" title="Cardiff Bay Barrage">Cardiff Bay Barrage</a>, one of the largest civil engineering projects in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July</td> <td>Welsh communities pressure group <a href="/wiki/Cymuned" title="Cymuned">Cymuned</a> (meaning "Community") is launched at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Mynytho" title="Mynytho">Mynytho</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ll%C5%B7n_Peninsula" title="Llŷn Peninsula">Llŷn Peninsula</a>;<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> the group aims to protect and foster the Welsh language and way of life.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 September</td> <td>Actress <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Phillips" title="Siân Phillips">Siân Phillips</a> unveils a memorial statue to <a href="/wiki/Catrin_ferch_Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr">Catrin Glyndŵr</a> in London, to commemorate "Glyndwr Day".<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">2002 </td> <td>June</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Newport_Ship" title="Newport Ship">Newport Medieval Ship</a> is discovered on the west bank of the River Usk during construction of Newport's <a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Arts_Centre" title="Riverfront Arts Centre">Riverfront Arts Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 August</td> <td>Dr <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishop of Wales</a>, is honoured by admission to the <a href="/wiki/Gorsedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsedd">Gorsedd</a> of bards.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July/August</td> <td>Closure and demolition of <a href="/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_Steelworks" title="Ebbw Vale Steelworks">Ebbw Vale Steelworks</a>, resulting from the collapse of the international steel market.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 October</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Banc_Ty%27ndd%C3%B4l_sun-disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Banc Ty'nddôl sun-disc">Banc Ty'nddôl sun-disc</a> is recovered during archaeological excavations on a Bronze Age site at <a href="/wiki/Cwmystwyth" title="Cwmystwyth">Cwmystwyth</a> in central Wales.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 December</td> <td>Dr <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> is confirmed as the next <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> (to be enthroned in February). </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">2003 </td> <td></td> <td>The North Wales edition of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Post_(North_Wales)" title="Daily Post (North Wales)">Daily Post</a> separates from the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Daily_Post" title="Liverpool Daily Post">Liverpool Daily Post</a> to become a standalone title.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> (Liverpool edition has since ceased) </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 March</td> <td>The Cob at <a href="/wiki/Porthmadog" title="Porthmadog">Porthmadog</a> is purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Road_toll_(historical)" title="Road toll (historical)">road toll</a> is discontinued after 192 years.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 May</td> <td>The second <a href="/wiki/2003_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2003 National Assembly for Wales election">National Assembly for Wales election</a> is held, resulting in a minority government by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> who choose not to enter into another coalition agreement.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William, Duke of Cambridge">HRH Prince William of Wales</a> visits <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, to mark his 21st birthday (on 21 June).<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 August</td> <td>A memorial to <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a>, descendant of <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn the Great</a>, is unveiled at <a href="/wiki/Mortagne-sur-Gironde" title="Mortagne-sur-Gironde">Mortagne-sur-Gironde</a>, France.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November</td> <td>A£1.1 million <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">DTI</a> grant is awarded to Energybuild, the private owner of the <a href="/wiki/Aberpergwm" title="Aberpergwm">Aberpergwm</a> Colliery in the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Neath" title="Vale of Neath">Neath Valley</a>, to upgrade facilities and allow new coal reserves to be accessed.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Hoyle_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm">North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm</a>, Wales' first <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind farm</a>, commences operation.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2004 </td> <td>1 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penderyn_(whisky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penderyn (whisky)">Penderyn whisky</a> is officially launched in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">HRH Prince Charles</a>; demand is so high that the whisky sells out almost immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Penderyn_Whiskey-306">[306]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 March</td> <td>The market town of <a href="/wiki/Cowbridge" title="Cowbridge">Cowbridge</a>, one of the smallest and oldest <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">walled</a> towns in Wales, celebrates the 750th anniversary of its <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 November</td> <td>Official opening of the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre" title="Wales Millennium Centre">Wales Millennium Centre</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">arts centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">2005 </td> <td>29 January</td> <td>Cardiff's <a href="/wiki/David_Morgan_(department_store)" title="David Morgan (department store)">David Morgan</a> store, the largest independent <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> in Wales, closes after 125 years of trading.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum" title="Big Pit National Coal Museum">Big Pit National Coal Museum</a> wins the Gulbenkian Prize for <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Year" title="Museum of the Year">Museum of the Year</a> 2005.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 July</td> <td>Prince Charles opens a new building to house the <a href="/wiki/Narrow_Gauge_Railway_Museum" title="Narrow Gauge Railway Museum">Narrow Gauge Railway Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tywyn_Wharf_railway_station" title="Tywyn Wharf railway station">Tywyn Wharf railway station</a> in Gwynedd.