CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Artillery - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a7d840a7-101c-48ee-91e5-4c9cf8a5c422","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Artillery","wgTitle":"Artillery","wgCurRevisionId":1277256789,"wgRevisionId":1277256789,"wgArticleId":2508,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: abbreviated year range","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from June 2022","All articles needing additional references", "Use mdy dates from November 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2011","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from October 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Articles needing additional references from May 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 errors: missing title","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Artillery","Chinese inventions","Explosive weapons"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel": "wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Artillery","wgRelevantArticleId":2508,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Artillerymen","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Artillery#Crew","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q64418","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg/1200px-M777_howitzer_rear.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="782"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg/800px-M777_howitzer_rear.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="521"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg/640px-M777_howitzer_rear.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="417"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Artillery - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery#Crew"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery#Crew"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Artillery rootpage-Artillery skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Artillery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Artillery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Artillery" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Artillery" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery_piece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery_piece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Artillery piece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery_piece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invention_of_gunpowder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention_of_gunpowder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Invention of gunpowder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention_of_gunpowder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Expansion of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoothbores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoothbores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Smoothbores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoothbores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Napoleonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indirect_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Indirect fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precision-guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precision-guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Precision-guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precision-guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ammunition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ammunition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ammunition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuzes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuzes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fuzes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuzes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Projectiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projectiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propellant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propellant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Propellant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propellant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_artillery_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_artillery_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Field artillery system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Field_artillery_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Field artillery system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Field_artillery_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Logistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_ordnance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_ordnance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Types of ordnance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_ordnance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Organizational types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Equipment types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliber_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliber_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Caliber categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliber_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modern operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Application_of_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_of_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Application of fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_of_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-battery_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-battery_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Counter-battery fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-battery_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_artillery_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_artillery_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Field artillery team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_artillery_team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_on_target" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_on_target"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Time on target</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_on_target-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_round_simultaneous_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_round_simultaneous_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Multiple round simultaneous impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_round_simultaneous_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_burst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_burst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Air burst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_burst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Use in monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Artillery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Artillerie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مدفعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدفعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiller%C3%ADa" title="Artillería – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Artillería" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiller%C3%ADa" title="Artillería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Artillería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleriya" title="Artilleriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Artilleriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="তোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%81-ph%C3%A0u" title="Toā-phàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toā-phàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Артылерыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артылерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Артылерыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Артылерыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артилерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артилерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiljerija" title="Artiljerija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Artiljerija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanolierezh" title="Kanolierezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanolierezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Артиллери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Артиллери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleria" title="Artilleria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artilleria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Артиллери – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Артиллери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileriya" title="Artileriya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Artileriya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Blost%C5%99electvo" title="Dělostřelectvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dělostřelectvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnelaeth" title="Magnelaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Magnelaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleri" title="Artilleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Artilleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Artillerie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurt%C3%BCkiv%C3%A4gi" title="Suurtükivägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurtükivägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Πυροβολικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυροβολικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiller%C3%ADa" title="Artillería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artillería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilerio" title="Artilerio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artilerio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleria" title="Artilleria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artilleria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="توپخانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توپخانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artillerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Artillery" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiliarie" title="Artiliarie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Artiliarie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtl%C3%A9ire" title="Airtléire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airtléire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillar%C3%ADa" title="Artillaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artillaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AE" title="炮 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="炮" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AC" title="대포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Artillery" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Հրետանի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրետանի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="तोपख़ाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तोपख़ाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topni%C5%A1tvo" title="Topništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Topništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilrio" title="Artilrio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Artilrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileri" title="Artileri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Artileri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rskotali%C3%B0" title="Stórskotalið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórskotalið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiglieria" title="Artiglieria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artiglieria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="ארטילריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארטילריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არტილერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არტილერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%ABleri%C3%B4" title="Artëleriô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Artëleriô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сүйемелдеуші артиллерия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүйемелдеуші артиллерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiri" title="Artiri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Artiri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артиллерия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Артиллерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tormenta" title="Tormenta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tormenta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artil%C4%93rija" title="Artilērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Artilērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilerija" title="Artilerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Artilerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Artillerie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilieria" title="Artilieria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Artilieria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCz%C3%A9rs%C3%A9g" title="Tüzérség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüzérség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Артилерија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Артилерија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8" title="കവചിതസേന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കവചിതസേന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="तोफखाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोफखाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileri" title="Artileri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Artileri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artelharie" title="Artelharie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Artelharie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အမြောက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမြောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Artillerie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A0%B2" title="大砲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleri" title="Artilleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Artilleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleri" title="Artilleri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Artilleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilhari%C3%A1" title="Artilhariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Artilhariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleriya" title="Artilleriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Artilleriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="توپ خانہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توپ خانہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatilari" title="Aatilari – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aatilari" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillrie" title="Artillrie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Artillrie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artyleria" title="Artyleria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Artyleria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilharia" title="Artilharia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artilharia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilerie" title="Artilerie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artilerie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Артиллерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артиллерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artileria" title="Artileria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Artileria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94" title="කාලතුවක්කු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාලතුවක්කු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Artillery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delostrelectvo" title="Delostrelectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Delostrelectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilerija" title="Artilerija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Artilerija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98" title="تۆپھاوێژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆپھاوێژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Артиљерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артиљерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiljerija" title="Artiljerija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Artiljerija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tykist%C3%B6" title="Tykistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tykistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleri" title="Artilleri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Artilleri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampaigkas" title="Pampaigkas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pampaigkas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="சேணேவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேணேவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ปืนใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปืนใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тӯпхона – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯпхона" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1r_silah" title="Ağır silah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağır silah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Артилерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артилерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1o" title="Pháo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%82%AE" title="大炮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大炮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%8D%E7%82%AE" title="槍炮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="槍炮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A0%B2" title="大砲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大砲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q64418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Artillery" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Artillery"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Artillery"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Artillery" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Artillery" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&oldid=1277256789" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Artillery&id=1277256789&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArtillery%23Crew"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArtillery%23Crew"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Artillery&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Artillery" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Artillery" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q64418" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillerymen&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillerymen">Artillerymen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long-ranged guns for land warfare</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Artilleryman" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Artilleryman_(horse)" title="Artilleryman (horse)">Artilleryman (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Artillery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Artillery (disambiguation)">Artillery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Artillery" title="Special:EditPage/Artillery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Artillery%22">"Artillery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Artillery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Artillery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Artillery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Artillery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Artillery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M777_howitzer_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg/300px-M777_howitzer_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg/450px-M777_howitzer_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg/600px-M777_howitzer_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>US <a href="/wiki/Artillerymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillerymen">Artillerymen</a> test fire an <a href="/wiki/M777" class="mw-redirect" title="M777">M777</a> Lightweight 155-millimeter <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Ground_Combat_Center_Twentynine_Palms" title="Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms">Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:220px"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Artillery</b> are ranged weapons that launch <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">munitions</a> far beyond the range and power of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a>. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive walls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> during <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a>, and led to heavy, fairly immobile <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>. As technology improved, lighter, more mobile <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> developed for battlefield use. This development continues today; modern <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled artillery</a> vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility generally providing the largest share of an army's total firepower. </p><p>Originally, the word "artillery" referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. Since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and cannon, "artillery" has largely meant cannon, and in contemporary usage, usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a>-firing <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> (collectively called <i>barrel artillery</i>, <i>cannon artillery</i> or <i>gun artillery</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>. In common speech, the word "artillery" is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings, although these assemblages are more properly called "equipment". However, there is no generally recognized generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth: the United States uses "artillery piece", but most English-speaking armies use "gun" and "mortar". The projectiles fired are typically either "<a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">shot</a>" (if solid) or "shell" (if not solid). Historically, variants of solid shot including <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chain_shot" title="Chain shot">chain shot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grapeshot" title="Grapeshot">grapeshot</a> were also used. "Shell" is a widely used generic term for a projectile, which is a component of <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">munitions</a>. </p><p>By association, artillery may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">arm of service</a> that customarily operates such engines. In some armies, the artillery arm has operated <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank</a> artillery; in others these have been separate arms, and with some nations coastal has been a naval or marine responsibility. </p><p>In the 20th century, target acquisition devices (such as radar) and techniques (such as <a href="/wiki/Sound_ranging" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound ranging">sound ranging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flash_spotting" title="Flash spotting">flash spotting</a>) emerged, primarily for artillery. These are usually utilized by one or more of the artillery arms. The widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect fire</a> in the early 20th century introduced the need for specialist data for field artillery, notably <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">survey</a> and meteorological, and in some armies, provision of these are the responsibility of the artillery arm. The majority of combat deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> were caused by artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-bellamy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellamy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> said in a speech that artillery was "the god of war".<sup id="cite_ref-bellamy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellamy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artillery_piece">Artillery piece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Artillery piece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg/220px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg/330px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg/440px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–71</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_(RML)_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount,_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg/220px-British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg/330px-British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg/440px-British_64_Pounder_Rifled_Muzzle-Loaded_%28RML%29_Gun_on_Moncrieff_disappearing_mount%2C_at_Scaur_Hill_Fort%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>British 64 Pounder Rifled Muzzle-Loaded (RML) Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort, Bermuda. This is a part of a fixed battery, meant to protect against over-land attack and to serve as coastal artillery.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a> was developed in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> in 399 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical energy, which not only severely limited the kinetic energy of the projectiles, but also required the construction of very large engines to accumulate sufficient energy. A 1st-century BC Roman catapult launching 6.55 kg (14.4 lb) stones achieved a kinetic energy of 16 <a href="/wiki/Joule#Kilojoule" title="Joule">kilojoules</a>, compared to a mid-19th-century <a href="/wiki/12-pounder_gun" title="12-pounder gun">12-pounder gun</a>, which fired a 4.1 kg (9.0 lb) round, with a kinetic energy of 240 kilojoules, or a 20th-century US battleship that fired a 1,225 kg (2,701 lb) projectile from its main battery with an energy level surpassing 350 <a href="/wiki/Joule#Megajoule" title="Joule">megajoules</a>. