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class="index__storyworks-section"><div class=""><div id="bbccom_native_pwa_1_2_3_4" class="bbccom_slot bbccom_standard_slot adslot--native_pwa" aria-hidden="true"><div id="native_pwa" class="bbccom_native_pwa bbccom_advert"></div></div></div></div><div class="index__stories-container"><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="story-item"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes"><div class="story-item__image-container"><div class="circle-image circle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="" class="image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7q/yn/p07qyn7f.jpg" alt=""/></div></div></a><div 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target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/japan-2020"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--light-grey uppercase-label--small">Japan 2020</h2></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="story-item"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191015-finlands-10000-babies"><div class="story-item__image-container"><div class="circle-image circle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="" class="image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7r/3b/p07r3b51.jpg" alt=""/></div></div></a><div class="story-item__container story-item__container--column story-item__container--tablet"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191015-finlands-10000-babies"><div class="text-with-styled-background"><span class="text-with-styled-background__text text-with-styled-background__text--medium">This town pays you €10K to raise kids</span><div class="text-with-styled-background__line-container text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin"><div class="text-with-styled-background__line text-with-styled-background__line--medium text-with-styled-background__line--largest"></div></div></div></a><div class="story-item__label story-item__label--tablet"><div class="story-item__type"><div class="story-item__icon"><button class="play-icon gelicon--play play-icon--grey"></button></div><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--small uppercase-label--reith-condensed">Video</h2></div><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/generation-project"><div class="styled-dot styled-dot--worklife"></div></a><span class="dot-with-label__text"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/generation-project"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--light-grey uppercase-label--small">Generation Project</h2></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="story-item"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals"><div class="story-item__image-container"><div class="circle-image circle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="" class="image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7r/26/p07r26ck.jpg" alt=""/></div></div></a><div class="story-item__container story-item__container--column story-item__container--tablet"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals"><div class="text-with-styled-background"><span class="text-with-styled-background__text text-with-styled-background__text--medium">Why small failures derail our goals</span><div class="text-with-styled-background__line-container text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin"><div class="text-with-styled-background__line text-with-styled-background__line--medium text-with-styled-background__line--largest"></div></div></div></a><div class="story-item__label story-item__label--tablet"><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/columns/owning-your-time"><div class="styled-dot styled-dot--worklife"></div></a><span class="dot-with-label__text"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/columns/owning-your-time"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--light-grey uppercase-label--small">Owning Your Time</h2></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="story-item"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox"><div class="story-item__image-container"><div class="circle-image circle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="" class="image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7q/qg/p07qqgrr.jpg" alt=""/></div></div></a><div class="story-item__container story-item__container--column story-item__container--tablet"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox"><div class="text-with-styled-background"><span class="text-with-styled-background__text text-with-styled-background__text--medium">South Korea’s population problem</span><div class="text-with-styled-background__line-container text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin"><div class="text-with-styled-background__line text-with-styled-background__line--medium text-with-styled-background__line--largest"></div></div></div></a><div class="story-item__label story-item__label--tablet"><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/generation-project"><div class="styled-dot styled-dot--worklife"></div></a><span class="dot-with-label__text"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/generation-project"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--light-grey uppercase-label--small">Generation Project</h2></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="story-item"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk"><div class="story-item__image-container"><div class="circle-image circle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="" class="image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7q/r8/p07qr8cp.jpg" alt=""/></div></div></a><div class="story-item__container story-item__container--column story-item__container--tablet"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk"><div class="text-with-styled-background"><span class="text-with-styled-background__text text-with-styled-background__text--medium">The upside of bad-mouthing your rivals</span><div class="text-with-styled-background__line-container text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin"><div class="text-with-styled-background__line text-with-styled-background__line--medium text-with-styled-background__line--largest"></div></div></div></a><div class="story-item__label story-item__label--tablet"><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/columns/language-matters"><div class="styled-dot styled-dot--worklife"></div></a><span class="dot-with-label__text"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/columns/language-matters"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--light-grey uppercase-label--small">Language Matters </h2></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="story-item"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth"><div class="story-item__image-container"><div class="circle-image circle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7f/sc/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><img draggable="false" title="" class="image" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094640im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/wwfeatures/live/624_351/images/live/p0/7p/r7/p07pr7z2.jpg" alt=""/></div></div></a><div class="story-item__container story-item__container--column story-item__container--tablet"><a class="story-item__story-link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth"><div class="text-with-styled-background"><span class="text-with-styled-background__text text-with-styled-background__text--medium">Where wealth is ‘more taboo than sex’</span><div class="text-with-styled-background__line-container text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin"><div class="text-with-styled-background__line text-with-styled-background__line--medium text-with-styled-background__line--largest"></div></div></div></a><div class="story-item__label story-item__label--tablet"><div class="dot-with-label"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/the-nordic-way"><div class="styled-dot styled-dot--worklife"></div></a><span class="dot-with-label__text"><a class="" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20191027094640/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/the-nordic-way"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--light-grey uppercase-label--small">The Nordic Way</h2></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__load-more"><div class="load-more-button"><button class="basic-button basic-button--worklife"><span class="load-more-button__refresh gelicon--refresh"></span><span class="basic-button__text">Load more articles</span></button></div></div><div class="around-the-bbc around-the-bbc--small"><div class="around-the-bbc__content"><div class="label-with-line"><div class="label-with-line__label"><h2 class="uppercase-label uppercase-label--large">Around the bbc</h2></div><div class="styled-line styled-line--worklife"></div></div><div 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Derrier","fileSizeBytes":145605,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7r3.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Andreas Kensen says Jantelagen is contextual: you might show off a trip you've taken on social media, you just wouldn't brag to a stranger (Credit: Benoit Derrier)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Benoit Derrier)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7r3.jpg","title":"Andreas Kensen (credit - Benoit 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recognition of hard work (Credit: Benoit Derrier)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Benoit Derrier)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr8\u002Fp07pr8jx.jpg","title":"Nicole Falciani 07 (credit - Benoit Derrier).jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07pr8jx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr8\u002Fp07pr8jx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559961},"p07pr813":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07pr813","_id":"5db3b887e776cea5d84a074f","copyright":"- Benoit Derrier","fileSizeBytes":193654,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr8\u002Fp07pr813.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"With increased immigration and influx of foreign cultures, the Nordic concept of Jantelagen seems to be disappearing but to what extent remains to be seen (Credit: Benoit Derrier)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Benoit Derrier)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr8\u002Fp07pr813.jpg","title":"Nicole Falciani 05 (credit - Benoit Derrier).jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07pr813","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr8\u002Fp07pr813.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559961},"p07pr7xt":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07pr7xt","_id":"5db4e40de776cea5d853702f","copyright":"- Benoit Derrier) (1","fileSizeBytes":207202,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7xt.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Benoit Derrier)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7xt.jpg","title":"Nicole Falciani 16 (credit - Benoit Derrier) (1).jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07pr7xt","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7xt.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559962},"p07pr7z2":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07pr7z2","_id":"5dad9851e776cea5d8195244","copyright":"- Benoit Derrier","fileSizeBytes":227157,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7z2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Benoit Derrier)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7z2.jpg","title":"Nicole Falciani 11 (credit - Benoit Derrier).jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p07pr7z2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fwwfeatures\u002F$recipe\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F7p\u002Fr7\u002Fp07pr7z2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559962}},"articles":{"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves","_id":"5daf63e4e776cea5d8fbd7cf","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsam-blum"],"bodyIntro":"The influencer lifestyle can look amazing, but uncertain incomes, performative vulnerability and the hustle for sponsorship can take a toll. Meet the people who walked away.","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt didn’t take long for Jessica Zollman to amass a giant following on Instagram. As the company’s fifth employee and 95th user of the app in 2011, she was in on the ground floor of the tech giant a year after its launch, advising users on best practices that are now ingrained in social media’s DNA. Naturally, scores of followers flocked to her account.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA photographer by trade, Zollman, 34, soon found herself swimming in opportunities for commercial work. So she left Instagram in 2013 and joined a photo and advertising agency, where she became a roving photographer shooting on behalf of brands and endorsing products with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FBnHnkRqDhg-\u002F\"\u003Eoccasional #sponsored post\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer newfound Insta-fame quickly earned her a ride on a “beautiful, mysterious train, making a really, really impressive amount of money” as an influencer, she says. But four years later, the train had sputtered to a halt, leaving her scrambling financially.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Market saturation happened,” she says. “People started noticing how lucrative doing that kind of work was, and so there became this new goal of becoming the influencer.” Brands weren’t paying as much because people would work for less – or even for free. “I had to lower my day rate. I had to work twice as hard for twice as less,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I had to lower my day rate. I had to work twice as hard for twice as less – Jessica Zollman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe psychological impact of struggling for work, coupled with the surge of competition, was enough for Zollman to quit the influencer lifestyle and transition back to the polar opposite: a traditional nine-to-five job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rr03b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Jessica Zollman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I just had this moment where I was like: ‘Why am I so ashamed of the idea of having to get a job?’” she says. Relying on Instagram for creative validation and regular income had left her emotionally exhausted, and getting a steady job felt like the best thing for her mental health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZollman isn’t the only influencer who’s grown disillusioned with what she calls the “song and dance performance” of the industry. Experts say it’s evidence of change; a sort of fatigue affecting not only influencers, but brands and consumers, who are justifiably sceptical of many of the sponsored posts cluttering their newsfeeds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESaturated, evolving market\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe industry remains huge: influencer marketing is projected to become a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fthe-2019-influencer-marketing-report-2019-7\"\u003E$15 billion business by the year 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and brands are more poised than ever to throw their cash at the next Kim Kardashian. Yet amid the influx of capital, companies are becoming increasingly cautious about selecting influencer talent, according to Karen Doolittle, social media director at an advertising firm in Los Angeles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA few high-profile cases of influencer fraud – when influencers have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbsnews.com\u002Fnews\u002Finfluencer-marketing-fraud-costs-companies-1-3-billion\u002F\"\u003Eartificially inflated the reach of their accounts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thecut.com\u002F2019\u002F09\u002Fthe-story-of-caroline-calloway-and-her-ghostwriter-natalie.html#_ga=2.146808951.1928330241.1570567236-1724313065.1549567547\"\u003Efabricated personal narratives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – have helped the public become “more shrewd and discerning”, she says, and there’s now a “hesitancy and almost mistrust on behalf of both consumers and brands” when it comes to influencers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne PR agency in Australia \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.prweek.com\u002Farticle\u002F1591917\u002Fagency-thrives-ditching-social-media-influencers-focus-traditional-pr\"\u003Eeven dropped influencers altogether\u003C\u002Fa\u003E earlier this year, saying influencer campaigns were too expensive and often provided false or misleading metrics about brands’ online reach. Influencers, the agency noticed, were liking and commenting on each other’s posts to artificially boost their performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rr6sw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Lauren Doolittle","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet despite these sporadic signs of industry pushback, Doolittle says brands remain willing to invest in influencers with huge followings. “As far as leaning into those types of creators who’ve been able to generate these substantial audiences, I think that will only continue to grow,” she says. Demand for content also continues to increase, she says, but as competition grows among mid-level and micro-influencers, “a steady influencer gig will be harder to come by for many”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis oversaturated market, combined with the incessant demand for content, has forced some influencers to ask if the hustle is worth the limited payoff.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This oversaturated market, combined with the incessant demand for content, has forced some influencers to ask if the hustle is worth the limited payoff.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDaniel Volland, 35, certainly felt that way. He left his job as an optometrist to become an influencer in 2014, swept up in the hype of Instagram’s early days. But a year later, after travelling the US on two sponsored photography road trips, he found himself living in an Airbnb in Los Angeles, embodying a cliché as an underemployed freelance creative in the world’s show business capital.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A big component for me was the financial stress – not being able to plan a future,” he says. Instagram’s move away from a chronological newsfeed boded poorly for his account – he was consistently shedding followers and losing engagement. “My audience was continuously declining. I think at a certain point I was kind of just, like: ‘What's the point?’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe also felt the platform had changed. Instagram began as something of a creative playground for photographers, but Volland felt that artistic freedom was stifled as it evolved into a more commercialised platform structured around celebrities and advertisers. “What’s glorified on Instagram now is drastically different from what was glorified on Instagram in 2012,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, Volland is now back in optometry full-time, running his own practice in Anchorage, Alaska. Though he still dabbles in the occasional paid post on his \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fdrvolland\u002F?hl=en\"\u003E81,000 follower-strong account\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he’s now thousands of miles away from the world of sponsored content.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rnrlr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Instagram photo room","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPerforming, endorsing\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven those still living the lifestyle can resent it on occasion. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbriannamadia\u002F?hl=en\"\u003EBrianna Madia, \u003C\u002Fa\u003E29, currently lives the #vanlife that’s come to represent the epitome of a millennial influencer, documenting her travels through the desert with her husband and two dogs. While her itinerant lifestyle might seem like a dream to followers, Madia says she’s grown tired of catering to an audience of “285,000 bosses”. She says deleting her Instagram is something that she dreams about frequently. “I know this is a flash in the pan, and I know that it’s not going to be forever,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe takes particular issue with the kind of “vulnerability porn” she says her audience demands, saying: “How vulnerable can you be? What piece of information can I expose about myself? How wide can I rip my chest open for all of these people?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJessica Zollman can relate to this idea of performative vulnerability; she says that fans crave relationships with influencers and celebrities who display candidness online. But she says there’s a fine line between relatable truthfulness and trading vulnerability for likes and engagement. Fans, on the other hand, can be quick to level criticism when a post doesn’t meet expectations: “It can sometimes feel like [fans] are waiting for people they admire or look up to to publicly fail for entertainment,” she says. “There’s something kind of really screwed up about that being normal and acceptable.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It can sometimes feel like [fans] are waiting for people they admire or look up to to publicly fail for entertainment – Jessica Zollman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMadia also says she’s been asked to endorse all sorts of products she’d never use: diet pills, tasers, “pink handguns designed for women on the go”. Since her husband earns a steady paycheck, she’s able to turn misguided pitches down. But not all influencers have that luxury –  if Madia won’t endorse a product, someone else will. And the hunt for viral endorsements has created something of a market frenzy, with brands farming their products out to an ever-wider net of influencers. This has created a greater possibility for fakery in campaigns – more influencers endorsing products they might not actually use, which is something fans are quick to notice and denounce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rnrmz"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"Selfie","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“It’s true that audience trust towards influencers has eroded as the market has become more saturated,” Doolittle says. If sponsored content “resonates and feels relevant, people will engage. If it doesn't, they unfollow.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJasmine Sandler, a digital marketing expert in New York, has seen influencer campaigns fail when brands “chose the wrong influencer that wasn’t relatable to the audience”. As influencer marketing moves forward, she says it’s going to be about fostering a greater sense of “trust and credibility” between brands and consumers. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As influencer marketing moves forward…it’s going to be about fostering a greater sense of “trust and credibility” between brands and consumers.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFewer mid-tier niches\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoolittle agrees. To allay growing public scepticism, brands will be looking for “partnerships that demonstrate the kind of authenticity” that’s lacking with the “one and done, hit it and quit it content deals” you might see scattered across your Instagram feed today, she says. To that end, there will be more long-term campaigns in the vein of traditional brand ambassadorships, and also a focus on micro-influencers whose smaller audiences are more relatable to consumers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it will likely make it increasingly difficult for mid-tier creators like Zollman and Volland to carve out a niche as the financially precarious influencer world irons out its kinks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Zollman, leaving it behind has been a great decision. She now oversees photography and marketing for a Los Angeles coffee company as its visual coordinator, and no longer feels her self-esteem is so intertwined with her job. She still maintains an Instagram page and publishes the occasional sponsored post for her 216,000 followers, but does so on her own terms.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t feel like I gave something up,” she says. “I feel like I have a day job so I can still make art, and make art that makes me feel good.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-21T20:33:07.772Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The fatigue hitting influencers as Instagram evolves","headlineShort":"‘Why I quit being an influencer’","image":["p07rqzzw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Makeup lady in front of camera","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fsocial-media"],"summaryLong":"The influencer lifestyle can look amazing, but uncertain incomes, performative vulnerability and the hustle for sponsorship can take a toll. Meet the people who walked away.","summaryShort":"Why some influencers are abandoning the Instagram lifestyle","tag":["tag\u002Finfluencers"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-22T20:17:20.526551Z","entity":"article","guid":"4dc46df5-6e3f-45a6-a7d5-caf498ff6156","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-22T20:17:20.526551Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191022-the-fatigue-hitting-influencers-as-instagram-evolves","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559916},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","_id":"5dadcaaee776cea5d85142be","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Frobbie-wojciechowski"],"bodyIntro":"Our brains don’t all work the same way. One New York-based software company sees that as a competitive advantage.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERajesh Anandan founded his company Ultranauts (formerly Ultra Testing) with his MIT roommate Art Shectman with one aim: one aim: to prove that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-neurodiversity\"\u003Eneurodiversity \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand autism could be a competitive advantage in business.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There is an incredible talent pool of adults on the autistic spectrum that has been overlooked for all the wrong reasons,” says 46-year-old Anandan. “People who haven’t had a fair shot to succeed at work, because of workplace and workflow and business practices that aren’t particularly effective for anyone but are especially damaging for anyone who is wired differently.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe New York-based quality engineering start-up is now one of an increasing number of firms looking towards autistic talent. But while programmes at companies including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-world-work-autismatwork\u002Fautism-in-the-workplace-a-spectrum-of-hiring-choices-idUSKCN1SD0YB\"\u003EMicrosoft and accounting firm EY\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are small and focused around supporting neurodiverse workers in the office, Ultranauts has redesigned its entire business around neurodiversity, changing hiring efforts to actively recruit individuals on the autism spectrum and developing new workplace practices to effectively manage neurodiverse teams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We set out to change the blueprint for work, and change how a company could hire, manage and develop talent,” says Anandan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rfdtw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENeurodiversity has risen to the top of the agenda around inclusion at work in recent years, yet it is not a common term. It refers to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fneurodiversity.io\u002F?option=com_content&view=article&id=1\"\u003Ethe range of differences in individual human brain function\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which can be associated with conditions such as dyslexia, autism and ADHD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch by the UK’s National Autistic Society (NAS) shows that the figures around employment of people with autism in the UK are still very low. In its survey of 2,000 autistic adults, just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.autism.org.uk\u002Fget-involved\u002Fmedia-centre\u002Fnews\u002F2016-10-27-employment-gap.aspx\"\u003E16% were in in full-time work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, despite 77% of people who were unemployed saying they wanted to work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe barriers to work for people with autism can still be huge, and Richmal Maybank, employer engagement manager at NAS, says many factors contribute to this. “Job descriptions can often have core tick-box behaviours, and can be quite general,” she says. “Forms look for ‘team players’ and ‘staff with great communication skills’ but lack specific information.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETerms like these – or interview questions such as ‘where you see yourself in five years’ – can be too general for people with autism, as many with the condition can find vague questionsparticularly hard to decipher. Additionally, people can feel uncomfortable disclosing their disability or feel challenged by open-plan workplaces, where they may feel they need to socialise or absorb uncomfortable levels of noise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rfftn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People can feel uncomfortable disclosing their disability or feel challenged by open-plan workplaces, where they may feel they need to socialise or absorb uncomfortable levels of noise","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFive years in, 75% of Ultranauts’ staff are on the autistic spectrum – and one reason for this is its innovative approach to hiring. In other companies, assessing candidates often focuses heavily on communication competencies, which means neurodiverse voices can be excluded. But at Ultranauts there is no interview process and applicants don’t need relevant experience of specific technical skills. “We have adopted an approach to screening job applicants that is much more objective than you’ll find in most places,” says Anandan.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead of using CVs and interviews, potential employees undergo a basic competency assessment in which they are evaluated against 25 desirable attributes for software testers, such as the ability to learn new systems or take on feedback. Following these initial tests, potential staff undergo a week of working from home fully paid. Potential recruits also know they can choose to work on a DTE (a desired-time equivalent) timetable, meaning they can take on as many hours as they feel comfortable managing, rather than being tied into full-time work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a result, we have a talent screening process to take someone who has never done this job and at the end of that process have a 95% degree of confidence… whether people would be great at this,” says Anandan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe competitive advantages of ‘neurodiversity’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fneurodiversity-as-a-competitive-advantage\"\u003EHarvard University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bima.co.uk\u002FTech-and-Inclusion-Report\"\u003EBIMA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have shown that embracing and maximising the talents of people who think differently can have huge benefits for a business. Having a neurodiverse workforce has been shown to improve innovation and problem solving, as people see and understand information in a range of different ways. Researchers have also found that accommodations made for neurodiverse staff members such as flexible hours or remote working can benefit neurotypical staff, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rffph"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe NAS say they have seen a rise in organisations reaching out to them to find out how they could better recruit autistic talent and neurodiverse workers, especially outside the IT sector. NAS offers suggestions for small changes, such as ensuring every meeting has an agenda. Agendas and similar tools can help neurodiverse staff focus on the relevant information needed and help people plan things in advance, making the meeting more accessible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The things we suggest are good practice for any company, not just people with autism. They aren’t expensive, and are often easy quick wins,” says Maybank. “Employers need to recognise cultures in their organisation and to understand the unwritten rules of their organisation, to help people navigate that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaybank, who has been working with autistic people for the last decade, says she’d like to see more mandatory training for managers around neurodiversity and more buddying programmes to help people create better social links at work. She also feels employers should look at different progression routes for employees who may not want to become managers.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she says increased awareness of neurodiversity has improved understanding in workplaces. “People are becoming way more open about recognising different strands of autistic and neurodiverse behaviour,” she says. “People have a pre-conceived perception of what autism is, but it’s best to ask that person. People may be opposites of each other despite having the same condition.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETailoring new technology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet it’s not just increased awareness; remote working and new technologies are also helping to support workers who may previously have struggled to enter the workforce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorkplace tools including instant messaging platform Slack and list-making application Trello have improved communication for staff who may work outside a standard office environment. These tools can have additional benefits for people on the autistic spectrum, who might find things like face-to-face communication difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltranauts has made use of these technologies, as well as creating its own tools to suit staff needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A couples of years ago, a colleague on our team said they wished people came with a user manual,” says Anandan. So that’s exactly what they created, a self-authored guide called a ‘biodex’ which gives colleagues at Ultranauts all the information they need to find the best ways of working with a particular person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing flexible about workplace set-up and tailoring company behaviours to cater for autistic needs has been a huge success for Ultranauts, which is beginning to share its experiences on best practice with other companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnandan says he’s learnt that making a workplace inclusive for neurodiverse colleagues hasn’t added friction or inefficiency, but allowed people who have largely been ignored by society to show their true talents. “We’ve shown over and over… that we’ve delivered results better because of the diversity of our team,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-7"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fworklife-101"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Where 75% of workers are on the autistic spectrum","headlineShort":"The firm that got rid of job interviews","image":["p07rfdjg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Our brains don’t all work the same way. One New York-based software company sees that as a competitive advantage.","summaryShort":"To recruit neurodiverse workers, one company took a new approach to hiring","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-21T02:10:22.357963Z","entity":"article","guid":"f8151bd9-24fd-4c5f-9aa0-183b341a7f11","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-21T15:11:24.543531Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559917},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups","_id":"5db1a996e776cea5d8442c6e","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"Saunas at tech and business events are causing a heated debate in the Nordics, where critics say the traditional Scandinavian habit is dampening efforts to improve diversity.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven the most extroverted of networkers might find their hands getting clammy or their hearts beating faster while meeting potential business partners for the first time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut imagine going through the same experience while sweating it out in a sauna, dressed only in swimwear or a towel. In Scandinavia, it’s a business practice that’s quite common.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, mixed-gender sauna parties have become regular side events at festivals, conferences and company away-days for Scandinavia’s thriving start-up and creative communities. The parties are designed to encourage both local and international attendees to talk shop in the informal setting of a wooden room or cabin fired up to 80C (176F).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is a good ice breaker,” argues Inna-Pirjetta Lahti, CEO of Ping Helsinki, a media and influencer agency that regularly organises sauna parties, typically at the beginning of business conferences. “In Finland, it is a sign of trust to share sauna moments... and we want to build up a base for open discussions in the rest of the conference or workshops.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, even in the Nordics, where the ritual of roasting in a sauna is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-24328773\"\u003Ebaked into everyday life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, there is an increasingly vocal backlash against incorporating the tradition into the start-up scene, at a time when it’s lack of gender diversity is already in the spotlight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I really like saunas, but I don’t want to go to one in that environment,” argues Henna Keränen, 32, head of partnerships and digital marketing for \u003Cspan\u003ESting\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, a major incubator for start-ups based in Stockholm. She says she has turned down multiple invitations to sauna parties in the region. “For me as a woman, it doesn’t feel right to be sat there half-naked... a sauna should be a private event, not job-related.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rtd9c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Inna-Pirjetta Lahti","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Saunas are not helping us make the industry more inclusive — Jenny Ruth Hrafnsdottir","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBros’ club\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Scandinavia is often viewed globally as a beacon for gender equality, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190831-the-paradox-of-working-in-the-worlds-most-equal-countries\"\u003Ewomen still lag behind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in pay, management and company ownership. In the start-up scene, only 1% of Nordic investments registered in 2018 went to companies headed solely by female founders, according to figures analysed by Swedish business news site \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdigital.di.se\u002Fartikel\u002Fmannens-techbolag-far-99-procent-av-allt-riskkapital\"\u003EDI Digital\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  While many tech events in the region have been actively working to attract more female speakers in recent years, very few achieve gender equality when it comes to ticket sales. In Stockholm, a recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsifted.eu\u002Farticles\u002Fsthlm-tech-fest-female-hackathon\u002F\"\u003Eattempt to break the record for the world’s biggest hackathon for women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E failed, despite organisers offering free tickets to one of the region’s largest annual start-up events, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsthlm-tech-fest-2019.confetti.events\u002F\"\u003ESTHLM Tech Fest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for all female hackers and a male or female guest of their choice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Saunas are not helping us to make the industry more inclusive,” argues Jenny Ruth Hrafnsdottir, an engineer and partner at the Iceland-based venture capital firm Crowberry, who has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsifted.eu\u002Farticles\u002Fbacklash-against-sauna-parties-at-tech-events\u002F\"\u003Eone of the most openly vocal critics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of sauna parties in recent months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe suggests that tech events should “stay away from saunas” while gender diversity remains a hot topic in the start-up scene.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer argument is that since there are already a disproportionately small number of women working in the “male-dominated world” of the tech scene, sauna parties further promote the idea of a “bros' club” by inadvertently creating an exclusive space for men at start-up events and exacerbating the chance of venture capitalists investing in people who are similar to themselves. If someone feels uncomfortable walking into a closed space of only men where everyone’s wearing nothing but a towel or swimwear, not everyone might feel welcome – resulting in a situation where only men get included on all the networking and decision-making to be had.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rnqll"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"Jenny Ruth Hrafnsdottir","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile Stockholm marketer Henna Keränen doesn’t agree with the idea of an outright stop to sauna parties at tech events, she also warns of the risk of creating “small circles or clubs” of men who enjoy sauna parties, who are more likely to stick together during the rest of a conference or bump into each other at similar sauna events in future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Pretty often, the people you start a dialogue with… you talk to later in the evening or in the event. So those people who miss the sauna can feel that others have already bonded by the time they meet.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe suggests that even for those women who would feel comfortable sharing mixed-gender saunas in a business context, the scheduling of these kind of events can sometimes discourage inclusion by failing to take into consideration added “hassles” more likely to be felt by female guests. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You have to get rid of your make-up and do it again afterwards, and fix your hair,” she says. “If I saw a sauna event scheduled at 1700, my assumption would be that it is a guy organising the event.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, although reports of sexual misconduct at sauna events in the Nordics are rare, some women who have attended tech scene sauna parties say they have experienced a misogynistic culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERianne Vogels, a start-up consultant based in Bergen, Norway, who went to a sauna event at a company away-day while she was working for a venture capital fund, says one partner at the firm commented on her weight, while another “dropped his towel two steps away”. It wasn’t clear if it was an accident or not, but “it didn’t feel comfortable”, she recalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe also remembers a male colleague bragging to her on several occasions about a sauna-based negotiation meeting where his female chief financial officer didn’t attend and instead “took notes on the floor outside”. “He thought it was funny. Funny for whom?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One partner at the firm commented on her weight, while another “dropped his towel two steps away”","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFun for everyone?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have warned that while taking a sauna is a normalised activity for many men and women who grew up in the Nordics, event planners should be more sensitive towards expats, immigrants and international visitors who attend start-up conferences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t feel like being butt naked in front of a bunch of dudes or women,” says Dee Johnson, 44, an American living in Stockholm who has worked in business development for gaming and video companies in the Nordics, as well as running his own company.