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October</td> <td>A Welsh language version of <a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a> is marketed for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 October</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Waterfront_Museum" title="National Waterfront Museum">National Waterfront Museum</a> opens to the public in Swansea's <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Quarter" title="Maritime Quarter">Maritime Quarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool City Council</a> issues a formal apology for the <a href="/wiki/Cofiwch_Dryweryn" title="Cofiwch Dryweryn">flooding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afon_Tryweryn" title="Afon Tryweryn">Afon Tryweryn</a> valley to create the <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Celyn" title="Llyn Celyn">Llyn Celyn</a> reservoir in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Llyn_Celyn-282">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December</td> <td>Outlying properties in the <a href="/wiki/Nedd_Fechan" title="Nedd Fechan">Nedd Fechan</a> valley, near <a href="/wiki/Ystradfellte" title="Ystradfellte">Ystradfellte</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>, are connected to <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>, probably the last community in the whole of England and Wales to be wired.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2006 </td> <td>1 March</td> <td>The new National Assembly building opens in Cardiff Bay; designed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a> and costing £67m, it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Senedd_building" title="Senedd building">Senedd</a> (the Welsh word for "parliament").<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">Government of Wales Act 2006</a> comes into effect, conferring additional law-making powers on the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2007 </td> <td>1 April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prescription_charges" title="Prescription charges">Prescription charges</a> are abolished by <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">NHS Wales</a>;<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> is the first devolved government of the UK to remove these charges. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 May</td> <td>The third <a href="/wiki/2003_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2003 National Assembly for Wales election">National Assembly for Wales election</a> is held, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">relative majority</a> for <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> make considerable gains.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 June</td> <td>Labour and Plaid Cymru announce their intention to form a coalition government, and enter into the <a href="/wiki/One_Wales" title="One Wales">One Wales</a> agreement which includes holding a referendum on full law-making powers for the Welsh Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2008 </td> <td>25 January</td> <td>Official closure of <a href="/wiki/Tower_Colliery" title="Tower Colliery">Tower Colliery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cynon_Valley" title="Cynon Valley">Cynon Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales</a>, the last remaining deep <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mine</a> to be worked in the whole of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 June</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Castle" title="Cardiff Castle">Cardiff Castle</a> opens a new interpretation centre at a cost of £6 million.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 September</td> <td>Completion of the <a href="/wiki/The_Tower,_Meridian_Quay" title="The Tower, Meridian Quay">Meridian Tower</a> in Swansea's <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Quarter" title="Maritime Quarter">Maritime Quarter</a>; the Tower is the tallest building in Wales, standing at a height of 107 metres (351 feet).<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the National Assembly for Wales">AM</a> and Heritage Minister <a href="/wiki/Alun_Ffred_Jones" title="Alun Ffred Jones">Alun Ffred Jones</a> becomes the first person to use the Welsh language as a representative of the UK government at a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2009 </td> <td>27 June</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the third <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 October</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/St_David%27s,_Cardiff" title="St David's, Cardiff">St David's Centre</a> in Cardiff re-opens as <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_size" title="List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom by size">one of the largest shopping centres in the United Kingdom</a> after its multimillion-pound extension and the reconstruction of the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">2010 </td> <td>18 March</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marriage_(Wales)_Act_2010" title="Marriage (Wales) Act 2010">Marriage (Wales) Act 2010</a> brings the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>' marriage regulations into line with those of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_switchover_dates_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital switchover dates in the United Kingdom">Digital switchover</a> is completed in Wales when the analogue transmissions at <a href="/wiki/Wenvoe_transmitting_station" title="Wenvoe transmitting station">Wenvoe</a> are switched off. Consequently, S4C begins broadcasting solely in Welsh and the channel no longer carries Channel 4 programmes due to Channel 4 becoming available full-time across all of Wales for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 May</td> <td>Cardiff-born Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Gillan" title="Cheryl Gillan">Cheryl Gillan</a> is confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State for Wales</a> in the new UK government, the first woman to hold the post.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Learned_Society_of_Wales" title="Learned Society of Wales">Learned Society of Wales</a> is launched at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">National Museum</a> in Cardiff.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 June</td> <td>Barry-born <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> becomes Australia's first female prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Gillard_aph-345">[345]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2011 </td> <td>3 March</td> <td>A further <a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">Welsh devolution referendum</a> is held, which results in the Welsh Assembly receiving full law-making powers on all matters in the twenty fields (subject areas) where it has jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 May</td> <td>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2011 National Assembly for Wales election">2011 National Assembly for Wales election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> wins exactly half of the contested seats and regains overall power in the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 July</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff#National_Museum_of_Art" title="National Museum Cardiff">National Museum of Art</a> opens in Cardiff, created with £6.5m of private and Welsh Government funding.