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> through most of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">artillery pieces</a> on land were moved by <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">gun carriages</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary era</a>, artillery pieces and their crew relied on <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">wheeled</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tracked_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracked vehicle">tracked vehicles</a> as transportation. These land versions of artillery were dwarfed by <a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">railway guns</a>; the largest of these <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">large-calibre guns</a> ever conceived – <a href="/wiki/Project_Babylon" title="Project Babylon">Project Babylon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supergun_affair" title="Supergun affair">Supergun affair</a> – was theoretically capable of <a href="/wiki/Space_gun" title="Space gun">putting a satellite into orbit</a>. Artillery used by naval forces has also changed significantly, with <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> generally replacing guns in <a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">surface warfare</a>. </p><p>Over the course of military history, projectiles were manufactured from a wide variety of materials, into a wide variety of shapes, using many different methods in which to <a href="/wiki/Targeting_(warfare)" title="Targeting (warfare)">target</a> structural/defensive works and inflict enemy <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a>. The engineering applications for <a href="/wiki/Ammunition#Artillery" title="Ammunition">ordnance</a> delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, encompassing some of the most complex and advanced technologies in use today. </p><p>In some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery. The actions involved in operating an artillery piece are collectively called "serving the gun" by the "detachment" or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The manner in which gunnery crews (or formations) are employed is called artillery support. At different periods in history, this may refer to weapons designed to be fired from ground-, sea-, and even air-based <a href="/wiki/Weapons_platform" title="Weapons platform">weapons platforms</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some armed forces use the term "gunners" for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg/220px-M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg/330px-M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg/440px-M777_Light_Towed_Howitzer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>7-person gun crew firing a US <a href="/wiki/M777_howitzer" title="M777 howitzer">M777 Light Towed Howitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either "crews" or "detachments". Several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a>, although sometimes called a company. In gun detachments, each role is numbered, starting with "1" the Detachment Commander, and the highest number being the Coverer, the second-in-command. "Gunner" is also the lowest rank, and junior non-commissioned officers are "Bombardiers" in some artillery arms. </p><p>Batteries are roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> in the infantry, and are combined into larger <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">military organizations</a> for administrative and operational purposes, either battalions or regiments, depending on the army. These may be grouped into brigades; the Russian army also groups some brigades into artillery divisions, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> has artillery corps. </p><p>The term "artillery" also designates a combat arm of most <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military services</a> when used organizationally to describe <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">formations</a> of the national armed forces that operate the weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Artillerieschiessen_Simplonpass_2023_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Artillery illuminating ammunition used in a shooting exercise on <a href="/wiki/Simplon_Pass" title="Simplon Pass">Simplon Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The illuminated mountain is Mount <a href="/wiki/Fletschhorn" title="Fletschhorn">Fletschhorn</a>, 9 km from the photographer's position.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> has the role of providing support to other arms in combat or of attacking targets, particularly in-depth. Broadly, these effects fall into two categories, aiming either to suppress or neutralize the enemy, or to cause casualties, damage, and destruction. This is mostly achieved by delivering high-explosive munitions to suppress, or inflict casualties on the enemy from <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">casing fragments and other debris</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">blast</a>, or by destroying enemy positions, equipment, and vehicles. Non-lethal munitions, notably smoke, can also suppress or neutralize the enemy by obscuring their view. </p><p>Fire may be directed by an <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">artillery observer</a> or another observer, including crewed and uncrewed aircraft, or called onto <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">map coordinates</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Military doctrine</a> has had a significant influence on the core <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">engineering design</a> considerations of artillery ordnance through its history, in seeking to achieve a balance between the delivered volume of fire with ordnance mobility. However, during the modern period, the consideration of protecting the gunners also arose due to the late-19th-century introduction of the new generation of infantry weapons using <a href="/wiki/Cylindro-conoidal_bullet" title="Cylindro-conoidal bullet">conoidal bullet</a>, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié ball</a>, with a range almost as long as that of field artillery. </p><p>The gunners' increasing proximity to and participation in direct combat against other combat arms and attacks by aircraft made the introduction of a gun shield necessary. The problems of how to employ a fixed or horse-towed gun in mobile warfare necessitated the development of new methods of transporting the artillery into combat. Two distinct forms of artillery were developed: the towed gun, used primarily to attack or defend a fixed-line; and the self-propelled gun, intended to accompany a mobile force and to provide continuous fire support and/or suppression. These influences have guided the development of artillery ordnance, systems, organizations, and operations until the present, with artillery systems capable of providing support at ranges from as little as 100 m to the intercontinental ranges of <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. The only combat in which artillery is unable to take part is <a href="/wiki/Close_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close combat">close-quarters combat</a>, with the possible exception of artillery reconnaissance teams.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word as used in the current context originated in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. One suggestion is that it comes from French <i><a href="/wiki/Atelier" title="Atelier">atelier</a></i>, meaning the place where manual work is done. </p><p>Another suggestion is that it originates from the 13th century and the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillier" class="extiw" title="fr:Artillier">artillier</a></i>, designating craftsmen and manufacturers of all materials and warfare equipments (spears, swords, armor, war machines); and, for the next 250 years, the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons. Hence, the naming of the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company" title="Honourable Artillery Company">Honourable Artillery Company</a>, which was essentially an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> unit until the 19th century. </p><p>Another suggestion is that it comes from the Italian <i>arte de tirare</i> (art of shooting), coined by one of the first theorists on the use of artillery, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia">Niccolò Tartaglia</a>. The term was used by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Ruscelli" title="Girolamo Ruscelli">Girolamo Ruscelli</a> (died 1566) in his <i>Precepts of Modern Militia</i> published posthumously in 1572. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cannons" title="History of cannons">History of cannons</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/170px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/255px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg/340px-Ming_Dynasty_field_artillery_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon" from the <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mechanical systems used for throwing ammunition in ancient warfare, also known as "<a href="/wiki/Engines_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Engines of war">engines of war</a>", like the <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onager_(siege_weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Onager (siege weapon)">onager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a>, are also referred to by military historians as artillery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During medieval times, more types of artillery were developed, most notably the counterweight trebuchet. Traction trebuchets, using manpower to launch projectiles, have been used in ancient China since the 4th century as anti-personnel weapons. The much more powerful counterweight trebuchet was invented in the eastern Mediterranean region in the 12th century, with the earliest definite attestation in 1187.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention_of_gunpowder">Invention of gunpowder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Invention of gunpowder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder artillery in the Song dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg/180px-1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg/270px-1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg/360px-1350_AD_early_Chinese_vase-shaped_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of an early vase-shaped cannon (shown here as the "Long-range Awe-inspiring Cannon"(威遠砲)) complete with a crude sight and an ignition port dated from around 1350 AD. The illustration is from the 14th century Ming Dynasty book <i>Huolongjing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham314316_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham314316-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Early Chinese artillery had vase-like shapes. This includes the "long range awe inspiring" cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham314316_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham314316-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the development of better metallurgy techniques, later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery. This change can be seen in the bronze "thousand ball thunder cannon", an early example of <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_and_Civilisation_in_China-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the <i><a href="/wiki/Inventions_in_medieval_Islam#Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions in medieval Islam">madfaa</a></i>) and reached Europe in the 13th century, in a very limited manner. </p><p>In Asia, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> adopted the Chinese artillery and used it effectively in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">great conquest</a>. By the late 14th century, Chinese rebels used organized artillery and cavalry to push Mongols out. </p><p>As small smooth-bore barrels, these were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, with the first drilled bore ordnance recorded in operation near Seville in 1247.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occasions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand. During the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, these weapons became more common, initially as the <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>. Cannons were always <a href="/wiki/Muzzle-loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle-loader">muzzle-loaders</a>. While there were many early attempts at <a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">breech-loading</a> designs, a lack of engineering knowledge rendered these even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_use">Expansion of use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expansion of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages">Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg/170px-French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg/255px-French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg/340px-French_gunner_15th_century_%C2%B7_HHWXI264.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>French gunner in the 15th century, a 1904 illustration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/150px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/225px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/300px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="3353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/150px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/225px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg/300px-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Siege of Ranthambore</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1415, the Portuguese invaded the Mediterranean port town of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>. While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely <i>bombardas</i>, <i>colebratas</i>, and <i>falconetes</i>. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on Ceuta. Finally, hand-held firearms and riflemen appear in Morocco, in 1437, in an expedition against the people of <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is clear these weapons had developed into several different forms, from small guns to large artillery pieces. </p><p>The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> and changed the way that battles were fought. In the preceding decades, the English had even used a gunpowder-like weapon in military campaigns against the Scottish.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at this time, the cannons used in battle were very small and not particularly powerful. Cannons were only useful for the defense of a <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>, as demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breteuil" title="Siege of Breteuil">Breteuil</a> in 1356, when the besieged English used a cannon to destroy an attacking French assault tower.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 14th century, cannons were only powerful enough to knock in roofs, and could not penetrate castle walls. </p><p>However, a major change occurred between 1420 and 1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology, and as a result the traditional advantage that went to the defense in a siege was lost. Cannons during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg/220px-HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg/330px-HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg/440px-HGM_Pumhart_von_Steyr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>The Austrian <a href="/wiki/Pumhart_von_Steyr" title="Pumhart von Steyr">Pumhart von Steyr</a>, the earliest extant <a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">large-calibre gun</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> encountered gunpowder weaponry several times. When she led the French against the English at the Battle of Tourelles, in 1430, she faced heavy gunpowder fortifications, and yet her troops prevailed in that battle. In addition, she led assaults against the English-held towns of Jargeau, Meung, and Beaugency, all with the support of large artillery units. When she led the assault on Paris, Joan faced stiff artillery fire, especially from the suburb of St. Denis, which ultimately led to her defeat in this battle. In April 1430, she went to battle against the Burgundians, whose support was purchased by the English. At this time, the Burgundians had the strongest and largest gunpowder arsenal among the European powers, and yet the French, under Joan of Arc's leadership, were able to beat back the Burgundians and defend themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, most of the battles of the Hundred Years' War that Joan of Arc participated in were fought with gunpowder artillery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/220px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/330px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png/440px-Dardanelles_Gun_Turkish_Bronze_15c.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles Gun</a>. Very heavy 15th-C bronze muzzle-loading cannon of type used by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1453)">siege of Constantinople (1453)</a>, showing ornate decoration. Taken by The Land Feb 07 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_Hampshire" title="Fort Nelson, Hampshire">Fort Nelson, Hampshire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The army of <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet the Conqueror">Mehmet the Conqueror</a>, which conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453, included both artillery and foot soldiers armed with gunpowder weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> brought to the siege sixty-nine guns in fifteen separate <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> and trained them at the walls of the city. The barrage of Ottoman cannon fire lasted forty days, and they are estimated to have fired 19,320 times.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artillery also played a decisive role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Jakob_an_der_Birs" title="Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs">Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs</a> of 1444. Early cannon were not always reliable; King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a> was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon, imported from Flanders, at the siege of Roxburgh Castle in 1460. </p><p>The able use of artillery supported to a large measure the expansion and defense of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, as it was a necessary tool that allowed the Portuguese to face overwhelming odds both on land and sea from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-peers_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In great sieges and in sea battles, the Portuguese demonstrated a level of proficiency in the use of artillery after the beginning of the 16th century unequalled by contemporary European neighbours, in part due to the experience gained in intense fighting in Morocco, which served as a proving ground for artillery and its practical application, and made Portugal a forerunner in gunnery for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-peers_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel</a> (1495–1521) at least 2017 cannon were sent to Morocco for garrison defense, with more than 3000 cannon estimated to have been required during that 26-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-peers_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An especially noticeable division between siege guns and anti-personnel guns enhanced the use and effectiveness of Portuguese firearms above contemporary powers, making cannon the most essential element in the Portuguese arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-peers_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_(49431498938).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_%2849431498938%29.jpg/220px-Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_%2849431498938%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_%2849431498938%29.jpg/330px-Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_%2849431498938%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_%2849431498938%29.jpg/440px-Museu_Militar_-_Lisboa_-_Portugal_%2849431498938%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese artillery on display at the Military Museum of Lisbon, Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>The three major classes of Portuguese artillery were anti-personnel guns with a high borelength (including: <i>rebrodequim</i>, <i>berço</i>, <i>falconete</i>, <i>falcão</i>, <i>sacre</i>, <i>áspide</i>, <i>cão</i>, <i>serpentina</i> and <i>passavolante</i>); bastion guns which could batter fortifications (<i>camelete</i>, <i>leão</i>, <i>pelicano</i>, <i>basilisco</i>, <i>águia</i>, <i>camelo</i>, <i>roqueira</i>, <i>urso</i>); and howitzers that fired large stone cannonballs in an elevated arch, weighted up to 4000 pounds and could fire incendiary devices, such as a hollow iron ball filled with pitch and fuse, designed to be fired at close range and burst on contact.<sup id="cite_ref-peers1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular in Portuguese arsenals was the <i>berço</i>, a 5 cm, one pounder bronze breech-loading cannon that weighted 150 kg with an effective range of 600 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-peers1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tactical innovation the Portuguese introduced in fort defense was the use of combinations of projectiles against massed assaults.<sup id="cite_ref-peers2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although canister shot had been developed in the early 15th century, the Portuguese were the first to employ it extensively, and Portuguese engineers invented a canister round which consisted of a thin lead case filled with iron pellets, that broke up at the muzzle and scattered its contents in a narrow pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-peers2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An innovation which Portugal adopted in advance of other European powers was fuse-delayed action shells, and were commonly used in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-peers2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although dangerous, their effectiveness meant a sixth of all rounds used by the Portuguese in Morocco were of the fused-shell variety.<sup id="cite_ref-peers2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peers2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg/220px-Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg/330px-Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg/440px-Chongtongs-Jinju_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Three of the large Korean artillery, <a href="/wiki/Chongtong" title="Chongtong">Chongtong</a> in the Jinju National Museum. These cannons were made in the mid 16th century. The closest is a "Cheonja chongtong"(천자총통, 天字銃筒), the second is a "Jija chongtong"(지자총통, 地字銃筒), and the third is a "Hyeonja chongtong"(현자총통, 玄字銃筒).</figcaption></figure> <p>The new <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> established the "Divine Engine Battalion" (神机营), which specialized in various types of artillery. Light cannons and cannons with multiple volleys were developed. In a campaign to suppress a local minority rebellion near today's Burmese border, "the Ming army used a 3-line method of arquebuses/muskets to destroy an elephant formation".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Portuguese and Spanish arrived at Southeast Asia, they found that the local kingdoms were already using cannons. Portuguese and Spanish invaders were unpleasantly surprised and even outgunned on occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duarte Barbosa ca. 1514 said that the inhabitants of Java were great masters in casting artillery and very good artillerymen. They made many one-pounder cannons (cetbang or <a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">rentaka</a>), long muskets, <i>spingarde</i> (arquebus), <i>schioppi</i> (hand cannon), <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, guns (cannons), and other fire-works. In all aspects the Javanese were considered excellent in casting artillery, and in the knowledge of using it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 254">: 254 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198">: 198 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224">: 224 </span></sup> In 1513, the <a href="/wiki/Djong_(ship)#European_age_of_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Djong (ship)">Javanese fleet</a> led by Pati Unus sailed to attack <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> "with much artillery made in Java, for the Javanese are skilled in founding and casting, and in all works in <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, over and above what they have in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:022_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162">: 162 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:222_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> By the early 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> had already started locally-producing large guns, which were dubbed "sacred cannon[s]" or "holy cannon[s]" and have survived up to the present day - though in limited numbers. These cannons varied between 180 and 260 pounders, weighing anywhere between 3–8 tons, measuring between 3–6 m.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1593 and 1597, about 200,000 Korean and Chinese troops which <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">fought against Japan in Korea</a> actively used heavy artillery in both siege and field combat. Korean forces mounted artillery <a href="/wiki/Panokseon" title="Panokseon">in ships</a> as <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">naval guns</a>, providing an advantage against Japanese navy which used <i>Kunikuzushi</i> (国崩し – Japanese <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">breech-loading swivel gun</a>) and <i>Ōzutsu</i> (大筒 – large size <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(Japanese_matchlock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)">Tanegashima</a>) as their largest firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoothbores">Smoothbores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Smoothbores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gabions.png/220px-Gabions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gabions.png/330px-Gabions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gabions.