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When I had my own start-up, there would be these start-up-centric conferences and the people organising the event, or the organisations I worked with – they would strongly suggest that I go. It was a peer-pressure thing,” he recalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rnqsm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Dee Johnson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For those who believe in modesty as part of their lifestyle or religion, it would definitely be an issue — Allie Lindo","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Want to be inclusive’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOrganisers of major sauna parties, including media and influencer agency Ping and the Finnish Business Angels Network (a national non-profit of private investors), which has put on high-profile sauna events to coincide with tech conferences such as the 20,000-attendee Helsinki festival \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.slush.org\u002F\"\u003ESlush\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, insist they have not had direct complaints from sauna participants in recent years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the recent bubbling public debate about sauna parties in the Nordics is clearly causing some to rethink their approach. The Finnish Business Angels Network recently announced it is holding an investor karaoke party to coincide with this year’s Slush festival, instead of its usual sauna event.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We realise going forward, as we want to be inclusive, we need to take into careful consideration what kind of events we organise,” says managing director Amel Gaily. “In the future, we will carefully consider and assess case-by-case whether we will arrange a sauna event or not.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rnqbn"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"Slush Sauna Village","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESlush will still include its regular ‘Sauna Village’ at its event in November, where up to 70 guests at a time can experience the Nordic tradition of getting sweaty in a range of different cabins, before taking a cold dip. But according to its CEO Andreas Saari, “the area is meant purely for relaxing, not for doing business”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe long-running tech festival, which says around a third of its attendees last year were women, has also produced guidelines to help the organisers of side events “take diversity and inclusion into account better”. “These were distributed last year but this year we will make them even more visible,” says Saari.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut many event organisers say they have no intention of scrapping sauna-based mingles from formal activity programmes. “Conferences are stressful and you’re exhausted and tired, and saunas are a great place where you can actually relax…and you can always have your towel around you,” says Ping CEO Inna-Pirjetta Lahti.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, she insists her team is sensitive to the fact that not every guest will want to get involved. “We offer the chance for attendees to join sauna evenings without actually going into the sauna.  You sit outside by a fire at a chillout zone instead – with your trousers or T-shirt on.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Range of optional mingles’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKristin Heinonen, a Swedish-Finnish freelance digital strategist and trend analyst based in Malmö, who has been part of the organising team at tech events with sauna activities in the Nordics, is also against dropping sauna parties from conference agendas. But she argues that the “overall vibe” of an event is the most crucial factor to take into consideration when planning towel-based interactions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rnqw9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Man in sauna","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“If most of the investors are male and there are more men [attending], you are already kind of in an exposed situation,” she says, suggesting that having a sauna as part of these kind of events could enhance the feeling of being uncomfortable for some female attendees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy contrast, she argues “if you have an event that is very considerate and where you think about representation and trying to attract a diverse audience, that audience will probably feel more comfortable no matter the activity.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe highlights \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002F2019.theconference.se\u002F\"\u003EThe Conference\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Malmö, one of the events she has worked on, which has managed to achieve gender equality when it comes to attendees and speakers. Here, she says many guests “love the opportunity” to sweat it out at Ribersborgs Kallbadhus\u003Cstrong\u003E, \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003Ea 19th Century public seafront bath house where, she argues, traditional gender-segregated sauna rooms contribute to making people feel more comfortable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers believe that event organisers are becoming much too sensitive when it comes to planning sauna events with diversity top-of-mind, although getting them to say this on the record is tricky.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not a diversity issue, it’s a privacy issue, because everybody is invited,” says one male leadership coach based in Stockholm who wishes to remain anonymous. “Political correctness is making the world so incredibly stupid.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Others believe that event organisers are becoming much too sensitive when it comes to planning sauna events with diversity top-of-mind","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENaureen Nayyar, a Stockholm-based tech and sustainability consultant in her 30s, says she has connected with both female and male investors while networking at sauna parties, and hopes that the current debates won’t lead to more events removing them from their programmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think it's about having a range of optional mingles. For example, I'm much more comfortable in a sauna where everyone is in towels and grounded than in a noisy place doing karaoke with crowds,” she argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's not fair to assume that your discomfort warrants closure of things, where others may feel actually safer... I've never experienced anything but positivity at a sauna.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why are saunas stressing out start-ups?","headlineShort":"Saunas have the tech scene in a sweat","image":["p07rnqhk"],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07rydcn"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Saunas at tech and business events are causing a heated debate in the Nordics, where critics say the traditional Scandinavian habit is dampening efforts to improve diversity.","summaryShort":"The heated debate around Nordic sauna meetings","tag":["tag\u002Fthe-nordic-way"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-23T20:12:47.114228Z","entity":"article","guid":"b6171732-ff25-4589-9368-2ad92ba61ddc","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-24T13:39:14.6671Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191023-why-are-saunas-stressing-out-start-ups","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559917},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that","_id":"5db4b071e776cea5d828db0f","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fcorinne-purtill"],"bodyIntro":"Surgeons, ex-special forces, NBA coaches: can some of the best minds in human performance come up with a plan to make business meetings better?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeetings, according to academic research, are the worst. An estimated 36 million to 56 million take place daily in US workplaces alone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.lucidmeetings.com\u002Fblog\u002Ffresh-look-number-effectiveness-cost-meetings-in-us\"\u003Eaccording to consulting firm Lucid Meetings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu\u002Fviewdoc\u002Fdownload?doi=10.1.1.74.2962&rep=rep1&type=pdf\"\u003Einterrupt the day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoist.com\u002Fblog\u002Ffocused-teamwork\u002F\"\u003Ethwart valuable deep work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; they drain \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2016\u002F01\u002Fcollaborative-overload\"\u003Etime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2018\u002F02\u002Fhow-to-fix-the-most-soul-crushing-meetings\"\u003Emorale\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.blog.doodle.com\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F10\u002Fpointless-meetings-will-cost-companies-530bn-in-2019\u002F\"\u003Emoney\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2017\u002F07\u002Fstop-the-meeting-madness\"\u003E2017 Harvard Business Review article\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a trio of organisational researchers from Harvard and Boston University interviewed an executive who had taken to quietly jabbing herself in the leg with a pencil as a distraction during painful staff gatherings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I honestly think that most meetings are an all-out assault on the human soul,” says Sue Phillips, a minister and co-founder of the Sacred Design Lab, a research and design consultancy based in Tacoma in the US state of Washington. “People are reduced to their functional value. Who they are literally does not matter in that space and time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Most meetings are an all-out assault on the human soul – Sue Phillips","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPhillips was among a team of experts in human performance who gathered last week in a conference room at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business. Fellow participants were heart surgeons, ex-special forces personnel, NBA coaches, neuroscientists and spiritual leaders, all brought together for what organisers dubbed a “Moonshot Summit” on how to fix the humble meeting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor most of us, business meetings fall well short of the grandeur typically associated with 'moonshot thinking' – a term that, in Silicon Valley parlance, refers to the kind of audacious ambition that marked the early days of the space programme. A problem like climate change, for example, undoubtedly deserves our best and brightest minds... but \u003Cem\u003Emeetings\u003C\u002Fem\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rzmqp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBad meeting, bad behaviours\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeetings are mundane, and that’s exactly why they deserve our attention, summit organisers say. Even the loftiest of human endeavours relies on people’s ability to come together in order to exchange information and make decisions. When those things are executed poorly, the repercussions can extend far beyond the people in the room. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That gathering of views is such a critical element of a high-performing team or organisation, but it’s one of the things you just blow through,” says Andy Walshe, a co-founder and partner at the Liminal Collective, a high-performance consultancy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You’re focused on the tactics on the field, the big vision statements and all that,” Walshe says. “But if you’re not communicating effectively, you’re not getting information shared and breaking down the barriers; a bad meeting can sort of be the focal point for all the rest of the bad behaviours in the organisation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough it may not be apparent in the average conference room, meeting technology has seen some significant breakthroughs in the last decade. Two former Special Operations Naval Officers gave a brief presentation on the US Joint Special Operations Task Force’s Operations and Intelligence (O&I) brief, a daily meeting General Stanley McChrystal started after taking command of elite US counterterrorism efforts in 2003. This 90-minute videoconference successfully convened 7,500 people in 70 locations around the world every day – even though some participants were underwater in submarines and others in remote mountain posts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Darpa is currently at work on an artificially intelligent ‘computer-based agent’ that sits in on meetings, observes human participants’ behaviour and intervenes when it deems the decision-making process going off-track","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWere that not ambitious enough, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.darpa.mil\u002Fnews-events\u002Fartificial-social-intelligence-for-successful-teams-proposers-day\"\u003Eis currently at work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a project called Artificial Social Intelligence for Successful Teams (Asist), an artificially intelligent tool to help groups make decisions in meetings. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.darpa.mil\u002Fnews-events\u002F2019-03-21b\"\u003Eagency describes Asist\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as a socially intelligent “computer-based agent” that sits in on meetings, observes human participants’ behaviour (verbal and otherwise), predicts their actions and intervenes when it deems the decision-making process going off-track – essentially, a digital moderator.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rzmk6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet most organisations don’t have access to superlative technology or – more importantly – to the strong shared sense of urgency and purpose that marks a gathering like the O&I brief. The most sophisticated meeting tools won’t help if half the participants involved see a meeting as a waste of time, or if Paul in accounting still won’t mute his microphone on the days he works from home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget shooting for the moon. The most effective fixes for the humble business meeting are already available, organisational experts say. We just need to implement them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy planning matters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We know how to make [meetings] better, but people choose not to make them better,” says Joe Allen, a University of Utah professor of organisational psychology and director of the Center for Meeting Effectiveness at Salt Lake City’s Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAllen \u003Cem\u003Eloves\u003C\u002Fem\u003E meetings. According to his own analysis, there are 204 research papers and books about meetings in academic literature. Allen has written 47 of them, with titles including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.degruyter.com\u002Fview\u002Fj\u002Fhumr.2019.32.issue-1\u002Fhumor-2017-0103\u002Fhumor-2017-0103.xml\"\u003EMeeting mirth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: The critical role of impression management and humor style in meetings, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org\u002F3eab\u002F5329d718205b5f237a0e4e8060be321cbb1e.pdf\"\u003EWell, now what do we do? Wait…\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: A Process Analysis of Meeting Lateness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rzmpd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELast year, Allen and his colleagues reviewed academic literature and came away with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\u002Freleases\u002F2018\u002F11\u002F181109073045.htm\"\u003E10 evidence-backed general principles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that raise meeting satisfaction and effectiveness. He shared a summarised version with the group:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInvite only the people who need to be there.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Attendees should be limited to those whose expertise is necessary to accomplish the tasks at hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESchedule the meeting to match its goals.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E A meeting shouldn’t be an hour if the content can be effectively discussed in 27 minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUse your agenda wisely.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E A detailed agenda circulated beforehand allows people to prepare. It becomes useless if not adhered to. Keep discussions focused and on task.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EArrive early – or at the very least, on time.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Tardiness wastes everyone’s time. In addition, research shows that a few minutes of pre-meeting chitchat helps people feel more comfortable speaking up in the discussion later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDebrief afterwards.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Immediately after the meeting, leaders should send minutes and action items, and clearly identify the people responsible for following through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESide benefits\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, the uncomfortable question: could the meeting about meetings just have been an email?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn a purely informational basis: possibly. The first part of the day was spent in various presentations about meetings, group behaviour, and the like, and during the afternoon the participants broke into groups to brainstorm those ideas about how meetings could go better.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the group brainstorming sessions, participants tossed out creative ideas: have all participants wear matching jumpsuits to eliminate hierarchy. Trade content at the beginning of a meeting and force colleagues to present one another’s ideas. Give the moderator a heat map to monitor when participants are physically stressed or excited by an idea (yikes). Create a class of professionals whose primary function is to run meetings, or just scrap them altogether and just let chaos unfold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet no cohesive theory of meeting disruption emerged. Despite the abundance of collected talent, it will take far more than one eight-hour workshop to invent a viable meeting replacement. That painful weekly check-in is still on your calendar; you will still be able to hear Paul’s dog in the background the next time he works from home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps this experiment reinforces the idea that meetings aren’t the ideal subject for 'moonshot'-style thinking. Walshe describes high-performance training as 70% evidence-based practices (for an athlete, good sleep and nutrition; for a meeting goer, showing up on time and sticking to the agenda), 20% experimental training, and 10% out-there longshots. Perhaps the same can apply to meetings – but, as Allen and others pointed out, most managers still aren’t even nailing the 70%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what would have been lost had they never met at all? Why do any group of people gather in a professional environment?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome were intrigued by the participant list and excited to meet new potential collaborators. Others wanted to reconnect with people already in their network. For those who focus on meetings for a living, it was a valuable research opportunity. And a few just wanted to get out of their office for a day. And on those fronts, the day was a success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are a lot of reasons people meet that have nothing to do with the information on the agenda. A good meeting is one where everyone wants to be there. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fowning-your-time"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-26T15:07:15Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Meetings are terrible. Can an elite team fix that?","headlineShort":"The meeting to end all bad meetings?","image":["p07rzmpd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07s3hbk"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Surgeons, ex-special forces, NBA coaches: can some of the best minds in human performance come up with a plan to make business meetings better?","summaryShort":"Experts in human performance tackle a tough challenge: fixing business meetings","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-25T14:20:50.903248Z","entity":"article","guid":"018f8c7b-47ad-491c-9d2a-4c9fc777089d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-26T20:45:19.322956Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191025-meetings-are-terrible-can-an-elite-team-fix-that","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559918},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de470c","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatie-g-nelson"],"bodyIntro":"Can 100 images tell the stories of 50 million people? The ‘Demographica’ project aims to find out.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfrica’s population is growing, and quickly. According to the UN more than half of global population growth between now and 2050 will happen across the continent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKenya is a big part of this equation: the country now has nearly 50 million people, and its population is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002FGraphs\u002FProbabilistic\u002FPOP\u002FTOT\u002F404\"\u003Epredicted to about double\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by 2050. And, unlike many of its global counterparts whose populations are rapidly ageing, Kenya’s population is one of the youngest. Its rapidly growing youth demographic isn’t its only defining feature, however: with\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002Fafrica\u002F1037595\u002Fadding-asians-to-kenyas-list-of-tribes-shows-an-unhealthy-obsession-with-tribal-purity\u002F\"\u003E 44 recognised tribes, \u003C\u002Fa\u003EKenya is also among the most ethnically diverse countries on Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough many numbers tell Kenya’s population story, its shifting demographics may be far deeper and more dynamic than the purely quantitative statistics that define them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENairobi-based photographer Tobin Jones, 32, set out to create a vibrant, nuanced representation of Kenya – his 100-image “photographic infographic” called ‘Demographica’ – which aims to put faces and stories to population statistics. Born in Botswana and raised in Malawi and Kenya, Jones has had a front-row seat for Kenya’s massive population changes over the last three decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07p5rwz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESeeking an objective way to understand Sub-Saharan Africa’s evolving composition, Jones carved out the foundation for Demographica by sifting through pages of Kenyan population data and drilling down on four important components: age, urban versus rural location, tribal make-up and gender. On a 10-by-10 grid Jones began marking out boxes to represent the data he’d mined, and created what a scaled down, visual representation of Kenya’s population would look like.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPacking his camera, a black backdrop and stool, Jones drove to all corners of Kenya to capture the subjects who accurately represented the demographics he’d identified, stopping at small villages and along winding roads to collect more complex demographic combinations. He offered each subject an explanation of his project and a copy of the photo in exchange for a portrait.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovering hundreds of miles and over 12 months, Jones tried to answer the question: what does Kenya look like in only 100 pictures?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07p464h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAge: Kenya’s youth boom\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKenya, like many countries in Africa, is incredibly young. Kenya’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cia.gov\u002Flibrary\u002Fpublications\u002Fresources\u002Fthe-world-factbook\u002Fgeos\u002Fke.html\"\u003Emedian age is only 20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and nearly three quarters of the population – 37.5 million people – is under 30, according to Bernard Onyango, a knowledge translation scientist at the African Institute for Development Policy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Kenya is such a young country and you don’t understand that until you see 100 photographs,” says Jones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his portraits, 59 feature people 24 years old or younger (representing 29.5 million people), and 34 feature people between 25 and 54 (17 million people). Only four feature people 55 to 64 (2 million people), and just three portraits are of subjects 65 or older (1.5 million people).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch a young population puts incredible pressure on already overburdened government services like public schools, which are facing swelling enrolment and massive underfunding. And, eventually, the bulge student population will transition into the job market, where a surplus of workers could either lead to accelerated growth or an unemployment crisis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E “I don’t want to use the words ‘ticking time bomb’, but it is certainly is a challenge,” says Bela Hovy, chief of the Migration Section, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs at the United Nations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07p466b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGender: equal, but not balanced\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the Demographica series the number of men and women is split 50\u002F50, an even balance that will remain mostly steady across Kenya in the next several decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite the equal population split, Kenya is still coping with challenges in equal rights across genders. For example, on average, men make \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Freports\u002Fthe-global-gender-gap-report-2018%20\u002F\"\u003E55% more money\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than Kenyan women, according to the 2018 World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report. Similarly women only hold \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.africanliberty.org\u002F2019\u002F02\u002F27\u002Fkenya-is-refusing-to-have-more-women-in-parliament\u002F\"\u003E9%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of all elected positions in Kenya and attempts to pass bills requiring more equal gender quotas have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-46507685\"\u003Esnubbed by parliament.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDifferences like this will pose a problem for not only the growing number of young women as they seek opportunity, but also for Kenya’s future writ large. “We don’t get to tap into the full potential of our women and girls, and so more investment has to be made there,” says the African Institute for Development Policy’s Onyango.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07p4677"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUrban versus rural: rapid urbanisation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERapid urbanisation is a hallmark of development across Africa. While about 74% – or 37 million – Kenyans still live in rural areas, more and more are migrating to densely populated cities in search of better employment and education opportunities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Demographica, only 26 images represent urban dwellers – about 13 million Kenyans. But change is coming: by 2050, the number of people in cities is expected to increase to nearly half the country’s population, according to the Population Division of the United Nations’ Department of Economic and Social Affairs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUrbanisation is a natural and necessary step to development, says the UN’s Hovy. However, managing resources and infrastructure planning may be a challenge. Onyango agrees crumbling infrastructure and poor planning will put incredible pressure on city services like water, sanitation and housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The question isn’t whether [urbanisation is] happening or not – it’s happening,” says Hovy. “We have to make sure that it is happening in a way that is sustainable, planned, and that it’s not going to lead to unsustainable overpopulation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07p4637"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETribe: the disappearance of visual cues\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are 44 tribes in Kenya, but the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knbs.or.ke\u002Fcategory\u002Fcensus-2009-summary-of-results\u002F\"\u003Emajority of the country belong to five\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 17% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya, 10% Luo, 13% Kalenjin and 10% Kamba.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKenya has long been divided by ethnicity, with society shaped along ethnic lines. These divisions have a deep colonial legacy in which tribes were pitted against each other for wealth and land. But they also still persist in society in other ways, such as modern politicians instigating divides to gain votes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the past, each tribe has had distinctive customs and culture, often distinguishable by their clothing, last name or the area in which they grew up. This is evident in art, such as Joy Adamson’s collection of paintings in Nairobi’s National Museum, which depict the traditional outfits of tribes in Kenya. Some show the white-painted faces of the Imenti tribe, ears stretched by heavy metal discs. Others feature Kuria warriors draped in muted sheepskin clothes, their feather headdresses curling outwards in all directions as if caught in a strong wind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut now most Kenyans have swapped their shúkà blankets and animal-skin cloaks for suit trousers and dress shoes, making their ethnic differences increasingly subtle. Of Jones’s 100 photographs, only a handful feature subjects in distinctive clothing, such as the intricate beading of the Maasai people or the long head-scarfs worn by Borana women. Most are dressed in plain shirts or light jackets, their tribes undefinable by appearance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of Demographica’s images reveal that the visual cues that once marked people as certain tribe members may be fading. “I want to show through photographs that it's really hard to know which tribe someone belongs to,” says Jones. “For most people you have absolutely no idea or clue.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07p464t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKenya’s booming future?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may seem ironic in all of Kenya’s massive population growth, but the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fopinion\u002F2010\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fdemographic-transition-growth-kenya\"\u003Ebirth rate is actually falling.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E In 1978, women were having 8.1 children on average; in 2008, the number had dropped to 4.6. By 2050, that number is expected to decrease to 2.4 children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while birth rates are expected to slow in coming years, the overall population of Africa will continue seeing massive growth, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fopinion\u002F2010\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fdemographic-transition-growth-kenya\"\u003Ereaching more than 2 billion people by 2050.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a tall order to keep a country booming as its population swells. Without proper planning and investments in infrastructure and job creation, critics say that many of these 2 billion citizens will face immense challenges. Others believe that rapid urbanisation, cultural assimilation and careful family planning may offer hope to countries such as Kenya which are facing massive demographic shifts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[The future] may seem overwhelming, but let’s not forget the enormous progress that we’ve made,” says Hovy. “I would paint the demographic dividend as an opportunity, and we need to take advantage of that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDemographica is part of celebrating that progress. Its depiction of Kenya shows that ongoing shifts in age, gender, tribe and location may actually bridge the differences that once divided the country – or bring it closer together than before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What a project like this does is it kind of humanises statistics,” says Jones. “It’s a way of kind of coming to terms with reality and seeing how our world’s changing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos-12"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-07T14:41:08Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Kenya's changing population captured in 100 photos","headlineShort":"Kenya's human 'infographic'","image":["p07p5rwn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"right","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07qc454"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Can 100 images tell the stories of 50 million people? The ‘Demographica’ project aims to find out.","summaryShort":"Can 100 photos tell the stories of 50 million people?","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-07T02:24:20.732149Z","entity":"article","guid":"beac1a23-5a23-4fc1-a0b6-04d64cc4914a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-07T14:19:50.372378Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559956},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191001-the-village-with-more-wolves-than-children":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191001-the-village-with-more-wolves-than-children","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de48e1","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07ptk7w"],"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-perez"],"bodyIntro":"With birth rates declining all over the EU, some rural outposts are finding their populations of youth dwindling.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJust 46 people live permanently in the remote Spanish village of Yernes y Tameza. As you might expect, the streets aren’t bustling – but especially not with children playing. Of the village’s 135 registered inhabitants (which includes those who visit occasionally), two-thirds are older than 50 and only 5% are younger than 20.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs birth rates fall across the EU, few places are feeling the sting of population decline like these rural enclaves. The mountainous rural area where Yernes y Tameza is located has the lowest birth rate in Spain, which has the second-lowest birth rate in the EU. And young people who are born in these villages often don’t stay, seeking out better opportunities in cities.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There’s only elderly people left, and youth… almost zero,” says one resident of Yernes y Tameza. “Nature is eating us up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191001-the-village-with-more-wolves-than-children-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-04T07:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The village with more wolves than children","headlineShort":"'There’s only elderly people left'","image":["p07q41w5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With birth rates declining all over the EU, rural outposts are finding their populations of youth dwindling.","summaryShort":"Why some EU villages have practically no kids","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-02T20:35:46.297129Z","entity":"article","guid":"bf233f28-def0-4948-a0b1-0cc6682e60ce","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191001-the-village-with-more-wolves-than-children","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T15:01:10.965057Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191001-the-village-with-more-wolves-than-children","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559957},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country","_id":"5db2f6bae776cea5d88d7278","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdenise-hruby"],"bodyIntro":"As Bulgaria’s steep population decline threatens the country, some natives are trying to give those who’ve left a reason to come back home.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a sunny morning at Sofia University, the largest university in Bulgaria, proud parents snapped photos of the recent graduates as they tossed their caps into the air. In just a few weeks, many of them will be hundreds, even thousands of kilometres away from their native Bulgaria seeking out the better opportunities, jobs and incomes awaiting them abroad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs natives of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irishtimes.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Frich-land-poor-land-the-eu-s-wealthiest-and-neediest-members-1.3658657\"\u003Epoorest member \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eof the European Union, Bulgarians have been leaving their home in droves, contributing to the world’s fastest population decline. Bulgaria’s population was around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fen\u002Fweb\u002Fpopulation-demography-migration-projections\u002Fstatistics-illustrated\"\u003E9 million at the end of the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002FPublications\u002FFiles\u002FWPP2019_Highlights.pdf\"\u003Efell \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eto fewer than 7 million in 2018, and is expected to fall below 6 million in 50 years. The UN Population Division projects that Bulgaria will lose 23% of its population by 2050 – a projection so high that the country is neck-and-neck with Lithuania for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002FPublications\u002FFiles\u002FWPP2019_Highlights.pdf\"\u003Efastest shrinking population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELow birth rates are the biggest factor for such steep decline. But what sets Bulgaria apart from other declining European countries is its massive outbound migration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe government does not keep reliable statistics but some economists, including Cvetan Davidkov, estimate that at least 60,000 Bulgarians leave each year. And even that estimate may be low, given that Germany alone says it welcomed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bamf.de\u002FSharedDocs\u002FProjekte\u002FDE\u002FDasBAMF\u002FForschung\u002FMigration\u002Fmigrationsbericht.html\"\u003E30,000 new \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bamf.de\u002FSharedDocs\u002FProjekte\u002FDE\u002FDasBAMF\u002FForschung\u002FMigration\u002Fmigrationsbericht.html\"\u003EBulgarian residents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2017.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The [population] prognosis isn’t optimistic, and that is a big problem for us,” says Davidkov, a professor at the faculty of economics at Sofia University. The brain drain, he says, affects all sectors of the economy as the majority of Bulgarians – from doctors to construction workers – believe that better opportunities await abroad. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07n89n2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAgents of change\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome Bulgarians are working hard to change the tide of population decline, starting programmes and initiatives to keep residents at home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnthony Hristov, 58, is among them. As an art director for Pixar in the US, Hristov worked on Finding Nemo and Wall-E, then returned to Bulgaria aiming to help his native home. He believes that strong education, job opportunities and higher incomes could reverse the trends of migration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELast year, he moved back to Sofia to start Arc Academy, a tertiary school for digital creative professions, such as gaming and animated movie design. The school, Hristov says, is his contribution to enable young, talented Bulgarians to get an education on a par with – or even better than in – other EU countries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We are losing a lot of young people, which means a serious shortage of talent. There would be a lot [of youth], but they take opportunities abroad, where education and jobs are better,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For most, it’s better to have a bad job abroad than a good one here – Cvetan Davidkov","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArc Academy will start its first year in October, and Hristov says that some of the 80 newly enrolled students wrote in their application letters that they, too, had intended to leave Bulgaria to study and eventually work abroad, and were excited to see a school open that would enable them to stay close to home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, even if schools like Hristov’s encourage young Bulgarians to stay for their education, the population may still take a hit: young people may still move abroad afterwards to find better-paying jobs. At $320, the minimum wage in this former Soviet bloc country is lower than in any other EU member state. And although \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Finfo\u002Fbusiness-economy-euro\u002Feconomic-performance-and-forecasts\u002Feconomic-performance-country\u002Fbulgaria\u002Feconomic-forecast-bulgaria_en\"\u003EGDP grew by 3.1% last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is projected to grow 3.3% this year, the country’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftradingeconomics.com\u002Fbulgaria\u002Funemployment-rate\"\u003Eunemployment rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was 5.3% as of July.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Davidkov points out, even highly skilled professionals often leave, knowing they can make more money abroad doing work that requires fewer skills and less education. “For most, it’s better to have a bad job abroad than a good one here,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe ability to work, reside and travel openly throughout the European Union has also been a significant factor in Bulgarian population decline. In Germany, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fde.statista.com\u002Fstatistik\u002Fdaten\u002Fstudie\u002F188776\u002Fumfrage\u002Fbruttoinlandsprodukt-bip-in-den-eu-laendern\u002F\"\u003Ebloc’s largest economy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the number of newly-arrived Bulgarians \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bamf.de\u002FSharedDocs\u002FAnlagen\u002FDE\u002FPublikationen\u002FMigrationsberichte\u002Fmigrationsbericht-2016-2017.html;jsessionid=456D20E7D055CCDC635350FFB6AC7750.1_cid294?nn=1362958\"\u003Ejumped from 8,000 in 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the year before Bulgaria joined the EU, to 20,000 the year after.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHristov believes Bulgaria’s economy is now facing a chicken-and-egg problem: do job opportunities need to exist in order to attract and create talent in the first place, or will local and global companies create these jobs once talented, skilled workers can be found?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07n89k6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn undeserved reputation?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBulgaria doesn’t deserve its poor reputation among its own population, says Hristo Boyadzhiev, 33. A returnee to Bulgaria himself, Boyadzhiev is the co-founder of not-for-profit Tuk Tam, an organisation that coordinates job fairs for returnees, provides scholarships and tries to disseminate positive news about the country’s development. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If you live in Britain or somewhere, chances are the headline that is going to come to you isn’t that a big company has 1,000 new jobs in Varna, but maybe that swine flu broke out,” says Boyadzhiev.