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<li id="toc-Early_history_of_the_castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history_of_the_castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history of the castle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history_of_the_castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_to_16th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_to_16th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>15th to 16th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_to_16th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_to_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_to_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>18th to 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_to_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gatehouse_and_Closet_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gatehouse_and_Closet_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gatehouse and Closet Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gatehouse_and_Closet_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitched_Stone_Court_and_Fountain_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitched_Stone_Court_and_Fountain_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pitched Stone Court and Fountain Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitched_Stone_Court_and_Fountain_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Great Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Landscape and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Raglan Castle" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell_Rhaglan" title="Castell Rhaglan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Castell Rhaglan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raglan Castle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raglan Castle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Raglan" title="Château de Raglan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Château de Raglan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raglan Castle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raglan Castle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo_de_Raglan" title="Castelo de Raglan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Castelo de Raglan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Раглан (замок) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раглан (замок)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_Raglan" title="Grad Raglan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grad Raglan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglanin_linna" title="Raglanin linna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raglanin linna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_Castle" title="Raglan Castle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raglan Castle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="拉格蘭城堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉格蘭城堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raglan_Castle&params=51.7703_N_2.8521_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°46′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°51′08″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.7703°N 2.8521°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.7703; -2.8521</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Late medieval castle in Monmouthshire, Wales</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Raglan Castle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, Wales </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg/220px-Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg/330px-Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg/440px-Raglan_Castle%27s_main_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Raglan Castle, main gatehouse, south-east front</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:200px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:200px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raglan Castle is located in Monmouthshire"><img alt="Raglan Castle is located in Monmouthshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg/200px-Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg/300px-Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg/400px-Monmouthshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.94%;left:57.983%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Raglan Castle"><img alt="Raglan Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Raglan Castle</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raglan_Castle&params=51.7703_N_2.8521_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°46′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°51′08″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.7703°N 2.8521°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.7703; -2.8521</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Grid_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid reference">Grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">grid reference</a> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raglan_Castle&params=51.770282_N_2.852091_W_region:GB_scale:25000">SO413083</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Duke of Beaufort">Duke of Beaufort</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Open to<br />the public</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Redbrook" title="Redbrook">Redbrook</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath Stone">Bath Stone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data">Siege of 1646 during the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">2101</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">9 February 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">MM005</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #1E8C00; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Cadw/ICOMOS_Register_of_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Special_Historic_Interest_in_Wales" title="Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales">Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">PGW(Gt)42(MON)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Listing</th><td class="infobox-data">Grade I</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raglan Castle</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Castell Rhaglan</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> located just north of the village of <a href="/wiki/Raglan,_Monmouthshire" title="Raglan, Monmouthshire">Raglan</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> in south east <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. The modern castle dates from between the 15th and early 17th centuries, when the successive ruling families of the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Herbert" title="Baron Herbert">Herberts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Duke of Beaufort">Somersets</a> created a luxurious, fortified castle, complete with a large hexagonal <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a>, known as the Great Tower or the Yellow Tower of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a>. Surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park">parkland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrace_garden" title="Terrace garden">terraces</a>, the castle was considered by contemporaries to be the equal of any other in England or Wales. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>, Raglan was occupied by a <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> garrison on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> but was taken by <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> forces in 1646 and its walls <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a>, or deliberately put beyond military use. After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a> in 1660, the Somersets declined to restore it and it became first a source of local building materials, then a <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> ruin. It is now a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_of_the_castle">Early history of the castle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history of the castle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Norman invasion of Wales, the area around the village of <a href="/wiki/Raglan,_Monmouthshire" title="Raglan, Monmouthshire">Raglan</a> was granted to <a href="/wiki/William_FitzOsbern,_1st_Earl_of_Hereford" title="William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford">William FitzOsbern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Hereford" title="Earl of Hereford">Earl of Hereford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians, such as John Kenyon, suspect that an early <a href="/wiki/Motte_and_bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte and bailey">motte and bailey</a> castle may have been built on the Raglan site during this period: the location had strategic importance and archaeologists have discovered the remains of a possible bailey ditch on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local manor was held by the Bloet family from the late 12th century until the late 14th century, and the family built a manor house somewhere on the site during this period, surrounded by a park.