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Artillery with <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a> fortification</figcaption></figure> <p>Bombards were of value mainly in <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a>. A famous Turkish example used at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">siege of Constantinople</a> in 1453 weighed 19 tons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (February 2009)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace, and could fire just seven times a day. The Fall of Constantinople was perhaps "the first event of supreme importance whose result was determined by the use of artillery" when the huge bronze cannons of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> breached the city's walls, ending the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, according to Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Charles Oman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bombards developed in Europe were massive <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460 <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a>, King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel, giving their name to the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARKEEGAN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber—this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in the siege and static defenses. The reduction in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture, while the development of <a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">trunnions</a>—projections at the side of the cannon as an integral part of the cast—allowed the barrel to be fixed to a more movable base, and also made raising or lowering the barrel much easier.<sup id="cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARKEEGAN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Cannon,_Tsar_Pushka,_Kremlin,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Tsar_Cannon%2C_Tsar_Pushka%2C_Kremlin%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Cannon" title="Tsar Cannon">Tsar Cannon</a> (caliber 890 mm), cast in 1586 in Moscow. It is the largest bombard in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first land-based mobile weapon is usually credited to <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a>, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> of Bohemia (1418–1424). However, cannons were still large and cumbersome. With the rise of musketry in the 16th century, cannon were largely (though not entirely) displaced from the battlefield—the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance. </p><p>The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool—a <a href="/wiki/Worm_(artillery)" title="Worm (artillery)">worm</a>—was introduced to remove them. <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> is identified as the general who made cannon an effective force on the battlefield—pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. The outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry. </p><p>Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were in use by the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of specialized pieces—shipboard artillery, howitzers and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>—was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel <i><a href="/wiki/Ribauldequin" title="Ribauldequin">ribauldequin</a></i> (known as "organ guns"), were also produced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Artillery#Dubious" title="Talk:Artillery">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1650 book by <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Siemienowicz" title="Kazimierz Siemienowicz">Kazimierz Siemienowicz</a> <i>Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most significant effects of artillery during this period was however somewhat more indirect—by easily reducing to rubble any medieval-type fortification or city wall (some which had stood since Roman times), it abolished millennia of siege-warfare strategies and styles of fortification building.<sup id="cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARKEEGAN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led, among other things, to a frenzy of new <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a>-style fortifications to be built all over Europe and in its colonies, but also had a strong integrating effect on emerging nation-states, as kings were able to use their newfound artillery superiority to force any local dukes or lords to submit to their will, setting the stage for the absolutist kingdoms to come.<sup id="cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WARKEEGAN-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a> can trace its heritage back to the <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>. Their first recorded use was in 1780 during the battles of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Mysore War">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Mysore War">Fourth Mysore Wars</a>. The wars fought between the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">India</a> made use of the rockets as a weapon. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1780)" title="Battle of Pollilur (1780)">Battle of Pollilur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1792)">Siege of Seringapatam (1792)</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Seringapatam">Battle of Seringapatam</a> in 1799, these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-r&ms_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r&ms-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the wars, several Mysore rockets were sent to England, but experiments with heavier payloads were unsuccessful. In 1804 William Congreve, considering the Mysorian rockets to have too short a range (less than 1,000 yards) developed rockets in numerous sizes with ranges up to 3,000 yards and eventually utilizing iron casing as the <a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve rocket</a> which were used effectively during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic">Napoleonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Napoleonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farkhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Farkhi.jpg/220px-Farkhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Farkhi.jpg/330px-Farkhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Farkhi.jpg/440px-Farkhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century cannon, set in the wall of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> to commemorate the city's resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">1799 siege</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon's</a> troops.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Napoleonic Wars, artillery experienced changes in both physical design and operation. Rather than being overseen by "mechanics", artillery was viewed as its own service branch with the capability of dominating the battlefield. The success of the French artillery companies was at least in part due to the presence of specially trained artillery officers leading and coordinating during the chaos of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, himself a former artillery officer, perfected the tactic of massed artillery batteries unleashed upon a critical point in his enemies' line as a prelude to a decisive infantry and cavalry assault. </p><p>Physically, cannons continued to become smaller and lighter. During the Seven Years War, King Frederick II of Prussia used these advances to deploy horse artillery that could move throughout the battlefield. Frederick also introduced the reversible iron ramrod, which was much more resistant to breakage than older wooden designs. The reversibility aspect also helped increase the rate of fire, since a soldier would no longer have to worry about what end of the ramrod they were using.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Vaquette_de_Gribeauval" title="Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval">Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval</a>, a French artillery engineer, introduced the standardization of cannon design in the mid-18th century. He developed a 6-inch (150 mm) field howitzer whose gun barrel, carriage assembly and ammunition specifications were made uniform for all French cannons. The standardized interchangeable parts of these cannons down to the nuts, bolts and screws made their mass production and repair much easier. While the Gribeauval system made for more efficient production and assembly, the carriages used were heavy and the gunners were forced to march on foot (instead of riding on the <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">limber</a> and gun as in the British system).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each cannon was named for the weight of its projectiles, giving us variants such as 4, 8, and 12, indicating the weight in pounds. The projectiles themselves included solid balls or canister containing lead bullets or other material. These canister shots acted as massive shotguns, peppering the target with hundreds of projectiles at close range.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solid balls, known as <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">round shot</a>, was most effective when fired at shoulder-height across a flat, open area. The ball would tear through the ranks of the enemy or bounce along the ground breaking legs and ankles.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Langensalza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> artillery at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1866)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1866)">Battle of Langensalza (1866)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of modern artillery occurred in the mid to late 19th century as a result of the convergence of various improvements in the underlying technology. Advances in metallurgy allowed for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech-loading</a> <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a> guns that could fire at a much greater <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a>. </p><p>After the British artillery was shown up in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> as having barely changed since the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the industrialist <a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" title="William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">William Armstrong</a> was awarded a contract by the government to design a new piece of artillery. Production started in 1855 at the <a href="/wiki/Elswick_Ordnance_Company" title="Elswick Ordnance Company">Elswick Ordnance Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, and the outcome was the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong Gun">Armstrong Gun</a>, which marked the birth of modern artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of its features particularly stand out. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg/220px-Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg/330px-Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg/440px-Sagahan_Armstrong_gun_used_at_the_Battle_of_Ueno_against_the_Shogitai_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Armstrong gun deployed by Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Boshin war">Boshin war</a> (1868–69)</figcaption></figure> <p>First, the piece was rifled, which allowed for a much more accurate and powerful action. Although rifling had been tried on small arms since the 15th century, the necessary machinery to accurately rifle artillery was not available until the mid-19th century. <a href="/wiki/Martin_von_Wahrendorff" title="Martin von Wahrendorff">Martin von Wahrendorff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth" title="Joseph Whitworth">Joseph Whitworth</a> independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but it was Armstrong's gun that was first to see widespread use during the Crimean War.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié ball</a> and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">bore</a> and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of <a href="/wiki/British_ordnance_terms#Windage" class="mw-redirect" title="British ordnance terms">windage</a> as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmstrongRifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ArmstrongRifle.jpg/220px-ArmstrongRifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ArmstrongRifle.jpg/330px-ArmstrongRifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ArmstrongRifle.jpg/440px-ArmstrongRifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>8-inch Armstrong gun during <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fisher" title="Fort Fisher">Fort Fisher</a>, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>His gun was also a breech-loader. Although attempts at breech-loading mechanisms had been made since medieval times, the essential engineering problem was that the mechanism could not withstand the explosive charge. It was only with the advances in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precision_engineering" title="Precision engineering">precision engineering</a> capabilities during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun to firing position after the <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>. </p><p>What made the gun really revolutionary lay in the technique of the construction of the gun barrel that allowed it to withstand much more powerful explosive forces. The "<a href="/wiki/Built-up_gun" title="Built-up gun">built-up</a>" method involved assembling the barrel with <a href="/wiki/Wrought-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrought-iron">wrought-iron</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Mild_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mild steel">mild steel</a> was used) tubes of successively smaller diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tube would then be heated to allow it to expand and fit over the previous tube. When it cooled the gun would contract although not back to its original size, which allowed an even pressure along the walls of the gun which was directed inward against the outward forces that the gun's firing exerted on the barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another innovative feature, more usually associated with 20th-century guns, was what Armstrong called its "grip", which was essentially a squeeze bore; the 6 inches of the bore at the muzzle end was of slightly smaller diameter, which centered the shell before it left the barrel and at the same time slightly <a href="/wiki/Swage" class="mw-redirect" title="Swage">swaged</a> down its lead coating, reducing its diameter and slightly improving its ballistic qualities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_de_75_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Canon_de_75_front.jpg/200px-Canon_de_75_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Canon_de_75_front.jpg/300px-Canon_de_75_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Canon_de_75_front.jpg/400px-Canon_de_75_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>The French <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1897">Canon de 75 modèle 1897</a>, the first modern artillery piece</figcaption></figure> <p>Armstrong's system was adopted in 1858, initially for "special service in the field" and initially he produced only smaller artillery pieces, 6-pounder (2.5 in/64 mm) mountain or light field guns, 9-pounder (3 in/76 mm) guns for <a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">horse artillery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RBL_12_pounder_8_cwt_Armstrong_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun">12-pounder (3 inches /76 mm) field guns</a>. </p><p>The first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1897">French 75</a> of 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roberts_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gun used cased ammunition, was breech-loading, had modern sights, and a self-contained firing mechanism. It was the first <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a> to include a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_recoil_mechanism" title="Hydraulic recoil mechanism">hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism</a>, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. Since it did not need to be re-aimed after each shot, the crew could fire as soon as the barrel returned to its resting position. In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Picric_acid" title="Picric acid">melinite</a> <a href="/wiki/High-explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High-explosive">high-explosive</a>, up to about 5 miles (8,500 m) away. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. These were rates that contemporary <a href="/wiki/Bolt_action_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt action rifle">bolt action</a> <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> could not match. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_fire">Indirect fire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indirect fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">Indirect fire</a></div> <p>Indirect fire, the firing of a projectile without relying on direct line of sight between the gun and the target, possibly dates back to the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early battlefield use of indirect fire may have occurred at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kay" title="Battle of Kay">Paltzig</a> in July 1759, when the Russian artillery fired over the tops of trees,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, where a battery of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Horse Artillery">Royal Horse Artillery</a> fired shrapnel indirectly against advancing French troops.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, Russian Lieutenant Colonel KG Guk published <i>Indirect Fire for Field Artillery</i>, which provided a practical method of using <a href="/wiki/Aiming_point" title="Aiming point">aiming points</a> for indirect fire by describing, "all the essentials of aiming points, crest clearance, and corrections to fire by an observer".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few years later, the Richtfläche (lining-plane) sight was invented in Germany and provided a means of indirect laying in azimuth, complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German army</a>, indirect fire was adopted as doctrine by the 1890s. In the early 1900s, Goertz in Germany developed an optical sight for azimuth laying. It quickly replaced the lining-plane; in English, it became the 'Dial Sight' (UK) or 'Panoramic Telescope' (US). </p><p>The British halfheartedly experimented with indirect fire techniques since the 1890s, but with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a>, they were the first to apply the theory in practice in 1899, although they had to improvise without a lining-plane sight.<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next 15 years leading up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the techniques of indirect fire became available for all types of artillery. Indirect fire was the defining characteristic of 20th-century artillery and led to undreamt of changes in the amount of artillery, its tactics, organisation, and techniques, most of which occurred during World War I. </p><p>An implication of indirect fire and improving guns was increasing range between gun and target, this increased the time of flight and the vertex of the trajectory. The result was decreasing accuracy (the increasing distance between the target and the mean point of impact of the shells aimed at it) caused by the increasing effects of non-standard conditions. Indirect firing data was based on standard conditions including a specific muzzle velocity, zero wind, air temperature and density, and propellant temperature. In practice, this standard combination of conditions almost never existed, they varied throughout the day and day to day, and the greater the time of flight, the greater the inaccuracy. An added complication was the need for survey to accurately fix the coordinates of the gun position and provide accurate orientation for the guns. Of course, targets had to be accurately located, but by 1916, air photo interpretation techniques enabled this, and ground survey techniques could sometimes be used. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048,_Frankreich,_Arras,_Artillerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048%2C_Frankreich%2C_Arras%2C_Artillerie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048%2C_Frankreich%2C_Arras%2C_Artillerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048%2C_Frankreich%2C_Arras%2C_Artillerie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048%2C_Frankreich%2C_Arras%2C_Artillerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048%2C_Frankreich%2C_Arras%2C_Artillerie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S36048%2C_Frankreich%2C_Arras%2C_Artillerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/15_cm_sFH_13" title="15 cm sFH 13">15cm field howitzers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914, the methods of correcting firing data for the actual conditions were often convoluted, and the availability of data about actual conditions was rudimentary or non-existent, the assumption was that fire would always be ranged (adjusted). British heavy artillery worked energetically to progressively solve all these problems from late 1914 onwards, and by early 1918, had effective processes in place for both field and heavy artillery. These processes enabled 'map-shooting', later called 'predicted fire'; it meant that effective fire could be delivered against an accurately located target without ranging. Nevertheless, the mean point of impact was still some tens of yards from the target-centre aiming point. It was not precision fire, but it was good enough for concentrations and barrages. These processes remain in use into the 21st century with refinements to calculations enabled by computers and improved data capture about non-standard conditions. </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hugh_Tudor" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hugh Tudor">Henry Hugh Tudor</a> pioneered armour and artillery cooperation at the breakthrough <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a>. The improvements in providing and using data for non-standard conditions (propellant temperature, muzzle velocity, wind, air temperature, and barometric pressure) were developed by the major combatants throughout the war and enabled effective predicted fire.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of this was demonstrated by the British in 1917 (at Cambrai) and by Germany the following year (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>). </p><p>Major General J.B.A. Bailey, British Army (retired) wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the middle of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, artillery is judged to have accounted for perhaps 50% of battlefield casualties. In the sixty years preceding 1914, this figure was probably as low as 10 percent. The remaining 90 percent fell to small arms, whose range and accuracy had come to rival those of artillery. ... [By WWI] The <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Artillery">British Royal Artillery</a>, at over one million men, grew to be larger than the Royal Navy. Bellamy (1986), pp. 1–7, cites the percentage of casualties caused by artillery in various theaters since 1914: in the First World War, 45 percent of Russian casualties and 58 percent of British casualties on the Western Front; in the Second World War, 75 percent of British casualties in North Africa and 51 percent of Soviet casualties (61 percent in 1945) and 70 percent of German casualties on the Eastern Front; and in the Korean War, 60 percent of US casualties, including those inflicted by mortars.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J.B.A. Bailey (2004). <i>Field artillery and firepower</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>An estimated 75,000 French soldiers were casualties of friendly artillery fire in the four years of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precision-guidance">Precision-guidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Precision-guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg/220px-XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg/330px-XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg/440px-XM982_Excalibur_inert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M982_Excalibur" title="M982 Excalibur">M982 Excalibur</a> guided artillery shell</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a> artillery is most obviously distinguished by its long range, firing an <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rocket</a> and a mobile carriage for firing and transport. However, its most important characteristic is the use of indirect fire, whereby the firing equipment is aimed without seeing the target through its sights. Indirect fire emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and was greatly enhanced by the development of <a href="/wiki/Predicted_fire" title="Predicted fire">predicted fire</a> methods in World War I. However, indirect fire was area fire; it was and is not suitable for destroying point targets; its primary purpose is area suppression. Nevertheless, by the late 1970s precision-guided munitions started to appear, notably the US 155 mm Copperhead and its Soviet 152 mm <a href="/wiki/Krasnopol_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnopol (weapon)">Krasnopol</a> equivalent that had success in Indian service. These relied on laser designation to 'illuminate' the target that the shell homed onto. However, in the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System (GPS)</a> enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the mensuration process.