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe adds that many of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fosis.bg\u002F?p=2595&lang=en\"\u003E1.1 million Bulgarians estimated to live abroad \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eare held back from returning due to uncertainty over what their lives will look like, and whether they’ll be able to find decent jobs. “We are not in the business of returning people to Bulgaria, but we want to give them the information they need to make that decision themselves,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETuk Tam can’t quantifiably trace how many people it has caused to return home, but Boyadzhiev says that he’s encouraged by the 200,000 Bulgarians they reach through social media, and the many emails he gets from people who say that they’d been contemplating a return home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They write to us to say, ‘You guys pushed me over the edge’,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They had the dream of living abroad, and they lived that dream. Now I want them to live the Bulgarian dream – Petya Kertikova","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESpotlighting the ‘returnees’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Bulgarians return, Petya Kertikova is shining a spotlight on them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 30-year-old is the creator and host of the show The Returnees, which runs on private broadcaster Bulgaria on Air. The Returnees highlights the success stories of Bulgarians of all ages who used to live abroad but have now returned home. So far Kertikova has featured more than 70 professionals, including doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs, managers, artists and IT experts. Their success stories, she hopes, will inspire others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This group of people who return are so important to our country. Their experience and their new perspectives are so important for the economy, and will drive our country forward,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07n89dw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough she says that many come back to Bulgaria out of homesickness, many returnees also wish to contribute to their nation’s development. In interviewing them, Kertikova says she’s able to highlight that returning is possible, and take away the uncertainty of what awaits Bulgarians who decide to do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this sense, Kertikova says, she often feels like she’s interviewing herself: she, too, returned two years ago after working in Chicago as a TV presenter for a small Bulgarian-language station. During a visit home over Christmas, she saw improvements in Bulgarian quality of life which sparked her desire to go back. Once she’d left Chicago for Sofia, Kertikova says, she saw others like her, and came up with the idea for The Returnees because she wanted to give them a voice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost Bulgarians living abroad only understand their homeland’s positive changes when they see it for themselves, she says. Such was the case for a mid-level manager she featured on The Returnees, who visited home just to be part of a wedding party, but was so astounded by the new Bulgaria that he cancelled his flight back to the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They had the dream of living abroad, and they lived that dream,” Kertikova says. “Now I want them to live the Bulgarian dream.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-30T14:37:26Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to slow down the world’s fastest-shrinking country","headlineShort":"Stopping the fastest-shrinking country","image":["p07n89dn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As Bulgaria’s steep population decline threatens the country, some natives are trying to give those who’ve left a reason to come back home.","summaryShort":"Why Bulgarians are pushing to recruit ‘returnees’","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-30T02:32:43.124444Z","entity":"article","guid":"781ea2a3-caef-480f-9528-77b24d7ca8b2","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-25T13:20:40.729038Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559959},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de49f6","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fresearch-by-miriam-quick--illustrations-by-valentina-defilippo"],"bodyIntro":"With a rapidly ageing population, low birth rates and young people who are increasingly shunning marriage, South Korea is in a population conundrum.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EResearch by Miriam Quick. Illustrations by Valentina d'Efilippo.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen countries undergo economic change, the effects of the transition aren’t only financial – they have major population implications, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is very much the case in South Korea where, over the last three generations, the country has evolved like few others due to rapid industrialisation. Today, South Korea has a $1.6 trillion economy – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Fcountry\u002Fkorea-rep?end=2018&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=1960\"\u003Efourth largest in Asia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after China, Japan and India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs South Korea has transformed so too has its population, and very quickly at that, leaving the country in a true population paradox.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is undergoing an extreme, rapid example of what demographers call the ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fworld-population-growth#the-demographic-transition-why-is-rapid-population-increase-a-temporary-phenomenon\"\u003Edemographic transition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’, a period of population swell, decline and eventual stabilisation that occurs as countries get richer. For South Korea, this means both a large, rapidly ageing population as well as a low marriage and birth rate that doesn’t adequately replace the dying generations – quite a conundrum for the future of the nation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShrinking families\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqf69"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESouth Korea has the lowest fertility rate in the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe average South Korean woman has just 1.1 children, lower than any other country. (For contrast, the global average is around 2.5 children.) This rate has been declining steadily: between the early 1950s and today, the fertility rate in South Korea dropped from 5.6 to 1.1 children per woman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow does that affect the country’s future population? It’s actually quite a population paradox for a rapidly ageing society. That is because a key factor in population stabilisation is what’s called ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fachieving-replacement-level-fertility\"\u003Ereplacement rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’: the point at which the total number of children born per woman in a population exactly balances out the number of elder generation deaths. Across the world, this number is 2.1 – which means that fertility rates in South Korea do not reach the replacement level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, women aren’t having enough children in South Korea to stabilise its population without migration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESingle in Sampo Generation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqf8z"],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESouth Korean women aren’t simply choosing to have fewer children – some are opting to forego romantic relationships entirely. An increasing number are choosing never to marry at all, turning their backs on legal partnerships – and even casual relationships – in favour of having independent lives and careers in what can still be a sexist society despite economic advances.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe shift is part of a rising social phenomenon in South Korea: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fstories-45201725\"\u003Ethe Sampo Generation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The word ‘sampo’ means to give up three things: relationships, marriage and children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStatistics reflect the dramatic shift in culture: marriage rates among South Koreans of childrearing age – both men and women – have plummeted over the last four or five decades. In the 2015 census, fewer than a quarter (23%) of South Korean women aged 25 to 29 said they were married, down steeply from 90% in 1970.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExtraordinary longevity\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqf3q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn later stages of the demographic transition, improvements in health care generally lead to a population with extended longevity. That is exactly what is happening in South Korea, where life expectancy has increased rapidly in the second half of the 20th Century amid industrialisation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the first half of the 1950s, life expectancy was just shorter than 42 years on average (37 for men, 47 for women). Today, the numbers look radically different. South Korea now has one of the highest life expectancies in the world – ranked twelfth highest for 2015-2020, equal with Iceland. The average baby born in South Korea can expect to live to the age of 82 years (specifically 79 for men, and 85 for women).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn contrast, the global average is 72 years (nearly 70 for men, 74 for women).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd the UN projects life expectancy will continue to improve; by the end of this century, the average baby born in South Korea will live to the age of 92 (89 for men, and 95 for women). A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(16)32381-9\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eseparate study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in the Lancet showed that women in South Korea are projected to be the first in the world to have an average life expectancy above 90 – with the researchers predicting a 57% chance this will happen by 2030.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESwell, fall, plateau\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqf2j"],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1950, less than 3% of the population were aged 65 and over. Today, that number is at 15%. By the mid-2060s, the UN forecasts the percentage of those older than 65s will peak at more than 40%. The numbers paint a picture of very aged society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd with low birth rates, fewer marriages and longer lives, the trends combine to create a South Korean population that is actually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1066613\u002Fsouth-korea-demographic-time-bomb-its-aging-faster-than-any-other-developed-country-with-lowest-birth-rate-of-oecd-countries\u002F\"\u003Eageing faster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than any other developed country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA population with longer lifespan means there are more older people around, and women having fewer children means there aren’t enough young people to replace them when they die. Eventually, this paradox means that South Korea’s population will begin to decline. The UN predicts South Korea’s population will peak in around 2024, and then start to fall. By 2100, the UN forecasts South Korea’s population will be only around 29 million – the same as it was in 1966.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut these are only predictions based on the UN’s medium scenario. There are many factors at play, including whether fertility or migration patterns change. This means that South Korea’s population future could shake out right as predicted – or look very different altogether.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-14T19:04:35Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"South Korea’s population paradox","headlineShort":"South Korea’s population problem","image":["p07qqgrr"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191001-the-village-with-more-wolves-than-children","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190913-how-to-slow-down-the-worlds-fastest-shrinking-country"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With a rapidly ageing population, low birth rates and young people who are increasingly shunning marriage, South Korea is in a population conundrum.","summaryShort":"Three big factors are combining to put the country in a demographic conundrum","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-14T00:13:26.693206Z","entity":"article","guid":"601752b2-a8a8-490a-a17f-98f898d56e2f","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-14T10:32:04.980027Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559956},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-finlands-10000-babies":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-finlands-10000-babies","_id":"5da7800fe776cea5d8ec7490","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07r5vcb"],"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ftom-bateman"],"bodyIntro":"To solve the problem of a dwindling population, one small Finnish municipality took a big step: pay its citizens to have babies.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2012, Lestijärvi realised it had a baby problem. The small, rural village in Finland had seen only one baby born the previous year, and understood that its population was threatened by its declining – and almost non-existent – birth rate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We’d always paid attention to how many babies would be born the following year,” says Paula Jokela, a teacher in the village. “So when we noticed there was really only one baby being born in Lestijärvi, it woke everyone up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the second-smallest municipality in mainland Finland, Lestijärvi decided to implement a radical measure to boost its dwindling population: pay for its citizens to have babies. The value? €10,000 per baby, paid over 10 years. Seven years on, what’s been the effect?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-finlands-10000-babies-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-17T14:21:44Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Finland’s €10,000 babies","headlineShort":"This town pays you €10K to raise kids","image":["p07r3b51"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"To solve the problem of a dwindling population, one small Finnish municipality took a big step: pay its citizens to have babies.","summaryShort":"How one tiny village stopped dramatic population decline","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-16T20:01:45.884989Z","entity":"article","guid":"959004a5-c2a7-4fce-8edd-3179aeb3b8b2","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-finlands-10000-babies","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-16T20:39:23.441219Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191015-finlands-10000-babies","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559951},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids","_id":"5dae0ed7e776cea5d89b9230","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjenna-vehvilinen"],"bodyIntro":"Across Europe, birth rates are dropping. Some countries are introducing financial measures to fight the phenomenon – but can money alone make a difference?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince 2013, every new-born baby in Lestijärvi, one of the smallest municipalities in Finland, has been ‘worth’ €10,000.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s when Lestijärvi’s administrators decided to fight back against the declining birth rate and shrinking population in the village, in which only one child had been born the previous year. The municipality introduced an incentive called the ‘\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.lestijarvi.fi\u002F?pg=lestijarvipaketti\"\u003Ebaby bonus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’: any resident who gave birth would be entitled to €10,000, paid over 10 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s taken off: nearly 60 children have since been born in the municipality. Compared to the prior seven years in which only 38 children were born, the new babies are a big boost to this village of fewer than 800 people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBaby bonus recipients Jukka-Pekka Tuikka, 50, and his wife Janika, 48, work as entrepreneurs in the agricultural industry. Their second daughter, Janette, was born in 2013, just in time to earn herself a playful nickname: ‘ten-thousand-euro girl’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We had been planning a second child for some time and were getting older,” Tuikka explains, “so I can’t say that money really influenced our decision to have a baby.” Still, Tuikka considers the incentive an important measure which shows that local leaders are interested in offering a helping hand to families. Tuikka has saved most of the €6,000 his family has received so far, and plans to use it in a way that benefits them all in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p07r5vcb"],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Tom Bateman.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow several other Finnish municipalities have also introduced baby bonuses ranging from a couple of hundred euros to €10,000.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, despite these local incentives, Finland’s national birth rate is struggling. As in many other European countries, it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stat.fi\u002Ftil\u002Fsynt\u002F2018\u002Fsynt_2018_2019-04-26_tie_001_en.html\"\u003Ehas decreased significantly in the last decade\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: in 2018, it hit a record low of 1.4 children per woman, compared to the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.searo.who.int\u002Fentity\u002Fhealth_situation_trends\u002Fdata\u002Fchi\u002FTFR\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003E‘replacement rate’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 2.1. Ten years before that, it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vaestoliitto.fi\u002F@Bin\u002F9380093\u002FSyntyneet%20ja%20TFR%202000-2018.jpeg\"\u003Estood at 1.85\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinland does have many strong family benefit programmes – among them the world-famous\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-35834370\"\u003E baby-box starter kit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for expecting families, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kela.fi\u002Fweb\u002Fen\u002Fchild-benefit-amount-and-payment\"\u003Emonthly child benefit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of around €100 per child and shared parental leave that lasts up to nine months with 70% of salary paid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even though it spends more public money on family benefits than the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fels\u002Fsoc\u002FPF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf\"\u003EEU average\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Ritva Nätkin, a lecturer in social sciences at Tampere University, believes that family policies lag behind the other Nordic countries, such as Sweden with its more generous parental leave. She cites financial provisions like child benefit and child home-care allowance that have either lost value because they haven’t increased or been cut, as well as economic and climate uncertainty, as reasons behind the declining birth rate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo is Lestijärvi’s policy of paying new parents an effective way to get the birth rate booming? Nätkin says that strengthening financial incentives for families would probably help raise birth rates to some extent. However, it is unlikely that financial inducements alone would start a baby boom, she says, particularly because people’s attitudes to having children at all have changed over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Lestijärvi, Tuikka believes the stipend has had a positive impact on some residents’ decisions to have children – but he also doubts whether the measure alone would make people reproduce. “More importantly, it has attracted families to stay in the village instead of moving away,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r9m45"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ‘third-baby boom’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe picture is somewhat different across the Gulf of Finland, where the Baltic nation of Estonia has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stat.ee\u002Fnews-release-2019-053\"\u003Emanaged to boost its birth rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the last decade and a half.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe upturn can at least to some extent be attributed to government decisions to invest in family policies, mostly in the form of increased financial support for large families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to the generous family leave policy introduced in 2004 – which provides a year and a half of fully paid benefits – in 2017 the country launched a monthly child benefit: €60 for the first child, €60 for the second and €100 for the third child. The state also rewards families for having three or more children: they receive a monthly bonus of €300 euros. In total an Estonian family with three children receives €520 euros per month in family benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsidering Estonia’s relatively affordable cost of living and low average income, these benefits certainly represent generous financial help. And the programmes seem to have worked – the birth rate has increased from 1.32 in the early 2000s to 1.67 in 2018 – albeit with small declines in the early 2010s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAllan Puur, a professor of demography at Tallinn University, confirms that the financial incentives seem to have had a positive impact. He particularly highlights the 2017 incentive, which led to what is being called a small-scale ‘third-baby boom’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Fertility is often pro-cyclical, meaning that birth rates tend to increase when economic opportunities are good and vice versa – Allan Purr","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut, again, there’s more to the story. Puur also cites improved access to affordable public day-care facilities and Estonia’s relatively stable economic growth as factors which may have influenced the birth rate positively. “Fertility is often pro-cyclical, meaning that birth rates tend to increase when economic opportunities are good and vice versa,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, financial incentives provide the foundation to keep birth rates climbing – but more general economic factors play a substantial role, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaurent Toulemon, senior researcher at the French Institute for Demographic Studies, thinks that attitudes around families matter, too. In France citizens know that the state loves families and trust that the government will help them financially, he says. Although the birth rate has dropped slightly over the last four years, France still has the highest birth rate in the EU, up at 1.84 in 2018.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrance is known for its stable pro-natalist policies and for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fels\u002Fsoc\u002FPF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf\"\u003Espending more public money on families\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than any other OECD country. It provides \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cleiss.fr\u002Fdocs\u002Fregimes\u002Fregime_france\u002Fan_4.html\"\u003Emultiple types of benefits and allowances\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including a ‘birth grant’ of around €950, followed by monthly child benefit and diverse family allowances. Many of them increase with the number of children. French families also receive income tax reductions and state-subsidised day-care.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, Toulemon is reluctant to call financial incentives the reason behind France’s high birth rate. There are other factors that may also play a big role, such as the strong, positive French sentiment towards starting a family and against childlessness and single-child families, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r9mnp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMoney, and then some\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYes, money seems to help – but spurring a meaningful increase in birth rates is more a matter of a complex combination of social attitudes, pro-family policies and financial support, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn interesting case study in Italy shows how this ‘perfect storm’ of factors can make a difference. In Italy the birth rate has been low for decades and in decline for years. In 2018 it hit a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.repubblica.it\u002Fcronaca\u002F2019\u002F07\u002F03\u002Fnews\u002Fistat_crollano_le_nascite_-4_e_il_dato_piu_basso_dall_unita_d_italia-230221234\u002F\"\u003Enew record low at around 1.3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But there’s one Italian province that bucks the trend: Bolzano, situated on the border with Switzerland and Austria, has a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.istat.it\u002Fit\u002Ffiles\u002F2018\u002F11\u002FReport_Natalita_fecondita.pdf\"\u003Ebirth rate of 1.67\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – higher than the EU average of 1.60.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe province, also known as South Tyrol, has autonomous status and more freedom to set its own policies. Family policies are more generous than elsewhere in Italy and families receive more financial support. The monthly child benefit is around €200 euros – more than double the national level. There are also special subsidies for those with low incomes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Spurring a meaningful increase in birth rates is a complex combination of social attitudes, pro-family policies and financial support","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Bolzano also beats many other cities in Italy for family-friendly services such as childcare, explains Mirco Tonin, a professor of economic policy at the Free University of Bolzano. Elsewhere in Italy, grandparents are often responsible for looking after young children, but in Bolzano it is easier to find local childcare facilities. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStronger financial support to families is helpful, Tonin says, but he thinks that the key to Bolzano’s higher birth rate is women’s labour market participation. In Bolzano, 73% of women aged 20 to 64 work, compared to a figure of 53% for Italy, where conservative attitudes about gender roles remain in southern areas. Employers in Bolzano (including a large public sector) offer flexible working hours as well as part-time and remote work, he adds, making it easier for women to combine motherhood and work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBolzano is an interesting case study that shows that increasing birth rates doesn’t have an easy solution, but rather a holistic one. As Europe’s population continues to fall, many small villages and big cities alike will continue to try to implement programmes to bolster their birth rates. But it’s not all about the money after all. Data from experts and citizens alike suggests that getting people to procreate is a complex matter that won’t simply be solved with a cheque alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-22T15:34:26Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Does it make sense to pay people to have kids?","headlineShort":"Should we be paid to have kids?","image":["p07r9l5b"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-finlands-10000-babies","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Across Europe, birth rates are dropping. Some countries are introducing financial measures to fight the phenomenon – but can money alone make a difference?","summaryShort":"The countries betting that money can help boost declining birth rates","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-21T19:45:25.256243Z","entity":"article","guid":"80115ee6-e927-4a2d-b269-e795e86c87d8","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-21T20:02:13.31406Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities","_id":"5db2fa99e776cea5d89151bf","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"embedded","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Across Asia and Africa, cities are booming as dozens per hour flock to major urban centres. These are the fastest growing cities in the world.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInfographic by Valentina d'Efilippo. Research by Miriam Quick.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-25T15:20:24Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"fastest_growing_cities_v1\u002Findex.html","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The world's fastest growing cities","headlineShort":"The city attracting 100 people an hour","image":["p07rf11y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07rf12n"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-south-koreas-population-paradox","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190924-kenyas-changing-population-captured-in-100-photos","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-does-it-make-sense-to-pay-people-to-have-kids"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Across Asia and Africa, cities are booming as dozens per hour flock to major urban centres. These are the fastest growing cities in the world.","summaryShort":"The urban booms happening in the world's fastest-growing cities","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-24T20:30:34.667315Z","entity":"article","guid":"8cb39c10-82ef-4a83-b04f-cac9670c9068","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-25T13:37:11.287016Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191018-the-worlds-fastest-growing-cities","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559919},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","_id":"5db058d8e776cea5d8f06d60","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjill-duffy"],"bodyIntro":"Work, school and life in general tend to start early in the day – but what if your body clock didn’t get the memo? Welcome to the wonderful world of social jet lag","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETeenagers in California are about to get some much-needed extra sleep. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.latimes.com\u002Fcalifornia\u002Fstory\u002F2019-10-13\u002Fcalifornia-first-state-country-later-school-start-times-new-law\"\u003Enew law passed early \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003Ethis month\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E will push start times later for most schools; high schools will start no earlier than 08:30 and middle schools 08:00.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe move is aimed at improving teenagers’ school performance by ensuring they are adequately rested. There’s a sizeable body of research behind it; although teenagers may have a bad reputation for staying up late, sleeping in and sleeping longer than any other demographic, the science shows that it's not their fault.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBiologically, teenagers have a different circadian rhythm to people of other ages. Their internal body clock, which tells them when and how long to sleep, doesn't line up well with the norms of the social clock. Forcing teenagers out of bed early in the morning to go to school \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpediatrics.aappublications.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fpediatrics\u002F134\u002F3\u002F642.full.pdf\"\u003Ecan affect their physical and mental health, attention span and ability to learn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd though teenagers may be a special case, they are hardly the only ones suffering. Waking and sleeping in a pattern that's out of synch with your body clock results in a phenomenon known as 'social jet lag' – something that affects swathes of society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rt5yv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is social jet lag?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESocial jet lag is the \"misalignment of social and biological time\", according to Till Roenneberg, a professor of chronobiology at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich who coined the term. It occurs when our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20171114-why-you-shouldnt-try-to-be-a-morning-person\"\u003Ebiologically determined sleep needs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E don't line up with other obligations, and we give way to the obligations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Everybody who uses an alarm clock lives against his or her [internal] clock,\" says Roenneberg. If your internal clock wants to sleep from midnight until 07:45 but obligations in your life force you to set an alarm for 06:15 every weekday, you likely have social jet lag.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, when we have a fixed early start time at work, we often calculate backwards when we should wake up, factoring in getting ready, a commute and perhaps time to shuttle children to school. We decide what time to set the alarm based on what we have to do, without considering our actual sleep needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The time we wake up on a free day isn't necessarily the ideal time for our body to wake up either","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen people have a day off, however, many of them stay up later, sleep later and wake up without an alarm clock. Having a later bedtime and waking time on a free day are indicators that the body prefers to sleep on a different schedule than what the typical workday requires. The shift is evidence of social jet lag.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat said, the time we wake up on a free day isn't necessarily the ideal time for our body to wake up either. \"Late sleep on the weekend is contaminated with sleep deprivation from the week,\" explains professor Martha Merrow, a molecular chronobiologist and head of the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig Maximilian University. \"You sleep not just as long as your clock says, but a bit longer to get some of that lost sleep back.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rt5t3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow does social jet lag affect us?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELiving for the social clock at the expense of the internal clock leaves many people feeling groggy in the morning. People who consider themselves early risers might not suffer from this problem at all, as their internal clocks align fairly well with the social clock. Late-night types may feel it worse. People who work non-standard hours, such as nurses on an overnight shift, usually suffer from social jet lag as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People whose internal clocks align better with the demands of the social clock earn 4-5% more on average than evening-type people","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFeeling groggy is hardly the only consequence, however. There are financial implications, too. People whose internal clocks align better with the demands of the social clock \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F23646456?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Eearn 4-5% more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on average than evening-type people. The reason, it seems, is morning types are alert and ready to be productive in the morning. Late types, however, aren't as likely to do their best work so early in the day, meaning typical business hours give morning types an advantage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other unexpected dividends from matching sleep clocks and daily life: when school start times were delayed by about an hour and a half in one county in the US state of Virginia, teenagers (who tend to sleep longer and later than everyone else) were involved in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faasm.org\u002Fteens-with-earlier-school-start-times-have-higher-crash-rates\u002F\"\u003Efewer weekday car accidents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when compared to a nearby school with similar traffic patterns. Researchers believe the additional sleep time helped reduce crashes among teenage drivers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's also a health impact. \"Misalignment leads to a lot of chronic diseases,\" says Roenneberg, citing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\u002Fconditions\u002Fmetabolic-syndrome\u002F\"\u003Emetabolic syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as an example. People who suffer from social jet lag are more likely to be smokers and if they are already overweight, more likely to become obese. Synchronising people’s lives with their internal sleep clocks is important “because it will make people healthier, live longer and will reduce costs for society\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat can workplaces do?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut aligning the social clock with the internal clock is, sadly, not often up to us; it depends on the organisations we work for. \"Society does a very schizophrenic thing at the moment,\" Roenneberg says. \"On the one hand, it wants to be a 24\u002F7 society that acts globally. On the other hand, it still thinks that someone who appears at work at 10:00 is lazy.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe believes companies would benefit from adjusting start times to individual employee needs. “If you have slept in your own window and you've woken up by yourself, you'll be much more productive,\" he says. \"There's an enormous incentive to make people not use alarm clocks if you want them to perform better and get sick less often.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There's an enormous incentive to make people not use alarm clocks if you want them to perform better and get sick less often – Till Roenneberg","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome companies are starting to agree, researching what happens when they let \u003Ca title=\"Protected by Outlook: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F25772446. Click or tap to follow the link.\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fapc01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\u002F?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F25772446&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cd7a9ac3034dc40c8af3e08d7549fab53%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637070917053655800&sdata=Ec2h%2FDm7ng0c2W1DXB8z1xwaWUQltULIkyz3oppbfsU%3D&reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elate-type shift workers skip the morning shift\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or allowing employees to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cmswire.com\u002Fdigital-workplace\u002Fwhy-i-let-my-employees-set-their-own-hours\u002F\"\u003Eset their own work schedules\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Remote and flexible workers are two groups who can sometimes have an advantage. Technology company Cisco, in a 2009 survey of its workers, estimates that it saw a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsroom.cisco.com\u002Fpress-release-content?type=webcontent&articleId=5000107\"\u003E$277m gain in productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from employees who were allowed to work remotely. Although the increase isn't tied to improved sleep patterns necessarily, 80% of survey respondents did say working remotely improved their quality of life overall. Plus, working from home eliminated their commutes – and time not spent commuting can convert easily into time spent sleeping. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS2352721814000047?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ea 2015 study found\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that people who were allowed to work flexibly did get more sleep (without losing work time). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, sleeping a little later is only possible when workers don't have additional demands in the morning, such as getting children to school or other care responsibilities. One reason school start times tend to be early is to accommodate working parents. Before California’s new law passed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fedsource.org\u002F2019\u002Fcalifornia-mandates-later-start-times-for-middle-and-high-school-students\u002F618546\"\u003Eopponents fought it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the grounds that it could increase childcare costs for parents with inflexible work schedules, lead to children being left unsupervised at school or prevent teenagers in low-income households taking after-school jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rt5ry"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe lighting factor\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet even if the difficulties around start times can be ironed out, there's another complicating factor of modern life: light. Blue light from computer screens, mobile devices and other electronics is similar to light from the sun in that it can trick the body into thinking it's still daytime. When that happens it doesn't produce melatonin, which we need to sleep. Simple solutions, such as night mode on devices, blue light blockers or not using devices after a certain hour, are relatively well known. What's often left out of the conversation, however, is the importance of exposure to light during the day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What's often left out of the conversation is the importance of exposure to light during the day","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We have changed our light environment drastically,\" Roenneberg says. Office-dwellers might spend the entire day inside a building with very little light exposure, whereas in the past people would have spent most of the day outdoors. Receiving light during the day seems to play as important a role in regulating the internal clock as \u003Cem\u003Enot\u003C\u002Fem\u003E seeing blue light at night.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We are quenching the light-dark cycle at both ends,\" Roenneberg says. \"During the day, we are getting less light and during the night we are getting more light. That has made most [internal body] clocks [move] later.” And if your chronotype is being made later, it makes it harder to stay in synch with a social clock that demands an early wake and work time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat can you do?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrying to avoid social jet lag or correct for it isn't a straightforward affair. We can advocate for flexible work times and later school start times, but as long as people need alarm clocks the problem will persist.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Merrow says of the three main components that contribute to your internal body clock – genetic predisposition, age and light – \"the only one you can work with is light\". If you wanted to try and move your chronotype earlier, she suggests consulting an expert in human chronobiology to work out when you should be getting more light or less light.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you had complete freedom over your life, you could do a fair amount with light,\" she says. \"But given the restrictions we have, that most of us are working inside buildings, it's not so simple.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor much of the population, waking up without an alarm clock, as Roenneberg recommends, isn't so simple either.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times-14"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fowning-your-time"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-23T14:01:41.356Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The body-clock science behind later school start times","headlineShort":"How to fight ‘social jet lag’","image":["p07rt644"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Work, school and life in general tend to start early in the day – but what if your body clock didn’t get the memo? Welcome to the wonderful world of social jet lag","summaryShort":"If you use an alarm clock you probably have it – and it’s not good for you","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-23T13:34:00.720696Z","entity":"article","guid":"08bba570-8c60-4102-a626-1096b163aa66","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-23T13:42:30.466903Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191023-the-body-clock-science-behind-later-school-start-times","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559921},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de47cc","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ftim-odonnell"],"bodyIntro":"Ireland’s population is rapidly ageing – and so too are its Catholic priests. Some Church leaders are looking abroad for younger talent to help fill the ranks.