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October</td> <td>Wales becomes the first UK nation to introduce a minimum 5p charge on <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">single-use</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">plastic carrier bags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_devolutionSummary-293">[293]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">2012 </td> <td>April</td> <td>New visitor centre opens at <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26–27 April</td> <td>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> makes a two-day visit to South Wales as part of her <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee</a> tour; the visit includes engagements in <a href="/wiki/Llandaff" title="Llandaff">Llandaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margam" title="Margam">Margam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberfan" title="Aberfan">Aberfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebbw_Vale" title="Ebbw Vale">Ebbw Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glanusk_Park" title="Glanusk Park">Glanusk Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 May</td> <td>Opening of the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Coast_Path" title="Wales Coast Path">Wales Coast Path</a>, a long-distance walking route that closely follows the Welsh coastline for 861 miles (1,386 km).<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 May</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/London_2012_Olympic_Torch" title="London 2012 Olympic Torch">Olympic Torch</a> starts its five-day tour of Wales, as part of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay" title="2012 Summer Olympics torch relay">2012 Summer Olympics torch relay</a>; Gareth John, the chairman of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Disability_Sport_Wales" title="Federation of Disability Sport Wales">Disability Sport Wales</a>, is the first person to bring the torch onto Welsh soil.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 July</td> <td>The first events of the <a href="/wiki/London_2012_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012 Summer Olympics">London 2012 Summer Olympics</a> take place in Cardiff: two matches in the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament" title="Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament">women's football competition</a> are held at the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 November</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales_(Official_Languages)_Act_2012" title="National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012">National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012</a> receives <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>; the first bill to be passed under the assembly's new legislative powers, it gives the Welsh and English languages equal status in the assembly.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 December</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> retires from the position of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2013 </td> <td>February</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons_National_Park" title="Brecon Beacons National Park">Brecon Beacons National Park</a> is granted <a href="/wiki/International_Dark-Sky_Association#International_Dark_Sky_Reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="International Dark-Sky Association">International Dark Sky Reserve</a> status, to restrict artificial <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> above the park; it is the first such area in Wales, the second in the UK and only the fifth worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 July</td> <td>The Welsh Assembly <a href="/wiki/Human_Transplantation_(Wales)_Act_2013" title="Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013">brings into law</a> a presumed consent ("soft opt-out") <a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">organ donation</a> scheme,<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> (officially adopted in December 2015). </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 September</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> passes a bill that will allow <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">women to be consecrated as bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 October</td> <td>On the centenary of <a href="/wiki/Senghenydd_colliery_disaster" title="Senghenydd colliery disaster">Britain's worst-ever mining disaster</a>, the Welsh National Mining Memorial is unveiled within a dedicated garden at <a href="/wiki/Senghenydd" title="Senghenydd">Senghenydd</a>, in memory of all those who have died in the Welsh mines.<a href="#cite_note-Coflein_Senghenydd-258">[258]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2014 </td> <td></td> <td>Excavations carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Clwyd-Powys_Archaeological_Trust" title="Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust">Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust</a>, on parts of <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chirk" title="Chirk">Chirk</a>, place construction in the period 541–651 AD, with lower layers dating to as early as 430 AD, suggesting that the Dyke may have been a long-term project by several <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercian</a> kings.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_OffasDyke2014-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29–30 April</td> <td>Queen Elizabeth II visits South Wales, two years after her previous visit for the Diamond Jubilee; her two-day itinerary includes <a href="/wiki/Narberth,_Pembrokeshire" title="Narberth, Pembrokeshire">Narberth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picton_Castle" title="Picton Castle">Picton Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke Dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Mynach" title="Ystrad Mynach">Ystrad Mynach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llantwit_Major" title="Llantwit Major">Llantwit Major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4–5 September</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/2014_Wales_summit" title="2014 Wales summit">2014 NATO Summit</a> is held at the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Manor_Resort" title="Celtic Manor Resort">Celtic Manor Resort</a> in Newport; it is the first NATO summit to be held in the UK since 1990 and the first held anywhere in the UK other than London.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2015 </td> <td>15 April</td> <td>After a £12m restoration project, <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Castle" title="Cardigan Castle">Cardigan Castle</a> reopens as a heritage attraction and events venue.