<sup id="cite_ref-tmo_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XM1156-PGK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/XM1156-PGK.svg/220px-XM1156-PGK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/XM1156-PGK.svg/330px-XM1156-PGK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/XM1156-PGK.svg/440px-XM1156-PGK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M1156_Precision_Guidance_Kit" title="M1156 Precision Guidance Kit">M1156 Precision Guidance Kit</a> can be added to unguided projectiles</figcaption></figure> <p>Weapons covered by the term 'modern artillery' include "<a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>" artillery (such as <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms. This term also came to include <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th century, artillery also included ground-based <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft battery">anti-aircraft batteries</a>. </p><p>The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal <a href="/wiki/Guidance_system" title="Guidance system">guidance systems</a>, preferring the term "missilery", though some modern artillery units employ surface-to-surface <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber guided projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Precision_Fires_(LRPF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF)">Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_terminal_attack_controller" title="Joint terminal attack controller">Joint terminal attack controller</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ammunition">Ammunition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most important roles of logistics is the supply of <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munitions</a> as a primary type of artillery consumable, their storage (<a href="/wiki/Ammunition_dump" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition dump">ammunition dump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> ) and the provision of fuzes, detonators and warheads at the point where artillery troops will assemble the charge, projectile, bomb or shell. </p><p>A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">Fuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">Propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuzes">Fuzes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fuzes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artillery_fuze" title="Artillery fuze">Artillery fuze</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fuze_(munitions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuze (munitions)">Fuzes</a> are the devices that initiate an artillery projectile, either to detonate its <a href="/wiki/Explosive#High" title="Explosive">High Explosive (HE)</a> filling or eject its cargo (illuminating flare or smoke canisters being examples). The official military spelling is "fuze".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly there are four main types: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a> (including graze and <a href="/wiki/Delay_composition" title="Delay composition">delay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> including <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">airburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensor</a> including <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">airburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmer_(hardware)" title="Programmer (hardware)">programmable</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a> including <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">airburst</a></li></ul> <p>Most artillery fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used with armor-piercing shells and for squash head (<a href="/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head" title="High-explosive squash head">High-Explosive Squash Head (HESH)</a> or <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head" title="High-explosive squash head">High Explosive, Plastic (HEP)</a> anti-tank shells). At least one nuclear shell and its non-nuclear spotting version also used a multi-deck mechanical time fuze fitted into its base. </p><p>Impact fuzes were, and in some armies remain, the standard fuze for HE projectiles. Their default action is normally 'superquick', some have had a 'graze' action which allows them to penetrate light cover and others have 'delay'. Delay fuzes allow the shell to penetrate the ground before exploding. Armor or Concrete-Piercing (AP or CP) fuzes are specially hardened. During World War I and later, ricochet fire with delay or graze fuzed HE shells, fired with a flat angle of descent, was used to achieve airburst. </p><p>HE shells can be fitted with other fuzes. Airburst fuzes usually have a combined airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuzes</a>, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo munitions—for example, shrapnel, illumination, and smoke. The larger calibers of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> artillery are almost always used airburst. Airburst fuzes have to have the fuze length (running time) set on them. This is done just before firing using either a wrench or a fuze setter pre-set to the required fuze length. </p><p>Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the early part of the century. These required a means of powering them. The Thiel mechanism used a spring and escapement (i.e. 'clockwork'), Junghans used <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> and gears, and Dixi used centrifugal force and balls. From about 1980, electronic time fuzes started replacing mechanical ones for use with cargo munitions. </p><p>Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar. The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with British <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a> 'unrotated projectiles' (rockets) in World War II. Radar proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the mechanical (time) fuzes which they replaced. Mechanical time fuzes required an accurate calculation of their running time, which was affected by non-standard conditions. With HE (requiring a burst 20 to 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground), if this was very slightly wrong the rounds would either hit the ground or burst too high. Accurate running time was less important with cargo munitions that burst much higher. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">radar proximity fuzes</a> (perhaps originally codenamed 'VT' and later called Variable Time (VT)) were invented by the British and developed by the US and initially used against aircraft in World War II. Their ground use was delayed for fear of the enemy recovering 'blinds' (artillery shells which failed to detonate) and copying the fuze. The first proximity fuzes were designed to detonate about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the ground. These air-bursts are much more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts. </p><p>However, proximity fuzes can suffer premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds. This led to 'Controlled Variable Time' (CVT) after World War II. These fuzes have a mechanical timer that switched on the radar about 5 seconds before expected impact, they also detonated on impact. </p><p>The proximity fuze emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the U.S. Artillery's "Christmas present", and were much appreciated when they arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. They were also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles in the Pacific against <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a></i> as well as in Britain against <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic multi-function fuzes started to appear around 1980. Using solid-state electronics they were relatively cheap and reliable, and became the standard fitted fuze in operational ammunition stocks in some western armies. The early versions were often limited to proximity airburst, albeit with height of burst options, and impact. Some offered a go/no-go functional test through the fuze setter. </p><p>Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The latest, such as Junghan's DM84U provide options giving, superquick, delay, a choice of proximity heights of burst, time and a choice of foliage penetration depths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projectiles">Projectiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Projectiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shell (projectile)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/220px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/330px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg/440px-Nuclear_artillery_test_Grable_Event_-_Part_of_Operation_Upshot-Knothole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>Artillery can be used to fire <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_artillery" title="Nuclear artillery">nuclear warheads</a>, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Upshot-Knothole_Grable" title="Upshot-Knothole Grable">this 1953 nuclear test</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The projectile is the munition or "bullet" fired downrange. This may be an explosive device. Projectiles have traditionally been classified as "shot" or "shell", the former being solid and the latter having some form of "payload". </p><p>Shells can be divided into three configurations: bursting, base ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in World War I. Base and nose ejection are almost always used with airburst fuzes. Bursting shells use various types of fuze depending on the nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time. </p><p>Payloads have included: </p> <ul><li><b>Bursting</b>: high-explosive, <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a>, coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices; <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.</li> <li><b>Nose ejection</b>: shrapnel, star, incendiary and flechette (a more modern version of shrapnel).</li> <li><b>Base ejection</b>: <a href="/wiki/Dual-Purpose_Improved_Conventional_Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition">Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition</a> bomblets, which arm themselves and function after a set number of rotations after having been ejected from the projectile (this produces unexploded sub-munitions, or "duds", which remain dangerous), scatterable mines, illuminating, coloured flare, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, chaff<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (foil to jam radars)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern exotics such as electronic payloads and sensor-fuzed munitions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stabilization">Stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Rifled</b>: Artillery projectiles have traditionally been spin-stabilised, meaning that they spin in flight so that <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopic">gyroscopic</a> forces prevent them from tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifling</a>, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a "<a href="/wiki/Driving_band" title="Driving band">driving band</a>" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used.</li> <li><b>Smoothbore/fin-stabilized</b>: In modern artillery, <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> barrels have been used mostly by <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>. These projectiles use fins in the airflow at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefits over rifled barrels is reduced barrel wear, longer ranges that can be achieved (due to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the projectile via the rifling) and larger explosive cores for a given caliber artillery due to less metal needing to be used to form the case of the projectile because of less force applied to the shell from the non-rifled sides of the barrel of smooth bore guns.</li> <li><b>Rifled/fin-stabilized</b>: A combination of the above can be used, where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for stabilization,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> guidance<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or gliding.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propellant">Propellant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Propellant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg/230px-152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg/345px-152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg/460px-152_mm_howitzer_D-20_belong_to_Military_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/152_mm_towed_gun-howitzer_M1955_(D-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)">152 mm howitzer D-20</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most forms of artillery require a <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> to propel the projectile to the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, which means it <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagrates</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonating</a> like high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion chamber of a <a href="/wiki/Rocket_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket motor">rocket motor</a>. </p><p>Until the late 19th century, the only available propellant was <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>. It had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles, and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets, betray the positions of guns, and make aiming impossible. In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> (also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high explosive <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> was discovered at nearly the same time. Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable, however, and burned very fast and hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear. Widespread introduction of smokeless powder would wait until the advent of the double-base powders, which combine nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin to produce powerful, smokeless, stable propellant. </p><p>Many other formulations were developed in the following decades, generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery propellant – low temperature, high energy, non-corrosive, highly stable, cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Modern gun propellants are broadly divided into three classes: single-base propellants that are mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants consisting of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and <a href="/wiki/Nitroguanidine" title="Nitroguanidine">nitroguanidine</a>. </p><p>Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in three ways: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket-assisted_projectile" title="Rocket-assisted projectile">Rocket-assisted projectiles</a> enhance and sustain the projectile's velocity by providing additional 'push' from a small rocket motor that is part of the projectile's base.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_bleed" title="Base bleed">Base bleed</a> uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Form_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Form drag">drag</a>.</li> <li>Ramjet-assisted, similar to rocket-assisted, but using a ramjet instead of a rocket motor; it is anticipated that a ramjet-assisted 120-mm mortar shell could reach a range of 22 mi (35 km).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Propelling charges for barrel artillery can be provided either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally, anti-aircraft artillery and smaller-caliber (up to 3" or 76.2 mm) guns use metal cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern rifle cartridge. This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or lowered, depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of larger shells easier. Cases and bags require totally different types of breech. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech; this is called obturation. With bagged charges, the breech itself provides obturation and holds the primer. In either case, the primer is usually percussion, but electrical is also used, and <a href="/wiki/Laser_ignition" title="Laser ignition">laser ignition</a> is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns have a primer magazine fitted to their breech. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG/220px-16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG/330px-16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG/440px-16-in_Battleship_Ammunition.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Battleship ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard a United States <a href="/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship" title="Iowa-class battleship"><i>Iowa</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use: </p> <ul><li><b>Service</b>: ammunition used in <a href="/wiki/Live_fire_exercise" title="Live fire exercise">live fire training</a> or for wartime use in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.</li> <li><b>Practice</b>: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes in place of the normal high-explosive charge.</li> <li><b>Dummy</b>: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and no propellant; used for training or display.</li> <li><b>Blank</b>: Ammunition with live primer, greatly reduced propellant charge (typically black powder), and no projectile; used for training, demonstration or ceremonial use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_artillery_system">Field artillery system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Field artillery system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Artillery" title="Special:EditPage/Artillery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg/220px-Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg/330px-Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg/440px-Cyclone-French-320th-artillery-5_Sept-1917-Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption><i>Cyclone</i> of the 320th French Artillery, in <a href="/wiki/Hoogstade" title="Hoogstade">Hoogstade</a>, Belgium, September 5, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Because modern <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> mostly uses <a href="/wiki/Indirect_fire" title="Indirect fire">indirect fire</a>, the guns have to be part of a system that enables them to attack targets invisible to them, in accordance with the combined arms plan. </p><p>The main functions in the field artillery system are: </p> <ul><li>Communications</li> <li>Command: authority to allocate resources;</li> <li>Target acquisition: detect, identify and deduce the location of targets;</li> <li>Control: authority to decide which targets to attack and allot fire units to the attack;</li> <li>Computation of firing data – to deliver fire from a fire unit onto its target;</li> <li>Fire units: guns, launchers or mortars grouped together;</li> <li>Specialist services: produce data to support the production of accurate firing data;</li> <li>Logistic services: to provide combat supplies, particularly ammunition, and equipment support.</li></ul> <p>All these calculations to produce a quadrant elevation (or range) and azimuth were done manually using instruments, tabulated, data of the moment, and approximations until battlefield computers started appearing in the 1960s and 1970s. While some early calculators copied the manual method (typically substituting <a href="/wiki/Polynomial" title="Polynomial">polynomials</a> for tabulated data), computers use a different approach. They simulate a shell's trajectory by 'flying' it in short steps and applying data about the conditions affecting the trajectory at each step. This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell within the required 'closing' distance of the target coordinates. NATO has a standard ballistic model for computer calculations and has expanded the scope of this into the NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel (NABK)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the <a href="/wiki/SG2_Shareable_(Fire_Control)_Software_Suite_(S4)" title="SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4)">SG2 Shareable (Fire Control) Software Suite (S4)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics">Logistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Logistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supply of artillery ammunition has always been a major component of military logistics. Up until World War I some armies made artillery responsible for all forward ammunition supply because the load of small arms ammunition was trivial compared to artillery. Different armies use different approaches to ammunition supply, which can vary with the nature of operations. Differences include where the logistic service transfers artillery ammunition to artillery, the amount of ammunition carried in units and extent to which stocks are held at unit or battery level. A key difference is whether supply is 'push' or 'pull'. In the former the 'pipeline' keeps pushing ammunition into formations or units at a defined rate. In the latter units fire as tactically necessary and replenish to maintain or reach their authorised holding (which can vary), so the logistic system has to be able to cope with surge and slack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png/220px-Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png/330px-Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png/440px-Finnish_Army_130_mm_Gun_M-46_direct_fire.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> using <a href="/wiki/130_mm_towed_field_gun_M1954_(M-46)" title="130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)">130 mm Gun M-46</a> during a direct fire mission in a live fire exercise in 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>Artillery types can be categorised in several ways, for example by type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational arrangements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_ordnance">Types of ordnance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Types of ordnance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Types of artillery: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PzH2000.Ger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PzH2000.Ger.jpg/220px-PzH2000.Ger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PzH2000.Ger.jpg/330px-PzH2000.Ger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PzH2000.Ger.jpg/440px-PzH2000.Ger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3562" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> <a href="/wiki/PzH_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="PzH 2000">PzH 2000</a> self-propelled artillery</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannon</a>: The oldest type of artillery with direct firing trajectory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">Bombard</a>: A type of a large calibre, muzzle-loading artillery piece, a cannon or mortar used during sieges to shoot round stone projectiles at the walls of enemy fortifications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a> was a type of light cannon developed in the late 15th century that fired a smaller <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">shot</a> than the similar falcon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">Swivel gun</a> is a type of small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Camel mounted swivel guns called <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">zamburak</a> were used by the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder Empires">Gunpowder Empires</a> as self-propelled artillery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volley_gun" title="Volley gun">Volley gun</a> is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that <a href="/wiki/Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">volley fired</a> simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> in that they lack <a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)#Autoloading_operation" title="Action (firearms)">autoloading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic fire">automatic fire</a> mechanisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege artillery">Siege artillery</a>: Large-caliber artillery that have limited mobility with indirect firing trajectory, which was used to bombard targets at long distances. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large-calibre_artillery" title="Large-calibre artillery">Large-calibre artillery</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Field artillery</a>: Mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_support_gun" title="Infantry support gun">Infantry support guns</a>: Directly support infantry units.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain guns</a>: Lightweight guns that can be disassembled and transported through difficult terrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field guns</a>: Capable of long-range <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fires</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzers</a>: Capable of high-angle fire, they are most often employed for <a href="/wiki/Indirect-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect-fire">indirect-fire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer" title="Gun-howitzer">Gun-howitzers</a>: Capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a>: Typically muzzle-loaded, short-barreled, high-trajectory weapons designed primarily for an indirect-fire role.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-mortar">Gun-mortars</a>: Typically breech-loaded, capable of high or low-angle fire with a longer barrel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank guns</a>: Large-caliber guns mounted on <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> to provide mobile direct fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank artillery">Anti-tank artillery</a>: Guns, usually mobile, designed primarily for direct fire to destroy <a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicle">armored fighting vehicles</a> with heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle armor">armor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a>: Guns designed for direct fire to destroy tanks and other armored fighting vehicles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">Anti-aircraft artillery</a>: Guns, usually mobile, designed for attacking <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> by land and/or at sea. Some guns were suitable for the dual roles of anti-aircraft and anti-tank warfare.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket artillery</a>: Launches <a href="/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)" title="Rocket (weapon)">rockets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, instead of shot or shell.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">Railway gun</a>: Large-caliber weapons that are mounted on, transported by and fired from specially-designed <a href="/wiki/Railway_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway wagon">railway wagons</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg/220px-MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg/330px-MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg/440px-MuseeMarine-canonBronze-p1000434.