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFather Francis Xavier Kochuveettil got off the plane in Dublin Airport a little less than two years ago and was quickly stung by the Irish air. The weather had topped out at 2C that day. The temperature felt particularly biting because Kochuveettil had just come from Kerala, a state in southern India where the weather hovers somewhere in the vicinity of 20-30C all year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“My God, I thought, what’s happening to me?” he says. Kochuveettil, 41, has since adjusted to the wind-chill: he’s grown fond of Ireland while ministering to Catholics in Shannon Parish in the country’s south-west.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKochuveettil is one of four priests from the Cochin diocese (a Catholic administrative district) in Kerala who are currently serving in Ireland’s Killaloe diocese. These men, along with other priests from abroad, are helping fill a gaping void in Ireland’s clergy as priests age and younger generations eschew the once-esteemed profession.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Currently, the average age for an Irish priest hovers around 70. The number of priests dying or retiring far outweighs the number joining the ranks","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe number of priests in Ireland has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmural.maynoothuniversity.ie\u002F9330\u002F1\u002FBC-Vanishing-2011.pdf\"\u003Efallen precipitously since 1959\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to The Vanishing Catholic Priest, a study conducted by sociologist Brian Conway of National University of Ireland, Maynooth. Conway notes there were a few, brief upticks in the years following Pope John Paul II’s visit to the country in 1979, and just before the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-northern-ireland-45057221\"\u003Efirst major C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003Ehurch scandals\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E broke in the late 1980s and early 1990s. But last year, only five men began training for the priesthood at Ireland’s main seminary, St Patrick’s College in Maynooth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt does not bode well for the future of the profession – especially considering that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Ferasmus\u002F2018\u002F08\u002F26\u002Fireland-wrestles-with-catholicism-as-the-religion-plunges-in-popularity\"\u003Eaverage age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for an Irish priest is hovering around 70. But Irish leadership is not giving up hope of rekindling the ailing profession as Church leaders begin to actively recruit priests from abroad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07phmcy"],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe great decline\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELast year the Irish Examiner \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irishexaminer.com\u002Fireland\u002Fspecial-report--diocese-by-diocese-the-state-of-the-catholic-church-on-the-island-of-ireland-today-469022.html\"\u003Epublished a report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the state of Ireland’s dioceses, which brought their struggles to light. For example, in the Diocese of Kerry, there were just 54 priests for 53 parishes. Of the 54 priests, only six were younger than 50.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDublin’s Archbishop, Diarmuid Martin, said \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dublindiocese.ie\u002Fthe-church-in-dublin-in-10-years-time\u002F\"\u003Ein a speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Dublin in November 2017 that 57% of Dublin’s priests were older than 60 – that number is projected to increase to 75% by 2030. Further estimates show that just one new priest younger than the age of 40 will join the priesthood in Dublin every year until 2030.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn short, the number of priests dying or retiring far outweighs the number joining the ranks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese demographics are why Father Finton Monahan, the Bishop of Killaloe diocese, has established relationships with bishops in Kerala, where vocations are stronger. He has begun placing priests from the Indian state in parishes throughout his dioceses. Four priests are from Kerala – Kochuveettil, and Fathers Rexon Chullickal, Joy Micle Njarakattuvely and Antony Puthiyaveettil – and one priest, Father Dariusz Plasek, is from Poland. Priests have also come to other dioceses in Ireland from countries such as Romania, Nigeria, Uganda and the Philippines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In the 2016 Irish census, ‘no religion’ saw the biggest increase of all faiths, while those identifying as Catholic fell","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIreland’s clergy decline seems to be a natural outcome of the country’s societal and demographic changes. Ireland, like many European countries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cso.ie\u002Fen\u002Fcsolatestnews\u002Fpressreleases\u002F2017pressreleases\u002Fpressstatementcensus2016resultsprofile3-anageprofileofireland\u002F\"\u003Eis ageing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while its birth rate \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rte.ie\u002Fnews\u002Fireland\u002F2018\u002F0530\u002F967066-birthrate\u002F\"\u003Eis falling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; according to the 2016 census, the number of people older than 65 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cso.ie\u002Fen\u002Fcsolatestnews\u002Fpressreleases\u002F2017pressreleases\u002Fpressstatementcensus2016resultsprofile3-anageprofileofireland\u002F\"\u003Eincreased by 19.1%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E since 2011 – double that of people aged 15 to 64. Estimates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cso.ie\u002Fen\u002Freleasesandpublications\u002Fer\u002Fpme\u002Fpopulationandmigrationestimatesapril2019\u002F\"\u003Ereleased in April\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also revealed a negative net migration for Irish nationals, as 2,100 more left the country than returned in 2018.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConway points to structural changes in society as an even greater factor. Young men in Ireland have many more secular professional opportunities than they used to, and the priesthood simply does not have the same appeal it once did. And although more groups are advocating for their inclusion Church leadership, women are still barred from the Catholic priesthood globally, which automatically shrinks the recruitment pool by half.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07phlx2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESettling into home away from home\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMonahan’s ‘experiment’ has achieved good results in Killaloe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKochuveettil says he has connected well with people in Shannon. He says he came to Ireland with limited English-speaking abilities, but the parishioners and fellow priests gave him the confidence he needed to develop those skills. From the start, he routinely received dinner invitations and he and Puthiyaveettil recently accompanied Monahan and about 450 parishioners on a pilgrimage to Lourdes, in France.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The elderly folk, they’ve adopted them as their grandsons,” Monahan jokes, referring to the comparatively youthful Kochuveettil and Puthiyaveettil, who is in his 20s. “They really took to them, big time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFellow priest Chullickal, who is based in Nenagh Parish in County Tipperary, describes his parishioners as very generous. He was touched when they put their money together and raised €2,100 for his home diocese of Cochin after monsoon rains swept through the region in June. “I did not ask them to do this,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pk2bx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChullickal has been in Tipperary since November 2017 and says he’d be thrilled to renew his tenure in Ireland after his three-year term is up next year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough everyone is happy with how things have played out, Monahan says recruiting priests from abroad is not currently the only long-term solution to the priesthood’s woes. The Irish Church is also encouraging lay people to take up greater roles in day-to-day operations and, despite the odds, leadership is still determined to increase homegrown vocations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even getting people – especially youth – to Mass has been a tough sell, says Kochuveettil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConway says Ireland, in what amounts to a historical reversal, has now become a mission country itself. Although a Catholic renaissance could be possible, he believes that the Church may continue to shrink to the point where it is akin to a minority church.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The elderly folk, they’ve adopted [the new priests] as their grandsons – Father Finton Monahan","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOthers are more optimistic. Margaret Cartwright, the director of Vocations Ireland, says she has personally experienced an upward trend in interest from young people in her efforts to recruit them to religious life. She says that stems from her plan to help religious orders modernise their recruitment tactics, so they can communicate more easily with younger generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is, in fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irishtimes.com\u002Fnews\u002Fsocial-affairs\u002Freligion-and-beliefs\u002Fthe-faith-of-ireland-s-catholics-continues-despite-all-1.3592019\"\u003Esome statistical evidence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that Catholicism can still captivate Ireland. Irish Catholics between the ages of 16 and 29 actually attend weekly Mass at the third highest rate in Europe after Poland and Portugal. The number is declining, but still healthier than most of the continent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor now, as the elders that led the Church are ageing out, Kochuveettil is hopeful that he and other younger priests from abroad can keep the flame burning – and the priesthood thriving. “It’s there in these people’s blood,” says Kochuveettil. “But it’s in a dormant state. If they get a kind of spark, it will become a big fire.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy-12"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2019-10-08T20:54:27Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ‘imported’ priests saving Ireland’s ageing clergy","headlineShort":"The ‘imported’ priests of Ireland","image":["p07phm3s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07phlx2"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Ireland’s population is rapidly ageing – and so too are its Catholic priests. Some Church leaders are looking abroad for younger talent to help fill the ranks.","summaryShort":"Can clergy from abroad save Ireland’s ageing Church?","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-07T19:50:26.060932Z","entity":"article","guid":"b772e687-74b5-473f-94e8-333dbda80118","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-07T20:12:42.455525Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190927-the-imported-priests-saving-irelands-ageing-clergy","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559954},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health","_id":"5dadcb8be776cea5d85239a2","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fcelina-ribeiro"],"bodyIntro":"Fibre, caffeine, drugs: a study of wastewater from across Australia finds key differences in how rich and poor communities consume.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA laboratory somewhere in the University of Queensland is storing some unusual specimens: the human waste of more than one-fifth of the Australian population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe samples, collected from wastewater treatment plants across the country, frozen and mailed to researchers at the university, have been described as a treasure trove of insight into the dietary and drug habits of different communities. And the key to getting them all collected? “Asking very nicely,” says research fellow Jake O’Brien.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EO’Brien and PHD candidate Phil Choi took those samples, collected during Australia’s last national census in 2016, and, in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fearly\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F01\u002F1910242116\"\u003Ethe first peer-reviewed study of its kind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, analysed the wastewater of communities around Australia to measure different diet and lifestyle habits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The richer the community, the more healthy its diet. And all this information came encoded in that community’s human waste","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey found that in higher socioeconomic areas, consumption of fibre, citrus and caffeine was greater. In lower socioeconomic areas, prescription drugs were in significant use. In short, the researchers found, the richer the community, the more healthy its diet. And all this information came encoded in that community’s human waste.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They found that in higher socioeconomic areas, consumption of fibre, citrus and caffeine was greater. In lower socioeconomic areas, prescription drugs were in significant use. In short, the researchers found, the richer the community, the more healthy its diet. And all this information came encoded in that community’s human waste.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rcdt9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConsumption snapshot\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study tried to put into practice what other researchers have for some time theorised was possible: that one might get a reliable insight into food and drug consumption of a community on average through its wastewater.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChoi and O’Brien argue that with this method, research teams can get almost real-time indications of changes to lifestyle habits which could help inform public health policy and messaging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnearthing information about communities by examining their wastewater is called wastewater epidemiology. The practice has been around for about two decades, and is used in Europe, North America and elsewhere predominantly to monitor illicit drug use in populations. There have been studies which have tested for legal drug use, such as nicotine, and some research teams have been looking into its use in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fluencecorp.com\u002Fscientists-study-dna-wastewater-protect-public-health\u002F\"\u003Eearly detection of disease outbreaks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but testing for markers of diet has until now been largely theoretical.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile surveys are already used to find out about dietary and legal drug consumption, wastewater analysis may be a more objective measure of average use within a particular catchment area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People over-report consumption of healthy foods and under-report consumption of things like snacks – Phil Choi","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChoi says that, when surveyed about things like drug use or what foods they eat, people sometimes report healthier habits than they actually have. “You generally find in surveys that people over-report consumption of healthy foods and under-report consumption of things like snacks,” says Choi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWastewater analysis can be useful in two key ways, says O’Brien. The first is in identifying disparities between communities, and the second is in tracking changes in those communities over time. “If you’re going to try to implement something hoping for positive change, you need to be able to measure the success of those interventions,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe caffeine correlation \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinding precisely what they could test for was the initial challenge. Wastewater is, after all, not just urine and faeces, but often personal care products, food scraps and industrial or commercial waste. The researchers had to find particular biomarkers related to specific foods which were only, or predominantly, produced by human excretion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study used two biomarkers associated with fibre consumption – ingested when eating plants and grains – and one related to eating citrus. Both fibre and citrus consumption are considered hallmarks of a healthy diet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rbshx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn all of these, communities with the highest indicators of social and economic advantage had strong correlations with high rates of consumption. In other words, broadly speaking the wealthier areas were found to have more fibre- and citrus-rich diets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaffeine intake was also found to be greatest among higher socioeconomic groups, specifically in areas designated as high rent, which was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00394-017-1488-x\"\u003Ebacked with other studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which found espresso and ground coffee drinks were most frequently consumed by those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. The report’s authors suggest that this is both a factor of having the financial ability to fork out for a daily coffee or two and a culture of coffee consumption among wealthier Australians.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the other end of the socioeconomic spectrum, in particular the drugs tramadol (an opioid-based pain killer), atenolol (blood pressure medicine) and pregabalin (anti-seizure medicine) were most highly associated with poorer communities – however the latter two were also shown to be more present among older populations, which can also tend to be lower income. Other forms of painkillers, medicines and antidepressants were found to be linked to areas of greater disadvantage, but not to the same extent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChoi says comparing rich and poor catchment areas directly can be startling. “Just looking at the figures we can see – with one community compared to another – a several-fold difference in the markers of fibre,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers hope to repeat the survey at the next census, that way providing insight into whether any changes may be underway that other research methods may not yet have uncovered, or may need to be used to investigate further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor instance, in this study antiobiotic use is fairly uniformly distributed across different socioeconomic groups, indicating the government-subsidised health care system is doing its job; should this distribution start to shift in future surveys, it may prompt further research into whether and why certain groups may be accessing such medicines less\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07rbsbc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Finger on the pulse’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study confirms a global phenomenon known as the social gradient of health, which reflects that factors associated with good health – like smoking rates and levels of obesity – improve alongside one’s socioeconomic status.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Australians have a self-belief that the country is egalitarian, socioeconomic inequality, as indicated in the wastewater report, is a serious issue. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.acoss.org.au\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F07\u002FInequality-in-Australia-2018.pdf\"\u003E2018 report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that Australia had higher than OECD average levels of income inequality, although it ranks as a more equal society than the UK and USA.  An Australian in the top 20% of income has five times as much disposable income as someone living in the bottom quintile. And, generally speaking, more money means a greater ability to afford perishable foods such as fruit and vegetables, while more education means a greater understanding of nutrition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The study found one significant exception to the class and diet relationship: areas with a high proportion of non-English speaking households also reported relatively high rates of fibre and citrus consumption","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe study found one significant exception to the class and diet relationship, however: areas with a high proportion of non-English speaking households also reported relatively high rates of fibre and citrus consumption, despite lower socioeconomic ranking, reflecting the often high vegetable content of traditional diets in migrant communities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProfessor Catherine Bennett, chair of epidemiology at Deakin University in Victoria, says that the Queensland study is interesting in pushing wastewater epidemiology to the next level, and coinciding it with the census allowed for a certainty regarding the demographics of different catchment areas. The researchers have been upfront about its limitations, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We always have to be a little cautious when looking at these ecological studies because it’s association in the broadest sense, you can’t argue causation – Catherine Bennett","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“All that being said, this is what we call an ecological study in epidemiology. The term means that we’re not using individual data, but collective data,” she says. She says that such studies have been used to detect decreases in nicotine in wastewater following the introduction of plain packaging for cigarettes in Australia. “What you don’t know is whether the smokers are all smoking less, or whether there’s less smokers in the community. We always have to be a little cautious when looking at these ecological studies because it’s association in the broadest sense, you can’t argue causation.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the nicotine studies, just like the recent diet and drug study, have been validated by comparison to other research, suggesting that wastewater epidemiology is a broadly accurate – if non-specific – way of monitoring population health and habits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s a really interesting opportunity, as long as we don’t try to over-interpret the data,” says Bennett. Once the data has been validated, she says: “It is a useful way to keep your finger on the pulse of what’s going on at the population level.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-18T04:41:23.456Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What human waste can tell us about income, diet and health","headlineShort":"What your poo says about your income","image":["p07rbrzr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Fibre, caffeine, drugs: a study of wastewater from across Australia finds key differences in how rich and poor communities consume.","summaryShort":"Human waste can tell us a lot about how rich and poor consume","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-18T10:18:09.562565Z","entity":"article","guid":"631077b9-4e2e-463c-8184-223c66a37852","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-21T15:15:04.767043Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191018-what-human-waste-can-tell-us-about-income-diet-and-health","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559926},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc","_id":"5da5f216e776cea5d8de30b5","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Feric-barton"],"bodyIntro":"How a fast-food marketing campaign turned into a widespread Yuletide tradition for millions.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvery Christmas, Ryohei Ando gathers his family together for a holiday tradition. Just like their father did as a child, his two children will reach deep into a red-and-white bucket and pick out the best piece of fried chicken they can find.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Every Christmas season, an estimated 3.6 million Japanese families treat themselves to Kentucky Fried Chicken, in what has become a nationwide tradition","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYes, it’s a Merry KFC Christmas for the Ando family. It may seem odd anywhere outside Japan, but Ando’s family and millions of others would never let a Christmas go by without Kentucky Fried Chicken. Every Christmas season an estimated 3.6 million Japanese families treat themselves to fried chicken from the American fast-food chain, in what has become a nationwide tradition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“My kids, they think it’s natural,” says Ando, a 40-year-old in the marketing department of a Tokyo sporting goods company.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04lq35s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile millions do celebrate Christmas with KFC, others in Japan treat it as a romantic holiday similar to Valentine’s Day, and couples mark the occasion with dinner in upscale restaurants. For other Japanese families, Christmas is acknowledged but not celebrated in any particular way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut for those who do partake, it’s not as simple as walking in and ordering. December is a busy month for KFC in Japan – daily sales at some restaurants during the Christmas period can be 10 times their usual take. Getting the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.kfc.co.jp\u002Fcampaign\u002Fxmas2016\u002Findex.html#premium_anc\"\u003EKFC special Christmas dinner \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eoften requires ordering it weeks in advance, and those who didn’t will wait in line, sometimes for hours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe genesis of Japan’s KFC tradition is a tale of corporate promotion that any business heading to Japan ought to study, one that sounds almost like a holiday parable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Kentucky for Christmas’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to KFC Japan spokeswoman Motoichi Nakatani, it started thanks to Takeshi Okawara, the manager of the first KFC in the country. Shortly after it opened in 1970, Okawara woke up at midnight and jotted down an idea that came to him in a dream: a “party barrel” to be sold on Christmas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOkawara dreamed up the idea after overhearing a couple of foreigners in his store talk about how they missed having turkey for Christmas, according to Nakatani. Okawara hoped a Christmas dinner of fried chicken could be a fine substitute, and so he began marketing his Party Barrel as a way to celebrate the holiday.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In 1974, KFC took the marketing plan national, calling it Kurisumasu ni wa Kentakkii, or Kentucky for Christmas","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1974, KFC took the marketing plan national, calling it Kurisumasu ni wa Kentakkii, or Kentucky for Christmas. It took off quickly, and so did the Harvard-educated Okawara, who climbed through the company ranks and served as president and CEO of Kentucky Fried Chicken Japan from 1984 to 2002.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04lq2z7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Party Barrel for Christmas became almost immediately a national phenomenon, says Joonas Rokka, associate professor of marketing at Emlyon Business School in France. He has studied the KFC Christmas in Japan as a model promotions campaign.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It filled a void,” Rokka says. “There was no tradition of Christmas in Japan, and so KFC came in and said, this is what you should do on Christmas.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAdvertisements for the company’s Christmas meals show happy Japanese families crowding around barrels of fried chicken. But it’s not just breasts and thighs – the meals have morphed into special family meal-sized boxes filled with chicken, cake, and wine. This year, the company is selling \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.kfc.co.jp\u002Fcampaign\u002Fxmas2016\u002Findex.html#premium_anc\"\u003EKentucky Christmas dinner packages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that range from a box of chicken for 3,780 yen, ($32), up to a “premium” whole-roasted chicken and sides for 5,800 yen. According to KFC, the packages account for about a third of the chain’s yearly sales in Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt also helped that the stores dressed up the company mascot, the smiling white-haired Colonel Sanders, in Santa outfits. In a country that puts high value on its elders, the red satin-suited Sanders soon became a symbol of a holiday.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘One of the strangest things I’ve heard’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis phenomenon is unique to Japan – and can seem strange to some outside the country. The idea is unlikely to take off in the home of KFC, says Kevin Gillespie, chef of two restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you brought a bucket of fried chicken to Christmas dinner, honestly, I’d be mad at you","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“KFC on Christmas. It’s one of the strangest things I’ve heard,” Gillespie says. “If you brought a bucket of fried chicken to Christmas dinner, honestly, I’d be mad at you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt isn’t a crack on KFC’s products necessarily, says Gillespie. The general idea of bringing fast food to Christmas dinner “would be viewed as rude by most anyone,” Gillespie says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn Japan, however, where around 1% of the population is Christian, Christmas isn’t an official holiday, Rokka says. So the idea that families are going to spend all day cooking a ham or turkey and side dishes just isn’t practical. Instead, they show up with a bucket of chicken.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This is another sign of globalisation, where rituals spread to other countries and get translated in different ways","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“This is another sign of globalisation, where consumer rituals spread to other countries and often get translated in different ways,” Rokka says. “It’s not abnormal now to have an Ikea store everywhere in the world. This KFC for Christmas is just taking our consumerism and turning it into a holiday.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p04lq37w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn excuse for a reunion\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHaving done some travelling abroad, Ando knows that his country might is alone in celebrating Christmas with a bucket of KFC. But for him, he sees the tradition as more than just a company promotion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s not about the chicken. It’s about getting the family together","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Ando, he’s still planning to get KFC for his kids this year. But he goes to a bakery for the Christmas cake. On Christmas night, the family will gather around the KFC bucket, just as Ando once did as a child, and just as his children will do in another generation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s kind of a symbol of family reunion,” Ando says. “It’s not about the chicken. It’s about getting the family together, and then there just happens to be chicken as part of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2016-12-19T20:23:48Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why Japan celebrates Christmas with KFC","headlineShort":"Why Japan celebrates Christmas with KFC","image":["p04lq37w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fspending"],"summaryLong":"How a fast-food marketing campaign turned into a widespread Yuletide tradition for millions","summaryShort":"How a fast-food chain became synonymous with Yuletide cheer","tag":["tag\u002Fspending","tag\u002Fpersonal-finance"],"creationDateTime":"2016-12-19T01:54:42.47936Z","entity":"article","guid":"d573ae70-7d28-4ff0-8894-50c25e5f3990","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc","modifiedDateTime":"2016-12-19T01:54:42.47936Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559929},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger","_id":"5da5f217e776cea5d8de3615","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Would fast food need to be almost free for you to buy it every day?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMore than half of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-43156282\"\u003E900 Kentucky Fried Chicken\u003C\u002Fa\u003E outlets in the UK were closed this week, sparking panic over chicken shortages. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-43140836\"\u003ETower Hamlets Metropolitan police\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in London tweeted to ask peckish people to stop calling them about the #KFCcrisis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s clear that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fbbcthree\u002Farticle\u002F1a20080e-5d47-447f-b7a6-41ee85649fad\"\u003Ehangry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E customers take their fast food seriously – so a new selling strategy adopted by the biggest chains in the US might really cheer them up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn January, the biggest names in the business rolled out heavily discounted menus across the US making their fast food even cheaper – less expensive than a loaf of bread or a carton of juice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Police in London tweeted to ask peckish people to stop calling them about the #KFCcrisis","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn December, Credit Suisse financial analysts \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplus.credit-suisse.com\u002Frpc4\u002FravDocView?docid=V7arMj2AF-YBJv\"\u003Ereleased a report \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat suggests \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\u002F2017\u002F12\u002F19\u002Fcredit-suisse-mcdonalds-new-value-menu-will-trigger-fast-food-pricing-war.html\"\u003Ea so-called fast food “pricing war” in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E  is hotting up. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2018-01-30\u002Fmcdonald-s-relies-on-price-cutting-push-to-keep-sales-on-track\"\u003EMcDonald’s kicked off 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E with a new line-up called the ‘$1 $2 $3 Dollar Menu,’ which allows customers to mix and match three price tiers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERivals were quick to follow suit. Burger chain Wendy’s also put 20 new things on its menu priced at just a dollar each, followed swiftly by Tex-Mex chain Taco Bell, selling $1 ’nacho fries.’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05z257p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of McDonald’s, Credit Suisse estimates that the company’s foot traffic in the US fell around 11% from 2012 to 2016 so the January drop in prices could be a further attempt to recover that traffic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut how is it possible to make money out of a $1 burger, particularly when the person serving it is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmoney.cnn.com\u002F2017\u002F12\u002F29\u002Fnews\u002Feconomy\u002F2018-minimum-wage-increases\u002Findex.html\"\u003Elikely earning around $10 an hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe answer is scale; sales of burgers or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fexplainers-43144532\"\u003Echicken dippers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or fries – in huge numbers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith very few firms at the top –  this is  market of oligopolies – the firms work hard to differentiate their products from competitors, for example, branding food flame-broiled versus fried, or adding toys to kids’ meal deals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05z255f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEventually, competitors begin out-discounting each other in a race to the bottom of prices. That’s according to Patricia Smith, a professor at the University of Michigan who specialises in the economics of fast food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe key to this strategy? Hoping that customers buy loads of the discounted items.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“McDonald’s will make money selling burgers for a buck if it can make the burger for less than $1 and sell \u003Cem\u003Elots\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Elots\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of burgers,” says Smith who says that sales of add-on items are also crucial. “Part of the strategy is to attract consumers in to the store and then entice them to buy more than just the burger – fries, drinks, desserts.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESlashing prices to draw in customers can backfire though if cutbacks exceed food and production costs and cannibalise profits. Some \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fnode\u002F16380043\"\u003EBurger King franchise owners sued the company in 2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, because a corporate promotion required franchisees to sell a double cheeseburger for $1 that cost a $1.10 to make. The court ruled for Burger King.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether or not this latest round of price cuts will succeed may depend on a lot of factors – including the changing face of the fast food industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05z25c3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMillennials are changing the way we eat lunch\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis drop in customers walking through the doors could be indicative of our changing tastes. People under 40 – Millennials and their teen and tween counterparts, Generation Z – are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nielsen.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fnielsenglobal\u002Feu\u002Fnielseninsights\u002Fpdfs\u002FNielsen%20Global%20Health%20and%20Wellness%20Report%20-%20January%202015.pdf\"\u003Eswerving away from calorific foods that may not be organic or free-range in droves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. According to a 2015 global report by Nielsen, 41% of Generation Z and 32% of Millennials would \"pay a premium for sustainably sourced ingredients,\" compared to 21% of Baby Boomers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Traditional fast food companies look stale and old to millennials","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Traditional fast food companies look stale and old to millennials, especially as compared to the ones selling choose-your-own fresh salads. They are desperate to get customers into the stores,” says Marion Nestle, a professor of nutrition, food studies and public health at New York University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s why companies like McDonald’s have partnered with ride-sharing company Uber to deliver to customers in the US, UK and Australia, under the name Uber Eats. (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewinternet.org\u002F2016\u002F05\u002F19\u002Fon-demand-ride-hailing-apps\u002F\"\u003EPeople under 40 are the most enthusiastic users\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of ride-sharing apps like Uber.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Five years ago, it was get ‘em in and get ‘em out,” says Martin Caraher, professor of food and health policy at City University of London. “Now it’s get ‘em to stay.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the Noughties teenagers were often asked not to linger in the restaurants after buying their food. But head office now want to convince them to hang out after school, sit on comfy sofas to do their homework, use the wifi and then spend extra money on coffees or snacks.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05z25f5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow low can you go?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut, with prices for food on the menu dropping below the cost of ingredients used to make the meals, how can this be a viable business strategy?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENYU’s Nestle says fast food economics rely on volume to work. “The objective is to get customers into the store – the more the merrier,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese tactics can build brand loyalty and steal customers away from other chains. If Burger King suddenly lowered its prices, a Wendy’s die-hard might be persuaded to drop them to follow the lower price tags.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“All industries are interested in this,” says Patricia Smith in relation to tweaking price thresholds. “They want to know: ‘Should I raise my price and see if I can get away with that? Or should I lower my prices and earn less [but maybe sell more]?’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If the firm lowers price 5% and quantity sold rises by 10%, then demand is elastic and total revenue will rise","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an economic principle called elasticity of demand. “A firm can increase its total revenue by lowering price if demand for the product is elastic – sensitive to price. For example, if the firm lowers price 5% and quantity sold rises by 10%, then demand is elastic and total revenue will rise.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESmith points out that the fast food industry is a good place to watch this theory in action, as these kind of price wars often play out in markets that are oligopolies, where there are just a few big firms all vying to be top dog.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, she says that around 40% of the field is occupied by the top handful of producers, “so it’s not surprising we’d see [pricing wars] in this type of market,” she says. In America, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F196611\u002Fmarket-share-of-fast-food-restaurant-corporations-in-the-us\u002F\"\u003Ethat top 40% already represents nearly $80 billion in revenue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2018: Year of the value meal? \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERight now, these big chains’ new value meals are US-only. But the gradual chipping away of costs for quick food isn’t a trend in North America alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile £1 meals aren’t commonplace in the UK, value meals are a growing trend that even higher-end supermarkets are interested in, such as, Marks and Spencer’s ‘Dine in for two for £10’ offer. Supermarket, Tesco, also offers £4 lunch specials that include a sandwich, drink and packet of crisps. While cheap items priced from £1.99 or £2.99 have helped drive sales at sandwich shops like Greggs, the bakery chain, the largest in the UK, which will open over 100 new locations in the next five years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In the UK, the chain is using only British and Irish beef, recycling its old cooking oil and egg shells into biodiesel and making all of its coffee “ethically sourced” by 2020","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Caraher suspects that the pricing strategies in the US won’t necessarily translate to other national markets. McDonald’s in Europe, for instance, is taking a different tack, responding to demand for produce from sustainable sources. In the UK, the chain is using only British and Irish beef, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mcdonalds.com\u002Fgb\u002Fen-gb\u002Fgood-to-know.html\"\u003Erecycling its old cooking oil and egg shells into biodiesel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fmcdonalds-aims-for-sustainable-coffee-2016-10?r=UK&IR=T\"\u003Emaking all of its coffee “ethically sourced” by 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESlashing prices would mean sacrificing that reputation, Caraher says, which won’t float with conscientious millennial customers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In order to lower their prices, they would have to break a lot of their marketing initiatives that they’ve implemented here in Europe,” he says. “They’ve positioned themselves in a different level of the market.