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late medieval period the Raglan site was surrounded by the large <a href="/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park">deer parks</a> of Home Park and Red Deer Park, the latter being enclosed at the end of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_to_16th_centuries">15th to 16th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 15th to 16th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raglan_Reconstruction.jpg/220px-Raglan_Reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Raglan_Reconstruction.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of Raglan Castle around 1620</figcaption></figure> <p>The current Raglan Castle was begun by <a href="/wiki/William_ap_Thomas" title="William ap Thomas">Sir William ap Thomas</a>, the lesser son of a minor Welsh family who rose through the ranks of mid-15th century politics, profiting from the benefits of the local offices he held.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William married first Elizabeth, a wealthy heiress, and then Gwladus, another heiress who would prove to be a powerful regional figure in her own right.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1432, <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> William purchased the manor of Raglan, where he had already been staying as a tenant, for 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (money)">marks</a> (£666 13s 4d) and commenced a programme of building work that established the basic shape of the castle as seen today, although most of it—with the exception of the South Gate and the Great Tower—was later built over.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir William's son dropped the Welsh version of his name, calling himself <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(1423%E2%80%931469)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1423–1469)">William Herbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to rise in prominence, supporting the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Roses">War of the Roses</a>, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a> in France but making his fortune from the <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascon</a> wine trade.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also closely associated with Welsh politics and status; he was the first Welshman to be made an earl and was described by contemporary poets as the "national deliverer" who might achieve Welsh independence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1460s William used his increasing wealth to remodel Raglan on a much grander scale.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbolism of the castle architecture may have reflected the Welsh family roots: historian Matthew Johnson has suggested that the polygonal towers were possibly designed to imitate those of <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a>, whose architecture carries numerous allusions to the eventual return of a Roman Emperor to Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Anthony Emery has described the resulting castle as one of the "last formidable displays of medieval defensive architecture".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an important link between Raglan Castle and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park">parkland</a>, in particular the Home Park and the Red Deer Park.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Robert Liddiard suggests that on the basis of the views from the castle at this time, the structured nature of the parks would have contrasted with the wilderness of the mountain peaks framing the scene beyond, making an important statement about the refinement and cultured nature of the castle lord.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century there were also extensive orchards and fish ponds surrounding the castle, favourably commented upon by contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P11_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg/220px-Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg/330px-Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg/440px-Raglan_Castle_Gatehouse_and_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>The state apartments (left), library (centre) and gatehouse (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>William Herbert was executed as a Yorkist supporter in 1469 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote_Moor" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Edgecote Moor">Battle of Edgecote Moor</a>. Building work may have stopped for a period under his son, also called <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert</a>, before recommencing in the late 1470s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1492, the castle passed to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Somerset,_Baroness_Herbert" title="Elizabeth Somerset, Baroness Herbert">Elizabeth Somerset</a>, William Herbert's daughter, who married Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Somerset,_1st_Earl_of_Worcester" title="Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester">Charles Somerset</a>, passing the castle into a new family line.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir Charles Somerset was politically successful under both <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, being made the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Worcester" title="Earl of Worcester">Earl of Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_2nd_Earl_of_Worcester" title="Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester">Henry Somerset</a>, died shortly after inheriting Raglan, but not before using <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> reclaimed from <a href="/wiki/Tintern_Abbey" title="Tintern Abbey">Tintern Abbey</a> to help the building work at Raglan Castle during the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son and grandson, <a href="/wiki/William_Somerset,_3rd_Earl_of_Worcester" title="William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester">William Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Somerset,_4th_Earl_of_Worcester" title="Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester">Edward Somerset</a>, proved to be what John Kenyon describes as "wealthy, brilliant and cultured men".<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William rebuilt much of the Pitched Stone Court, including the hall, adding the Long Gallery and developing the gardens into the new <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somerset family owned two key castles in the region, Raglan and <a href="/wiki/Chepstow_Castle" title="Chepstow Castle">Chepstow</a>, and these appeared to have figured prominently as important status symbols in paintings owned by the family.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png/220px-Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png/330px-Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png/440px-Raglan_Castle_Civil_War_bastons.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph, showing the defences constructed during the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>; red and blue triangles represent the location of Parliamentarian and Royalist earthwork <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>; A and B indicate the locations of the Parliamentary and Royalist artillery batteries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward Somerset made minor improvements to the interior of the castle at the start of the 17th century, but focused primarily on the exterior, expanding and developing the gardens and building the moat walk around the Great Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting gardens were considered the equal of any others in the kingdom at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon inheriting Raglan in 1628, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_1st_Marquess_of_Worcester" title="Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester">Henry Somerset</a>, then the 5th Earl of Worcester, continued to live a grand lifestyle in the castle in the 1630s, with a host of staff, including a steward, Master of Horse, Master of Fishponds, surveyors, auditors, ushers, a falconer and many footmen.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior walls were hung with rich tapestries from <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> in France, while an inventory taken in 1639 recorded a large number of silver and gilt plate kept in the Great Tower, including an ostrich egg cup,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a silver basket for oranges and lemons, then luxury items in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead was a popular drink in the castle, but contemporaries described the castle as being a particular sober and respectful community.