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Naval cannon, early 19th century</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a>: Guns mounted on <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> to be used either against other naval vessels or to bombard coastal targets in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a>, but the advent of air power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete. They are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a>: Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in World War II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (for example, Russia's <a href="/wiki/130_mm_coastal_defense_gun_A-222" class="mw-redirect" title="130 mm coastal defense gun A-222">"Bereg"</a> system) is often self-propelled, (allowing it to avoid <a href="/wiki/Counter-battery_fire" title="Counter-battery fire">counter-battery fire</a>) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_artillery" title="Aircraft artillery">Aircraft artillery</a>: Large-caliber guns mounted on <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>, this is typically found on slow-flying <a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">gunships</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_artillery" title="Nuclear artillery">Nuclear artillery</a>: Artillery which fires <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear shells</a>.</li></ul> <p>Modern field artillery can also be split into two other subcategories: towed and <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled</a>. As the name suggests, <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">towed artillery</a> has a prime mover, usually an <a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractor</a> or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Towed artillery is in some cases equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">APU</a> for small displacements. Self-propelled artillery is permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and is thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. It includes mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_types">Organizational types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Organizational types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the modern artillery period, the late 19th century, many armies had three main types of artillery, in some case they were sub-branches within the artillery branch in others they were separate branches or corps. There were also other types excluding the armament fitted to warships: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:70_mm_horse_artillery_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/70_mm_horse_artillery_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-70_mm_horse_artillery_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/70_mm_horse_artillery_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-70_mm_horse_artillery_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/70_mm_horse_artillery_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-70_mm_horse_artillery_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Horse-drawn artillery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Skoda_70_mm_field_gun_pulled_by_men_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Man-pulled artillery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg/220px-Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg/330px-Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg/440px-Gasmasked_artillerymen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Australian gunners, wearing <a href="/wiki/WWI_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI gas mask">gas masks</a>, operate a <a href="/wiki/BL_9.2_inch_Howitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 9.2 inch Howitzer">9.2-inch (230 mm) howitzer</a> during World War I</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">Horse artillery</a>, first formed as regular units in the late 18th century, with the role of supporting cavalry, they were distinguished by the entire crew being mounted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Field or "foot" artillery</a>, the main artillery arm of the field army, using either guns, howitzers, or mortars. In World War II this branch again started using <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rockets</a> and later surface to surface missiles.</li> <li>Fortress or garrison artillery, operated a nation's fixed defences using guns, howitzers or mortars, either on land or coastal frontiers. Some had deployable elements to provide heavy artillery to the field army. In some nations <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coast defence artillery</a> was a naval responsibility.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain artillery</a>, a few nations treated mountain artillery as a separate branch, in others it was a speciality in another artillery branch. They used light guns or howitzers, usually designed for pack animal transport and easily broken down into small easily handled loads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a>, some nations carried pack artillery on some warships, these were used and manhandled by naval (or marine) landing parties. At times, part of a ship's armament would be unshipped and mated to makeshift carriages and limbers for actions ashore, for example during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, during the First World War the guns from the stricken <a href="/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1905)" title="SMS Königsberg (1905)">SMS <i>Königsberg</i></a> formed the main artillery strength of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> forces in East Africa.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tir.jpg/220px-Tir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tir.jpg/330px-Tir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tir.jpg/440px-Tir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Firing of an 18-pound gun, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Crepin" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe Crepin">Louis-Philippe Crepin</a> (1772–1851)</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War I many nations merged these different artillery branches, in some cases keeping some as sub-branches. Naval artillery disappeared apart from that belonging to marines. However, two new branches of artillery emerged during that war and its aftermath, both used specialised guns (and a few rockets) and used direct not indirect fire, in the 1950s and 1960s both started to make extensive use of missiles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank artillery">Anti-tank artillery</a>, also under various organisational arrangements but typically either field artillery or a specialist branch and additional elements integral to infantry, etc., units. However, in most armies field and anti-aircraft artillery also had at least a secondary anti-tank role. After World War II anti-tank in Western armies became mostly the responsibility of infantry and armoured branches and ceased to be an artillery matter, with some exceptions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">Anti-aircraft artillery</a>, under various organisational arrangements including being part of artillery, a separate corps, even a separate service or being split between army for the field and air force for home defence. In some cases infantry and the new armoured corps also operated their own integral light anti-aircraft artillery. Home defence anti-aircraft artillery often used fixed as well as mobile mountings. Some anti-aircraft guns could also be used as field or anti-tank artillery, providing they had suitable sights.</li></ul> <p>However, the general switch by artillery to indirect fire before and during World War I led to a reaction in some armies. The result was accompanying or infantry guns. These were usually small, short range guns, that could be easily man-handled and used mostly for direct fire but some could use indirect fire. Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit. In World War II they were joined by self-propelled assault guns, although other armies adopted infantry or close support tanks in armoured branch units for the same purpose, subsequently tanks generally took on the accompanying role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment_types">Equipment types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Equipment types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three main types of artillery "gun" are <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howitzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Howitzers">howitzers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>. During the 20th century, guns and howitzers have steadily merged in artillery use, making a distinction between the terms somewhat meaningless. By the end of the 20th century, true guns with calibers larger than about 60 mm have become very rare in artillery use, the main users being tanks, ships, and a few residual anti-aircraft and coastal guns. The term "cannon" is a United States generic term that includes guns, howitzers, and mortars; it is not used in other English speaking armies. </p><p>The traditional definitions differentiated between guns and howitzers in terms of maximum elevation (well less than 45° as opposed to close to or greater than 45°), number of charges (one or more than one charge), and having higher or lower muzzle velocity, sometimes indicated by barrel length. These three criteria give eight possible combinations, of which guns and howitzers are but two. However, modern "howitzers" have higher velocities and longer barrels than the equivalent "guns" of the first half of the 20th century. </p><p> True guns are characterized by long range, having a maximum elevation significantly less than 45°, a high muzzle velocity and hence a relatively long barrel, smooth bore (no rifling) and a single charge. The latter often led to fixed ammunition where the projectile is locked to the cartridge case. There is no generally accepted minimum muzzle velocity or barrel length associated with a gun. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg/220px-60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg/330px-60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg/440px-60_pounder_Cape_Helles_June_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5105" data-file-height="4117" /></a><figcaption>A British 60-pounder (5-inch (130 mm)) gun at full recoil, in action during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a>, 1915. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brooks_(photographer)" title="Ernest Brooks (photographer)">Ernest Brooks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower muzzle velocities and shorter barrels than equivalent guns. All this means they can deliver fire with a steep angle of descent. Because of their multi-charge capability, their ammunition is mostly separate loading (the projectile and propellant are loaded separately). </p><p>That leaves six combinations of the three criteria, some of which have been termed <a href="/wiki/Gun_howitzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun howitzers">gun howitzers</a>. A term first used in the 1930s when howitzers with a relatively high maximum muzzle velocities were introduced, it never became widely accepted, most armies electing to widen the definition of "gun" or "howitzer". By the 1960s, most equipment had maximum elevations up to about 70°, were multi-charge, had quite high maximum muzzle velocities and relatively long barrels. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a> are simpler. The modern mortar originated in World War I and there were several patterns. After that war, most mortars settled on the Stokes pattern, characterized by a short barrel, smooth bore, low muzzle velocity, elevation angle of firing generally greater than 45°, and a very simple and light mounting using a "baseplate" on the ground. The projectile with its integral propelling charge was dropped down the barrel from the muzzle to hit a fixed firing pin. Since that time, a few mortars have become rifled and adopted breech loading. </p><p>There are other recognized typifying characteristics for artillery. One such characteristic is the type of obturation used to seal the chamber and prevent gases escaping through the breech. This may use a metal cartridge case that also holds the propelling charge, a configuration called "QF" or "quickfiring" by some nations. The alternative does not use a metal cartridge case, the propellant being merely bagged or in combustible cases with the breech itself providing all the sealing. This is called "BL" or "breech loading" by some nations. </p><p>A second characteristic is the form of propulsion. Modern equipment can either be towed or self-propelled (SP). A towed gun fires from the ground and any inherent protection is limited to a gun shield. Towing by horse teams lasted throughout World War II in some armies, but others were fully mechanized with wheeled or tracked gun towing vehicles by the outbreak of that war. The size of a towing vehicle depends on the weight of the equipment and the amount of ammunition it has to carry. </p><p>A variation of towed is portee, where the vehicle carries the gun which is dismounted for firing. Mortars are often carried this way. A mortar is sometimes carried in an armored vehicle and can either fire from it or be dismounted to fire from the ground. Since the early 1960s it has been possible to carry lighter towed guns and most mortars by helicopter. Even before that, they were parachuted or landed by glider from the time of the first airborne trials in the USSR in the 1930s. </p><p>In SP equipment, the gun is an integral part of the vehicle that carries it. SPs first appeared during World War I, but did not really develop until World War II. They are mostly tracked vehicles, but wheeled SPs started to appear in the 1970s. Some SPs have no armor and carry few or no other weapons and ammunition. Armored SPs usually carry a useful ammunition load. Early armored SPs were mostly a "casemate" configuration, in essence an open top armored box offering only limited traverse. However, most modern armored SPs have a full enclosed armored turret, usually giving full traverse for the gun. Many SPs cannot fire without deploying stabilizers or spades, sometimes hydraulic. A few SPs are designed so that the recoil forces of the gun are transferred directly onto the ground through a baseplate. A few towed guns have been given limited self-propulsion by means of an auxiliary engine. </p><p>Two other forms of tactical propulsion were used in the first half of the 20th century: Railways or transporting the equipment by road, as two or three separate loads, with disassembly and re-assembly at the beginning and end of the journey. <a href="/wiki/Railway_gun" title="Railway gun">Railway artillery</a> took two forms, railway mountings for heavy and super-heavy guns and howitzers and armored trains as "fighting vehicles" armed with light artillery in a direct fire role. Disassembled transport was also used with heavy and super heavy weapons and lasted into the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliber_categories">Caliber categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Caliber categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third form of artillery typing is to classify it as "light", "medium", "heavy" and various other terms. It appears to have been introduced in World War I, which spawned a very wide array of artillery in all sorts of sizes so a simple categorical system was needed. Some armies defined these categories by bands of calibers. Different bands were used for different types of weapons—field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and coastal guns.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_operations">Modern operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/220px--ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="ATAGS_Howitzer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ATAGS_Howitzer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm/ATAGS_Howitzer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DRDO_Advanced_Towed_Artillery_Gun_System" class="mw-redirect" title="DRDO Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System">ATAGS</a> showcasing towing, turning and firing of rounds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMX_AuF1,_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie,_Implementation_Force,_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AMX_AuF1%2C_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie%2C_Implementation_Force%2C_1996.jpg/220px-AMX_AuF1%2C_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie%2C_Implementation_Force%2C_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AMX_AuF1%2C_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie%2C_Implementation_Force%2C_1996.jpg/330px-AMX_AuF1%2C_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie%2C_Implementation_Force%2C_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AMX_AuF1%2C_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie%2C_Implementation_Force%2C_1996.jpg/440px-AMX_AuF1%2C_40e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie%2C_Implementation_Force%2C_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Two French Army Giat <a href="/wiki/GCT_155mm" class="mw-redirect" title="GCT 155mm">GCT 155mm</a> (155 mm AUF1) Self-propelled Guns, 40th Regiment d' Artillerie, with IFOR markings are parked at Hekon base, near Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina, in support of Operation Joint Endeavor</figcaption></figure> <p>List of countries in order of amount of artillery (only conventional barrel ordnance is given, in use with land forces):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Number </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td>26,121<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010223_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010223-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Korea</td> <td>17,900+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010412_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010412-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td>17,700+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010400_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010400-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>11,258+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010360_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010360-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Korea</td> <td>10,774+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010414_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010414-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>8,137<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett201033_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett201033-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey</td> <td>7,450+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010165_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010165-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>5,432<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010255_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010255-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td>4,480<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010248_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010248-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>4,291+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria</td> <td>3,805+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran</td> <td>3,668+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algeria</td> <td>3,465<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jordan</td> <td>2,339<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iraq</td> <td>2,300+</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland</td> <td>1,398<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HS_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>900<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cameroon</td> <td>883<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco</td> <td>848<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary</td> <td>835<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>758<span class="nowrap"> </span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Artillery is used in a variety of roles depending on its type and caliber. The general role of artillery is to provide <i>fire support</i>—"the application of fire, coordinated with the manoeuvre of forces to destroy, <i>neutralize</i> or <i>suppress</i> the enemy". This NATO definition makes artillery a supporting arm although not all NATO armies agree with this logic. The <i>italicised</i> terms are NATO's.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike rockets, guns (or howitzers as some armies still call them) and mortars are suitable for delivering <i>close supporting fire</i>. However, they are all suitable for providing <i>deep supporting fire</i> although the limited range of many mortars tends to exclude them from the role. Their control arrangements and limited range also mean that mortars are most suited to <i>direct supporting fire</i>. Guns are used either for this or <i>general supporting fire</i> while rockets are mostly used for the latter. However, lighter rockets may be used for direct fire support. These rules of thumb apply to NATO armies. </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are usually an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> and, in some armies, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armour</a> units. This means they generally do not have to <i>concentrate</i> their fire so their shorter range is not a disadvantage. Some armies also consider infantry operated mortars to be more responsive than artillery, but this is a function of the control arrangements and not the case in all armies. However, mortars have always been used by artillery units and remain with them in many armies, including a few in NATO. </p><p>In NATO armies artillery is usually assigned a tactical mission that establishes its relationship and responsibilities to the formation or units it is assigned to. It seems that not all NATO nations use the terms and outside NATO others are probably used. The standard terms are: <i>direct support</i>, <i>general support</i>, <i>general support reinforcing</i> and <i>reinforcing</i>. These tactical missions are in the context of the command authority: <i>operational command</i>, <i>operational control</i>, <i>tactical command</i> or <i>tactical control</i>. </p><p>In NATO direct support generally means that the directly supporting artillery unit provides observers and liaison to the manoeuvre troops being supported, typically an artillery battalion or equivalent is assigned to a brigade and its batteries to the brigade's battalions. However, some armies achieve this by placing the assigned artillery units under command of the directly supported formation. Nevertheless, the batteries' fire can be <i>concentrated</i> onto a single target, as can the fire of units in range and with the other tactical missions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_of_fire">Application of fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Application of fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:155fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/155fire.jpg/220px-155fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/155fire.jpg/330px-155fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/155fire.jpg/440px-155fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States <a href="/wiki/11th_Marine_Regiment" title="11th Marine Regiment">11th Marine Regiment</a> <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M-198</a> <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion that fire may be against an <i>opportunity</i> target or may be <i>arranged</i>. If it is the latter it may be either <i>on-call</i> or <i>scheduled</i>. Arranged targets may be part of a <i>fire plan</i>. Fire may be either <i>observed</i> or <i>unobserved</i>, if the former it may be <i>adjusted</i>, if the latter then it has to be <i><a href="/wiki/Predicted_fire" title="Predicted fire">predicted</a></i>. Observation of adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some other <i>target acquisition</i> system. </p><p>NATO also recognises several different types of fire support for tactical purposes: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterbattery_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterbattery fire">Counterbattery fire</a></i>: delivered for the purpose of destroying or <i>neutralizing</i> the enemy's fire support system.</li> <li><i>Counterpreparation fire</i>: intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered.</li> <li><i>Covering fire</i>: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms.</li> <li><i>Defensive fire</i>: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action.</li> <li><i>Final Protective Fire</i>: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harassing_fire" title="Harassing fire">Harassing fire</a></i>: a random number of shells are fired at random intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement, and, by the constantly imposed stress, threat of losses and inability of enemy forces to relax or sleep, lowers their morale.</li> <li><i>Interdiction fire</i>: placed on an area or point to prevent the enemy from using the area or point.</li> <li><i>Preparation fire</i>: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy position.</li></ul> <p>These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century, although their definitions have evolved and will continue to do so, lack of <i>suppression</i> in <i>counterbattery</i> is an omission. Broadly they can be defined as either: </p> <ul><li><i>Deep supporting fire</i>: directed at objectives not in the immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications and observation; or</li> <li><i>Close supporting fire</i>: placed on enemy troops, weapons or positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gun5a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gun5a.jpg/220px-Gun5a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gun5a.jpg/330px-Gun5a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gun5a.jpg/440px-Gun5a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a> <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M-198</a> firing outside of <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>, Iraq in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Two other NATO terms also need definition: </p> <ul><li><i>Neutralization fire</i>: delivered to render a target temporarily ineffective or unusable; and</li> <li><i>Suppression fire</i>: that degrades the performance of a target below the level needed to fulfill its mission. Suppression is usually only effective for the duration of the fire.