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFast food’s future\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn comments to BBC Capital, McDonald’s, Wendy’s and Taco Bell didn’t expand on what motivated them to introduce new value meal menus now beyond saying it was a play to customer needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We heard from customers that they have about $5 to spend on lunch, which makes the 4 for $4 deal so attractive,” a spokesperson for Wendy’s says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“My guess is that they’re trying to hang on to their own [existing] customers,” Smith from the University of Michigan says – to keep hold of people already eating fast food, rather than courting younger people who want pasture-fed pork and organic vegetables.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s still unclear what will happen to the industry if fast food becomes cheaper and cheaper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPublic health experts also raise concerns. Nestle says that for people who traditionally eat at fast food outlets, more value meals might mean they eat larger amounts and more often. That’d be a problem for the US, already one of the most obese nations in the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut, who knows? If Gen Z and Millennials continue to show preference for greener foods, and if restaurants beyond burger chains follow McDonald’s lead, perhaps the pricing wars’ ripple effect will spread further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENestle points to the ongoing diversification of fast food that’s gone well beyond deep-fried chicken and fizzy drinks. She names US chains Sweetgreen and Fresh, which sell all things leafy, and Smith also mentions the rise of health food supermarket, Whole Foods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“From where I sit, fast food is changing [into] something much healthier,” Nestle says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-02-23T00:08:07Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How can a fast food chain ever make money from a $1 burger?","headlineShort":"Understanding burger-nomics","image":["p05z0by7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p05z255f"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Understanding why fast food grew stale","summaryShort":"How cheap would fast food have to be for you to buy it every day?","tag":["tag\u002Fmoney","tag\u002Fmillennial","tag\u002Fspending"],"creationDateTime":"2018-02-23T11:38:24.28558Z","entity":"article","guid":"11397450-a871-43f8-bf55-d6d696465444","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger","modifiedDateTime":"2018-02-23T11:38:24.28558Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559931},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house","_id":"5da5f217e776cea5d8de3504","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"If young people stopped wasting their money on lavish things like toast, could they use that money to buy a house? We crunched the numbers to find out.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThrough the end of the year, we are examining life’s marquee moments through the unique experiences of baby boomers, Gen X and millennials in a series called the Generation Project. As part of the series, we’re bringing back some of our favourite articles that tell these stories.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re under 35, you’re a millennial. Recent culinary trends suggest that, while reading this, you might have an overpriced latte in one hand, and a fancy piece of toast smothered with avocadoes in the other. And some suggest that you’d rather waste your money on an Instagrammable breakfast than make sensible investments like buying a house.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWell, so says conventional grumpy wisdom, most recently articulated by Australian tycoon Tim Gurner, who made international headlines this month for blasting young home buyers for their spending habits.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe 35-year-old property developer \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.9news.com.au\u002Fnational\u002F2017\u002F05\u002F15\u002F08\u002F39\u002Fmelbourne-property-tycoon-hammers-millennials-over-spending-habits\"\u003Etold the Australian edition of 60 Minutes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that when he was saving for his first home, he “wasn't buying smashed avocado for $19 and four coffees at $4 each”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe generated a flurry of debate, but also an interesting question: roughly how many pieces of avocado toast would it actually take to afford a home? We looked at 10 cities around the world, crunched the numbers and found out. Scroll to the bottom for our methodology.\u003Cem\u003E Research by Miriam Quick. Illustrations by Piero Zagami.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p054jykn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAll figures are in US dollars. Click\u002Fpinch to enlarge.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p054g8ls"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p054g8lb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p054jykh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p054g8ld"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p054g8lv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe took the average cost for avocado toast in a handful of cafes in each city, and looked at how many you’d need to forego to afford a 20% deposit on a home. House prices are based the average price for a 90sq m apartment outside the city centre, reported by users of cost-of-living website Numbeo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Faffording-your-life","worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-05-31T21:42:29Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The avocado toast index: How many breakfasts to buy a house?","headlineShort":"The avocado toast index","image":["p054g8mw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p054jtsm"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fspending"],"summaryLong":"If young people stopped wasting their money on lavish things like toast, could they use that money to buy a house? We crunched the numbers to find out","summaryShort":"How many thousand pieces of toast would it take to buy a house?","tag":["tag\u002Fspending","tag\u002Freal-estate"],"creationDateTime":"2017-05-30T21:08:36.160101Z","entity":"article","guid":"df1b2275-cea7-4e63-810f-dbd1bdeedeb8","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house","modifiedDateTime":"2017-05-30T21:08:36.160101Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559940},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion","_id":"5da905b5e776cea5d8c90853","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Instagram-ready and dripping with calories: inside the curious world of fast food-snack food fusion.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStarting a couple of weeks ago, Brits were given a golden opportunity. Or rather, a bright orange one: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Ftacobelluk\u002Fstatus\u002F1177175987810783233\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETaco Bell in the UK has introduced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E its Doritos Locos Taco, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmetro.co.uk\u002F2019\u002F10\u002F03\u002Ftaco-bell-giving-free-doritos-locos-tacos-uk-friday-10853878\u002F\"\u003Ea taco with a shell made entirely of one big Dorito\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETempted? Disgusted? Whatever your reaction, the Tex-Mex chain’s creation – which originally launched in the US in 2012 – has a track record of doing rather well. Media outlets hailed the hybrid creation as “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Ftaco-bell-doritos-locos-taco-story-2014-2\"\u003Eone of the most successful fast food innovations of all time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, selling a billion units in the first year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s no wonder, then, that more of these snack-food-fast-foods are popping up, especially in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELast month, Pizza Hut rolled out a calzone shaped like a Cheez-It, a square cracker with a cheddar flavour, and, in August, KFC released a fried-chicken sandwich stuffed with Cheetos, puffy cheese-flavoured crisps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of these items only pop up for a limited time, but they always make a high-in-saturated-fats splash, especially on social media. And, as evidenced by the success of the Doritos Locos Taco, they move product – a lot of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut how did we get to a place where a mash up between fast-food favourite and vending-machine staple are becoming commonplace? Is America’s fast food-crazed culture to blame?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r3znz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShock products – but familiar\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the brands and products involved in these campaigns are American, but experts caution associating the trend with the US exclusively. These fast food-snack food mashups can be found around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We try to stay away from generalisations,” says Ashley Rose Young, food historian at the Smithsonian Institute’s National Museum of American History in Washington, DC. “Given that fast food and snack foods are increasingly prevalent across the globe, [it’s best] to stay away from saying that any dish based on fast food or snack food is ‘an American thing’ – especially given the fact that some of the flavours and ingredients (or mock ingredients) in these dishes are taken from food cultures around the globe.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"All of these bizarro crossover and mash-up items might sound a bit dystopian, but for fast food chains, there are few things more effective than new products that are both somehow familiar and new at the same time – Adam Chandler","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESure, the US loves junk food and is a massive country whose huge highways \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.encyclopedia.com\u002Fsports-and-everyday-life\u002Ffood-and-drink\u002Ffood-and-cooking\u002Fconvenience-foods\"\u003Egave rise to the modern roadside drive-through\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the origins of processed food are global, diverse and span thousands of years, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencehistory.org\u002Fdistillations\u002Fprocessed-food-science-and-the-modern-meal\"\u003Ethe salt-cured fish stored in pharaohs’ tombs in ancient Egypt to the invention of canning in 19th Century France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Fast forward to today, and processed foods are omnipresent the world over, whether it’s a packet of crisps in the glove box or shopping centres brimming with takeaways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo maybe it’s no surprise creations like the Cheetos chicken sandwich aren’t limited to the US. In Japan in 2015, Kit Kats \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Ffoodanddrink\u002Ffoodanddrinknews\u002F11489463\u002FA-Japanese-restaurant-is-selling-KitKat-sandwiches.html\"\u003Efound their way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into a whipped-cream-and-orange peel sandwich at First Kitchen, a fast food chain. Pizza Huts in Australia \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftime.com\u002F3623287\u002Fpizza-hut-australia-doritos-crust\u002F\"\u003Emade pizza crusts from Doritos in 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Nutella \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theverge.com\u002Ftldr\u002F2016\u002F11\u002F14\u002F13626672\u002Fmcdonalds-nutella-burger-2016\"\u003Ewas used in dessert burgers at McDonald’s in Italy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2016. Last month, McDonald’s in the UK introduced its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmetro.co.uk\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F20\u002Fmcdonalds-launches-galaxy-mcflurry-with-salted-caramel-sauce-10777892\u002F\"\u003EGalaxy Salted Caramel McFlurry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, using a well-known chocolate brand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r3zwm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“All of these bizarro crossover and mash-up items might sound a bit dystopian, but for fast food chains, there are few things more effective than new products that are both somehow familiar and new at the same time,” says Adam Chandler, author of Drive-Thru Dreams, a book that examines the link between fast food and American life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe appeal of these over-the-top food mashups isn’t bound by geography – and are universal in their shock value. Burger King’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.delish.com\u002Ffood\u002Fa55498\u002Fburger-king-mac-cheetos\u002F\"\u003Egiant, deep-fried sticks of macaroni and cheese, shaped and flavoured like Cheetos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, are certainly a… surprising addition to any menu, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“These gimmicky offerings have taken off in recent years because they're carefully crafted, not just for physical consumption, but for digital consumption as well,” says Chandler. “They play well to younger crowds on social media, tend to be highly Instagrammable, and inspire curiosity, attention and disgust wherever they go.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r5z22"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFun, convenient, viral \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFast food companies have used social media aggressively and deftly. The snarky tone of Twitter accounts like Wendy’s is a pitch-perfect match for the tone of the internet, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fastcompany.com\u002F90330377\u002Fbehind-wendys-epic-social-strategy\"\u003Ehas been well received by customers and analysts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in terms of reaching and resonating with young and savvy social media users. What’s more, every time a snack-junk hybrid food hits the market, it’s usually for a limited period – but in that time, it typically sets social media aflame.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of the KFC Cheetos chicken sandwich, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=k3ROVBUZ_tQ\"\u003EYouTube video reviews\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of people eating it gathered millions of views. One in particular that combines \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180605-the-weird-whispering-videos-that-brands-want-to-cash-in-on\"\u003EASMR\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-asia-43670719\u002Fmillions-watch-extreme-eating-korean-mukbang-star\"\u003Emukbang\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (broadcasting live to an audience while eating large amounts of food) has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=e17DXss8u30\"\u003E1.2 million views alone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Similarly, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tiktok.com\u002F@princewelcomematt\u002Fvideo\u002F6740652987728792838\"\u003Echoreographed video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of someone eating Pizza Hut’s Cheez-It pizza on TikTok, one of the fastest-growing social media apps and Gen Z hotspot, was “liked” more than 35,000 times. Social media blasts on Twitter and Vine \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fawario.com\u002Fblog\u002Fcase-study-taco-bell-rocks-social-media-can-learn\u002F\"\u003Ewere crucial to Taco Bell’s gargantuan success with the Doritos taco\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2012. Other stunts, like KFC’s Double Down, the sandwich \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fkfc-is-launching-the-double-down-in-the-uk-2017-10\"\u003Ewhich replaced pieces of bread with slabs of fried chicken\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, drove traffic to KFC.com \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finfo.digitalriver.com\u002Frs\u002Fdigitalriver\u002Fimages\u002FKFC_CaseStory.pdf\"\u003Eby 29%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Millennials seem to love these kinds of gimmicks, so marketers use them,” says Marion Nestle, professor emerita of nutrition, food studies and public health at New York University. “People are bored with standard fast food so doing these kinds of things sparks interest.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"These are part of a long tradition of companies creating new, slightly outrageous, fast food and snack food combinations – more cheese, more meat, more layers - Ashley Rose Young","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJennifer Harris, director of marketing initiatives at the Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity at the University of Connecticut in the US, says that fast food companies combine social media and wacky dishes to hone in on young people, one of the biggest groups of fast food consumers in the US and the UK. She likens the snack-food-fast-food fads to vaping and energy drinks, which also target similar demographics, especially males between the ages of 13 and 24.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Health is [generally] not their primary concern. Their concern is being cool, having their peers think they’re daring and exciting,” she says. “All their friends can see [on social media] they’ve bought and eaten this really cool new thing.” And then once something goes viral, it can be some of the most effective, cheapest marketing a company can use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“These are part of a long tradition of companies creating new, slightly outrageous, fast food and snack food combinations – more cheese, more meat, more layers, adding sauces, [or] Cheetos, for crunch and a pop of flavour,” says food historian Young. “Fast food and snacks are typically marketed as fun and convenient – two things that appeal to many consumers.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r3zkx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA now-familiar marketing play\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECould this mean anything about the future of fast food?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarris calls the mash-up craze a “race to the bottom”: “If one company is doing it, and it’s appealing to a group that you want to be your customers, then you have to do it – otherwise you’ll lose them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd although most of these companies are American and many of these snack foods originate in the US, Young points out that “they are not static products that solely reflect taste preferences of people living in the US. Rather, these products, once adopted in another country, shift and change, taking into account flavour profiles popular in that country,” like Kit Kats in Japan, which come in flavours like sake and matcha.(\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkotaku.com\u002Foh-goodness-there-are-kit-kat-pizzas-in-japan-1556817289\"\u003EThe chocolatey treat appeared in dessert pizzas in Japan in 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo it’s safe to say that, no matter where you live, your social media feed – if not your belly – could potentially be full of these mashed-up marvels for years to come. And if eating them isn’t your thing, you can always \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=NtnuJjAQ9pM&t\"\u003Ewatch one of the thousands of videos\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of others doing it for you instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBryan Lufkin is BBC Worklife's features writer. Follow him on Twitter @\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbryan_lufkin?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebryan_lufkin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-17T06:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The bizarre rise of fast food fused with snack foods","headlineShort":"The bizarre rise of 'extreme' fast food","image":["p07r3zrx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20161216-why-japan-celebrates-christmas-with-kfc","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180222-how-can-a-fast-food-chain-ever-make-money-from-a-1-burger","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170530-the-avocado-toast-index-how-many-breakfasts-to-buy-a-house"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Instagram-ready and dripping with calories: inside the curious world of fast food-snack food fusion.","summaryShort":"Instagram-ready and dripping with calories: inside fast food-snack food fusion","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-17T10:00:00.969128Z","entity":"article","guid":"329fd71f-7168-45c1-9cea-b8c27a9c2b74","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-18T00:21:55.603344Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191016-the-appeal-of-extreme-fast-food-snack-food-fusion","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559928},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce","_id":"5da5f21ce776cea5d8de5826","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In South Korea, the term ‘kkondae’ is more than just an insult. It represents a push-back against the old guard at work as a new generation of leaders moves in.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWouldn’t it be nice if millennials weren’t accused of being entitled, self-righteous and stubborn? Perhaps, but that is unlikely to happen. In South Korea, however, there is another group that is notorious for being the most self-righteous – even worse than millennials. They are called ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190718-kkondae\"\u003Ekkondae’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Korean, kkondae loosely translates as “condescending older person”, the kind you often find in a middle- or upper-management position. The kkondae title is usually attributed to men and almost always used as an insult, pointedly calling out supervisors who are quick to dole out unsolicited advice and even quicker to demand absolute obedience from their juniors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike most new words that enter the zeitgeist, the exact origin of kkondae is unclear. In its early days, kkondae was student slang to label unforgiving, stubborn and strict teachers. Now kkondae is widely used outside the classroom to describe the type of person whom nobody wants to become, particularly within offices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt also gives a name to the tension caused by a generational divide that seems wider than ever before. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"infographic","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Korean train passengers","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELiving in a kkondae world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuch of younger workers’ pushback against kkondae comes from South Korea’s well-established affinity for hierarchy, which can feel constricting to anyone in the workplace. Within any organisation – a company, a school, a social club – members are ranked, and your ranking does more than just determine who you report to and what kind of responsibility you have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt also mandates who takes notes in a meeting, who calls to make a reservation for the team dinner and who distributes the spoons and chopsticks once you’re in the restaurant (cutlery is usually in a self-serve wooden box in most Korean establishments).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the kind of work culture in which colleagues are addressed solely by their job titles, the organisational pyramid is a guidebook for navigating a company, giving everyone a clear picture of where they belong in the chain. Kkondae get their power from this pecking order – and juniors are rarely permitted to question authority.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlso frustrating to Korean youth is the generational divide over work-centric values, chiefly the importance placed on company loyalty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People my age see our jobs as just one fraction of our life, more a tool to build our lives,” says Dayoung Ahn, 29. “On the contrary, my superiors see their jobs as a critical part of their lives and often don’t understand why we don’t have the same loyalty towards the company as they do.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnlike millennials, baby boomers put work first. Theirs was an age of strict authoritarian rule, in which \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticle\u002Farticle.aspx?aid=2582471\"\u003Ehair length was policed \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand international travel was restricted. Baby boomers were given few personal choices, and also had to build their careers in a much narrower definition of what it meant to be a good citizen, devoted to building the country. Steady, respectable employment was the foundation of good citizenship. This absolutism may explain why some elders have difficulty adjusting to millennials with freedom they never experienced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Professor Byoung-Hoon Lee, professor of sociology at Chung-Ang University explains, for baby boomers, the goals and aims of your unit at work take precedence over personal goals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People my age see our jobs as just one fraction of our life, more a tool to build our lives – Dayoung Ahn","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“They were brought up under nationalism where the nation’s economic growth was the priority,” he says. “So many people were motivated by that, and boomers are still quite loyal to their jobs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet even executives who aren’t baby boomers have been cast into this work-first value system, whether they like it or not. Take Kyoung Duk Kim, 42. “Even while I was working in a start-up,” he explains, “being an executive automatically put me in the kkondae category for younger workers there”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Kim, being a self-proclaimed “liberal gen X” working in a deliberately horizontal environment did not matter. He was given the kkondae label because the term has become synonymous with older authority, and the hierarchical chain of command young employees dislike on principle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Young Korean workers","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe kkondae backlash\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECulture will not change overnight, and openly rebellious acts against the hierarchy are still discouraged. Yet a growing impatience with kkondae has led to at least a few changes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo an outsider, some of these shifts may seem subtle. Take the practice of paid leave, which even new employees can request during any month of the year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In my day, I wasn’t able to go on holidays whenever I wanted,” explains Jae Eui Kim, 63. “HR would schedule holidays by teams or department, and teams had to take turns so the company could still run normally.” But there’s more flexibility now. Under the old social order, the freedom to take paid time off whenever you want was an unimaginable luxury.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo too would have been today’s work hours. A new government policy first implemented in April mandates a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20180504-which-country-works-the-longest-hours\"\u003Emaximum 52-hour workweek\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This change, and other new company practices such as paternity leave, are meant to incentivise millennials to do their part in improving South Korea’s declining birthrate. The new generation of parents-to-be seem to be pushing marriage and child-rearing much later, or choosing to forego them all together, often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fstories-45201725\"\u003Eciting work culture as the primary reason\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor now, the 52-hour workweek policy still only applies to large companies with more than 300 employees. But its existence alone is a major contrast to the experiences of baby boomers, who were required to work half days on Saturdays until 1994, when the law enforcing five-day workweeks was first passed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There is even a new Korean word for what millennials are looking for in their new workplace: ‘worabel’, short for ‘work-life balance’","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow, South Korean millennials desire more than traditional work structures – including the kkondae they have to answer to. Being in the rising majority may help: according to the Korean Statistics Bureau (KOSTAT), \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fkostat.go.kr\u002Fportal\u002Feng\u002FpressReleases\u002F8\u002F7\u002Findex.board\"\u003Emillennials currently comprise 22.2% of the South Korean population\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and their representation in the Korean workforce is growing. (For context, after 2020 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pwc.com\u002Fco\u002Fes\u002Fpublicaciones\u002Fassets\u002Fmillennials-at-work.pdf\"\u003Emillennials will be 50% of the global workforce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is even a new Korean word for what millennials are looking for in their new workplace: ‘worabel’, short for ‘work-life balance’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E “This new phrase, worabel, is the best term to describe millennials,” says Chung-Ang University’s Lee. “It shows how much they prioritise personal goals first, above company interest.”                                \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180814-can-you-introduce-laws-to-make-people-happier\"\u003Eworabel \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand kkondae are symbols of the shifting values and expectations young workers bring to their employers. Companies have taken note, attempting to shift policy and open up work culture at least a little. Employees might call each other with English names, or be able to opt out of mandatory dinners. Still, despite almost universal hatred toward stubborn seniors, the term kkondae is unlikely to retire anytime soon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf that is discouraging, however, hold onto hope. Kkondae is just one word of a new language South Koreans are creating to discuss – and hopefully bridge – the gap among generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-06T14:24:43Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ‘condescending old people’ of South Korea's workforce","headlineShort":"Korea’s ‘condescending’ old people","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In South Korea, the term ‘kkondae’ is more than just an insult. It represents a push-back against the old guard at work as a new generation of leaders moves in.","summaryShort":"The workers more reviled than millennials","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-05T19:43:13.483119Z","entity":"article","guid":"c3741550-2185-4c70-b450-21837a0c180a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T20:25:39.214605Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190726-the-condescending-old-people-of-south-koreas-workforce","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559943},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth","_id":"5da5f21ce776cea5d8de59cb","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Japan’s traditional mode of recruitment is on the way out. It could mean equal parts anxiety and freedom for a generation of job hunters.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvery year beginning in early April, thousands of soon-to-be-graduates in Japan make their way around town dressed in black business attire, carrying a briefcase containing only their CVs, hoping to land jobs at the country’s most reputable companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis ritual is part of a year-long hiring process in their penultimate year of university: the season of ‘shūshoku katsudō’ (job-hunting activity). It’s known as ‘shūkatsu’ for short, when third-year students drop classes in order to attend career seminars organised by universities. In their last year, they submit job applications and endure a structured selection process to secure a position (called ‘naitei’) by the time they finish their degree.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShūkatsu is the traditional, predominant recruiting practice across Japan. It is vital not just for employers and university placement numbers, but also for the students whose social status can be elevated by the outcome of their job hunt. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis system was created in 1953 by Keidanren – Japan’s leading business lobby, comprising more than 1,300 major Japanese corporations and 100 group industries. Due to labour shortages during Japan’s post-war period of rapid economic growth, the hunt for college graduates heated up. The shūkatsu system offered lifetime employment to new graduates who, in turn, provided security and status for major Japanese firms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some Japanese millennials suggest that prioritising passion over following societal rules will lead to a more fulfilling career","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut beginning next year, these rules will no longer apply. Last October, the Keidanren announced it would abolish the traditional job-hunting schedule as well as existing guidelines on how firms recruit new graduates. After six decades, the current cohort of third- and fourth-year students will be the last to experience the gruelling pressures that come with shūkatsu. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs Japan’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190405-why-the-world-now-has-more-grandparents-than-grandchildren\"\u003Elow birth-rate has resulted in a population decline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the last decade, companies have been competing for a shrinking pool of prospective employees. Non-Keidanren members, not bound by the guidelines, have been snapping up promising students before member companies have even started recruiting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd with foreign firms offering higher salaries and faster career progression than their Japanese counterparts, global competition for workers has forced companies to re-think. Although Keidanren’s new guidelines are yet to be finalised, some Japanese millennials who have already gone against the grain suggest that prioritising passion over following societal rules can lead to a more fulfilling career.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘I certainly did not expect it so soon’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I thought that there might be a change in 20 years, [but] I certainly did not expect it so soon,” says 34-year-old entrepreneur Akiko Naka. In 2011, before the recruiting changes, Naka founded job-seeking platform Wantedly after working at Goldman Sachs for four years – a job she got through shūkatsu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than listing job descriptions and salaries like typical shūkatsu advertisements, Wantedly instead focuses on matching candidates and companies through shared values and interests. By advertising jobs from smaller non-Keidanren companies – many of which are based outside big cities – Wantedly has connected companies with individuals who are open to forging a path outside the confines of tradition and security of the larger corporations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When you’re a student, it’s difficult to see the wider picture. We’ve all fallen into the trap of following the big crowd and have missed out on discovering what else is out there,” Naka adds. “With the shūkatsu system, there has been a disconnect between the degree you’re studying for and finding a role relevant to it… Rather than applying to a company for its brand status, there is a need for other great companies who are lesser known to have that same opportunity.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESocial media firm Gaiax is one company that has taken advantage of its position outside the Keidanren rules, adopting a flexible hiring window since 2013. Although the choice to buck traditional recruiting has kept them in the minority, their hiring process includes individuals who might take less conventional job-seeking paths.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We’ve all fallen into the trap of following the big crowd and have missed out on discovering what else is out there – Akiko Naka","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInstead of using the traditional ‘new graduate hire’ label, they advertise for ‘potential hires’ to telegraph their desire for young people at any stage of their life. “We hire on the basis of their potential,” explains recruitment manager Takumi Nagare. It doesn’t matter whether you’ve finished education at middle school, high school or university, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith 60 to 70% of their young hires quitting after a few years to start their own companies, Gaiax say they attract those who have strayed away from the idea of lifelong employment that comes with shūkatsu culture. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We don’t think that it’s a negative that people want to move between jobs or start up their own businesses,” says Nagare. Technology needs flexible skills so recruiting non-traditionally has suited both the company and young workers looking for a less rigid path to employment. “But if [other] candidates have goals which match the long-term vision of the company, they can work here until 60 or 70 years old.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Change has to start somewhere’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor many current students who assumed they would find jobs through shūkatsu, the announcement that it is being abolished has created confusion. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The lack of a prescribed schedule broadens the choice of how students choose their careers, which in turn creates anxiety,” says Yuji Kadono, a representative of non-profit organisation En-courage. The group sets up meetings for students undergoing shūkatsu with those who’ve been through it. Until now, she says, students could go with tradition – but with the new system, graduates will have to take more initiative.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“But amidst the vague sense of anxiety is a glimmer of positivity that in embracing the changes, there might be more opportunities in the future,” says Kadono. For example, a flexible system would help students doing time-intensive degrees like science or physical education, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWantedly’s Naka likens this period of change to the way attitudes towards getting married have transitioned over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When parents set you up with a partner, you think about how you can adapt to the other person to make the marriage work. But with people choosing to marry who they want, this has given them more freedom – but also a wider pool, making it more of a struggle to find the right match,” she says. “But that’s also why new types of businesses, methods and ideas are arriving to help make that process easier.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperimentation may be hard, but 30-year-old Yuriko Yamaguchi welcomes the change. She thinks that it “provides an opportunity for students to be more mature about the next steps they’re going to take”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYamaguchi has a unique perspective on shūkatsu as one of the few students in her year who ignored the tradition in favour of forging her own path. “It was a very hard decision to represent my graduating class without a job offer or a place at grad school,” she says. “The societal pressure was really harsh and scary, creating anxieties for my family.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite bucking the traditional recruitment schedule, she is gainfully employed as a design researcher for global creative consultancy IDEO’s Tokyo branch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Change has to start somewhere, and it’s possible there will be a generation of young people who will be super anxious,” she says. “[But] having lived through a time where there was no support for this way of thinking outside the usual route of doing things, I can say it’s possible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth-8"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-21T21:04:02Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why Japan’s ‘shūkatsu’ job-seeking system is changing","headlineShort":"Japan’s high-stakes job-hunting system","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Japan’s traditional mode of recruitment is on the way out. It could mean equal parts anxiety and freedom for a generation of job hunters.","summaryShort":"‘Shūkatsu’ is how graduates find careers – but the tradition is about to change","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-21T03:37:22.261141Z","entity":"article","guid":"5a70ac77-4eaa-4375-8bca-92365e43e32c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T20:20:32.182051Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190731-why-japans-shkatsu-is-disappearing-for-japanese-youth","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559947},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s","_id":"5da5f219e776cea5d8de3f00","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Many millennials aren’t satisfied with their jobs. Some are taking the drastic measure of starting ‘minternships’, purposely returning themselves to the bottom of the career ladder.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt 29, Alejandro Cavazos led a team of more than 25 people at a multinational welding manufacturing company in Mexico. He drove around Monterrey in a company car, flew business class and enjoyed all the benefits of a cushy corporate position.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemembering those days, he laughs in disbelief. “I don’t have any of that now,” he says. “And I don’t miss it at all.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, now aged 32, Cavazos is back at the bottom of the ladder. As an intern at a tech hub in Barcelona, he earns 500 euros per month – less than half of the minimum wage. Instead of driving a company car, he rollerblades to work; with his part-time salary he couldn’t afford public transport, anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn exchange, he gets to participate in projects dealing with modern urban design, and to picture himself as an actor of change, instead of a gear in a huge corporation. Cavazos has willingly become a ‘mintern’, or middle-career intern.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd he’s not alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMillennial job dissatisfaction is high: according to Deloitte’s 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.deloitte.com\u002Fglobal\u002Fen\u002Fpages\u002Fabout-deloitte\u002Farticles\u002Fmillennialsurvey.html\"\u003Eglobal survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of more than 13,000 people, 49% of millennials will quit their jobs within the next two years. About a quarter of them reported having left an employer in the past 24 months. As an alternative, many millennials who began in traditional, career-track jobs have started to regard internships as an opportunity to relaunch careers, or switch professional paths before it becomes too late.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoUrn":[],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Brian Ramirez and Anna Veciana.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome, like Cavazos, have even renounced high-paying management positions for a chance at personal fulfilment. As an industrial engineer Cavazos lacked a sense of purpose; the unease deepened every time he got stuck in Monterrey’s traffic jams or read statistics about rising pollution and crash-related deaths.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I’d ask myself, what am I bringing to the world?” he says. “How am I leaving a mark? What else could I be doing instead?