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry developed the entrance route to the castle, including building the Red Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P18_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Edward_Somerset,_2nd_Marquess_of_Worcester" title="Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester">Edward, Lord Herbert</a> became famous for building a "<a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">water commanding machine</a>" in the Great Tower, which used steam to pump a huge spout of water high into the air from the moat.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P18_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1642 the First English Civil War began between <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalist</a> supporters of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a>. Raglan Castle was still held by Henry, then an elderly man, supported by his son, Lord Herbert.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men were firm royalists.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Charles sent his own son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a>, on a fund-raising tour of friendly regions, starting with Raglan Castle in October 1642, following which Henry was promoted to be the first <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquess of Worcester">Marquess of Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions grew in the immediate region, partially driven by religious tensions between some of the more <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> local people and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Marquess; on one of these occasions a local group attempted to search the castle, but were reportedly driven away by the sudden noise of Lord Herbert's steam-engine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defences of Raglan were improved after this, with <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">modern earthwork</a> <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> built around the castle and a <a href="/wiki/Powder_mill" title="Powder mill">powder mill</a> created; a garrison of around 300 men was established at a cost of £40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavier cannon were installed in the bastions, with lighter pieces placed in the castle towers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord Herbert left the castle to join the campaign against Parliament, returning at intervals to acquire more funds for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles I himself visited the castle twice, first in June 1645 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby" title="Battle of Naseby">battle of Naseby</a> and again in 1646, when he enjoyed playing <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a> on the castle's green.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royalist cause was now close to military collapse, and the Marquess started to send some valuables, including the oak panelling from the parlour, some plaster ceiling and many pictures, to his brother at nearby <a href="/wiki/Troy_House" title="Troy House">Troy House</a> for safe-keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Herbert was captured in Ireland, and an attack on Raglan itself appeared imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_hexagonal_Great_Tower,_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_hexagonal_Great_Tower%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg/220px-The_hexagonal_Great_Tower%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_hexagonal_Great_Tower%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg/330px-The_hexagonal_Great_Tower%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_hexagonal_Great_Tower%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg/440px-The_hexagonal_Great_Tower%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a> side of the Great Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>In expectation of a siege, the castle garrison was increased to around 800 soldiers; the avenue of trees outside the castle gates were cut down, and neighbouring buildings destroyed to prevent their being used by Parliamentary forces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large amounts of food were brought in to support the growing castle community, which also included a number of the wider Herbert family and other regional Royalist leaders who had sought shelter there.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP9_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP9-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Parliamentary army arrived in early June, under the command of Colonel Morgan and Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Trevor_Williams,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Trevor Williams, 1st Baronet">Trevor Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several calls for the castle to surrender, a siege ensued, lasting through the summer months.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP9_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP9-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, additional Parliamentarian forces under General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Fairfax</a> arrived, and calls for the castle to surrender were renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP11_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fairfax's men began to dig trenches towards the castle, and used these to move <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> forward, probably including the famous "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_Meg_(cannon)" title="Roaring Meg (cannon)">Roaring Meg</a>", bringing the interior of the castle into artillery range.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP11_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing a hopeless situation, the Marquess surrendered the castle on 19 August on relatively generous terms for the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP11_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marquess himself was arrested and sent to <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where he died shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP11_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informed shortly before his death that Parliament had granted his request to be buried in the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">family vault</a> at Windsor, the Marquess remarked; "Why then I shall have a better castle when I am dead, than they took from me when alive."<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkP64_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkP64-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_(0245).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Raglan_Castle_%280245%29.jpg/220px-Raglan_Castle_%280245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Raglan_Castle_%280245%29.jpg/330px-Raglan_Castle_%280245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Raglan_Castle_%280245%29.jpg/440px-Raglan_Castle_%280245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The buttress in the Pitched Stone Court was damaged during the slighting of the castle. Archaeologist Lila Rakoczy suggested that the depth of the stone being removed indicates that a statue or decorative form of stone was originally present, and the removal of high-status and visually prominent material would have been a symbolic act.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fairfax ordered the castle to be totally destroyed under the supervision of Henry Herbert, a descendant of William ap Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP12_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortifications proved too strong, however, and only a few of the walls were destroyed, or <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TribeP12_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribeP12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Matthew Johnson describes the event as having the atmosphere of a "community festival", as local people dredged the castle moat in search of treasure, and emptied the fishponds of valuable <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Raglan_Library" title="Raglan Library">castle's library</a>, including an important collection of Welsh documents and books, was either stolen or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.20_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite some immediate confiscations after the siege, by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, the Somerset family had managed to recover most of their possessions, including Raglan Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P22_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_1st_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset</a>, the 3rd Marquess, decided to prioritise the rebuilding of his other houses at <a href="/wiki/Troy_House" title="Troy House">Troy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badminton_House" title="Badminton House">Badminton</a>, rather than Raglan, reusing some of the property sent away for safety before the war, or salvaged after the slighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P22_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_to_21st_centuries">18th