</li></ul> <p>The tactical purposes also include various "mission verbs", a rapidly expanding subject with the modern concept of "effects based operations". </p><p><i>Targeting</i> is the process of selecting target and matching the appropriate response to them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities. It requires consideration of the type of fire support required and the extent of coordination with the supported arm. It involves decisions about: </p> <ul><li>what effects are required, for example, <i>neutralization</i> or <i>suppression</i>;</li> <li>the proximity of and risks to own troops or non-combatants;</li> <li>what types of munitions, including their fuzing, are to be used and in what quantities;</li> <li>when the targets should be attacked and possibly for how long;</li> <li>what methods should be used, for example, <i>converged</i> or <i>distributed</i>, whether adjustment is permissible or surprise essential, the need for special procedures such as precision or danger close</li> <li>how many fire units are needed and which ones they should be from those that are available (in range, with the required munitions type and quantity, not allotted to another target, have the most suitable line of fire if there is a risk to own troops or non-combatants);</li></ul> <p>The <i>targeting</i> process is the key aspect of tactical fire control. Depending on the circumstances and national procedures it may all be undertaken in one place or may be distributed. In armies practicing control from the front, most of the process may be undertaken by a forward observer or other target acquirer. This is particularly the case for a smaller target requiring only a few fire units. The extent to which the process is formal or informal and makes use of computer based systems, documented norms or experience and judgement also varies widely armies and other circumstances. </p><p>Surprise may be essential or irrelevant. It depends on what effects are required and whether or not the target is likely to move or quickly improve its protective posture. During World War II UK researchers concluded that for impact fuzed munitions the relative risk were as follows:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>men standing – 1</li> <li>men lying – 1/3</li> <li>men firing from trenches – 1/15–1/50</li> <li>men crouching in trenches – 1/25–1/100</li></ul> <p>Airburst munitions significantly increase the relative risk for lying men, etc. Historically most casualties occur in the first 10–15 seconds of fire, i.e. the time needed to react and improve protective posture, however, this is less relevant if airburst is used. </p><p>There are several ways of making best use of this brief window of maximum vulnerability: </p> <ul><li>ordering the guns to fire together, either by executive order or by a "fire at" time. The disadvantage is that if the fire is <i>concentrated</i> from many dispersed <i>fire units</i> then there will be different times of flight and the first rounds will be spread in time. To some extent a large concentration offsets the problem because it may mean that only one round is required from each gun and most of these could arrive in the 15 second window.</li> <li>burst fire, a rate of fire to deliver three rounds from each gun within 10 or 15 seconds, this reduces the number of guns and hence fire units needed, which means they may be less dispersed and have less variation in their times of flight. Smaller caliber guns, such as 105 mm, have always been able to deliver three rounds in 15 seconds, larger calibers firing fixed rounds could also do it but it was not until the 1970s that a multi-charge 155 mm howitzer, <a href="/wiki/FH-70" class="mw-redirect" title="FH-70">FH-70</a> first gained the capability.</li> <li>multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI), where a single weapon or multiple individual weapons fire multiple rounds at differing trajectories so that all rounds arrive on target at the same time.</li> <li><i>time on target</i>, fire units fire at the time less their time of flight, this works well with prearranged scheduled fire but is less satisfactory for opportunity targets because it means delaying the delivery of fire by selecting a 'safe' time that all or most fire units can achieve. It can be used with both the previous two methods.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-battery_fire">Counter-battery fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Counter-battery fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counter-battery_fire" title="Counter-battery fire">Counter-battery fire</a></div> <p>Modern counter-battery fire developed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, with the objective of defeating the enemy's artillery. Typically such fire was used to suppress enemy batteries when they were or were about to interfere with the activities of friendly forces (such as to prevent enemy defensive artillery fire against an impending attack) or to systematically destroy enemy guns. In World War I the latter required air observation. The first indirect counter-battery fire was in May 1900 by an observer in a balloon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Enemy artillery can be detected in two ways, either by direct observation of the guns from the air or by ground observers (including specialist reconnaissance), or from their firing signatures. This includes radars tracking the shells in flight to determine their place of origin, sound ranging detecting guns firing and resecting their position from pairs of microphones or cross-observation of gun flashes using observation by human observers or opto-electronic devices, although the widespread adoption of 'flashless' propellant limited the effectiveness of the latter. </p><p>Once hostile batteries have been detected they may be engaged immediately by friendly artillery or later at an optimum time, depending on the tactical situation and the counter-battery policy. Air strike is another option. In some situations the task is to locate all active enemy batteries for attack using a counter-battery fire at the appropriate moment in accordance with a plan developed by artillery intelligence staff. In other situations counter-battery fire may occur whenever a battery is located with sufficient accuracy. </p><p>Modern counter-battery target acquisition uses unmanned aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Counter-battery_radar" title="Counter-battery radar">counter-battery radar</a>, ground reconnaissance and sound-ranging. Counter-battery fire may be adjusted by some of the systems, for example the operator of an unmanned aircraft can 'follow' a battery if it moves. Defensive measures by batteries include frequently changing position or constructing defensive earthworks, the tunnels used by North Korea being an extreme example. Counter-measures include air defence against aircraft and attacking counter-battery radars physically and electronically. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PzH2000Munition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PzH2000Munition.jpg/200px-PzH2000Munition.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PzH2000Munition.jpg/300px-PzH2000Munition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/PzH2000Munition.jpg/400px-PzH2000Munition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Modern artillery ammunition. Caliber 155 mm as used by the <a href="/wiki/PzH_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="PzH 2000">PzH 2000</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_artillery_team">Field artillery team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Field artillery team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Field artillery team">Field artillery team</a></div> <p>'Field Artillery Team' is a US term and the following description and terminology applies to the US, other armies are broadly similar but differ in significant details. Modern field artillery (post–World War I) has three distinct parts: the <a href="/wiki/Forward_observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward observer">Forward Observer (FO)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fire_direction_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire direction center">Fire Direction Center (FDC)</a> and the actual guns themselves. The forward observer observes the target using tools such as <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">binoculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinders</a>, designators and call back fire missions on his radio, or relays the data through a portable computer via an encrypted digital radio connection protected from jamming by computerized frequency hopping. A lesser known part of the team is the FAS or Field Artillery Survey team which sets up the "Gun Line" for the cannons. Today most artillery battalions use an "Aiming Circle" which allows for faster setup and more mobility. FAS teams are still used for checks and balances purposes and if a gun battery has issues with the "Aiming Circle" a FAS team will do it for them. </p><p>The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> of 4–8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are spotted by the FOs or to perform preplanned fires. </p><p>The Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by each gun once the target has been accurately located—to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However, in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link. </p><p>Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes. Also radar is used both for determining the location of enemy artillery and mortar batteries and to determine the precise actual strike points of rounds fired by battery and comparing that location with what was expected to compute a registration allowing future rounds to be fired with much greater accuracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_on_target">Time on target</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Time on target"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_on_target" title="Time on target">Time on target</a></div> <p>A technique called time on target (TOT) was developed by the British Army in North Africa at the end of 1941 and early 1942 particularly for counter-battery fire and other concentrations, it proved very popular. It relied on BBC time signals to enable officers to synchronize their watches to the second because this avoided the need to use military radio networks and the possibility of losing surprise, and the need for field telephone networks in the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this technique the time of flight from each fire unit (battery or troop) to the target is taken from the range or firing tables, or the computer and each engaging fire unit subtracts its time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. An executive order to fire is given to all guns in the fire unit at the correct moment to fire. When each fire unit fires their rounds at their individual firing time all the opening rounds will reach the target area almost simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_round_simultaneous_impact">Multiple round simultaneous impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Multiple round simultaneous impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRSI-trajectories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MRSI-trajectories.svg/220px-MRSI-trajectories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MRSI-trajectories.svg/330px-MRSI-trajectories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MRSI-trajectories.svg/440px-MRSI-trajectories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of different trajectories used in MRSI: For any muzzle velocity there is a steeper (> 45°, solid line) and a lower (<45°, dashed line) trajectory. On these different trajectories, the shells have different flight times.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg/200px-MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg/300px-MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg/400px-MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing how six shots of different elevation, speed and timing can be used to hit a target at the same time <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg" class="internal" title="MRSI animation SMIL.svg"><span class="nowrap">(Click for SVG animated with SMIL)</span></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) is a modern version of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Time_on_target" title="Time on target">time on target</a> concept. MRSI is when a single gun fires multiple shells so all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is possible because there is more than one trajectory for a round to fly to any given target. Typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and by using different sized propellant charges with each shell, it is possible to utilize more than two trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target. If shells are fired on higher trajectories for initial volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and later volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, with the correct timing the shells will all arrive at the same target simultaneously. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional methods of firing, the target area may have time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to take cover between volleys. However, guns capable of burst fire can deliver multiple rounds in a few seconds if they use the same firing data for each, and if guns in more than one location are firing on one target they can use Time on Target procedures so that all their shells arrive at the same time and target. </p><p>MRSI has a few prerequisites. The first is guns with a high rate of fire. The second is the ability to use different sized propellant charges. Third is a fire control computer that has the ability to compute MRSI volleys and the capability to produce firing data, sent to each gun, and then presented to the gun commander in the correct order.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of rounds that can be delivered in MRSI depends primarily on the range to the target and the rate of fire. To allow the most shells to reach the target, the target has to be in range of the lowest propellant charge. </p><p>Examples of guns with a rate of fire that makes them suitable for MRSI includes UK's <a href="/wiki/AS-90" title="AS-90">AS-90</a>, South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Denel_G6" class="mw-redirect" title="Denel G6">Denel G6</a>-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least 25 km (16 mi) away), Germany's <a href="/wiki/Panzerhaubitze_2000" title="Panzerhaubitze 2000">Panzerhaubitze 2000</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least 17 km (11 mi) away), Slovakia's <a href="/wiki/155mm_SpGH_ZUZANA" class="mw-redirect" title="155mm SpGH ZUZANA">155 mm SpGH ZUZANA 2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/K9_Thunder" title="K9 Thunder">K9 Thunder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Archer_Artillery_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer Artillery System">Archer project</a> (developed by BAE-Systems Bofors in Sweden) is a 155 mm howitzer on a wheeled chassis which is claimed to be able to deliver up to six shells on target simultaneously from the same gun. The 120 mm twin barrel <a href="/wiki/AMOS" title="AMOS">AMOS</a> mortar system, joint developed by <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_H%C3%A4gglunds" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Systems Hägglunds">Hägglunds</a> (Sweden) and <a href="/wiki/Patria_(company)" title="Patria (company)">Patria</a> (Finland),<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is capable of 7 + 7 shells MRSI. The United States <a href="/wiki/XM2001_Crusader" title="XM2001 Crusader">Crusader</a> program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability. It is unclear how many fire control computers have the necessary capabilities. </p><p>Two-round MRSI firings were a popular artillery demonstration in the 1960s, where well trained detachments could show off their skills for spectators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_burst">Air burst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Air burst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">Air burst</a></div> <p>The destructiveness of artillery bombardments can be enhanced when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning that they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time <a href="/wiki/Fuze_(explosives)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuze (explosives)">fuzes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuzes</a>. Time fuzes use a precise timer to detonate the shell after a preset delay. This technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuze can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944 (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>), proximity fuzed artillery shells have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These employ a miniature, low powered <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> transmitter in the fuze to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuze which explodes the shell. The proximity fuze itself was developed by the British to increase the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft warfare</a>. </p><p>This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">fragmentation</a> of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers are likely to be caught in the open; even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_monuments">Use in monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Use in monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg/220px-Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg/330px-Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg/440px-Tupelo_NBS_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An artillery piece in the monument commemorating the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tupelo" title="Battle of Tupelo">Battle of Tupelo</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorials</a> around the world incorporate an artillery piece that was used in the war or battle commemorated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List of artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gun_System" title="Advanced Gun System">Advanced Gun System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery museums">Artillery museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage (artillery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_anti-personnel_round" title="Beehive anti-personnel round">Beehive anti-personnel round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_light-gas_gun" title="Combustion light-gas gun">Combustion light-gas gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuze" title="Fuze">Fuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laying" title="Gun laying">Gun laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-gas_gun" title="Light-gas gun">Light-gas gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Gun" title="Paris Gun">Paris Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot-and-scoot" title="Shoot-and-scoot">Shoot-and-scoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">Shrapnel shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_fire" title="Suppressive fire">Suppressive fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_artillery_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War">Improvised artillery in the Syrian Civil War</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bellamy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellamy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellamy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2004" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606963.001.0001/acref-9780198606963-e-97">"artillery"</a>. <i>Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860696-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=artillery&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860696-3&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198606963.001.0001%2Facref-9780198606963-e-97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRihll2007" class="citation book cs1">Rihll, Tracey Elizabeth (2007). <i>The Catapult: A History</i>. Westholme Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594160356" title="Special:BookSources/9781594160356"><bdi>9781594160356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catapult%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Westholme+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781594160356&rft.aulast=Rihll&rft.aufirst=Tracey+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠotnarCarbolBlaha" class="citation web cs1">Šotnar, Jiří; Carbol, Michal; Blaha, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417100510/http://inase.org/library/2014/varna/bypaper/AMCSE/AMCSE-17.pdf">"Modernization of artillery reconnaissance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>INASE</i>. Applied Mathematics, Computational Science and Engineering. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inase.org/library/2014/varna/bypaper/AMCSE/AMCSE-17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INASE&rft.atitle=Modernization+of+artillery+reconnaissance&rft.aulast=%C5%A0otnar&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Carbol%2C+Michal&rft.au=Blaha%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finase.org%2Flibrary%2F2014%2Fvarna%2Fbypaper%2FAMCSE%2FAMCSE-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/weaponry-the-trebuchet/">"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet"</a>. <i>Historynet</i>. September 5, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historynet&rft.atitle=Arms+and+Men%3A+The+Trebuchet&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fweaponry-the-trebuchet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham314316-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham314316_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham314316_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1987">Needham 1987</a>, pp. 314–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_and_Civilisation_in_China-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1987" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1987). <i>Science & Civilisation in China, volume 7: The Gunpowder Epic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">317–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China%2C+volume+7%3A+The+Gunpowder+Epic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFunknown1590s" class="citation web cs1">unknown (1590s). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.uphero.com/Moghul/Baburnama/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.htm">"1526, First Battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur"</a>. <i>Baburnama</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baburnama&rft.atitle=1526%2C+First+Battle+of+Panipat%2C+Ibrahim+Lodhi+and+Babur&rft.date=1590&rft.au=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.uphero.com%2FMoghul%2FBaburnama%2F1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140519132308/http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm">"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort"</a>. <i>The Akbarnama</i>. 1590–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare2.likamva.in/Moghul/Akbar/1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Akbarnama&rft.atitle=Bullocks+dragging+siege-guns+up+hill+during+Akbar%27s+attack+on+Ranthambhor+Fort&rft.date=1590%2F1595&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare2.likamva.in%2FMoghul%2FAkbar%2F1568-Bullocks_dragging_siege-guns_up_hill_during_the_attack_on_Ranthambhor_Fort.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Weston F., Jr. 1993 <i>Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth century Morocco, 1400–1492.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Stirling_Castle" title="Sieges of Stirling Castle">Sieges of Stirling Castle</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.W. (December 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nrZqzQs3jMC&q=Battle%20of%20Breteuil%20cannon&pg=PA242"><i>Military Technologies of the World</i></a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99536-2"><bdi>978-0-275-99536-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Technologies+of+the+World&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99536-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nrZqzQs3jMC%26q%3DBattle%2520of%2520Breteuil%2520cannon%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Clifford J. (1993). "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years' War". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Military_History" title="The Journal of Military History">The Journal of Military History</a></i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2944058">10.2307/2944058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-7795">1543-7795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2944058">2944058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Military+Revolutions+of+the+Hundred+Years%27+War&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=1543-7795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2944058%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2944058&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidtchen1977">Schmidtchen 1977</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVries, K: The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry By and Against Joan or Arc During the Hundred Years' War. 