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> approves a new £181 million range of petrol engines to be built at its <a href="/wiki/Ford_Bridgend_Engine_Plant" title="Ford Bridgend Engine Plant">car manufacturing plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgend" title="Bridgend">Bridgend</a>, South Wales, securing 750 skilled jobs at the facility; production of the new engines will begin in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 December</td> <td>Wales becomes the first nation in the UK to introduce a presumed consent scheme for organ donation, whereby adults are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consenting</a> to become donors unless they have specifically opted out.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2016 </td> <td>January</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</a>, home of Welsh rugby, is renamed the Principality Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Stadium-303">[303]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 June</td> <td>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>, a 52.5% majority of voters in Wales vote to leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, with 47.5% voting to remain.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2017 </td> <td>22 February</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> confirms that MPs will be permitted in future to use the Welsh language during meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Grand_Committee" title="Welsh Grand Committee">Welsh Grand Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a> announces its intention to invest £30m in its <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_Steelworks" title="Port Talbot Steelworks">Port Talbot Steelworks</a>, in a bid to safeguard the jobs of 4,000 employees at the plant, following plans to merge with German steel manufacturer <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2018 </td> <td>20 March</td> <td>Planning permission is granted by <a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot_County_Borough_Council" title="Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council">Neath Port Talbot Council</a> to restart coal production at <a href="/wiki/Aberpergwm" title="Aberpergwm">Aberpergwm</a> Colliery, the last surviving <a href="/wiki/Drift_mining" title="Drift mining">drift mine</a> in Wales, after operations were previously suspended in July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a> attends a lowkey ceremony to rename the <a href="/wiki/Second_Severn_Crossing" title="Second Severn Crossing">Second Severn Crossing</a> as the "Prince of Wales Bridge", a move which is widely disliked by the Welsh public.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2019 </td> <td>January</td> <td>Completion of a major blast furnace upgrade at the Port Talbot Steelworks after a £50m investment by Tata Steel; this follows years of uncertainty at the plant, with particular concerns over the UK's withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 June</td> <td>Ford announces that its <a href="/wiki/Ford_Bridgend_Engine_Plant" title="Ford Bridgend Engine Plant">Bridgend Engine Plant</a> will close in September 2020, with the loss of 1,700 jobs, blaming reduced global demand for the <a href="/wiki/Ford_EcoBoost_engine" title="Ford EcoBoost engine">Ford GTDi 1.5-litre engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Fagans_National_Museum_of_History" title="St Fagans National Museum of History">St Fagans National Museum of History</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Year" title="Museum of the Year">Museum of the Year</a> award for 2019.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">2020 </td> <td>13 January</td> <td>The Welsh Government approves the construction of a new bridge across the <a href="/wiki/River_Dyfi" title="River Dyfi">river Dyfi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Machynlleth" title="Machynlleth">Machynlleth</a>, at a cost of £46 million.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 January</td> <td>The Slate Landscape of North West Wales is nominated by the UK government for consideration as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 February</td> <td>Authorities confirm the first case of <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> in Wales, an individual who recently returned from holiday in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 March</td> <td>The Welsh Government announces that all schools in Wales will close from the end of the week as a measure to help contain the spread of COVID-19 in Wales;<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> the school closure lasts until the end of June.<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 April</td> <td>The new, temporary, <a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital" title="Dragon's Heart Hospital">Dragon's Heart Hospital</a> opens at Cardiff's <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</a> to admit its first COVID-19 patients.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 May</td> <td>The National Assembly for Wales becomes "<a href="/wiki/Senedd_Cymru_%E2%80%93_Welsh_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament">Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament</a>" and its members become "Members of the Senedd" (MS) (Aelodau o'r Senedd (AS) in Welsh).<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 September</td> <td>Ford's Bridgend Engine Plant closes for decommissioning, ending 40 years of engine production at the site.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>28 July</td> <td>The Slate Landscape of North West Wales is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, making it the fourth <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2022 </td> <td>8 September</td> <td>Charles, Prince of Wales, becomes King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Charles III of the United Kingdom</a> following the death of his mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a>, the elder son of King Charles III, is confirmed as the new <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. His wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 September</td> <td>King Charles III pays his first visit to Wales as monarch, to meet political leaders and attend a religious service.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CA_2007-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CA_2007_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm">"Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!"</a>. archaeology.co.uk website. Current Archaeology. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archaeology.co.uk+website&rft.atitle=Welsh+skeleton+re-dated%3A+even+older%21&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fwelsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"> : see <a href="/wiki/Red_Lady_of_Paviland" title="Red Lady of Paviland">Red Lady of Paviland</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_news-2"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_news_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm">"Ancient skeleton was 'even older'"</a>. BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+skeleton+was+%27even+older%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fsouth_west%2F7069001.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard200113–25-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard200113–25_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard2001">Pollard 2001</a>, pp. 13–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-GGAT_72-4"><a href="#cite_ref-GGAT_72_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf">"GGAT 72 Overviews"</a> (PDF). A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. 