to 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th to 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_(3375041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Raglan_Castle_%283375041%29.jpg/220px-Raglan_Castle_%283375041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Raglan_Castle_%283375041%29.jpg/330px-Raglan_Castle_%283375041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Raglan_Castle_%283375041%29.jpg/440px-Raglan_Castle_%283375041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the state of the castle in 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>For the first half of the 18th century, the castle continued to deteriorate, with the Somerset family allowing their stewards to quarry stone from the castle for the repair of other estate buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particular estate surveyor called Hopkins became known as the "Grand Dilapidator", due to the number of chimneys, window frames and staircases he had removed from the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P23-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset</a>, the 5th Duke, finally put an end to this practice in 1756, and the castle became a tourist attraction, part of the popular <a href="/wiki/Wye_Tour" title="Wye Tour">Wye Tour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P23-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seats, fences and bridges were installed, and the first guidebook to the site was published in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P23-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg/220px-Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg/330px-Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg/440px-Ragland_castle_on_porcelain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Hall was temporarily re-roofed in the 1820s, when the castle was used for a "Grand Entertainment" by the Somersets, and in 1830 <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Wyattville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Wyattville">Jeffrey Wyattville</a> was employed to reinstate the Grand Staircase.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Monmouthshire antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradney" title="Joseph Bradney">Joseph Bradney</a> recorded a visit to the castle by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queen Alexandra</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess</a> of Wales, in October 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradney1992P31_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradney1992P31-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_10th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset</a>, the 10th Duke, entrusted guardianship of Raglan Castle to the <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">Commissioner of Works</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2000P491_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2000P491-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the castle became a permanent tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P23-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the castle is classed as a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Monument">Scheduled Monument</a>, administered by <a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2003 and 2007 Cambrian Archaeological Projects led excavations at the castle in advance of a planned new visitor centre.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raglan_diagram.png/220px-Raglan_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raglan_diagram.png/330px-Raglan_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raglan_diagram.png/440px-Raglan_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the castle, after <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Welby_Northmore_Pugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a>: A – Great Tower; B – Moat; C – Gatehouse and bridge; D – Closet Tower; E – Pitched Stone Court; F – Office wing; G – Pantry; H – Kitchen; I – Parlour; J – Hall; K – Buttery; L – Long Gallery; M – Fountain Court; N – Apartments; O – South Gate and bridge; P – Moat walk</figcaption></figure> <p>Raglan Castle was built in several phases, initial work occurring in the 1420s and 1430s, a major phase in the 1460s, with various alterations and additions at the end of the 16th century. The castle was built in stone, initially pale <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Redbrook" title="Redbrook">Redbrook</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstone</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bath_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath Stone">Bath Stone</a> used for many of the detailed features.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like similar properties of the period, the castle of the 1460s was almost certainly designed to be approached and entered in a particular way, maximising the aesthetic and political value of the fortification.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP85_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP85-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Raglan, the design highlighted the Great Tower: a typical senior visitor would ride through <a href="/wiki/Raglan,_Monmouthshire" title="Raglan, Monmouthshire">Raglan</a> village, and first the tower and then the rest of the castle would appear suddenly over the slight rise on the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP85_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP85-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visitor would have needed to circle the Great Tower and the moat, before coming in through the gatehouse, into the Pitched Stone Court, around the edge of the communal hall, before reaching the previously hidden, and more refined, inner Fountain Court.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP86-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only then would a privileged guest be able to enter the Great Tower itself, overlooking the Herbert family's own chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP86-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many less senior visitors or servants would never have entered this far, seeing only the external elements of the castle, but perhaps having been impressed by the outside of the Great Tower as they arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP86-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been much discussion amongst academics about the extent to which Raglan was influenced by contemporary French designs; one school of thought suggests that it was heavily influenced by designs that were then popular in the south of France; others oppose this "diffusionist" school of thought, and argue that there is insufficient evidence to draw such a conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery2006P291_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery2006P291-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another line of debate has been over the nature of the castle's defences, in particular its <a href="/wiki/Gunloop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunloop">gunloops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many castles built around the same time as Raglan appear to have been built with less concern for defences than in the past, their military features more symbolic than real. At Raglan, there are numerous gunloops throughout the castle's defences, but many were ill-placed if the intention was to use them in a conflict; some could barely have been used at all.<sup id="cite_ref-KingP168_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingP168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, an evolutionary explanation for this was given: Raglan's gunloops were of an early period, later surpassed in other castles.<sup id="cite_ref-KingP168_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingP168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent explanations emphasise the prestigious symbolism of gunloops for the Herbert family when they built the castle, even if many might have been impossible to use.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthony Emery notes that Raglan's gunloops were better sited than many at the time, and at least "the owner was up to date in his symbolism"; Robert Liddiard suggests that the poor placing of some of the gunloops for aesthetic purposes might have actually been a conversation point for those visitors with experience of fighting in France and the "correct" placing of such defences.