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">Nicolle, David</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constantinopleen00nico_981"><i>Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constantinopleen00nico_981/page/n66">29</a>–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-091-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-091-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-091-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+1453%3A+The+end+of+Byzantium&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-091-9&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstantinopleen00nico_981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1983" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (1983). <i>Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774</i>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-511-3"><bdi>978-0-85045-511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Ottoman+Turks+1300%E2%80%931774&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-511-3&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peers-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peers_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas M. Peers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Warfare%20and%20Empires%3A%20Contact%20and%20Conflict%20Between%20European%20and%20Non-European%20Military%20and%20Maritime%20Forces%20and%20Cultures%20morocco&pg=PP64">Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures</a></i>, Routledge, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peers1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peers1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas M. Peers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Warfare%20and%20Empires%3A%20Contact%20and%20Conflict%20Between%20European%20and%20Non-European%20Military%20and%20Maritime%20Forces%20and%20Cultures%20morocco&pg=PP68">Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures</a></i>, Routledge, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peers2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peers2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peers2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas M. Peers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Warfare%20and%20Empires%3A%20Contact%20and%20Conflict%20Between%20European%20and%20Non-European%20Military%20and%20Maritime%20Forces%20and%20Cultures%20morocco&pg=PP69">Warfare and Empires: Contact and Conflict Between European and Non-European Military and Maritime Forces and Cultures</a></i>, Routledge, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>Enotenplato, the Chronicle of Military Doctrine</i></a>. Lulu.com. August 23, 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35980699-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35980699-7"><bdi>978-0-35980699-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enotenplato%2C+the+Chronicle+of+Military+Doctrine&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.isbn=978-0-35980699-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOt6rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtsushi2006" class="citation book cs1">Atsushi, Ota (2006). <i>Changes of regime and social dynamics in West Java : society, state, and the outer world of Banten, 1750–1830</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15091-1"><bdi>978-90-04-15091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changes+of+regime+and+social+dynamics+in+West+Java+%3A+society%2C+state%2C+and+the+outer+world+of+Banten%2C+1750%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15091-1&rft.aulast=Atsushi&rft.aufirst=Ota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1863" class="citation book cs1">Jones, John Winter (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsofludovic00vartrich/page/254/mode/2up?q="><i>The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia, A.D. 1503 to 1508</i></a>. Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+travels+of+Ludovico+di+Varthema+in+Egypt%2C+Syria%2C+Arabia+Deserta+and+Arabia+Felix%2C+in+Persia%2C+India%2C+and+Ethiopia%2C+A.D.+1503+to+1508&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsofludovic00vartrich%2Fpage%2F254%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1866" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Henry Edward John (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptionofcoa00barbrich/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century by Duarte Barbosa</i></a>. The Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+the+Coasts+of+East+Africa+and+Malabar+in+the+Beginning+of+the+Sixteenth+Century+by+Duarte+Barbosa&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Edward+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptionofcoa00barbrich%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington1999" class="citation book cs1">Partington, J. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZBSqd2cToC&pg=PA224"><i>A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5954-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5954-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-5954-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Fire+and+Gunpowder&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5954-0&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNZBSqd2cToC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeTana2012" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C"><i>Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past</i></a>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-96-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-96-0"><bdi>978-981-4311-96-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthony+Reid+and+the+Study+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Past&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4311-96-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNsk7tLkMU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:222-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:222_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfurd1856" class="citation book cs1">Crawfurd, John (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n8/mode/2up?q="><i>A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries</i></a>. Bradbury and Evans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Dictionary+of+the+Indian+Islands+and+Adjacent+Countries&rft.pub=Bradbury+and+Evans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Crawfurd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadescriptivedic00crawgoog%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=kna_13806007_002">"조선왕조실록"</a>. <i>History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">KR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A4%EB%A1%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsillok.history.go.kr%2Furl.jsp%3Fid%3Dkna_13806007_002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=kna_12610022_001">"조선왕조실록"</a>. <i>History</i>. KR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%A4%EB%A1%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsillok.history.go.kr%2Furl.jsp%3Fid%3Dkna_12610022_001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WARKEEGAN-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WARKEEGAN_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1993). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Warfare" title="A History of Warfare"><i>A History of Warfare</i></a>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09174527-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09174527-1"><bdi>978-0-09174527-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Warfare&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-09174527-1&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is3/is3d1.htm">"NPS Interpretive Series: Artillery Through the Ages - Explosive Shells"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>. 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514204212/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is3/is3d1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=NPS+Interpretive+Series%3A+Artillery+Through+the+Ages+-+Explosive+Shells&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fsource%2Fis3%2Fis3d1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/shell-ammunition">"Shell | ammunition"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Shell+%7C+ammunition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fshell-ammunition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ordway, Vice-Commander of Artillery of the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV, <i>Great Art of Artillery, the First Part</i>, also known as <i>The Complete Art of Artillery</i>, pp. 407–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithuanianart.com/artwork/44">"Lithuanian Art Fund"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithuanian+Art+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithuanianart.com%2Fartwork%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r&ms-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r&ms_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurantFoughtGuilmartin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durant, Frederick C. III; Fought, Stephen Oliver; Guilmartin, John F. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1357360/rocket-and-missile-system/">"Rocket and missile system"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rocket+and+missile+system&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.+III&rft.au=Fought%2C+Stephen+Oliver&rft.au=Guilmartin%2C+John+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1357360%2Frocket-and-missile-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030520/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/23/stories/2005062310360300.htm">"Tipu's missile launch pad in shambles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Karnataka, India. June 23, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/23/stories/2005062310360300.htm">the original</a> on October 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tipu%27s+missile+launch+pad+in+shambles&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F06%2F23%2Fstories%2F2005062310360300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1982" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, George (1982). <i>Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. Courier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tactics+and+Grand+Tactics+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=Courier&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishbattles.com/frederick-the-great-wars/seven-years-war/battle-of-kolin/">"Battle of Kolin"</a>. <i>www.britishbattles.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishbattles.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Kolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishbattles.com%2Ffrederick-the-great-wars%2Fseven-years-war%2Fbattle-of-kolin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead1970" class="citation book cs1">Head, Michael (1970). <i>French Napoleonic Artillery</i>. Middlesex: Almark Publishing Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Napoleonic+Artillery&rft.place=Middlesex&rft.pub=Almark+Publishing+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornwaite1979" class="citation book cs1">Haythornwaite, Philip J. (1979). <i>Weapons and Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. Blanford Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Equipment+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=Blanford+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Haythornwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1979" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Terence (1979). <i>Artillery Equipments of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850453362" title="Special:BookSources/9780850453362"><bdi>9780850453362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery+Equipments+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780850453362&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastable1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bastable, Marshall J. (1992). "From Breechloaders to Monster Guns: Sir William Armstrong and the Invention of Modern Artillery, 1854–1880". <i><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_Culture" title="Technology and Culture">Technology and Culture</a></i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105857">10.2307/3105857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-3729">1097-3729</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105857">3105857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:112105821">112105821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Breechloaders+to+Monster+Guns%3A+Sir+William+Armstrong+and+the+Invention+of+Modern+Artillery%2C+1854%E2%80%931880&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=1097-3729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A112105821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3105857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3105857&rft.aulast=Bastable&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/William_Armstrong">"William Armstrong"</a>. <i>Grace's Guide to British Industrial History</i>. October 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grace%27s+Guide+to+British+Industrial+History&rft.atitle=William+Armstrong&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2FWilliam_Armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701173545/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001b.htm">"The Emergence of Modern War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001b.htm">the original</a> on July 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fgabrmetz%2Fgabr001b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020220090540/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/local/rbl6.htm">"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/local/rbl6.htm">the original</a> on February 20, 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armstrong+Rifled+Breech+Loading+%28RBL%29+6-Pounder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friv.co.nz%2Frnza%2Fhist%2Flocal%2Frbl6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holley states that <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Treadwell" title="Daniel Treadwell">Daniel Treadwell</a> first patented the concept of a central steel tube kept under compression by wrought-iron coils.. and that Armstrong's assertion that he (Armstrong) first used a wrought-iron A-tube and hence did not infringe the patent, was disingenuous, as the main point in Treadwell's patent was the tension exerted by the wrought-iron coils, which Armstrong used in exactly the same fashion. Holley, Treatise on Ordnance and Armour, 1865, pp. 863–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Bishop, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC&pg=PA137">"Canon de 75 modèle 1897"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000655/https://books.google.com/books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC&pg=PA137">Archived</a> November 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberts-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roberts_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priscilla Mary Roberts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA726">"French 75 gun"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000657/https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA726">Archived</a> November 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World War One, p. 726</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). <i>Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline</i>. C. Hurst.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Bellamy, <i>Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces</i>, London, 1986, p.16, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoxMurray2001" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). <i>The Dynamics of Military Revolution</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80079-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Military+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80079-2&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions; Perret, Brian; Cassell 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35456-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35456-6">978-0-304-35456-6</a>: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoxMurray2001" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). <i>The Dynamics of Military Revolution</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80079-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Military+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80079-2&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolution-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_W._Sweet2000" class="citation book cs1">Frank W. Sweet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dmYQPNfGFsC&pg=PA30"><i>The Evolution of Indirect Fire</i></a>. Backintyme. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939479-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939479-20-7"><bdi>978-0-939479-20-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Indirect+Fire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Backintyme&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-939479-20-7&rft.au=Frank+W.+Sweet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dmYQPNfGFsC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoxMurray2001" class="citation book cs1">Knox, MacGregor; Murray, Williamson (2001). <i>The Dynamics of Military Revolution</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80079-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Military+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80079-2&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=MacGregor&rft.au=Murray%2C+Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2004" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Jonathan B.A. (2004), <i>Field artillery and firepower</i>, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-029-0"><bdi>978-1-59114-029-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+artillery+and+firepower&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-029-0&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Percin, 1921 <i>Le massacre de notre infanterie, 1914–1918</i>. Percin supports his claim with hundreds of items of battlefield correspondence from all parts of the Western Front.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmo-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tmo_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ms. Marie Berberea (TRADOC) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/191808/fort_sill_working_to_install_new_digital_imaging_program">(3 August 2017) Fort Sill working to install new digital imaging program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChikammadu2019" class="citation book cs1">Chikammadu, Ali Caleb (September 3, 2019). <i>Enotenplato The Chronicle of Military Doctrine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu.com</a>. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780359806997" title="Special:BookSources/9780359806997"><bdi>9780359806997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enotenplato+The+Chronicle+of+Military+Doctrine&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.isbn=9780359806997&rft.aulast=Chikammadu&rft.aufirst=Ali+Caleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf">http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/science-service-historical-images-collection">"Science Service Historical Images Collection"</a>. <i>National Museum of American History</i>. April 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Science+Service+Historical+Images+Collection&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fscience-service-historical-images-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 266, Browne & Thurbon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 262, International Aeronautic Federation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209222127/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6779754-fulltext.html">"Fin-stabilized artillery shell"</a>. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6779754-fulltext.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fin-stabilized+artillery+shell&rft.pub=patentstorm.us&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patentstorm.us%2Fpatents%2F6779754-fulltext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209222122/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6748871-fulltext.html">"Guided artillery missile with extremely long range"</a>. patentstorm.us. August 24, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6748871-fulltext.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guided+artillery+missile+with+extremely+long+range&rft.pub=patentstorm.us&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patentstorm.us%2Fpatents%2F6748871-fulltext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNabHunter_Keeter2008" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris; Hunter Keeter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna/page/145"><i>Tools of Violence: Guns, Tanks and Dirty Bombs</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toolsofviolenceg0000mcna/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-225-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-225-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+of+Violence%3A+Guns%2C+Tanks+and+Dirty+Bombs&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-225-7&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Hunter+Keeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoolsofviolenceg0000mcna%2Fpage%2F145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The public NABK Brochure <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aop37.lsec.dnd.ca/sites/s4_public_info/S4%20Document%20Information/NABK%20brochure.pdf">NABK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175224/https://aop37.lsec.dnd.ca/sites/s4_public_info/S4%20Document%20Information/NABK%20brochure.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about-wwi/artillery">"Artillery"</a>. <i>National WWI Museum and Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+WWI+Museum+and+Memorial&rft.atitle=Artillery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldwar.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-wwi%2Fartillery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010223-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010223_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 223. The number given is for Land Forces only. Naval Infantry and Coastal Defense forces, Federal Border Guard Service, and Interior Troops use an additional 500+ ordnance pieces.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010412-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010412_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010400-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010400_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010360-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010360_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010414-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010414_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett201033-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett201033_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 33. The total is composed of 6 270+ ordnance used by the US Army, Army Reserve and National Guard with 1 867 used by the USMC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010165-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010165_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010255-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010255_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010248-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010248_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 248. Syria, Egypt's strategic partner in the past wars against Israel, uses 3 440+ artillery pieces, and is the 11th ranking artillery user in the World.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2010368_79-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHackett2010">Hackett 2010</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HS_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122064517/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/NEWS+ANALYSIS+In+a+changing+world+Finland%E2%80%99s+artillery+stays+the+same/1135238365526">"In a changing world, Finland's artillery stays the same"</a> (news analysis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/english/article/NEWS+ANALYSIS+In+a+changing+world+Finland%E2%80%99s+artillery+stays+the+same/1135238365526">the original</a> on January 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+a+changing+world%2C+Finland%27s+artillery+stays+the+same&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2FNEWS%2BANALYSIS%2BIn%2Ba%2Bchanging%2Bworld%2BFinland%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bartillery%2Bstays%2Bthe%2Bsame%2F1135238365526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Glossary of Terms and Definitions</i>, NATO, AAP-6(2006)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Terms+and+Definitions&rft.pub=NATO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Development of Artillery Tactics and Equipment, Brigadier AL Pemberton, 1950, The War Office, pg 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuWang2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hu, Xin Jun; Wang, Hang Yu (September 2013). "Effectiveness Calculation of Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact Shooting Method Based on Monte Carlo Method". <i>Applied Mechanics and Materials</i>. <span class="nowrap">397–</span>400: <span class="nowrap">2459–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.397-400.2459">10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.397-400.2459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111026161">111026161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Mechanics+and+Materials&rft.atitle=Effectiveness+Calculation+of+Multiple+Rounds+Simultaneous+Impact+Shooting+Method+Based+on+Monte+Carlo+Method&rft.volume=397%E2%80%93400&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2459-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.397-400.2459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111026161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Xin+Jun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hang+Yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geogebra.org/m/r82YhC8d">"Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact, adjustable simulation"</a>. <i>GeoGebra</i>. May 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeoGebra&rft.atitle=Multiple+Rounds+Simultaneous+Impact%2C+adjustable+simulation&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geogebra.org%2Fm%2Fr82YhC8d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailynewshungary.com/hungary-purchases-a-brutal-military-beast-that-can-eliminate-targets-from-over-60-kilometres/">"Hungary purchases a brutal military beast that can eliminate targets from over 60 kilometres"</a>. <i>Daily News Hungary</i>. January 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Hungary&rft.atitle=Hungary+purchases+a+brutal+military+beast+that+can+eliminate+targets+from+over+60+kilometres&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailynewshungary.com%2Fhungary-purchases-a-brutal-military-beast-that-can-eliminate-targets-from-over-60-kilometres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotadef.sk/projekty/zuzana/?lang=en">"Kotadef article on 155mm SpGH Zuzana"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kotadef+article+on+155mm+SpGH+Zuzana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotadef.sk%2Fprojekty%2Fzuzana%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maavoimat.fi/en/self-propelled-howitzer-k9-thunder">"Finnish Army report on K9 Thunder"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finnish+Army+report+on+K9+Thunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaavoimat.fi%2Fen%2Fself-propelled-howitzer-k9-thunder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404172145/http://www.patriahagglunds.fi/">"Patria hagglunds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">FI</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriahagglunds.fi/">the original</a> on April 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patria+hagglunds&rft.place=FI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriahagglunds.fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowneThurbon1998" class="citation book cs1">Browne, J.P.R.; Thurbon, M T (1998). <i>Electronic Warfare</i>. Brassey's air power, v. 4. London: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-133-6"><bdi>978-1-85753-133-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38292289">38292289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.series=Brassey%27s+air+power%2C+v.