2003. p. 47. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Report+for+Cadw+by+Edith+Evans+BA+PhD+MIFA+and+Richard+Lewis+BA&rft.atitle=GGAT+72+Overviews&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggat.org.uk%2Fcadw%2Fcadw_reports%2Fpdfs%2FGGAT%252072%2520Overviews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coflein_PentreIfan-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_PentreIfan_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coflein_PentreIfan_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRCAHMW101450" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/101450/">"Pentre Ifan Chambered Tomb, Near Nevern (101450)"</a>. Coflein. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales" title="Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales">RCAHMW</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Prince+and+Princess+of+Wales%3A+William+and+Catherine+to+%27carve+their+own+future%27&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft.aulast=Zeldin-O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft.au=Morris%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2022%2Fsep%2F10%2Fwilliam-and-catherine-named-prince-and-princess-of-wales-king-charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-62864054">"King Charles III: First visit to Wales as the King announced"</a>. BBC News. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Charles+III%3A+First+visit+to+Wales+as+the+King+announced&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-62864054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Welsh_history&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldhouse-Green/Howell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Aldhouse-Green, Miranda</a>; Howell, Ray (June 2004). Gwent in Prehistory and Early History: Gwent County History. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1826-3"><bdi>978-0-7083-1826-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gwent+in+Prehistory+and+Early+History%3A+Gwent+County+History&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2004-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1826-3&rft.aulast=Aldhouse-Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft.au=Howell%2C+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison1991" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Ronald (1991). Sarah Riddell (ed.). The Royal Encyclopedia (first ed.). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53810-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53810-4"><bdi>978-0-333-53810-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-333-53810-4&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbee2007" class="citation book cs1">Ashbee, Jeremy A. (December 2007). Conwy Castle. Cardiff, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a> Welsh Historic Monuments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-259-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-259-3"><bdi>978-1-85760-259-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conwy+Castle&rft.place=Cardiff%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cadw+Welsh+Historic+Monuments&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-1-85760-259-3&rft.aulast=Ashbee&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes/Lapidge1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a> (January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse">Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred+%26+Other+Contemporary+Sources&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1984-01&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044409-4&rft.au=Asser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredgreatasser0000asse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1994" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, John C. (December 1994). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragments_from_Antiquity">Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900–1200 BC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18954-1"><bdi>978-0-631-18954-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+from+Antiquity%3A+An+Archaeology+of+Social+Life+in+Britain%2C+2900%E2%80%931200+BC&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1994-12&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18954-1&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFragments_from_Antiquity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrum1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bartrum" title="Peter Bartrum">Bartrum, Peter C.</a> (January 1993). A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History & Legend up to About A.D. 1000. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">National Library of Wales</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907158-73-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907158-73-8"><bdi>978-0-907158-73-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Welsh+Classical+Dictionary%3A+People+in+History+%26+Legend+up+to+About+A.D.+1000&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Wales&rft.date=1993-01&rft.isbn=978-0-907158-73-8&rft.aulast=Bartrum&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone/Stewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Blackstone, William; Stewart, James (December 2010) [1839]. The rights of persons, according to the text of Blackstone: incorporating the alterations down to the present time. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-240-18846-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-240-18846-8"><bdi>978-1-240-18846-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rights+of+persons%2C+according+to+the+text+of+Blackstone%3A+incorporating+the+alterations+down+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2010-12&rft.isbn=978-1-240-18846-8&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Stewart%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne/Griffiths2008" class="citation book cs1">Browne, David & <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Griffiths" title="Ralph A. Griffiths">Griffiths, Ralph A.</a> (December 2008). "Chapter 3: One hundred Years of Investigation". In Wakelin, Peter (ed.). Hidden Histories: Discovering the Heritage of Wales. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Books_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Books Council">Welsh Books Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/RCAHMW" class="mw-redirect" title="RCAHMW">RCAHMW</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871184-35-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871184-35-8"><bdi>978-1-871184-35-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+One+hundred+Years+of+Investigation&rft.btitle=Hidden+Histories%3A+Discovering+the+Heritage+of+Wales&rft.pub=Welsh+Books+Council+%2F+RCAHMW&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=978-1-871184-35-8&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Ralph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2007" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Lawrence A. S. (December 2007). Denbigh Castle. <a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a> Welsh Historic Monuments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-238-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-238-8"><bdi>978-1-85760-238-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denbigh+Castle&rft.pub=Cadw+Welsh+Historic+Monuments&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-1-85760-238-8&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, Thomas M.