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gatehouse_and_Closet_Tower">Gatehouse and Closet Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gatehouse and Closet Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three-storey gatehouse to Raglan Castle dates from the 1460s and is approached over a stone bridge restored in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characterised by extensive <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">machicolations</a> and gunloops, the gatehouse would originally have had a twin-set of <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullises</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawbridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention of the design was at least partially defensive, but was also intended to provide a dramatic and impressive entrance for senior visitors to the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P27_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P27-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper part of the gatehouse provided chambers for the constable of the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately to the west of the gatehouse was the castle library, once famous for its collection of Welsh literature.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the east side of the gatehouse is the three-storey Closet Tower; this was designed to be integral to the gatehouse, and may have contained the original castle treasury, conveniently accessible by the constable.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P30_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P30-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Closet Tower was partly altered in later years, possibly to allow the basement to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> in the English Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P30_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P30-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pitched_Stone_Court_and_Fountain_Court">Pitched Stone Court and Fountain Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pitched Stone Court and Fountain Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court,_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg/290px-Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg/435px-Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg/580px-Partly-restored_windows_facing_the_Pitched_Stone_Court%2C_Raglan_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1531734.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The west side of the Pitched Stone Court, with the hall and its <a href="/wiki/Oriel_window" title="Oriel window">oriel window</a> at left</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pitched Stone Court forms the north-east corner of the castle, and provided a centre for the castle services and servants; it takes its name from the late-Tudor <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobbling</a>, or pitched stones.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P32_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P32-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the east side of the court is the former office wing, a 16th-century construction mostly destroyed during the siege of 1646.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P32_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P32-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle kitchens and pantries are on the north side, containing two large fireplaces and storage facilities for food and supplies in their cellars.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1460s, the first floors to these buildings included chambers for the senior servants.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buttery in the north-west corner would have been used to store and serve beer and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the south-west side of the court is the hall, a 16th-century design incorporating an earlier hall on the same site.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P38_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P38-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 64 by 28 feet (19.5 by 8.5 metres) wide, the hall was originally 42 feet (13 metres) high, with a roof made of Irish <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, lit and ventilated by a <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugin,_p.26_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugin,_p.26-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large <a href="/wiki/Oriel_window" title="Oriel window">oriel window</a> lit the end of the hall occupied at dinner by the earls of Worcester, which by the time Raglan was built would have been used only for larger formal occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the hall would have been fitted with carved wooden panelling and a <a href="/wiki/Minstrel%27s_gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrel's gallery">minstrel's gallery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P38_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P38-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fountain Court lies to the west of the Pitched Stone Court, and is named after a <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> fountain that once stood in the centre of it, featuring a white horse on a black marble base, complete with a flow of running water.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fountain was probably installed somewhat after the initial construction of the court in the 1460s, dating instead to Edward Somerset in the late 16th century; the horse symbolised Edward's prestigious role as <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Master of the Horse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fountain Court was built to provide luxurious accommodation for the family and guests—by the 15th century, it was important to be able to provide private chambers for visitors, and this court could hold up to four distinct groups of visitors in comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fountain Court as a whole is marked by what <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a> described as extremely fine, elegant and delicate stonework.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg/220px-Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg/330px-Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg/440px-Raglan_Castle_-_Grand_Staircase_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Staircase to the west of Fountain Court, restored between 2010 and 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The castle <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> runs alongside the east side of the court, 41 feet (12 metres) long and originally laid with bright yellow and tiles and decorated with gold and silver vestments.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Long Gallery stretches across the whole east first-floor of the Fountain Court and, although now ruined, would have been a show-piece for the earls' wealth and power.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gallery was 126 feet (38 metres) long and during the Tudor period it would have been wood-panelled throughout and lined with tapestries and paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Long Gallery was intended to allow family and guests to relax inside and to admire the gardens, water gardens and the deer park to the north of the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_p.60_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_p.60-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of this decoration has since been lost, two <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatid</a> statues can still be seen on the walls of the Long Gallery, modelled on a work by the French artist Hugues Sambin.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The west side of the Fountain Court comprises the apartments, with a number of bay windows and window seats facing west and north across the park.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grand Staircase divides the apartments; restored between 2010 and 2011, the staircase would originally have had a substantial porch, similar to the one that survives in the Pitched Stone Court, and would have been a centre-piece of the Fountain Court.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although examples of such straight-flight staircases can be found in other late-medieval buildings, the architectural historian John Newman considers the Grand Staircase had "a grandeur hard to parallel in 15th-century England."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apartments to the west of the staircase are more complex than the others, designed to create somewhat greater privacy, and overlooked the gardens to the west of the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the south side of the court is the South Gate, the original entrance to the castle prior to the 1460s reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P46_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P46-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan-vaulted</a> gatehouse closely resembles the contemporary cloisters at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>, but by the 16th century had been converted to the entrance to the bowling green in the terrace beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P46_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P46-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the south-east side of the court were the 16th-century parlour on the first-floor, and the dining room above it—both 49 by 21 feet (14.9 by 6.4 m).