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESoon after turning 30, he quit his job and enrolled in a master’s degree at the University of Barcelona. The internship came about as a requirement of his graduate studies. For him, the transition came quite naturally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘I never thought happiness could look like this’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAuthor and demographer Neil Howe, who coined the term “millennial generation” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fstream\u002FGenerationsTheHistoryOfAmericasFuture1584To2069ByWilliamStraussNeilHowe\u002FGenerations+The+History+of+America%27s+Future%2C+1584+to+2069+by+William+Strauss+%26+Neil+Howe_djvu.txt\"\u003Ein a 1991 book\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, sees minternships as an expression of this generation’s core values and behaviours – being open to change, and the desire to be challenged. “A Gen Xer in the 1990s would have found it insulting to be called an intern,” Howe says, “whereas millennials find value in having mentors teach them new skills.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Howe says that middle-career internships may have risen from the fact that internships have become much more normalized in recent years, especially due to the shifting economic reality of an unstable job market. Companies simply don’t want to pay as much for labour to de-risk themselves – and interns are cheaper than employees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENamuli Katumba was 34 when she started her internship at a PR agency in London. At first she didn’t reveal her age to her much-younger managers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I didn’t want them to feel uncomfortable or awkward,” she says. “And I had this sense of inadequacy, despite the fact that I was coming from signing multi-million pound contracts with major brands.” For years, she had been the account manager of a big IT firm, a high-powered position with plenty of benefits, including copious monthly commissions and a flashy status.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter a bigger firm acquired her company, she began to ponder her purpose. And she wasn’t actually enjoying herself at work. “I spent the majority of my life at the office, and I started to re-evaluate,” says Katumba. “I was becoming a cog of a much bigger machine. And what was I getting out of it, besides money?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKatumba quit her job before figuring out her next step. Soon she was starting a mininternship after a friend suggested that her skill set would be useful in a PR environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinancially, the transition was rough. She replaced her executive salary for minimum wage, and swapped her prodigious apartment near the city’s financial centre for a shared sublet in the bustling Hackney neighbourhood. Learning how to coexist with two flatmates after having lived on her own, Katumba says, was “bigger than the career change”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I was becoming a cog of a much bigger machine. And what was I getting out of it, besides money? – Namuli Katumba","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet like Cavazos, Katumba believes that switching a “money-driven mentality for a happiness-driven one” was the best decision of her life. Since her minternship she now works with a start-up that provides IT consultancy services to a variety of companies. She still shares an apartment with two roommates, but has grown to enjoy the arrangement – just as she now loves the hip, unpretentious bars of her new neighbourhood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a generation, we should not be scared to say, ‘I’m not happy and I want to do something about it’,” says Katumba. “I used to think I would always have to be looking at the next financial step, that I would have to get expensive drinks with certain people for them to realise I’m a big shot. I never thought that happiness could look like this.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘I wasn’t an intern emotionally’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf mid-career internships can be awkward, they also can be free of the self-doubt of early work experiences. Jena Booher quit her sales trader job at JPMorgan Chase after dealing with postpartum depression, and enrolled in a master’s degree in health counselling. She recalls the “humbling experience” of suddenly being treated like a peer by people in their early 20s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom Manhattan’s Wall Street, where she was surrounded “by the one percent”, Booher went to the New York City borough of the Bronx for her required internship. There she spent months serving people with severe mental illnesses, and she was the oldest person on staff. Her position as an intern was “confusing” for some of her colleagues – especially considering she used to run an intern program at JPMorgan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut she didn’t experience many of the normal anxieties of working for the first time that come with being an intern. “I wasn’t an intern emotionally,” she says. “I didn’t worry about making sure I was proving my value, or about what people thought of me.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJuan Irigoyen, a sports writer at Spanish newspaper El Pais, recalls similar feelings after his minternship. “When you’re in your 30s … you know what it means to get work done and grow in a company.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore starting his newspaper internship at age 30, Irigoyen used to be an exports manager at his siblings’ meat company in Argentina. He had landed the job more or less by chance, without having actively chased it, and eventually grew to be quite good at it. The business was expanding, he had several underlings and led what he now describes as “a pretty sweet life” in Buenos Aires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s like a déjà vu to a time in your life in which you were happy, but that you wouldn’t necessarily repeat – Juan Irigoyen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs his 30s got closer, however, he began to think about all the alternative career paths he had let go. “I realised I wasn’t 20 anymore, but I wasn’t yet 40,” Irigoyen says. “It was the right moment to reinvent my life.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his early 20s he had worked as a teaching assistant, and enjoyed the feeling of understanding things and explaining them to people. He was fond of storytelling, which had no place in his current job. He decided to enrol in a journalism masters in Barcelona.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter having been a manager for years, readapting to student life was challenging. Most of his classmates were in their early 20s, and he had to get used to not having a steady income. “It’s like a déjà vu to a time in your life in which you were happy, but that you wouldn’t necessarily repeat,” he describes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter his minternship Irigoyen landed a permanent contract at the sports desk, where, seven years later, he still gets to write stories every day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I just aspired to be satisfied,” he said recently during a phone call from Rio de Janeiro, where he had been sent to cover the Copa America. “And I have found a moment of happiness.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-20T20:31:54Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ‘minterns’ taking internships in their 30s","headlineShort":"What it's like to 'mintern' in your 30s","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Many millennials aren’t satisfied with their jobs. Some are taking the drastic measure of starting ‘minternships’, purposely returning themselves to the bottom of the career ladder.","summaryShort":"Sending yourself to the bottom of the career ladder could pay off","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-19T20:09:07.638357Z","entity":"article","guid":"2da50ad4-b81f-4d24-ac12-1fb476921499","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T20:15:04.650067Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190815-the-minterns-taking-internships-in-their-30s","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559947},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost","_id":"5da5f21ce776cea5d8de58f9","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Half of Kazakhstan is under 29, which means young people are the future more than ever. But can they make their voices heard in a country where old-world values still rule?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKazakh entrepreneur Zaure Rozmat still remembers the first time she hired a baby boomer. It was also her last. “In her eyes, everyone [in our office] was basically still kids,” Rozmat says. “When you hire an older person, they treat you as a young person: like you don’t know anything.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERozmat, 28, is hardly the only person to feel discounted in Kazakhstan due to her age – it’s a common feeling among Kazakh youth. Despite owning a successful media company in Almaty, Rozmat often feels that some people – whether employees, clients or potential investors – refuse to take her seriously because she is a millennial.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis adversity is one of the reasons why she launched her business in 2016. The Steppe is a magazine about – and run by – Kazakhstan’s young, creative class: educated urbanites rebuilding a country no longer forced to fit into its old post-Soviet mould. In a media landscape dominated almost entirely by traditional broadsheets and sensationalist tabloids, The Steppe was the first mainstream outlet to provide a place for Kazakhstan’s youth to make their voices heard.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There’s this tension and distance between generations. They’ll look at younger people and think, ‘What can they teach us?’– Zaure Rozmat","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“At the beginning, we were the only media outlet covering young businesses and young people’s issues,” says Rozmat. “Some people were keen to question what we as young people could really achieve. Now, people are copying those ideas.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith its glossy, aspirational feel and how-to guides, The Steppe is a platform that guides millennials on ways to carve out their own paths and celebrates those who have already made their mark. Rozmat wants these positive, youth-driven stories to start breaking down Kazakhstan’s traditional deference to older generations – something she believes is holding back young entrepreneurs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In our culture, we do respect our elders,” she says. “But [that means that] most of the time, they’ll consider no opinion except [their own].  There’s this tension and distance between generations. They’ll look at younger people and think, ‘What can they teach us?’ [But] our stories have attracted attention from older people. It’s got their respect.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Steppe","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘If they don’t get to choose, they lose out’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs in many former Soviet countries, Kazakhstan’s generations have grown up in very different environments. While baby boomers were born and raised under the socialist system, generation X came of age in the turbulent, post-Soviet collapse of the 1990s. Millennials and gen Z, meanwhile, have only known Kazakhstan as an independent state that has seen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fcountry\u002Fkazakhstan\u002Foverview\"\u003Erapid financial growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E powered by ample oil reserves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvoicesoncentralasia.org\u002Fnazarbayev-generation-kazakhstans-youth-national-identity-transformations-and-their-political-consequences\u002F\"\u003E51%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of Kazakhstan’s population aged under 29, millennials are a significant bloc, many railing against some of the ingrained cultural values that have endured despite fast-paced transformation. Yet when Kazakhstan elected a new parliament \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.parlam.kz\u002Fen\u002Fhistory\"\u003Eback in 2016,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E just seven members were under 40. More than one fifth, meanwhile, were older than 60, pushing the average age of Kazakh MPs up to 55.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe focus on family values means that older voices generally ring loudest. Kazakhstan’s young people often feel compelled to follow their family’s plans for them, even if the last time their parents tackled the education or job market, it was in a country that simply no longer exists.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"With 51% of Kazakhstan’s population aged under 29, many millennials are railing against some of the ingrained cultural values that have endured","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I have one friend whose father chose everything for her, even her major,” says Rozmat. “After graduating, she followed his directions and went into the hotel industry. Honestly, I think it stops people from being as successful as they should be. Choosing something like university should be a way for people to do some critical thinking for themselves and their future. If they don’t get to choose, they lose out on that exercise.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERuslan Abrayev was one of the millennials who landed the kind of career his parents had always dreamed of for him: leading different projects and departments at some of the Kazakhstan’s top universities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“My parents saw stability as important,” says Abrayev. Now in their 70s, both his mother and father spent most of their working lives amid the rigid, pre-determined structures of Soviet Kazakhstan, only to see the economy collapse into disarray when they should have been nearing retirement. For them and many others, opening a business of their own was never even an option. “When it comes to entrepreneurship, they have no experience of it,” says Abrayev.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the 32-year-old saw greater opportunities elsewhere. He left his job after 10 years to form Educloud, a start-up he describes as “Uber for education and career development”. Ambitious young people can use the app to search and sign-up for different online and offline courses, then use a Tinder-style swipe system to get in touch with new employers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Ruslan Abrayev","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EQuick and efficient, the app is designed to appeal to a generation who value their own time, says Abrayev. It also tackles real problems by bypassing the tedious, Soviet-style bureaucracy which still plagues Kazakhstan’s traditional schools. “[While working at the university], I saw students waste so much time trying to do basic tasks like getting their official transcripts,” he says. “With this app, there’s no paperwork you need to get together. Everything is finally online and in one place.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn general, Abrayev sees millennial entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan as “a must if we want to diversify Kazakhstan’s economy, which depends so much on the export of natural resources” – especially companies that open up opportunities to advance other millennials. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.oecd-ilibrary.org\u002Femployment\u002Fsme-and-entrepreneurship-policy-in-kazakhstan-2018\u002Fsme-and-entrepreneurship-characteristics-and-performance-in-kazakhstan_9789264301450-6-en#page3\"\u003EIn 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, three in 10 of Kazakhstan’s young people were already working for themselves, while the number of small and medium businesses continue to grow fast, rising by an average of 12% every year between 2002 and 2013.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of these young businesses support and promote each other in the shadow of Kazakhstan’s slow-moving, state-controlled corporations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People around us like to create things. We want to be independent,” says Nasima Rozikova, who runs her company, Salem Sosed, in Almaty with sister Nafisa Rozikova. “Everyone we’re working with, even the waste disposal guy, is a young person running his own company. He’s passionate about what he does. And when you’re passionate, you get a response.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some people still aren’t ready for that change – but we try to explain that as a citizen, as a person, they deserve something better. They deserve the best – Nasima Rozikova","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETrading traditional Kazakh rigidity for a riskier, passion-driven future has paid off for the Rozikova sisters. They’ve successfully built a chain of convenience stores-cum-cafes, where health-conscious young Kazakhs choose from a pre-curated selection of fresh groceries. Instead of lining their shelves with an array of different brands – an enduring sign of wealth and wellbeing for the Kazakhs who saw the Soviet-era’s empty storefronts – they select only the very best labels to offer customers. They also try hard to work with and promote other Kazakh brands, a move that’s broken new ground in a country that has long been heavily dependent on imports.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis shift to a more forward-thinking mindset isn’t just important to keep Kazakhstan’s economy in tune with modern trends, say the sisters. It also helps create a more positive Kazakhstan where young people aren’t afraid to demand more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Five years ago, people wouldn’t have chosen to buy more expensive milk just because we know the cow it came from,” says Nasima. “Some people still aren’t ready for that change – but we try to explain that as a citizen, as a person, they deserve something better. They deserve the best.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Steppe staff","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe guiding hand of elders\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough Kazakh millennials feel detached from the values of their elders, some members of the older generation say that young workers shouldn’t be so fast to write off a guiding hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAigoul Kenjebayeva, managing partner for global law firm Dentons, was one of the first lawyers in Kazakhstan to specialise in commercial law. Although millennials may feel that they are the trailblazers of modern Kazakhstan, some have paved paths before them, including 63-year-old Kenjebayeva, who helped build the country from the ground up, guiding the new, independent government as it began to shape fresh legislation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E “When I started out, I worked 16 hours a day,” says Kenjebayeva. “I just thought that was the way it should be. The government needed our help to negotiate contracts, and there weren’t so many trained lawyers to do it.” To cope, she hired two young graduates fresh from law school. Under her guidance, both grew and progressed: one is now her partner at the firm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKenjebayeva warns that it’s wrong for young Kazakhs to shrug off everything from the country’s socialist era as no longer relevant. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There were a lot of bad things in the USSR,” she says, “but there were good things too. We had youth organisations where we were trained to socialise and organise. I learned how to make plans, how to hold a meeting, how to vote, how to take minutes. [Now] when our clients ask for help to organise things such as a shareholder meetings, young lawyers just don’t know where to start.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some people will say that young people are useless, but most believe that the youth is our future – Zaure Rozmat","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuch of the intergenerational anxiety in Kazakhstan comes not just from tensions over how to forge the future, but a tale as old as time: ultimately, elders are worried about how younger generations will navigate a changed world. Specifically, old Soviet ideals have been stripped away for good, leaving older people anxious and confused that their children have been left to a shallow, more materialistic world instead, says Rozmat. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she isn’t concerned about the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[Older generations] look at us and they say we’re lost,” she says. “They used to believe in the Communist Party, in great ideas – but we’ve lost those things. Some people will say that young people are useless, but most believe that the youth is our future.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-08-26T14:45:03Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Which generation owns Kazakstan’s future?","headlineShort":"The clash over Kazakhstan’s future","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Half of Kazakhstan is under 29, which means young people are the future more than ever. But can they make their voices heard in a country where old-world values still rule?","summaryShort":"Half of Kazakhstan is under 29. Are older generations ready to listen?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-08-26T02:22:18.949311Z","entity":"article","guid":"ddf5bed1-5c50-4eb4-b4d0-1894beb1a1ec","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T20:17:34.242127Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559959},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions","_id":"5da5f219e776cea5d8de41ab","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fpeter-rubinstein"],"bodyIntro":"Perhaps you think that more space in your family home is always better – but how you feel about the space may make more difference than anything else.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe size of our homes shapes so much of our lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA physical home is, after all, the primary place where family members or flatmates interact with one another, and a space’s dimensions and layout act as a foundation for how our relationships develop. The ways the interior is utilised – things such as the division of rooms and the amount of dedicated open space – set up opportunities for and limitations on how we’ll interact with those around us (for better and worse).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may not just be the literal footprint of a space that creates our relationships, though. A small \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0272494418302731\"\u003E2019 research report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Brigham Young University, in the US state of Utah, shows that the more positive we feel about our homes, the healthier our interactions in the home can be.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECarly Thornock, an interior designer, led a research team following 164 families with young children in the western US who came from a wide spectrum of home types and income levels – some with fewer than 100 sq ft of space per person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver two years, they observed how their physical environments related to four basic elements of family functioning: affective responsiveness, emotional expression, acceptance and decision making. The children and parents also took surveys about their family functioning at home, and were asked to rate their level of agreement with statements like “I feel crowded in my house” or “family members feel accepted for what they are”. Researchers then contextualised these answers with variables including the families’ house sizes, income, number of rooms and family members in the home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers found overall that increases in physical space per person did correspond to happier families. But what truly surprised them was how families perceived that physical space – the amount of space per person, and whether it felt too crowded or distant – had a much greater impact on their relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lr5dd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDiscovering your ‘environmental autobiography’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerceptions of how our physical homes shape us \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org\u002F4bda\u002F1c21b988370247894101e145dfb3c8fd165b.pdf\"\u003Ebegin to form\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during early childhood. By looking to the homes we’ve grown up in, we can better understand the subconscious reasons for our home preferences and perceptions today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Toby Israel, design psychologist and author of Some Place Like Home: Using Design Psychology to Create Ideal Places, believes that every person has a distinctive “environmental autobiography”– our own personal history of place. Although often subconscious, our associations and sensations with physical places are reworked, replicated or rejected throughout our lifetime, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EComparing our current spaces to the homes we grew up in can be a fun and insightful way to learn about our own personal histories of place, Israel says. “Very often, people will choose homes with a very similar layout to the homes that they’ve had in childhood. And sometimes they do something totally different.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt all depends on the experiences you’ve had in the past, and whether you want to change or preserve them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIsrael remembers working with a couple whose environmental autobiographies first appeared to be in complete conflict. The wife came from a single-family home in the suburbs of New Jersey, on a street busy with children and other families. The husband grew up in a seaside fishing village in Greece surrounded by mountains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Everything is explained by how people feel about their space – Carly Thornock","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“He wanted to find a house with lots of land and beauty around it, and he wasn’t so concerned about whether they were in a suburb or by people. And she wanted to find a place that had lots of neighbours, kids for her kids to play with,” Israel says. “And so they were diametrically opposed, it seemed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy unearthing their past histories of place through psychological exercises, they were able to understand more directly each other’s home perceptions and ultimately discover common ground. They both had a love of the environment, so they chose a home encircled by woods; it was also part of a development community, with easy access to the neighbourhood. And because the house managed to meet both of their needs, they were more likely to live happily in it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor people living with flatmates who can’t customise an entire house, you can still discover your preferences in spaces like bedrooms. For instance, do you think of your room as a sanctuary or a place to entertain? Or, have you arranged the flat’s common area with separate areas of function versus a large lounge for all? These spaces can reflect the true spatial needs of co-livers – both past and present.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lr5b4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDesigning mindfully\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re looking to create better relationships in your home, it’s likely financially prohibitive or just too challenging to simply upsize your space because you want to. But changing our homes for the better is always within reach, says Thornock. The most important thing to remember is that our perceptions are under our control – and these make the biggest impact, even if your space \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190718-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo\"\u003Eisn’t much larger than a cupboard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As cities grow that rapidly and there just isn’t enough [space], you have to get creative on the mindset part because, really, your circumstances might not be changeable,” says Thornock. Even if you’re in the same physical place, she says, “there’s always a way to make even the tiniest space work for you”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor instance, Thornock says that if perceived crowding is the issue, you can start by opening the space with lights and mirrors. People need spaces of sanctuary, she says, which sometimes can be as simple as a dividing curtain or a few pillows arranged on the floor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Our perceptions are under our control – and these make the biggest impact, even if your space isn’t much larger than a cupboard","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother trick Israel recommends is for families to share each other’s home preferences. Draw a layout of your home and ask each member to use different colours to fill in what they believe are the private, semi-private and public spaces. By looking at the same home through different perspectives, she says the problem areas and places for improvement can become more readily apparent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EImportantly, Thornock says that actively making changes in the name of a healthier home means considering both physical space itself as well as how people communicate within it. Whether it’s a shared apartment with flatmates, or a full family home, designing our spaces with others in mind is key for reaching co-living harmony.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We need to pay attention to what we’re putting in our home, how we’re moving these structures, and the things that surround us,” she says. In the wake of cultural movements inspired by the likes of ‘tiny homes’ or \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190515-can-decluttering-your-house-really-spark-joy\"\u003EMarie Kondo minimalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, we’re too often fooled into prioritising the material things and physical spaces around us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, taking a page out of Thornock’s study, the real way to make a difference in the way you live may be a matter of focussing on the \u003Cem\u003Epeople\u003C\u002Fem\u003E inside that space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-09T16:45:59Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"For a happier home life, is bigger always better?","headlineShort":"With a home, is bigger always better?","image":["p07lr563"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Perhaps you think that more space in your family home is always better – but how you feel about the space may make more difference than anything else.","summaryShort":"Why your ‘environmental autobiography’ may make the biggest difference","tag":["tag\u002Fchanging-home"],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-09T00:59:18.405975Z","entity":"article","guid":"f95365a3-fefd-486c-aaf8-6a648a6e2cd3","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T21:15:08.549256Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559949},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live","_id":"5da5f219e776cea5d8de4115","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The places where Greek locals can call home are changing – and, in some cases, disappearing – as short-term holiday rentals cannibalise long-term housing arrangements.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EColette Nolan fell in love with the island of Paros 28 years ago when she moved there from the UK with her Greek now-ex-husband. “All my grandchildren were born and raised here,” the 60-year-old says. “I love being by the sea and the laidback lifestyle.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Nolan’s time on the picturesque Cycladic island – famed for its blue-and-white painted houses – may be about to come to an end. Her landlord and landlady are asking her to leave the apartment she has lived in for five years so they can rent part of the property on Airbnb.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They’re an elderly couple and they stay in the apartment above me for a month or two each summer,” she explains. “They told me they want my apartment back because they are struggling with the stairs. But when I suggested I move upstairs instead, they said their son wants to turn it into an Airbnb.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo-bed apartments like Nolan’s in her area of Paros average about 80 euros a night, versus Nolan’s 100-euro per month rent. That makes earning potential for landlords much higher, especially throughout the high season of June, July and August. This income disparity is one of the reasons that, although Nolan’s contract doesn’t end until next April, they are taking her to court to force her out earlier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe is struggling to find a new home. Nelson lives across the road from her daughter, Katerina Bamboulis, and sees her every day. However, if she can no longer afford the cost of living, she says she may need to return to the UK for better work opportunities, and leave these close ties behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHousing challenges like these are becoming increasingly common in places where tourism is thriving: the number of short-term rentals is eclipsing the number of places where locals can live.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘There isn’t anywhere for them to go’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShort-term holiday rentals have caused \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-45083954\"\u003Ehousing shortages and rent increases \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ein cities around the world. The impact has been significant in many small places such as the Greek islands, which are home to intimate local communities year round, but see huge crowds arrive in summer for holidays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe island of Paros has a permanent population of just 13,000, but its visitor numbers have grown recently: between 2014 and 2017, the number of overnight stays increased from 332,418 to 421,418. According to data site Inside Airbnb, there are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Finsideairbnb.com\u002Fsouth-aegean\"\u003E2,435 listings on the island\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 82.9% of which are entire homes or apartments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGreece, in general, has \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ekathimerini.com\u002F225302\u002Farticle\u002Fekathimerini\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftaxes-shake-greeks-love-of-home-ownership\"\u003Ea home ownership rate of 74%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – one of the highest in Europe. It is common for middle class families to own several properties, some of which they save for their children and rent out in the meantime. However, following Greece’s debt crisis, during which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fwonk\u002Fwp\u002F2018\u002F04\u002F26\u002Fgreeces-economic-crisis-is-over-only-if-you-dont-live-there\u002F\"\u003Eits economy shrank by 26%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, many landlords have taken properties off the long-term rental market in the hope they will make more money from short-term lets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Most renters have been asked to leave because the owners want to Airbnb. But there isn’t anywhere for them to go – Colette Nolan","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor many families whose household incomes were battered during the crisis, the ability to take advantage of Greece’s tourism industry and make some extra money through rental sites has provided a lifeline. But for those likely to be living in rented accommodation – such as single or divorced people, students, seasonal workers or doctors and teachers in temporary postings – these platforms’ popularity is causing housing shortages and pushing rents up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It used to be easy [to find a house on Paros],” says Nolan. “Now, it seems everyone’s looking. Most renters have been asked to leave because the owners want to Airbnb. But there isn’t anywhere for them to go.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENolan is used to paying her 100 euros a month rent, but the only comparable places now available for long-term rent are at least 300 euros a month. “When you add bills on top [ofand ma Greece’s relatively expensive utilities], it becomes a lot,” she says. “And we don’t have a lot of money here. We work in the summer and then do whatever odd jobs we can in the winter … I work in a hotel, and in winter I teach a bit of English and do cleaning for people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENolan’s daughter Bamboulis finds the situation complicated, as she manages holiday villas on the island for a living, several of which are rented online. With her expertise, Bamboulis explains the perspective of the landlords on these holiday islands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“With Airbnb I can make 10,000 euros in three months [of rental]. I pay 2,000 euros tax, 2,000 euros for cleaners and damages and am left with 6,000 euros. If there’s a problem with the guests, Airbnb comes straight in and helps,” she says. In contrast, if she were to rent that same house as a long-term rental, she’d comparatively make 10,000 euros a year, pay 3,000 in tax and 3,000 in damages – a total of 4,000 euros net. “And if I have a [tenant] problem I can’t get them out. So, this is why a lot of people don’t want to do long-term rental.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlong with the lower taxes and maintenance costs that landlords receive for short-term holiday rentals, Bamboulis says that many landlords favour Airbnb over working independently, since the platform provides landlords more support than Greece’s own legal system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBamboulis understands that landlords have more earning potential in short-term rentals, but also believes that what is happening to her mother is unfair. “If the Greek state supported long-term rentals the way it does short-term, we wouldn’t have this problem.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘We have our own lives here’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the other side of the country, on the Ionian island of Corfu, a similar situation is playing out. Corfu is larger than Paros – 102,000 people live here all year round – and the island also has a university. But the prevalence of short-term holiday rentals in the main town has led to students having to live in hotels, and local people struggling to find suitable housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENikoleta Pandi, 30, says that she and her mother spent two years trying to find an apartment together before finally settling for a one-bed on the outskirts of Corfu Town. She sleeps in the bedroom and her mum has the living room.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People either have to pay very expensive rent or live in Airbnbs themselves – George Tzimas","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I was living in a village, but I wanted to be in Corfu Town for work,” she says. She found prices for two-bedroom apartments had jumped from less than 200 euros a month five years ago to 500 euros or more. “We pay 350 euros [for our one-bedroom], which is really cheap,” she says, adding that they found the apartment through a family friend, which is “the only way” for locals to find living arrangements now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough living in such a tight space is “not the best”, Nikoleta says it hasn’t impacted the relationship with her mother too much because they aren’t viewing the set-up as long-term; Nikoleta is moving to Athens to start a master’s, and her mum will stay in the apartment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn other islands, anger at the situation is growing. George Tzimas, 28, an architectural student at the University of Crete in Chania, says that students feel discouraged from applying to the university because of the housing shortage. “People either have to pay very expensive rent or live in Airbnbs themselves,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETzimas and other activists have been organising marches along Chania’s Old Venetian Harbour – a spot popular with tourists. “People who live on the island already know there’s a problem, so we want the visitors to see. We want them to know that we want to have our own lives here and it not just be a place for tourists. We do not even have a public park.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThroughout the country, people are wondering whether Greece’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ekathimerini.com\u002F242244\u002Farticle\u002Fekathimerini\u002Fbusiness\u002Ftourism-drops-in-greece-after-5-record-years\"\u003Eoverall falling visitor numbers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E might dampen the Airbnb gold rush – airports around the country have recorded a 1.5% drop on average so far this year, and arrivals at Chania are down 5.6%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There might be a lot of disappointed Airbnb owners who decide it’s less trouble to get someone in for a year,” says Nolan. “At least, that’s what we’re hoping.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-03T19:22:14Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The holiday islands where locals have nowhere to live","headlineShort":"When holiday rentals take over homes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The places where Greek locals can call home are changing – and, in some cases, disappearing – as short-term holiday rentals cannibalise long-term housing arrangements.","summaryShort":"Greece’s tourist boom is leaving some residents without homes","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-02T20:28:56.010215Z","entity":"article","guid":"243f3ee6-0d50-41c8-966c-98f43e3c2908","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T21:14:14.888501Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559948},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children","_id":"5da5f219e776cea5d8de40cd","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"As the number of US couples without children increases, a growing number of them are favouring – and pampering – pets as they would kids.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Ypsilanti, in the US state of Michigan, Lisa Rochow sits beside her partner, Cameron Wheeler, as their Siberian Husky puppy crawls over their laps. Even though Aery, who keeps trying to wander off the couch, is a new addition to the family, both Rochow and Wheeler look relaxed for first-time ‘parents’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAery is their baby: they won’t be having children. Rochow, 24, a graduate student in social work; Wheeler, 26, a high-school history teacher preparing for graduate school; and Aery, the nine-week-old puppy, make up a complete family unit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I feel like I would be giving up a lot of my life to be a parent,” says Rochow. “That would cost money, that would cost time, that would cost things that you want to do.” Wheeler adds that he’d constantly worry about a child – “more so than most parents”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut “being child-free, a puppy has always been on the radar,” says Rochow, who knew she didn’t want kids as early as high school. When she met Wheeler on Tinder at a music festival, he felt the same way about being child-free.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":[],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Anna Pazos.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think somewhere in my college career, probably in graduate school, I just kind of started getting more engaged in the political atmosphere, and I learned a lot about climate change issues,” he says. “I kind of took the perspective that I don’t think it’s responsible for me to bring a child into this world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe couple are part of an increasingly vocal group of people who have decided to remain staunchly child-free. They feel that the money they’re saving by not having children can instead go toward pursuing their respective careers and embracing their hobbies – and it will make Aery’s life better, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe child-free choice\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThroughout the past several decades, the number of married couples in the United States and UK without children has increased. In 1970, 40% of married couples had kids, while just 20% did in 2012, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fprod\u002F2013pubs\u002Fp20-570.pdf\"\u003Eaccording to the US Census Bureau\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Though this statistic doesn’t account for unmarried couples with children, it still demonstrates a change in the traditional family unit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd research by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that married couples who didn’t have children living at home \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bls.gov\u002Fopub\u002Fbtn\u002Fvolume-2\u002Fpdf\u002Fspending-on-pets.pdf\"\u003Espent more money on their pets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than any other type of family unit between 2007 and 2011 (these numbers may include couples whose kids have grown up and moved out).