+4&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38292289&rft.isbn=978-1-85753-133-6&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=J.P.R.&rft.au=Thurbon%2C+M+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2010" class="citation cs2">Hackett, James, ed. (2010), <i>The Military Balance</i>, The International Institute for Strategic Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1988" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatlasofwarf0000unse"><i>The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Studio Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-81967-6"><bdi>978-0-670-81967-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17840438">17840438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Warfare%3A+Military+Innovations+that+Changed+the+Course+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Studio+Books&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17840438&rft.isbn=978-0-670-81967-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatlasofwarf0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCamley2004" class="citation book cs1">McCamley, N.J. (2004). <i>Disasters Underground</i>. <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen & Sword Military</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-022-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-022-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53241739">53241739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disasters+Underground&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53241739&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-022-9&rft.aulast=McCamley&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNaughton1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">McNaughton, Andrew</a> (January 1929). "The Development of Artillery in the Great War". <i>Canadian Defence Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Defence+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Artillery+in+the+Great+War&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1929-01&rft.aulast=McNaughton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdway1970" class="citation journal cs1">Ordway, Frederick I (July 1970). "History of Astronautics Symposium: Mar Del Plata, Argentina, October 1969". <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>11</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">407–</span>416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3102202">10.2307/3102202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102202">3102202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113141625">113141625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=History+of+Astronautics+Symposium%3A+Mar+Del+Plata%2C+Argentina%2C+October+1969&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.date=1970-07&rft.issn=0040-165X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A113141625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3102202%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3102202&rft.aulast=Ordway&rft.aufirst=Frederick+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtchen1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidtchen, Volker (1977). "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit" [Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era]. <i>Technikgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>44</b> (2): 153–73 (162–64). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85351643">85351643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technikgeschichte&rft.atitle=Riesengesch%C3%BCtze+des+15.+Jahrhunderts.+Technische+H%C3%B6chstleistungen+ihrer+Zeit&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-73+%28162-64%29&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85351643&rft.aulast=Schmidtchen&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>Interavia</i>. <b>32</b>. International Aeronautic Federation: 262. January–June 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5168">0020-5168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interavia&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=262&rft.date=1977-01%2F1977-06&rft.issn=0020-5168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1970" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Oliver Frederick Gillilan (1970). <i>Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline</i>. London: C. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900966-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900966-43-9"><bdi>978-0-900966-43-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/99454">99454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery%3A+Its+Origin%2C+Heyday+and+Decline&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F99454&rft.isbn=978-0-900966-43-9&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Frederick+Gillilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2004" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, J.B.A. (2004). <i>Field Artillery and Firepower</i>. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-029-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-029-0"><bdi>978-1-59114-029-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51931033">51931033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Artillery+and+Firepower&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.series=AUSA+Institute+of+Land+Warfare+book&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51931033&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-029-0&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=J.B.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artillery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:artillery">artillery</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Artillery" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Artillery">Artillery</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Artillery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Artillery">Artillery</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/index_weapons.htm">Naval Weapons of the World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cannonartillery.com/">Cannon Artillery – The Voice of Freedom's Thunder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enemyforces.com/artillery.htm">Modern Artillery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504204735/http://www.enemyforces.com/artillery.htm">Archived</a> May 4, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/1574077313Z.00000000029?needAccess=true">What sort of forensic information can be derived from the analysis of shell fragments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809051938/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/1574077313Z.00000000029?needAccess=true">Archived</a> August 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Evans, Nigel F. (2001–2007) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nigelef.tripod.com/index.htm">British Artillery in World War 2</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/artillery_tactics.htm">Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_artillery.htm">Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artillerie.info/">French artillery and its ammunition. 14th to the end of the 19th century</a></li> <li>Historic films showing artillery in World War I at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914%20Artillery/multilingual:1/showOnly:video">europeanfilmgateway.eu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUvcdKGD-FM/">Video: Inside shrieking shrapnel. Hear the great sound of shrapnel's – Finnish field artillery fire video year 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5--klcaqbZY">Video: Forensic and archaeological interpretation of artillery shell fragments and shrapnel</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ordnance"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ordnance">"Ordnance" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">189–</span>235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ordnance&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtillery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weapons161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weapons" title="Template talk:Weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weapons161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons" title="History of weapons">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_premodern_combat_weapons" title="List of premodern combat weapons">Premodern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_Weapons" title="Template:Africa Weapons">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_weapons" title="Template:Chinese weapons">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Early thermal weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_weapons" title="List of medieval weapons">Medieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_weapons" title="Category:Modern weapons">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Wars_weapons" title="List of American Indian Wars weapons">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the War of the Pacific (page does not exist)">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_in_the_Crimean_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons in the Crimean War (page does not exist)">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_War_of_the_Triple_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the War of the Triple Alliance (page does not exist)">War of the Triple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of weapons of the Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_Mexican_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the Mexican Revolution (page does not exist)">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms_before_the_20th_century" title="List of firearms before the 20th century">Pre-20th century firearms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_weapons_of_World_War_I" title="List of infantry weapons of World War I">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Australia (page does not exist)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Austria-Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Austria-Hungary (page does not exist)">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_weapons_of_World_War_I" title="List of German weapons of World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_equipment_of_the_Hellenic_Armed_Forces#Interwar_(1923–1939)_and_World_War_II_(1940–1945)" title="List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of New Zealand (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_equipment_of_World_War_I" title="Romanian military equipment of World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of the United States (page does not exist)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaco_War_firearms" title="List of Chaco War firearms">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_weapons_of_the_Nationalists" title="List of Spanish Civil War weapons of the Nationalists">Nationalist</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_weapons_of_the_Republicans" title="List of Spanish Civil War weapons of the Republicans">Republican</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Second Sino-Japanese War (page does not exist)">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War">Japanese</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Revolutionary_Army_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of National Revolutionary Army infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War (page does not exist)">National Revolutionary Army</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons" title="List of World War II weapons">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_infantry_weapons" title="List of World War II infantry weapons">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Australian military equipment of World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Austrian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Austrian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Belgian military equipment of World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brazilian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Brazilian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Bulgarian military equipment of World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_of_the_Canadian_Army_in_World_War_II" title="List of military equipment of the Canadian Army in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_military_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Chinese military equipment in World War II">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Croatian military equipment of World War II">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Czechoslovakian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Czechoslovakian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Danish military equipment of World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Finnish military equipment of World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_France" title="List of World War II weapons of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_equipment_of_the_Hellenic_Armed_Forces#Interwar_(1923–1939)_and_World_War_II_(1940–1945)" title="List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Hungarian military equipment of World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian Army equipment in World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese military equipment of World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Mexican military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Dutch military equipment of World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Zealand_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of New Zealand military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Norwegian military equipment of World War II">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment_of_Poland" title="List of World War II military equipment of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Romanian military equipment of World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thailand_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Thailand military equipment of World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World War II weapons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="List of World War II weapons of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Yugoslav military equipment of World War II">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_War_weapons" title="List of Korean War weapons">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Six-Day_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Six-Day War (page does not exist)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="List of weapons of the Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="List of weapons of the Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_South_African_Border_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the South African Border War (page does not exist)">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_military_equipment_of_Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List military equipment of Cambodian–Vietnamese War (page does not exist)">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Dominican_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Dominican Civil War (page does not exist)">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Nicaraguan_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Nicaraguan Revolution (page does not exist)">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_used_by_mujahideen_during_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military equipment used by mujahideen during Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulf_War_military_equipment" title="List of Gulf War military equipment">Gulf War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Cold War">Post-Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_Wars_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav Wars military equipment (page does not exist)">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Afghanistan_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Afghanistan War military equipment (page does not exist)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Iraq_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Iraq War military equipment (page does not exist)">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russo-Georgian_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Russo-Georgian War military equipment (page does not exist)">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Syrian_Civil_War_military_equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Syrian Civil War military equipment (page does not exist)">Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russo-Ukrainian_War_military_equipment" title="List of Russo-Ukrainian War military equipment">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_weapons" title="List of aircraft weapons">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_weapon" title="Anti-ballistic weapon">Anti-ballistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-personnel_weapon" title="Anti-personnel weapon">Anti-personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Area denial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_instrument" title="Blunt instrument">Blunt instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_weapon" title="Ceremonial weapon">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_weapon" title="Conventional weapon">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew-served_weapon" title="Crew-served weapon">Crew-served</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadly_weapon" title="Deadly weapon">Deadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">Directed-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">Explosive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombs" title="List of bombs">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_weapon" title="Improvised weapon">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">Mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">Non-lethal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_weapon" title="Offensive weapon">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_weapon" title="Pneumatic weapon">Pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_weapon" title="Tectonic weapon">Tectonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_gun" title="Toy gun">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_mount" title="Weapon mount">Weapon mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons" title="Category:Weapons">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_and_war324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Protocols and structure:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><i>Functional specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li><i>Land:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li><i>Naval:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li><i>Air:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li><i>Special units by nation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ground:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Artillery:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li><i>Other infantry weapons:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><i>Facilities:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>By era:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>By type:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li><i>Public policy:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_military_expenditure" title="List of countries by past military expenditure">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita">Per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li><i>Related:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Military lists</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><i>History lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><i>Related lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Vehicles and weapons</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and APC">Infantry fighting vehicles</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries">Modern warships</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)">Aircraft</a>}}</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Specific modern wars</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I">World War I</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">World War II</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War">Cold War</a>}}</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">International cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations">International relations</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_organizations" title="Category:Peace organizations">Peace organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">Category</a></b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/CategoryWar" class="extiw" title="commons:CategoryWar">Commons</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1442" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1442" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64418#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125247-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99002442">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930978w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930978w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01176755">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dělostřelecké zbraně"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135528&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294962005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008580">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639623">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43389">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillery&oldid=1277256789#Crew">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillery&oldid=1277256789#Crew</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artillery" title="Category:Artillery">Artillery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_inventions" title="Category:Chinese inventions">Chinese inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explosive_weapons" title="Category:Explosive weapons">Explosive weapons</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range" title="Category:CS1: abbreviated year range">CS1: abbreviated year range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2022">Articles needing additional references from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2019">Use mdy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2011">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2009" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from October 2018">Articles with disputed statements from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2017">Articles needing additional references from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 February 2025, at 16:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artillery&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Crew" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Artillery</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>92 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-75fbfdcd46-kgm58","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.331","walltime":"1.679","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10769,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":316442,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11375,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":276237,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1280.447 1 -total"," 26.93% 344.839 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.70% 188.191 29 Template:Cite_book"," 9.72% 124.515 20 Template:Sfn"," 6.79% 86.940 3 Template:Sister_project"," 6.78% 86.832 1 Template:War"," 6.63% 84.895 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.61% 84.623 3 Template:Side_box"," 6.55% 83.823 10 Template:Fix"," 5.95% 76.209 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.728","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13276791,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAtsushi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBastable1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellamy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowneThurbon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChikammadu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfurd1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurantFoughtGuilmartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_W._Sweet2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaythornwaite1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogg1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuWang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnoxMurray2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCamley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNabHunter_Keeter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNaughton1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrdway1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRihll2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtchen1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadeTana2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFunknown1590s\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠotnarCarbolBlaha\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"MRSI_animation_SMIL.svg\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Military and war\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 12,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"War\"] = 1,\n [\"Weapons\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5dbb44c46b-cdc6n","timestamp":"20250225082117","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Artillery","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artillery#Crew","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q64418","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q64418","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T15:01:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-23T16:29:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/M777_howitzer_rear.jpg","headline":"long-ranged guns for land and sea warfare"}</script> </body> </html>