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were intended to provide rooms that were more private than the main hall, but more public than a personal chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now ruined, they would originally have been decorated with carved <a href="/wiki/Wainscot" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainscot">wainscoting</a> and elaborate, carved chimney-pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside these rooms, overlooking the Great Tower, were the private rooms for the lord's family, of higher quality than the other accommodation in the castle. Some of the carved badges and shields on the external walls of these state apartments still remain intact, as in the hall; these were a popular contemporary feature of 15th-century great castles, and would have created a similar effect to those at <a href="/wiki/Warkworth_Castle" title="Warkworth Castle">Warkworth Castle</a> in Northumberland and <a href="/wiki/Raby_Castle" title="Raby Castle">Raby Castle</a> in County Durham.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Tower">Great Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG/220px-Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG/330px-Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG/440px-Raglan_Castle_tower_and_moat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>View from the top of the Great Tower, showing the thick walls, the remains of the apron wall and a turret, the moat, the moat walk and a space for a classical statue</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Tower at Raglan Castle, sometimes called the Yellow Tower of Gwent, sits outside the rest of the castle, protected by a moat and linked to the Fountain Court by a bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.49_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.49-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortification is representative of a trend during the 15th and 16th centuries in British castle building: tower keeps such as this, large, solid buildings designed for private accommodation, probably inspired by those in France, had started to appear in the 14th century at <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Castle" title="Dudley Castle">Dudley</a> and Warkworth.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century the fashion spread, with the creation of French-influenced palatial castles featuring complex tower keeps, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Wardour_Castle" title="Wardour Castle">Wardour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tattershall_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattershall Castle">Tattershall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pounds1994P271_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pounds1994P271-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were expensive buildings to construct, each built to a unique design and, as historian Norman Pounds has suggested, "were designed to allow very rich men to live in luxury and splendour".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hexagonal Great Tower was probably begun in the 1430s and 1440s, possibly on the motte of a previous castle.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower today has lost not only one of its walls but part of its upper structure, and would originally have been three storeys high with probably additional machicolations on top similar to those on the gatehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to be a self-contained fortification, with its own water and food supplies, and luxurious quarters lit by large windows on the upper floors.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally the tower was reached by a <a href="/wiki/Bascule_bridge" title="Bascule bridge">bascule drawbridge</a>, usually considered to be drawn from contemporary French designs, such as those at <a href="/wiki/La_Fert%C3%A9-Milon" title="La Ferté-Milon">Ferté-Milon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP86-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drawbridge was designed to have two parts—a wide, heavy bridge that would be raised or lowered when the family was in residence, and a thinner bridge, easier to lift, designed for the use of servants at other times.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsonP86-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Herberts used the bridge as their badge, and it can be seen in the carved window designs around the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drawbridge was replaced with a grander stone bridge in the 1460s, probably at a cost of around £900 to £1000.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.49_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.49-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An apron wall with six turrets was also added around the tower at around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P53_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P53-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original moat around the tower would have been a simple design, but it was redesigned in the 1460s to provide a walkway around the outside of the Great Tower. The niches in the walls of the walkway are of 17th-century origin, and would originally have held <a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">classical statues</a>—the walkway would have provided a dignified way of admiring the Great Tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P53_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P53-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that fish would have been bred in the moat.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon2003P53_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon2003P53-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_and_gardens">Landscape and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Landscape and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The former 16th- and 17th-century gardens of Raglan Castle are still visible in the form of several long <a href="/wiki/Terrace_garden" title="Terrace garden">terraces</a> to the north of the castle, overlooking the lower ground beyond. First created in the second half of the 16th century, these terraces would originally have included a number of <a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">knot gardens</a>, probably with <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italianate sculpture</a> and carved stone balustrades.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_p.60_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_p.60-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gardens at their peak would have probably resembled those at <a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_Palace" title="Nonsuch Palace">Nonsuch Palace</a>, where the Somersets also had an interest as the royal keepers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.17_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valley below retains some signs of the drainage ditches that once formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water gardens</a> that flooded the bottom of the site, although the original "water-parterre" to the north-west of the castle, another water garden in the south, and the extensive gardens around the south-west of the castle are now no longer visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_p.60_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_p.60-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle's <a href="/wiki/Bowling_green" title="Bowling green">bowling green</a> still survives, on a terrace just beyond the South Gate entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle's parks reverted to agricultural use by the 19th century, and Raglan is now surrounded by fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Pugin,_p.26_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugin,_p.26-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gardens and park at Raglan are designated Grade I on the <a href="/wiki/Cadw/ICOMOS_Register_of_Parks_and_Gardens_of_Special_Historic_Interest_in_Wales" title="Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales">Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the Fountain Court from the top of the Grand Stairs: left to right, the chapel and the Long Gallery; the ruins of the parlour and the dining room; the Great Tower and the moat; the apartments"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Raglan_Castle_Panorama.jpg/900px-Raglan_Castle_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Raglan_Castle_Panorama.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan_Castle_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Raglan Castle Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of the Fountain Court from the top of the Grand Stairs: left to right, the chapel and the Long Gallery; the ruins of the parlour and the dining room; the Great Tower and the moat; the apartments</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Farmhouse,_Raglan" title="Castle Farmhouse, Raglan">Castle Farmhouse, Raglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Castles in Great Britain and Ireland">Castles in Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">List of castles in Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is difficult to accurately compare 15th century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, an average baron in 1436 enjoyed an annual income of £500.