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One way that child-free families express their nurturing side is through their connection with pets,” says Dr Amy Blackstone, a sociology professor at the University of Maine and the author of Childfree by Choice: The Movement Redefining Family and Creating a New Age of Independence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I kind of took the perspective that I don’t think it’s responsible for me to bring a child into this world – Lisa Rochow","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBlackstone has been researching “the child-free choice” since 2008. “I got into it out of a personal quest more than a professional one,” she says. Around the time she submitted her paperwork for a permanent role at the university, three close friends confided in her that they were pregnant. She decided it was an opportune time to focus her research on parenthood. “I realised, as my friends revealed to me that they were feeling the pull toward motherhood, that I didn’t share those feelings,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt first, Blackstone thought there might be something wrong with her. She was happily married to her high school sweetheart, Lance. They’d previously discussed having children – only to brush it off because they were “too young”. When their mid-thirties arrived, it would just happen, they figured. They’d want children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it didn’t. “Neither of us was feeling interested at that point,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBlackstone and her husband had owned a cat but, as it turns out, both were allergic to it. In her exploration of child-free living, however, Blackstone encountered many couples and individuals who considered their pets to be something like human children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One of the most striking examples was a [child-free] man that I interviewed who had just recently quit his job because he learned from his vet that his dog was dying, and he wanted to be with the dog for the remaining weeks of his life,” she says. He got to care for his dog “as you imagine somebody might for a child, or an ailing parent”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere was also a child-free couple who divorced and had to determine custody for their cats. “They both considered their cats their kids,” says Blackstone. Ultimately, one of the former partners got to keep the cats at home, while the other agreed to regular visitation rights.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, Ben Lenovitz, a pet portrait artist based in New York City, marvels at the way a child-free couple in their forties spoke about their dogs, whose portraits they’d commissioned. They’d rescued one of the dogs, who’d been found after Hurricane Sandy hit the city in 2012. “It’s their baby, the way [this man] talked about his dog,” says Lenovitz, whose pet portraits can run upward of $160.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFur babies?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESearch for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.urbandictionary.com\u002Fdefine.php?term=Furbaby\"\u003Ethe term ‘fur baby’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and you’ll find several definitions of a pet for child-free couples.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the idea of pets replacing kids is a contentious topic in the child-free community. In the r\u002Fchildfree subreddit, which has 594,000 members who discuss their choices to live child-free, some bristle at the idea of assuming a child-to-pet equivalency. Others readily confess to having “cats instead of children”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I realised, as my friends revealed to me that they were feeling the pull toward motherhood, that I didn’t share those feelings – Amy Blackstone","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We see our cat as part of our family, for sure,” says Maxine Trump, the married, child-free filmmaker behind To Kid or Not to Kid, a film that debunks the stereotypes associated with people who choose not to have children. “But I definitely don’t say, ‘Oh, my baby.’”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrump, 49, is British and bounces back and forth between New York and the UK. She lives with her husband, Josh Granger, 45, and their cat, Oscar Wilde (“I hate saying his last name,” she says). Their travel-heavy lifestyle was part of the reason why Trump didn’t want children, and why a cat suits them just fine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I had some upset with friends,” she says of her choice to “come out” as child-free, but making the film “was like therapy”. When she started the endeavour, about seven years ago, there wasn’t a lot of information available for the child-free-by-choice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow, she says, there’s much more. “It’s exciting because it really feels like, could we be turning the corner where people aren’t seen as strange or an outcast … for making this decision?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Rochow and Wheeler, and other young, child-free couples both in the US and abroad, the decision to not have children makes as much sense as adopting a pet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We had a little bit of a scare with Aery last week,” says Rochow, who reacted as any new parent would when their baby shows signs of a potential illness, and quickly took Aery to the vet. “She ended up going to the emergency room for dogs. It ended up being less than $1,000, and I just imagine an ER visit in an ambulance – or even just an ER visit for a baby – would not be anywhere less than $1,000. There’s no way.” (In many US cases, she is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usatoday.com\u002Fstory\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth\u002F2019\u002F06\u002F04\u002Fhospital-billing-code-changes-help-explain-176-surge-er-costs\u002F1336321001\u002F\"\u003Ecorrect about the cost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in addition to conserving money, Rochow says their decision is saving them the “emotional toll” of having children, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I’m a social worker,” she says. “I know what it’s like for humans out there. And being able to give a child all of what it needs – I really feel like I can’t do that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-02T15:35:34Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The child-free couples who treat their pets like children","headlineShort":"The couples who choose pets over kids","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As the number of US couples without children increases, a growing number of them are favouring – and pampering – pets as they would kids.","summaryShort":"A growing number of child-free couples pick 'kids' with paws","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-02T01:19:06.051958Z","entity":"article","guid":"04816710-5a0b-47c7-8149-c0685c96ec91","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T20:27:35.009786Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559949},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes","_id":"5da5f219e776cea5d8de424d","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsummer-eldemire"],"bodyIntro":"Could the increasing prevalence of co-living arrangements for single mothers help provide a better environment for kids – and mums?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen Emily Blake first discovered she was pregnant at 34, her flatmate told her they could carry on living together. But when baby Jaden arrived, his crying and feeding schedules, and Blake’s sleepless nights, began to take a toll on her once-agreeable living arrangement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It can be difficult living with kids for someone who doesn’t have them,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter leaving her flat, Blake, now 35, didn’t have a home of her own for the better part of a year. She slept in a friend's spare room for several months before saving enough to put down a deposit on a house, aided by a housing start-up. But even then, she knew she’d have to divide the rent and bills with others to be able to afford the expenses of keeping a house – and it was difficult to find housemates who were comfortable living with a single mother with young children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn internet search led her to CoAbode, a website that connects single mothers looking for shared accommodation. CoAbode was founded by Carmel Boss in 2002, after her own marriage ended and she had to raise her seven-year-old son in Los Angeles on her own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a new single mom I felt lonely and doubtful about raising my son on my own,” says Boss. “Where was my tribe, my village?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoss put out an ad in a local paper for another single mum to share a home with. When 18 women responded she knew she was on to something. The pooled resources and emotional support that came from living with another single mother was something that mums were craving – and, throughout the past two decades, she says that hundreds of thousands of mothers have signed up on the site to find a housing match, including Emily Blake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn late July Blake picked up the keys for a five-bedroom home in Central Alemeda, an area of Los Angeles in California. There she and three mothers and their children will make their own ‘mommune’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":["p07lyryz"],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Colleen Hagerty.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStarting a ‘mommune’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMommunes, a play on the word ‘communes’, are part of a trend of changing living situations as the traditional nuclear family structure evolves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are currently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2018\u002F04\u002F27\u002Fabout-one-third-of-u-s-children-are-living-with-an-unmarried-parent\u002F\"\u003E15 million single mothers in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a 2018 paper from the PEW Research Center. The prevalence of single-mother families has more than doubled since the 1960s, rising from approximately 12% in the 1960s to 21% now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral factors have contributed to this increase, including decreased social stigma associated with divorce, a higher number of mothers leaving unhealthy relationships and more workplace opportunities that have enabled single mothers to find financial stability.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill as the number of single mothers increases, many of the issues associated with being a single caregiver also amplify. For instance in the US, single mothers are the group most likely to suffer from poverty: 30% of solo mothers and their families are living in poverty, compared to only 8% of married couple families, according \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Flibrary\u002Fpublications\u002F2018\u002Fdemo\u002Fp60-263.html\"\u003Eto 2018 statistics from the US Census\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s getting too expensive for many single mums to live on their own, which is why cohabitation could be “the way of the future”","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn other words, it’s getting too expensive for many single mums to live on their own, which is why cohabitation is “the way of the future”, according to Blake Reed, co-founder of Roommates with Kids, which connects single parents looking to share housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs of its May launch, Reed says at least 70% of the 6,500 members at Roommates with Kids are single mothers. Since placement in a strong school district depends on your post code, he believes mothers benefit from sharing the costs to live in neighbourhoods that allow their children better access to education.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReed also notes that privacy is a strong draw to websites such as Roommates With Kids and CoAbode, which both keep identifying information secret. “Mothers email me all the time saying, ‘Thank God, I don’t have to go on Craigslist anymore’.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07lqt36"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘I wanted a village’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Emily Blake, creating a shared home with other single mums was about far more than financial security: she wanted emotional support from others in a similar position to her own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t have a lot of family so I wanted a village for my son. I want to share some of the responsibility, but also the joy,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough some friends and family have commented that Blake’s new living situation is strange, she is excited about the possibilities it holds. She plans to put down grass turf in the garden for the kids to play. Most of the children will share one room so that the mums can have their own rooms. And she’s looking forward to figuring out a babysitting schedule so that each mother can go out for some ‘me’ time\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe emotional support network Blake and her fellow mums are building is important to combat disadvantages that some mothers who are raising children alone may face. Several studies across the globe have shown that single mothers are at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F24714708\"\u003Egreater risk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for physical and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5712550\u002F\"\u003Emental health disorders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to married mothers. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6108495\u002F\"\u003EA 2018 study \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eshowed that 33% of the single mothers studied experienced depression while only 8% of the control group showed depressive symptoms. This was attributed to economic hardship and lack of support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I don’t have a lot of family so I wanted a village for my son. I want to share some of the responsibility, but also the joy – Emily Blake","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearcher Issar Daryanani has studied \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F26767832\"\u003Ethe way single motherhood affects children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and his research also suggests that low socioeconomic status negatively impacts parenting and the mental health of both mother and child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA mommune was the perfect, supportive arrangement for Janet Hoggarth, who also shared her home in London with another single mum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter her divorce in 2009, Hoggarth found herself raising three children under the age of six in a house by herself. Her friend, Vicki Hillman, was in a similar position with a new-born after she split from her fiancé. When Hillman sold her house, Hoggarth told her she could move in for a couple of months until she got her own place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was utterly bereft that my husband had walked out and so were the kids, so having another person living with me who felt the same was so supportive,” Hoggarth, now 49, says. The situation helped both the mums and the kids “deal with the heartbreak in an environment where venting was allowed and long explanations unnecessary”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo one else but Hillman understood their arrangement as the pair planned outings, parties and meals together. The two had another single mother friend who lived close by who joined them at weekends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It made me feel whole again, less mental, less exhausted,” she says. The situation worked so well for the two mums that they ended up living together for two years, and Hoggarth even wrote a book about it, The Single Mums' Mansion. “We formed our own alternative family unit.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07ltg9l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESingle women taking charge\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShared housing for single mothers isn’t a blanket answer for all families, but it can be helpful for those who are looking to change the environment both for their children and themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESingle-mother families are understudied, but R Kelly Raley, a professor of sociology at the University of Texas at Austin, says that family stability is key to children’s wellbeing – perhaps regardless of family structure. However, Raley caveats that set-ups like mommunes are not an answer for everyone, since short-term arrangements could cause instability problems for children, “who flourish in stable homes and with consistent relationships”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, of course, “not all families will be a good fit for others”, says researcher Daryanani – a key to creating the right, nurturing environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, finding the right match could provide a lot of benefit to single mums, according to former mommune members. For example, Hogarth and Hillman have since moved on separately, but Hogarth still revels in how her children thrived in the shared environment. “The kids loved it. They were the ones missing having another grown-up there. They needed that reassurance,” she says. But she liked being part of something, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd in Los Angeles, Blake is excited about her future in her own mommune. She has financial support, an emotional safety net and a group of housemates she is looking forward to sharing a life with.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In the 1950s you almost \u003Cem\u003Ehad\u003C\u002Fem\u003E to have a man,” she says, “and now all these single women are taking charge.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-10T16:55:43Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The single mums who live together on ‘mommunes’","headlineShort":"The 'mommunes' helping single mums","image":["p07lqszx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-holiday-islands-where-locals-have-nowhere-to-live","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190826-the-child-free-couples-who-treat-their-pets-like-children"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Could the increasing prevalence of co-living arrangements for single mothers help provide a better environment for kids – and mums?","summaryShort":"How co-living arrangements for single mothers give kids and mums a boost","tag":["tag\u002Fchanging-home"],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-09T19:59:42.821604Z","entity":"article","guid":"0542dab0-a0c1-4fe8-98ba-0af5e5fcc49c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T20:30:11.550803Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559948},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-the-country-where-mothers-win-medals-for-having-more-kids":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-the-country-where-mothers-win-medals-for-having-more-kids","_id":"5daa1281e776cea5d8d16cd2","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"video","assetVideo":["p07r9zg7"],"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Ftaylor-weidman-and-azat-ruziev"],"bodyIntro":"In Kazakhstan, a long-standing Soviet tradition honours ‘hero mothers’ with medals for having very large families.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany governments have incentives for citizens who have multiple children – but Kazakhstan goes so far as to award medals to its ‘hero mothers’ who keep the birth rate high.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMums are given silver medals at six children and gold at seven kids or more. Medal holders also receive an allowance from the government for their entire lives. And although they don’t win medals, families of four children or more are still provided with a financial support programme until the kids are aged 21.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe practice of decorating these mums goes back to the Soviet Union, which established a ‘mother heroine’ award in 1944 for families with 10 or more children. Although awards now go to smaller families than they did in Soviet times, keeping the birth rate high is still very much a priority for the Kazakh government.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Everybody always talks about it, to have more children, to make our population bigger,” says Aksana Eleusezova of Kazakhstan’s Department of Labour and Social Programmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EEditing by Bernadette Young.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-the-country-where-mothers-win-medals-for-having-more-kids-0"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fgeneration-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-20T17:36:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The country where mothers win medals for having more kids","headlineShort":"Have more kids, win a medal","image":["p07rb03x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07rb03t"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190730-older-generations-look-at-us-and-say-were-lost","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-the-single-mums-who-live-together-on-mommunes","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190827-how-an-environmental-autobiography-shapes-your-perceptions"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In Kazakhstan, a long-standing Soviet tradition honours ‘hero mothers’ with medals for having very large families.","summaryShort":"The country gives out awards to mothers keeping the birth rate high","tag":["tag\u002Fpopulation-paradox"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-18T13:13:59.754358Z","entity":"article","guid":"534942e6-cdd4-4af2-bd08-3601b191b030","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191017-the-country-where-mothers-win-medals-for-having-more-kids","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-18T19:28:47.806111Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191017-the-country-where-mothers-win-medals-for-having-more-kids","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559941},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","_id":"5da5f223e776cea5d8de8d9a","name":"Seven words that can help us to be a little calmer","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Culture","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture","summaryLong":"What the West can learn from a unique worldview","summaryShort":"Seven Japanese words to live by","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-10T08:27:23.980282Z","entity":"external","guid":"9e621df5-5f7d-40c8-8225-16f3f6c92825","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-10T08:34:10.652325Z","project":"future","slug":"20191010-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"Seven Japanese words to live by","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20190124-seven-words-that-can-help-us-to-be-a-little-calmer","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559950},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","_id":"5da5f222e776cea5d8de8bc2","name":"The arm’s-length flats of Tokyo","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Worklife","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife","summaryLong":"How cash-strapped young people afford big city living","summaryShort":"The arm’s-length flats of Tokyo","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-07T06:15:44.980511Z","entity":"external","guid":"8add577b-b163-4581-986d-2aaf5891b727","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-07T06:15:44.980511Z","project":"future","slug":"20191007-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"The arm’s-length flats of Tokyo","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190718-the-arms-length-flats-of-tokyo","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559950},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long","_id":"5da5f217e776cea5d8de386d","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Emerging evidence suggests a 10:1 ratio of carbohydrates to proteins may protect the body from the ravages of ageing","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180712-the-age-you-feel-means-more-than-your-actual-birthdate\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp06sb01f.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"The Economics of Change\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe search for the “elixir of youth” has spanned centuries and continents – but recently, the hunt has centred on the Okinawa Islands, which stretch across the East China Sea. Not only do the older inhabitants enjoy the longest life expectancy of anyone on Earth, but the vast majority of those years are lived in remarkably good health too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf particular note is the number of people who reach 100 years of life. For every 100,000 inhabitants, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0047637416302202#bib0060\"\u003EOkinawa has 68 centenarians\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – more than three times the numbers found in US populations of the same size. Even by the standards of Japan, Okinawans are remarkable, with a 40% greater chance of living to 100 than other Japanese people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELittle wonder scientists have spent decades trying to uncover the secrets of the Okinawans’ longevity – in both their genes and their lifestyle. And one of the most exciting factors to have recently caught the scientists’ attention is the peculiarly high ratio of carbohydrates to protein in the Okinawan diet – with a particular abundance of sweet potato as the source of most of their calories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It is quite the opposite of current popular diets that advocate a high protein, low carb diet,” says Samantha Solon-Biet, who researches nutrition and ageing at the University of Sydney. Despite the popularity of the Atkins and Paleo diets, however, there is minimal evidence that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180522-we-dont-need-nearly-as-much-protein-as-we-consume\"\u003Ehigh-protein diets really do bring about long-term benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20150915-the-secrets-of-living-to-200-years-old\"\u003EThe secrets of living to 200 years old\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180522-we-dont-need-nearly-as-much-protein-as-we-consume\"\u003EWhy we don't need nearly as much protein as we consume\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20180712-the-age-you-feel-means-more-than-your-actual-birthdate\"\u003EWhy the age you feel means more than your birthdate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo could the “Okinawan Ratio” – 10:1 carbohydrate to protein – instead be the secret to a long and healthy life? Although it would still be far too early to suggest any lifestyle changes based on these observations, the very latest evidence – from human longitudinal studies and animal trials – suggest the hypothesis is worth serious attention. According to these findings, a low protein, high carbohydrate diet sets off various physiological responses that protect us from various age-related illnesses – including cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease. And the Okinawan Ratio may achieve the optimal dietary balance to achieve those effects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuch of this research comes from the Okinawa Centenarian Study (OCS), which has been investigating the health of the ageing population since 1975. The OCS examines inhabitants from across the Okinawa prefecture, which includes more than 150 islands. By 2016, the OCS had examined 1,000 centenarians from the region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERather than suffering a prolonged demise, the Okinawan centenarians appeared to have delayed many of the usual effects of ageing, with almost two thirds living independently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F17322136\"\u003Euntil the age of 97\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This remarkable “healthspan” was evident across many age-related diseases. The typical Okinawan centenarian appeared to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F15602075\"\u003Efree of the typical signs of cardiovascular disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, without the build-up of the hard “calcified” plaques around the arteries that can lead to heart failure. Okinawa’s oldest residents also have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F19038835\"\u003Efar lower rates of cancer, diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F7635599\"\u003Edementia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than other ageing populations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGenetic jackpot\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGiven these results, there is little doubt that Okinawa has an exceptional population. But what can explain that extraordinary longevity?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenetic good fortune could be one important factor. Thanks to the geography of the islands, Okinawa’s populations have spent large chunks of their history in relative isolation, which may has given them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbiomedgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F69\u002F12\u002F1474\u002F592652\"\u003Ea unique genetic profile\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Preliminary studies suggest this may include a reduced prevalence of a gene variant – APOE4 – that appears to increase the risk of heart disease and Alzheimer’s. They may also be more likely to carry a protective variant of the FOXO3 gene involved in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F24804734\"\u003Eregulating metabolism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and cell growth. This results in a shorter stature but also appears to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5403515\u002F\"\u003Ereduce the risk of various age-related diseases, including cancer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven so, it seems unlikely that good genes would fully explain the Okinawans’ longevity, and lifestyle factors will also be important. The OCS has found that Okinawans are less likely to smoke than most populations, and since they worked predominantly in agriculture and fishing, they were also physically active. Their tight-knit communities also help the residents to maintain an active social life into old age. Social connection has also been shown to improve health and longevity by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1745691614568352\"\u003Ereducing the body’s stress responses to challenging events\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (Loneliness, in contrast, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vice.com\u002Fen_asia\u002Farticle\u002Fywxypm\u002Fbeing-lonely-is-worse-than-smoking-15-cigarettes-a-day\"\u003Ehas been shown to be as harmful as smoking 15 cigarettes a day\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EWelcome to BBC Future Now's Japan season, in which we explore the country's most exciting medical, technological, environmental and social trends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can discover:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181113-a-samurai-swordsmith-is-designing-a-space-probe\"\u003EThe samurai swordsmith designing a spaceprobe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181119-why-flammable-ice-could-be-the-future-of-energy\"\u003EWhy 'flammable ice' may solve an energy crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting\"\u003EIkumen: The rise of Japan's 'hunky dads'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181129-the-underground-cathedral-protecting-tokyo-from-floods\"\u003EThe 'cathedral' protecting Tokyo from floods\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20190102-the-plan-to-make-artificial-meteor-showers\"\u003EArtificial meteors: the world's most ambitious fireworks?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181221-japans-grand-plans-to-mine-deap-sea-vents\"\u003EThe grand plans to mine ocean vents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Japan: Untold Stories","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is the Okinawans’ diet, however, that may have the most potential to change our views on healthy ageing. Unlike the rest of Asia, the Okinawan staple is not rice, but the sweet potato, first introduced in the early 17th Century through trade with the Netherlands. Okinawans also eat an abundance of green and yellow vegetables – such as the bitter melon – and various soy products. Although they do eat pork, fish and other meats, these are typically a small component of their overall consumption, which is mostly plant-based foods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe traditional Okinawan diet is therefore dense in the essential vitamins and minerals - including anti-oxidants - but also low in calories. Particularly in the past, before fast food entered the islands, the average Okinawan ate around 11% fewer calories than the normal recommended consumption for a healthy adult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor this reason, some scientists believe that Okinawans offer more evidence for the life-enhancing virtues of a “calorie restricted” diet. Since the 1930s, some doctors and scientists have argued that continuously limiting the amount of energy you consume could have many benefits above and beyond weight loss – including a deceleration of the ageing process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn one of the most compelling experiments, a group of resus macaques eating 30% fewer calories than the average monkey showed a remarkable 63% reduction in deaths from age-related diseases over a 20-year period. They also looked younger – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20170601-the-secret-to-a-long-and-healthy-life-eat-less\"\u003Ethey had fewer wrinkles and their fur retained its youthful lustre rather than turning grey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Due to practical difficulties, long-term clinical trials in humans have yet to be completed to test the effects on longevity, but a recent two-year experiment, funded by the US National Institute on Aging, was highly suggestive: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nia.nih.gov\u002Fhealth\u002Fcalorie-restriction-and-fasting-diets-what-do-we-know#human\"\u003Eparticipants on a calorie restricted diet showed better cardiovascular health – including lower blood pressure and cholesterol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s still not clear why a calorie restricted diet would be so beneficial, but there are many potential mechanisms. One possibility is that calorie restriction alters the cell’s energy signalling, so that the body devotes more resources to preservation and maintenance – such as DNA repair – rather than growth and reproduction, while limiting ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1550413110004079\"\u003Eoxidative stress’ caused by the toxic by-products of metabolism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can cause cellular damage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe benefits of the Okinawan Diet may not end with its calorie restriction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESolon-Biet has conducted a series of studies examining the influence of dietary composition (rather than sheer quantity) on ageing in animals, and her team has consistently found that a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F26718486\"\u003Ehigh-carb, low-protein diet extends the lifespan of various species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with her most recent study showing that it reduces some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Faction\u002FshowPdf?pii=S2211-1247%2818%2931674-7\"\u003Esigns of ageing in the brain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Amazingly, they have found that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fageing\u002Farticle\u002F45\u002F4\u002F443\u002F1680839\"\u003Eoptimum ratio is 10 parts carb to one part protein\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the same as the so-called Okinawan Ratio.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAlthough there aren’t yet any controlled clinical trials in humans, Solon-Biet cites epidemiological work across the world that all point to similar conclusions. “Other long-lived populations have also been shown to have dietary patterns that include relatively low amounts of protein,” she says. “These include the Kitavans, [who live on] a small island in Papua New Guinea, the South American Tsimane people and populations that consume the Mediterranean diet.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOnce again, the exact mechanisms are murky. Like calorie restriction, the low protein diets seem to promote the cell repair and maintenance. Karen Ryan, a nutritional biologist at the University of California, Davis, points out that the scarcity of amino acids can encourage cells to recycle old material (rather than synthesising new proteins).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Together, these changes may prevent the ageing-associated accumulation of damaged proteins within cells,” she says. This build-up of damaged proteins may usually be responsible for many diseases, she says – but the regular clean up when we eat a low-protein diet could prevent it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo should we all start adopting the Okinawan Diet? Not quite. Ryan points to some evidence that low protein intake may limit bodily damage up to the age of 65, but you may then benefit from increasing your protein intake after that point. “Optimal nutrition is expected to vary across the life history,” she says. And it’s also worth noting one study, which found that the relative merits of protein and carbohydrates may depend on the protein's source: a diet higher in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newscientist.com\u002Farticle\u002F2176933-eating-a-low-carb-diet-may-shorten-your-life-unless-you-go-vegan-too\u002F\"\u003Eplant-based protein appears to be better than a diet rich in meat or dairy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for instance. So the Okinawans may be living longer due to the fact that they are eating (mostly) fruit and vegetables, rather than its high carb, low protein content.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, the Okinawans’ health is probably due to a lucky confluence of many factors, Ryan says. “And specific interactions among these factors will also be important.” And we may need many more years of research to understand the importance of each of those ingredients before we finally come up with a true recipe for the “elixir of youth”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is a senior journalist at BBC Future. He is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eor \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long-7"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-01-18T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"A high-carb diet may explain why Okinawans live so long","headlineShort":"Could carbs help us live longer?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Emerging evidence suggests a 10:1 ratio of carbohydrates to proteins may protect the body from the ravages of ageing","summaryShort":"The people of Okinawa might hold the answer","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-01-18T03:00:13.836819Z","entity":"article","guid":"568f7519-cf1d-40ed-8616-326bb1d7683c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:27:24.037568Z","project":"future","slug":"20190116-a-high-carb-diet-may-explain-why-okinawans-live-so-long","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559950},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel","_id":"5da5f222e776cea5d8de8cd0","name":"The world’s oldest novel?","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Reel","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel","summaryLong":"Written 1,000 years ago, the epic story of 11th-Century Japan, The Tale of Genji, was written by Murasaki Shikibu, a woman","summaryShort":"The world’s oldest novel?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-08T01:09:36.453305Z","entity":"external","guid":"2e30516a-eaf3-41fc-b6d9-204a2b2be139","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-08T01:09:36.453305Z","project":"future","slug":"20191008-the-worlds-oldest-novel","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"The world’s oldest novel?","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp07gc85k\u002Fis-this-the-world-s-oldest-novel-","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559951},"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-japans-rugby-past":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:external:future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-japans-rugby-past","_id":"5da5f222e776cea5d8de8b8f","name":"Japan's rugby past","primaryVertical":"future","sourceName":"Sport","sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fsport","summaryLong":"Samurai, silence and pistols on the pitch. Japan's rugby history is unique - and a lot longer than you might think","summaryShort":"Uncovering Japan's mysterious rugby past","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-07T04:19:59.84504Z","entity":"external","guid":"e65ecf65-a6cc-4bdb-a72a-a0a648143df9","id":"future\u002Fexternal\u002F20191007-japans-rugby-past","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-07T04:19:59.84504Z","project":"future","slug":"20191007-japans-rugby-past","image":[],"promoImage":[],"articleType":"external","headlineShort":"Uncovering Japan's mysterious rugby past","promoAlignment":"center","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20191027094640\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsport\u002Frugby-union\u002F49878877","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559951},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting","_id":"5da5f215e776cea5d8de2d00","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A government programme has tried to make fatherhood cool and sexy. Has it succeeded?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fjapan-untold-stories\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp06sb01f.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"The Economics of Change\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECast your eyes over a Japanese newspaper, fashion magazine or manga story and you may find a new kind of ‘superhero’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThey are smiling and handsome as they play swordfight over breakfast or take a bike ride together in the park. The father and child may even be dressed in stylish matching outfits. They are sympathetic and understanding, and they will happily do the cooking and housework.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese are the \u003Cem\u003Eikumen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E: a combination of the word \u003Cem\u003Eikuji\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (childcare) and \u003Cem\u003Eikemen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (hunk) – a stark contrast to the older stereotypes of the remote, workaholic father. The term was first devised by an ad salesman in the 2000s, and in 2010 the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare launched the national Ikumen Project to promulgate the idea as a way of encouraging greater paternal involvement in family life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe idea soon caught on, and today ikumen can be seen throughout Japanese popular culture. But does this trend really represent significant progress in gender equality? Or do the glossy photoshoots simply add a sparkle and sheen to a superficial change in attitudes, while women still shoulder most of the family responsibilities?