</a> (February 2013). Wales and the Britons, 350–1064. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821731-2"><bdi>978-0-19-821731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+and+the+Britons%2C+350%E2%80%931064&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821731-2&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Davies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (January 1994). A History of Wales (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9098-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1994-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9098-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._R._Davies2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rees_Davies" title="Rees Davies">Davies, Robert Rees</a> (December 2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415. 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Edward II (The English Monarchs Series). <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17802-9"><bdi>978-0-300-17802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+II+%28The+English+Monarchs+Series%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17802-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pollard" title="Joshua Pollard">Pollard, Joshua</a> (December 2001). 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Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07369-1"><bdi>978-0-224-07369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justinian%27s+Flea%3A+Plague%2C+Empire+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-0-224-07369-1&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlands1994" class="citation book cs1">Rowlands, Michael L. J. (April 1994). Monnow Bridge and Gate. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Sutton Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0415-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0415-5"><bdi>978-0-7509-0415-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monnow+Bridge+and+Gate&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1994-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-0415-5&rft.aulast=Rowlands&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2010" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (August 2010) [2009]. The Wars of the Roses: England's First Civil War. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Abacus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11790-4"><bdi>978-0-349-11790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses%3A+England%27s+First+Civil+War&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2010-08&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11790-4&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Saul" title="Nigel Saul">Saul, Nigel</a> (May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardii00saul">Richard II (The English Monarchs Series)</a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07003-3"><bdi>978-0-300-07003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+II+%28The+English+Monarchs+Series%29&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997-05&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07003-3&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardii00saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank M.</a> (September 2001) [1971]. Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakacs/Cline2008" class="citation book cs1">Takacs, Sarolta Anna; <a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Cline, Eric H.</a> (March 2008). The Ancient World. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8082-2"><bdi>978-0-7656-8082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8082-2&rft.aulast=Takacs&rft.aufirst=Sarolta+Anna&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Taylor" title="A. J. Taylor">Taylor, Arnold J.</a> (December 1999) [1980]. Beaumaris Castle (5th, revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a> Welsh Historic Monuments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-208-1"><bdi>978-1-85760-208-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beaumaris+Castle&rft.edition=5th%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cadw+Welsh+Historic+Monuments&rft.date=1999-12&rft.isbn=978-1-85760-208-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Arnold J. (December 2007). Harlech Castle. Cadw Welsh Historic Monuments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85760-257-9"><bdi>978-1-85760-257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlech+Castle&rft.pub=Cadw+Welsh+Historic+Monuments&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-1-85760-257-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (August 2006). Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England. London: <a href="/wiki/Pimlico_(publishing_imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimlico (publishing imprint)">Pimlico</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-4194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-4194-4"><bdi>978-0-7126-4194-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabella%3A+She-Wolf+of+France%2C+Queen+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2006-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-4194-4&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(historian)" title="David Williams (historian)">Williams, David</a> (1950). A Short History of Modern Wales (First ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-1531-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-1531-6"><bdi>978-0-7195-1531-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Modern+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-1531-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glyndwr_Williams" title="Glyndwr Williams">Williams, Glyn</a> (1975). The desert and the Dream: A study of Welsh Colonization in Chubut, 1865–1915. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0579-9"><bdi>978-0-7083-0579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+desert+and+the+Dream%3A+A+study+of+Welsh+Colonization+in+Chubut%2C+1865%E2%80%931915&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-0579-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams_(Ysgafell)" title="Jane Williams (Ysgafell)">Williams (Ysgafell), Jane</a> (November 2010) [1869]. A History of Wales: Derived from Authentic Sources. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02085-5"><bdi>978-1-108-02085-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales%3A+Derived+from+Authentic+Sources&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-108-02085-5&rft.aulast=Williams+%28Ysgafell%29&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Welsh+history" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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