<sup id="cite_ref-P148_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P148-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is difficult to accurately compare 17th century and modern prices or incomes. £40,000 could equate to between £5,510,000 to £63,700,000, depending on the measure used. For comparison, the Marquess's annual income was believed to be around £20,000 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kenyon, for example, champions the links between Raglan and France, particularly the unusual drawbridge style; Anthony Emery argues against this; Matthew Johnson argues the case will never be proved either way.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery2006P291_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery2006P291-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See above note on comparison of 15th century and modern prices.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P11_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P11_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P11_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.4; Emery (2006), p.281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.88; Kenyon (2003), p.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P7_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P148-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P148_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pounds, p.148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.88; Kenyon (2003), p.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emery (2006), p.281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddiard, p.113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P13_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.17; Strong, p.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.17-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.17_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.17_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P18-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P18_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P18_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P18_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TribeP1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>HMC 12th Report, part 9: Duke of Beaufort</i> (London, 1891), pp. 6-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TribeP3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, pp.3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, pp.4, 6; Kenyon (2003), p.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Financial comparison based on the RPI index, using <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/index.php">Measuring Worth Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present</a></i>, MeasuringWorth, accessed 21 April 2011; Pugin, p.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.20-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.20_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.20_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, pp.6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TribeP8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.8; Kenyon (2003), p.19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TribeP9-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP9_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP9_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, pp.9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TribeP11-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP11_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP11_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP11_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP11_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkP64-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClarkP64_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, (1953), p.64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakoczy, p.140–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TribeP12-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP12_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribeP12_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribe, p.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.174, cited Whittle (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P22-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P22_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P22_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durant, p.85, cited Hainsworth, p.137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P23-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P23_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.23; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadw.wales.gov.uk/default.asp?id=21&NewsId=345.">Grand re-opening for Raglan Castle’s ‘Hokey-Cokey’ Staircase</a></i>, Cadw, accessed 18 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradney1992P31-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradney1992P31_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradney (1992), p.31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2000P491-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2000P491_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, p.491; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/b473fe59-9c35-4351-b393-73c0d376358b">BADMINTON MUNIMENTS Volume II Estate and Household</a></i>, The National Archives, accessed 7 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCadw2101" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=2101">"Raglan Castle (Grade I) (2101)"</a>. <i>National Historic Assets of Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Assets+of+Wales&rft.atitle=Raglan+Castle+%28Grade+I%29+%282101%29&rft.au=Cadw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Flistedbuilding%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D2101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaglan+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadwMM005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=en&id=2342">"Raglan Castle (MM005)"</a>. <i>National Historic Assets of Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Assets+of+Wales&rft.atitle=Raglan+Castle+%28MM005%29&rft.au=Cadw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Fsam%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D2342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaglan+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, pp.123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonP85-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP85_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP85_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonP86-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonP86_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emery2006P291-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emery2006P291_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emery2006P291_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emery (2006), p.291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (1987), p. 164, cited Johnson, p.84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingP168-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KingP168_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KingP168_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King, p.168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emery (2006), p.287; Liddiard, p.150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddiard, p.150; Emery (2006), p.287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P27-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P27_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P30-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P30_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P30_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P32-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P32_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P32_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P38-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P38_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P38_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugin,_p.26-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pugin,_p.26_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pugin,_p.26_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.25; Kenyon (2003), pp.40, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, p.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.40; Creighton and Higham, p.20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.25; Kenyon (2003), p.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.25; Kenyon (2003), p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_p.60-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_p.60_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_p.60_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_p.60_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p.60, cited Whittle (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.43, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, p.506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P46-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P46_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P46_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugin, p.25; Kenyon (2003), p.47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emery (2006), p.472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon_2003,_p.49-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.49_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_2003,_p.49_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pounds, p.271; Johnson, p.111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pounds1994P271-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pounds1994P271_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pounds, p.271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pounds, p.270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.3, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), pp.48, 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, p.87; Emery (1975), p.154 cited Johnson, p.87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon2003P53-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P53_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P53_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon2003P53_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenyon (2003), p.54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadwPGW(Gt)42(MON)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/parkgarden/FullReport?lang=en&id=295">"Raglan Castle (PGW(Gt)42(MON))"</a>. <i>National Historic Assets of Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Assets+of+Wales&rft.atitle=Raglan+Castle+%28PGW%28Gt%2942%28MON%29%29&rft.au=Cadw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Fparkgarden%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaglan+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bradney, Joseph (1992) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fBVAAAAYAAJ&q=A+history+of+Monmouthshire+The+Hundred+of+Raglan">A History of Monmouthshire – The Hundred of Raglan.</a></i>London: Academy Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873361-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-873361-15-7">1-873361-15-7</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Arthur (1953) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249172228">Raglan Castle and the Civil War in Monmouthshire.</a></i> Newport: Chepstow Newport & Monmouthshire Branch of the Historical Association and Chepstow Society. OCLC 249172228</li> <li>Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8A1_Z1DTgYYC">Medieval Castles.</a></i> Princes Risborough, UK: Shire Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0546-5">978-0-7478-0546-5</a>.</li> <li>Durant, Horatia. (1980) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dazwAAAACAAJ&q=Durant,+Horatia.+(1980)+Raglan+Castle">Raglan Castle.</a></i> Risca: Starling Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903434-41-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903434-41-6">978-0-903434-41-6</a>.</li> <li>Emery, Anthony. (1975) "The development of Raglan castle and keeps in late medieval England," <i>Archaeological Journal</i> 132, pp. 151–86.</li> <li>Emery, Anthony. (2006) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7EXvaDEYioC">Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England.</a></i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58132-5">978-0-521-58132-5</a>.</li> <li>Hainsworth, David Roger. (2008) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLPlVsS0Br0C">Stewards, Lords and People: the Estate Steward and his World in Later Stuart England.</a></i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05976-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05976-3">978-0-521-05976-3</a>.</li> <li>Kenyon, John R. (1987) "The gunloops at Raglan Castle, Gwent," in Kenyon and Avent (eds) (1987).</li> <li>Kenyon, John R. and R. Avent. (eds) (1987) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4ZnAAAAMAAJ">Castles in Wales and the Marches.</a></i> Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0948-3">978-0-7083-0948-3</a>.</li> <li>Kenyon, John (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzvaAAAACAAJ&q=Kenyon+raglan">Raglan Castle.</a></i> Cardiff, Wales: Cadw. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85760-169-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85760-169-6">1-85760-169-6</a>.</li> <li>King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwwOAAAAQAAJ">The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History.</a></i> London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00350-4">0-415-00350-4</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Matthew. (2002) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4tnpjhXdxYC">Behind the castle gate: from Medieval to Renaissance.</a></i> Abingdon, UK: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25887-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25887-6">978-0-415-25887-6</a>.</li> <li>Liddiard, Robert. (2005) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzhUAAAAMAAJ&q=liddiard+castles+in+context">Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500.</a></i> Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9545575-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9545575-2-2">0-9545575-2-2</a>.</li> <li>Newman, John. (2000) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=knRf4U60QjcC&dq=The+Buildings+of+Wales%3A+Gwent%2FMonmouthshire&pg=PA2">The Buildings of Wales: Gwent/Monmouthshire.</a></i> London, UK: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071053-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071053-1">0-14-071053-1</a></li> <li>Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1994) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8babfRDfxwC">The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history.</a></i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45828-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45828-3">978-0-521-45828-3</a>.</li> <li>Pugin, Augustus. (1895) <i>Examples of Gothic architecture selected from various ancient edifices in England.</i> Edinburgh: J. Grant. OCLC 31592053.</li> <li>Rakoczy, Lila (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11092/">Archaeology of Destruction: A Reinterpretation of Castle Slightings in the English Civil War</a></i> (PhD). University of York. <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Chris E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/details.xhtml?recordId=3213946">"Excavations at Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire, 2003-07"</a>. <i>Archaeologia Cambrensis</i>. <b>156</b>: 123–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1059186">10.5284/1059186</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Cambrensis&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Raglan+Castle%2C+Monmouthshire%2C+2003-07&rft.volume=156&rft.pages=123-139&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1059186&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fbrowse%2Fdetails.xhtml%3FrecordId%3D3213946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaglan+Castle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Strong, Roy. C. (1977) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYEwaJfjMIEC">The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan portraiture and pageantry.</a></i> Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05841-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05841-5">978-0-520-05841-5</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, Christopher. (1998) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnhEr3mATpUC">Parks and Gardens of Britain: a Landscape History from the Air.</a></i> Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-207-6">978-1-85331-207-6</a>.</li> <li>Tribe, Anna. (2002) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B005I4IFDC">: Raglan Castle and the Civil War.</a></i> Caerleon: Monmouthshire Antiquarian Association.</li> <li>Whittle, E. (1989) "The Renaissance gardens of Raglan Castle," <i>Garden History</i> 17 (1), pp. 83–94.</li> <li>Whittle, E. (1990) "The 16th and 17th century gardens at Raglan Castle," <i>Monmouthshire Antiquity</i> 6, pp. 69–75.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sambin, Hugues. (1572) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k79300d/f2.image">Oeuvre de la diversité des termes dont on use en architecture, eduict en ordre par Maistre Huges Sambin, demeurant à Dijon.</a></i> Lyon: Jean Durant.</li> <li>Taylor, A. J. (1950) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOtzAAAAIAAJ&q=taylor+raglan+castle">Raglan Castle : Castell Rhaglan.</a></i> London: HMSO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-670010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-670010-0">978-0-11-670010-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raglan_Castle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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