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you enjoyed this, you may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160506-the-japanese-art-of-not-sleeping\"\u003EInemuri: The Japanese art of (not) sleeping\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181030-the-10-personality-traits-that-english-cant-name\"\u003EThe ten personality traits that English cannot name    \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20160719-meet-japans-kumamon-the-bear-who-earns-billions\"\u003EMeet Japan’s Kumamon, the bear who earns billions    \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn years gone by, the Japanese father’s primary role was considered to be that of the bread winner. These ‘salarymen’ were devoted to their company, working long hours to climb the corporate ladder and provide financial security to the family. “Utter commitment to one’s work represented the apotheosis of manliness”, writes Hannah Vassallo, who recently published an anthropological study of Japanese fathers for a book, Cool Japanese Men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There is a Japanese saying, “jishin, kaminari, kaji, oyaji” – “earthquake, thunder, fire and father”","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJapan, of course, was not alone in these views. But even in the 1980s the average man spent fewer than 40 minutes interacting with their children on the average workday – and that was often during a family meal. According to one observational study, some men could not even make tea or locate their own clothes without their wife’s assistance. When the father did interact with his children, he was often remote and commanded respect, even fear – a fact reflected in the common saying “jishin, kaminari, kaji, oyaji” – “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wiktionary.org\u002Fwiki\u002F%E3%81%98%E3%81%97%E3%82%93%E3%81%8B%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E3%81%8B%E3%81%98%E3%81%8A%E3%82%84%E3%81%98#Japanese\"\u003Eearthquake, thunder, fire and father\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENeedless to say, these attitudes had some serious repercussions. They made it much harder for women to maintain a career after childbirth, for instance, leading many to become increasingly disenchanted with the concept of marriage. The result was that they started marrying later, or not at all – contributing to the now infamous dip in Japan’s birth rate. The 1980s also saw a rise in child suicides, which some linked to the lack of paternal support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven so, change was slow. In 2002, for instance, just 0.33% of eligible men took the paternity leave after the birth of a child. One survey, from 2008, reported that a third of men would have preferred to spend more time with their children – but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fmagazines\u002Fpost-magazine\u002Flong-reads\u002Farticle\u002F2155973\u002Fjapan-rise-house-husband-redraws-established\"\u003Ethey worried that their bosses would disapprove of the time taken off work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe government’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fculture\u002F2011\u002F08\u002F30\u002Fgeneral\u002Fikumen-raising-new-father-figures-in-japan\u002F\"\u003EIkumen Project\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was meant to remedy this situation, generating “a societal movement whereby men are able to become proactively involved in childcare”. It provided symposia and workshops, and fathers were also given the ‘Work-life Balance Handbook’ to help them juggle the competing demands of the office and the home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnlike previous campaigns to increase paternal engagement, the Ikumen Project painted the father as a heroic figure, emphasising his masculinity and sexual allure; one of its posters depicted one man tearing off his suit and shirt, Superman-like, to reveal the project’s logo on a t-shirt underneath, with the slogan “Ikumen strength for society”. The implication was that these ‘heroes’ were not just protecting their family; by nurturing the next generation of workers, they were helping to save the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThanks to its connotations with the ikemen hunks, the term was generally well received. “Everyone in Japan would be familiar with the word ikemen,” says Vassallo. “And I think that’s how ikumen was born and gained any traction – it sounds a lot better than the previous words for a caring father that existed in Japanese before that point.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EWelcome to BBC Future Now's Japan season, in which we explore the country's most exciting medical, technological, environmental and social trends.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can discover:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181113-a-samurai-swordsmith-is-designing-a-space-probe\"\u003EThe samurai swordsmith designing a spaceprobe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181119-why-flammable-ice-could-be-the-future-of-energy\"\u003EWhy 'flammable ice' may solve an energy crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20181120-the-surprising-source-of-the-tokyo-2020-olympic-medals\"\u003EThe surprising source of Tokyo 2020 Olympic medals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Japan's untold stories","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can now find magazines like FQ (Father’s Quarterly) Japan advertising father-child matching outfits and family photoshoots alongside its celebrity interviews; it even held a Mr Ikumen pageant. Emotionally sensitive ikumen are the romantic leads in TV comedies and there is even a manga series – Ikumen! – that explores the trials and tribulations of 21-year-old Midorikawa Hiroya, a househusband raising his daughter while his wife works.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn a stark contrast to the old-fashioned salaryman, Hiroya’s sense of fulfilment and self-worth stems from his relationship with his daughter – and his ikumen status helps protect him from the typical stigma attached to unemployed men. In some strips, the women near to Hiroya and his friends blush with desire as they see the ikumen fathers playing with their children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs a marketing campaign, the Ikumen Project has therefore been a great success, sparking some important discussions about the ways that fathers are portrayed. “The awareness is there,” says Vassallo. Yet it has also received its fair share of criticism. Many women, for example, feel resentful that men are being treated as heroes for taking a fair share of very routine jobs. So although they may repeat the phrase “ikumen over ikemen” – and express admiration for the caring fathers they encounter – they also wonder why their own efforts aren’t being recognised to the same degree.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I think everyone jumped on the bandwagon at first,” Vassallo says. “and then [some people], especially Japanese women, thought 'let’s slow down a bit and see how much we should be holding these fathers up on a pedestal here.'” After all, some men\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fnational\u002Fsocial-issues\u002Fhouse-husbands-gaining-acceptance-japan-gender-stereotypes-ease\u002F#.W_bkAVKnxTY\"\u003E may claim to be ikumen despite doing a tiny portion of the household chores\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even the official Ikumen Project Handbook – for all its good intentions – still presented the mother as taking the primary responsibility for the children; for the men, childcare is still a bonus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome men, meanwhile, have complained about “ikumen illness” - the exhaustion of meeting high expectations at work and at home – and even if they personally hold a more progressive view, there is still the fear that a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjapansociology.com\u002F2013\u002F11\u002F28\u002Fwhat-are-ikumen\u002F\"\u003Edevoted father who takes time out of the office may be penalised by antiquated bosses who don’t understand the new policies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENor should the Ikumen Project mask the many broader structural issues that can hold back gender equality. Brigitte Steger from Cambridge University, for instance, points out that Japanese law still doesn’t recognise the equal standing of each parent in cases of divorce. She says that many fathers are not obliged to pay alimony, and, conversely, they are not guaranteed to get access to their children “even when they had a good relationship with them”. Overall, Japan still remains very low on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fjapan\u002FGender2017-JPN-en.pdf\"\u003EOrganisation of Economic Co-operation and Development’s rankings of gender equality in the workplace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven so, there are some signs that tangible positive changes are afoot. The take-up of paternal leave, while still low, has significantly increased since the Ikumen Project was first introduced, for instance – rising from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Fmagazines\u002Fpost-magazine\u002Flong-reads\u002Farticle\u002F2155973\u002Fjapan-rise-house-husband-redraws-established\"\u003E1.9% in 2012 to 7% in 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And fewer than 45% of people now support the idea that “men should work, women should stay at home” – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F04\u002F28\u002Fnational\u002Fsocial-issues\u002Fhouse-husbands-gaining-acceptance-japan-gender-stereotypes-ease\u002F#.W_bkAVKnxTY\"\u003Ea drop of 15% since 1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when 60% supported the traditional gender norms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd anecdotally, devoted fathers are now more visible in everyday life. “You see many fathers with their children, especially during weekends and in urban areas, and many fathers have quite warm relationships with their children,” says Steger, who edited the book Cool Japanese Men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EVassallo agrees that real behavioural change is slow, but she has found that the fathers she interviewed were beginning to carve out their own, individual path. They may not meet the heroic image of the prototypical ikumen – and some even felt embarrassed to use the term – but they were taking pleasure in the upbringing of their children, sharing tips with other parents on Facebook and regularly attending PTA meetings. “It filled me with more of a sense that they are navigating a healthy relationship with their attitudes towards work and family,” she says. “That fills me with more optimism”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDavid Robson is a senior journalist at BBC Future. He is \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter. Cool Japanese Men, edited by Brigitte Steger and Angelika Koch, was published by Lit Verlag in 2017. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin 900,000+ Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=EsWCxOxipeDTD2uG1KjXrVr2aohpEtGq4--4FAWEVFTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.facebook.com%2fBBCFuture\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=m-PP8de121BqbUMFuNSaT_1otrPX5hz17nUvtbpdtUbb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2ftwitter.com%2fbbc_future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwebmail.bbc.com\u002Fowa\u002Fredir.aspx?C=aKgBDVAFPnR-GgSKDwyPQlFGWWC7k4B8S6moVv9HFeTb9PdFIuPVCA..&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.instagram.com%2fbbcfuture_official%2f\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “If You Only Read 6 Things This Week”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-11-27T14:42:14.907Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Ikumen: How Japan’s ‘hunky dads’ are changing parenting","headlineShort":"Ikumen: the rise of Japan’s ‘hot dads’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"A government programme has tried to make fatherhood cool and sexy. Has it succeeded?","summaryShort":"A government programme has tried to rebrand fatherhood. Has it succeeded?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-11-28T23:44:29.643672Z","entity":"article","guid":"000d7a2b-35ac-4d4a-834e-0e64ab970f67","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-04T14:28:01.446304Z","project":"future","slug":"20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559951},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes","_id":"5da6347fe776cea5d8e6bf1b","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmariko-oi"],"bodyIntro":"Working mums have it tough in Japan – creating Instagram-worthy, healthy lunches is one of many pressures they say they face","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEach year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nichireifoods.co.jp\u002Fmedia\u002F1622\u002F\"\u003Efive billion \u003C\u002Fa\u003Elunch boxes are made at home in Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's correct: Five BILLION.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKnown both in Japan and abroad as bento boxes, they’re the famous, compartmentalised containers filled with rice, vegetables, meat and more, eaten by kids and grownups alike. In fact, over 70% of that five billion is for adults, as bento offer a cheaper and healthier option for many workers, as opposed to quick takeaway meals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it’s the expectation that falls on mothers to fashion stunning bento for their kids every day that builds stress and pressure – especially when those mums are working ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qyn6y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJapanese lunch boxes are not like the rest of the world’s “leftovers from last night”, either. There’s a much bigger emphasis on food presentation. Even as a child, I remember my mother getting stressed out about my lunch box being too “brown and white” (meat and rice).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat tends to grab news headlines internationally is “character bento” for children – known as chara-ben – packed lunches made to look like pandas, teddy bears or even real people. Chara-ben is far from the norm, but it captures just how much time mums put into making bento for their children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Bento boxes are expressions of a mother’s love for her child","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Bento boxes are expressions of a mother’s love for her child, through the commitment of time and thought to creating healthy, innovative, beautiful lunch boxes,” says Barbara Holthus, deputy director for the German Institute for Japanese Studies in Tokyo. “Mothers – and children – are socialised into this view.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy school friend Miki Okamura, who is a mother of two, is a keen chara-ben maker who often posts her creations on social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I started making them because my daughter was a fussy eater, so I thought that if I made them look pretty, it might encourage her to eat more,” she tells me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Once I started making them for both kids, they started looking forward to it, and her friends and teachers also started asking ‘what’s your chara-ben today?’ so I continued for two years,\" says Okamura. \"They are now at a primary school which serves lunch, but once they go to junior high, I’ll have to start making them again every day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOkamura doesn’t think she will make chara-ben now the kids are older, but she describes the duty of making lunch boxes as “the most important job as a mother”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Not only can you make sure they eat healthy food, but you can also express your love to the children,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qynhv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStatus symbol\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe word “bento” is thought to have been first coined during the Edo Period which lasted from around 1600 to 1867. Elaborately decorated lacquer food containers were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3773902?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Ebrought to the theatre and other leisure outings such as picnics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At that time, bento became a symbol of wealth and status.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd in modern Japan, there is still an emphasis on getting the aesthetic of bento right, albeit against the backdrop of a much more fast-paced and high-pressure society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENowadays, it is supposed to be colourful and fun, to get fussy children eat vegetables. And a whole industry involving cute containers, food picks and other food tools has sprung up to facilitate this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"My personal rule is to include five colours: red, yellow, green, black and white","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother mother, Risako Kasahara, also posts pictures of her daughter’s lunch box (while her son goes to a school that serves hot food). “It was stressful at the beginning,” she says. “But I’ve learned some tricks along the way. If I forget to cook rice, I will quickly boil noodles or pasta, for example.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“My personal rule is to include five colours: red, yellow, green, black and white, because if you’re not careful, a lot of the dishes tend to be brown.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I tried making chara-ben when the kids were younger, but apparently it is hard to eat. They once came home without touching the food because they didn’t want to eat the characters, so I stopped making them,” she laughs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChara-ben is a relatively new phenomenon that gained momentum in 2000s. But even when I was growing up, if you brought a sandwich that was purchased at a store, your teachers would ask if your mother was ill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Miki Okamura says no matter what, it is an absolute no-no to let the children bring store-bought food to school, Risako Kasahara says that “what’s important is to pack them nicely, because if the kids bring the food as you bought them at a store, we get told off by the school.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qynbd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs with many things, the pressure today is on a different scale, particularly with social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECelebrities, known as “mama talent”, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FBZp397jAg7p\u002F?hl=ja&taken-by=tsujinozomi_official%20and\"\u003ENozomi Tsuji\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FB3GtRBCl8ld\u002F?utm_source=ig_embed%20h\"\u003EYuko Ogura\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have hundreds of thousands of followers share their home-cooked lunch boxes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E“Bento-shamed”\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut social media can be mercilessly unforgiving. One comedian known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fhighheel_momoko\u002F\"\u003EHighheel Momoko \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ediscovered this the hard way after she was jokingly ‘bento-shamed’ that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FBrNFW6iFiE_\u002F?utm_source=ig_embed\"\u003E“girl in a pink dress”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FBfNoIL2HeT9\u002F?utm_source=ig_embed\"\u003Ethe bear \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eshe posted looked a bit like… dead bodies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJoking aside, being judged by others is something many people care and worry about in Japan – be it bento-shaming or something else. “The pressure that my bento must be judged by the teachers makes it even more stressful,” Romi told me on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI remember reading Eat Pray Love, which said that there should be one word to describe yourself and your city, and I thought to myself: “my word for Japan is ‘reputation’.” How am I viewed? Did my child feel embarrassed because of me (and in this case, because of my not-so-pretty lunch box)?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qyn8l"],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The fear of being ostracised or just standing out is greater in Japan","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is easy for a non-Japanese person to shrug off this societal or cultural pressure, but it is something that stayed with me all my life, even though I have lived abroad for half of it. Take American anthropologist Ruth Benedict, for example. She described Japan as a “shame society” in her 1946 book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F23653936\"\u003EThe Chrysanthemum and the Sword\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as opposed to America’s “guilt society”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile there are many criticisms of her characterisations, I tend to agree that the fear of being ostracised or just standing out is greater in Japan. And many historians believe the reason goes back to the Edo Period, when villagers were divided into groups of five households. They were expected to help each other, but they were also responsible for the behaviour of others in the group – so if one person broke a rule, everyone in the group could be punished.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qyngc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA tool of communication\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe issue is: lunch boxes are not just for young children in Japan. According to a recent survey, many senior high school students (aged 15 to 18) still bring home-cooked lunch boxes to school, and the majority of them are made by their mothers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut according to Risako, who has been making bento for 10 years and plans to continue making them until her daughter is 18, it’s about building the relationship between mothers and children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When rebellious teenagers often stop talking to their parents, by eating their mothers’ food, they still feel the love and be grateful,” she says. “I also ask my daughter what she liked most in the lunch box, so it’s a communication tool.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mhlw.go.jp\u002Fstf\u002Fseisakunitsuite\u002Fbunya\u002Fkenkou_iryou\u002Fshokuhin\u002Fsyokuten\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ewidespread consensus \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ein Japan that home-cooked food is healthier than store-bought – another reason why Japanese mothers still prepare their teenage children’s lunch boxes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Fathers aren’t under the same pressure as mothers to make the perfect bento","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI don’t think I will forget the look on my friend’s face when I gave my then three-year-old daughter a rice ball I had bought from a convenience store.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Do you know how many food preservatives are in there?” she asked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nippon.com\u002Fen\u002Fjapan-data\u002Fh00546\u002Fwives-do-seven-times-as-much-housework-as-husbands-in-japan.html\"\u003EResearch shows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that in Japan the majority of housework still falls on women but the stressful task of preparing lunch boxes is increasingly shared by fathers: Hiroto Okada has been in charge of making lunch boxes for his 10-year-old son for the last six months. He plans to continue making them until his son is 18. And while he doesn’t personally feel the weight of judgement about whether his son brings store-bought food or an immaculately made chara-ben, he does worry about food preservatives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I told my son there was no chance I could make chara-ben, so he came home with this pre-cut seaweed,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FHiro29259444\u002Fstatus\u002F1177739375502737408?s=20\"\u003Ehe tweeted to me\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (though he later said it didn’t taste too nice and it got soggy too quickly).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qyq2t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile popular culture is championing “ikumen” – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20181127-ikumen-how-japans-hunky-dads-are-changing-parenting\"\u003Edesirable dads who happily do housework\u003C\u002Fa\u003E - as a way of promoting paternal involvement in family life, when it comes to feeding their children, I would argue that fathers aren’t under the same pressure as mothers to make the perfect bento.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut at least one Twitter follower told me things are starting to change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“At my child’s school, working mothers are not expected to make amazing lunch boxes. At one point, doughnuts from a store became ‘the cool thing to bring to school’ and teachers and other children shared some snacks, too.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the heart of it, this isn’t just about making colourful lunch boxes. It is about all the pressures around “perfect” motherhood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the country struggles with a falling birth rate, it might be time to address this kind of societal pressure –\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBCMarikoOi\u002Fstatus\u002F1179679179505192961?s=20\"\u003E especially as women in their 20s still want to become stay-at-home mums\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even when older generations chose careers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes-19"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fjapan-2020"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-16T15:24:36Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Lifting the lid on Japan’s amazing bento boxes","headlineShort":"Inside Japan’s astounding bento boxes","image":["p07qyn7f"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Working mothers have it tough in Japan – creating Instagram-worthy, healthy lunches is one of many pressures they say they face","summaryShort":"These meals can be a work of art, but creating them is a high-pressure ordeal","tag":["tag\u002Fjapan-2020"],"creationDateTime":"2019-10-15T15:11:20.852961Z","entity":"article","guid":"43a3be1e-4238-4929-af45-d16489917a27","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-15T21:04:42.902091Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191015-lifting-the-lid-on-japans-amazing-bento-boxes","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559950},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals","_id":"5da6e08ae776cea5d8e99f25","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fwilliam-park"],"bodyIntro":"By cutting yourself some slack, you can future-proof yourself against annoying setbacks. Here's how.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s been a few weeks since I touched language-learning app Duolingo. At one point I was pretty on top of it. But one day I was too busy and it slipped my mind, and then the next day I did it again. “What the hell,” I thought, “I lost my streak yesterday so I may as well give myself another day off today.” Does this sound familiar?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis phenomenon is called the “What the hell” effect. “You feel like you have failed,” says Marissa Sharif, an assistant professor at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, US. “It’s the reason why you might choose to eat a high-calorie dessert when you’re trying to be careful with your weight. If you go slightly over your limit, say you’re eating out with friends, then you’re likely to give up and go really far over; ‘What the hell, I may as well get that dessert’. After a small failure people often give up completely.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who cut themselves some slack are better able to cope with setbacks","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESharif has spent her career studying how we respond to small failures. Many of us struggle to reach our goals, and her work suggests it is because these short-term failures derail us. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=oPHHwfdVvnwC&lpg=PA99&dq=the%20%E2%80%9Cwhat%20the%20hell%E2%80%9D%20effect&lr&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q=the%20%E2%80%9Cwhat%20the%20hell%E2%80%9D%20effect&f=false\"\u003EThe “What the hell” effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E describes why these setbacks seem to hit us for six.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, there might be a way of overcoming such failures. There is a technique that could help you to rebound: channeling your “emergency reserves”. Sharif says that people who cut themselves some slack are better able to cope with setbacks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r26dk"],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to use “emergency reserves”\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELet’s say that you want to set yourself a budget. You have a maximum of £1,200 to spend, but you want to make a few savings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou could set a hard budget of £1,000 and hope to save the whole £200. People who do this might be successful, but if for any reason you exceed your budget, you are likely to trigger the “What the hell” effect and spend much more of your £1,200. And if you set your budget at £1,200, most people end up spending the full amount – making no savings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf, however, you set yourself a budget of £1,000 but treat the remaining £200 as an “emergency reserve”, those people who, for whatever reason, need to go slightly over their budget end up spending less than either of the two other groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMentally storing that money to use in emergencies creates a feeling of guilt around using it. By giving yourself a little bit of wiggle-room when setting out your goal, you get all the benefits of a challenging target to aim for, but tapping into those extra funds does not trigger the “What the hell” effect that causes you to spiral out of control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA key factor when setting your emergency reserve limit is that there is enough guilt in using it up. “There has to be a psychological cost to using it,” says Sharif. “Our intuition tells us not to use up our emergency reserves because we might have a greater need for them later. A lot of the time you don’t end up using them at all. People are resistant to use them unless they really have to.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r26ck"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESharif gives another example of trying to encourage a positive behaviour. In one of her studies, people were asked to hit a daily step target: one group had to hit their target seven days per week, another five days per week. A third group were allowed an emergency reserve; they were asked to hit their target on seven days, but permitted two “skip days” to use as they saw fit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople tend to try harder if they are given harder goals, suggests Sharif, because they want to get closer to that goal. The downside, though, is that we are more likely to fail at them. In Sharif’s step target experiment, the group who were set a hard goal were more likely to give up completely if they failed on one day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEasier goals are more attainable, but there is little motivation to exceed our goal once we reach it. People in the five-day target group rarely exceeded their goal. They saw reaching five days as a job well done and avoided stretching themselves. The emergency reserve strategy tries to harness the positives of both easy and hard goals. In Sharif’s study, when compared to people in both of the other groups, people in the emergency reserves group took more steps and reached their targets on more days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFresh starts and ‘not my fault’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are other tactics that can combine with the emergency reserve strategy. One example: studies have shown that we cope better with setbacks when we have an opportunity to wipe the slate clean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is a reason we set New Year’s resolutions; the passing of a significant date makes it easier for us to commit to a new plan. The start of a year is perhaps the most obvious example, but the effect is also seen with less significant “temporal landmarks”, like the start of a new month or week. Google searches for the word ‘diet’ and gym visits \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fviewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxvbGluaGVuZ2NoZW5kYWl8Z3g6Mzc5ZGQ4YmQ3ZTljODg3MQ\"\u003Espike on the first days of months and weeks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07r26c9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHengchen Dai of the UCLA Anderson School of Management has studied this effect extensively. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fviewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxvbGluaGVuZ2NoZW5kYWl8Z3g6MTcyYTViZWJlODAzODgyZA\"\u003EHer research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that landmarks create new mental “accounting periods” allowing us to move on from previous imperfections: “Last week was a write-off, but I have a clean slate now”. The arrival of a new year, month or week also allows us to think of the big picture, which helps with motivation for aspirational behaviours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The arrival of a new year, month or week also allows us to think of the big picture, which helps with motivation for aspirational behaviours","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, we might use an external excuse as an opportunity to make a fresh start. If the gym is closed due to, say, unexpected maintenance, we might not be too hard on ourselves for missing those days, says Sharif, and see the day it re-opens as an opportunity to reset our mental counters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If I failed for some external reason like the gym was closed I will feel less bad so am more likely to persist,” says Sharif. “If it is because I feel lazy – an internal reason – I will stop.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESharif says the idea of building in emergency reserves works for things like fitness, boring work tasks or gamified tasks like the language app I struggle with. In the workplace, Sharif recommends building in emergency reserves to any and all tasks as a matter of habit. Naturally, tasks which require the regular oversight of a manager or colleague might be less suited. But in cases where you are set back by someone else’s lateness you will be able to play the ‘not my fault’ card.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The only place I can think about where it is bad… is when you are addicted to something. It is possible if you are a smoker and you want to reduce the amount of days, emergency reserves might not be helpful – I don’t know what would happen.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps, try not to be too hard on yourself if you receive a setback. The evidence suggests that we catastrophise our failures when we really ought to see them as excusable slips. In any case, you will have an opportunity to wipe the slate clean on Monday.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fowning-your-time"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-15T04:59:54.073Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How ‘emergency reserves’ can help you stick to your goals","headlineShort":"Why small failures derail our goals","image":["p07r26ds"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07r26ck"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"By cutting yourself some slack, you can future-proof yourself against annoying setbacks. Here's how.","summaryShort":"Even tiny setbacks can upend a diet or resolution. Here’s how to stay on course","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-15T04:17:13.322277Z","entity":"article","guid":"141409be-6845-4347-9b29-ed32e156c745","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-16T09:18:49.18385Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191015-how-emergency-reserves-can-help-you-stick-to-your-goals","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559955},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de4690","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"In the age of climate crisis, childbearing has become a fraught question for couples around the globe.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBrandalyn Bickner grew up convinced she would become the mother of 13 children. Raised in a Catholic family in Wauconda, a suburb of Chicago in the US state of Illinois, Bickner nurtured this vision through Catholic middle and high school; even after university she still figured she’d have a large family, though her ambitions had grown more modest – perhaps just four or five kids.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen, at 23, she joined the Peace Corps in Malawi, and began seeing reasons to revise her plan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In Malawi for four years, I got to see quite a bit of the impacts of climate change on a country that is largely subsistence farmers,” says Bickner. She saw up close how changing weather patterns increasingly dictated whether or not her neighbours and friends would be able to eat – and she found herself feeling guilty over America’s carbon-intensive way of life. “I wanted to support policies that will help, but also wanted to see what I could do on a personal level.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBickner, now 28, quickly recognised that having a child in America – let alone four, five or 13 – would be the single most carbon-intensive choice she could make. In the developed world the carbon footprint of a child is roughly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Faa7541\"\u003E58.6 metric tonnes annually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whereas that of a Malawian child has consistently been estimated between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftradingeconomics.com\u002Fmalawi\u002Fco2-emissions-metric-tons-per-capita-wb-data.html\"\u003E0.07\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknoema.com\u002Fatlas\u002FMalawi\u002FCO2-emissions-per-capita\"\u003E0.1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E metric tonnes annually.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile working in Malawi, and struggling with these personal questions, Bickner was also building a relationship with fellow Peace Corps member Chase Morgan. They started dating a year into their service, and now live together in Washington, DC. Bickner works as a public affairs specialist at a federal agency and Morgan works for an international development agency for energy infrastructure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBoth sets of their parents have been warned not to expect grandchildren. “We’ve come to this decision on a personal basis,” says Morgan, 30, who shares Bickner’s views on birth. “I wanted to mitigate my own carbon footprint and my own impact as much as I could.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It makes me happy knowing that maybe I can do something to help people like my friends and my neighbours in Malawi,” Bickner adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe and Morgan are part of an emerging generational movement linking climate change to its impact on personal reproductive choices. As people factor climate concerns into future plans, the decision to have a family is becoming increasingly fraught for some: with the way things are going on Earth, how many children is it responsible to have? \u003Cem\u003EShould\u003C\u002Fem\u003E you even have kids at all?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA deep-seated anxiety\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs birth rates fall in the US, socioeconomic factors are still the dominant drivers of that decline. Yet there’s mounting evidence that climate is becoming a consideration for some couples when they think about having a family.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businessinsider.com\u002Fmillennials-americans-worry-about-kids-children-climate-change-poll-2019-3\"\u003Epoll\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Business Insider reported that almost 38% of Americans aged 18 to 29 believe that couples should consider climate change when deciding to have children. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2018\u002F07\u002F05\u002Fupshot\u002Famericans-are-having-fewer-babies-they-told-us-why.html\"\u003Epoll\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the previous year in the New York Times showed that a third of American men and women aged 20 to 45 cited climate change as a factor in their decision to have fewer children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A third of American men and women aged 20 to 45 cited climate change as a factor in their decision to have fewer children","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMatthew Schneider-Mayerson, assistant professor of Environmental Studies at Yale-NUS College in Singapore, recently conducted a detailed survey of 901 adults around the world, aged 27 to 60, who said they were “connecting climate change to their reproductive choices”; these included people who were “parents, planning to have children, undecided, or committed to being childfree”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Many young, climate-concerned people are experiencing real anguish about this decision,” Schneider-Mayerson says of his findings. “While concerns about the carbon footprint of procreation tend to be abstract, anxiety about children being able to lead a good life in a climate-changed future is extremely emotional and deep.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWithout immediate response to climate change, he says, the number of people who are concerned about their children’s future – and will factor climate concerns into their reproductive choices – will grow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPolicy, not population\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut is the number of births the right thing to focus on? There is persuasive research that suggesting that even quite-draconian top-down population control would do little to slow the growth of the Earth’s population, or to mitigate climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBetsy Hartmann, professor emerita of development studies at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, and author of The America Syndrome: Apocalypse, War, and Our Call to Greatness, agrees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Birth rates are already declining around the globe, with average family size around 2.5 children. In the few places where birth rates remain relatively high, such as in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, per capita carbon emissions are among the lowest in the world. … Instead of focusing on women’s reproduction, the urgent challenge of climate change requires tackling the real culprits such as fossil fuel companies and the powerful political and military interests who support them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, a 2017 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4246304\u002F\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences modelled various anti-natalist policies and their outcomes, including a global one-child policy, and found that “even a rapid transition to a worldwide one-child policy leads to a population similar to today’s by 2100”. The authors conclude that policies and technology that limit resource consumption would make a far greater, more immediate impact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The future is so incredibly uncertain… that it’s really terrifying to contemplate the prospect of kids you have or kids you might have – Meghan Kallman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is precisely why many of the organisations that have sprung up to address the link between procreation and climate are focused on enacting policy changes to lower global emissions, and not on population control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo such organisations, Conceivable Future and BirthStrike, argue that concerns around climate are constraining reproductive choices of climate-conscious young people. These groups encourage people all over the world to share their stories of reproductive uncertainty, and seek to mobilise a generation of would-be parents to push for climate action by advocating for the right to make reproductive choices in a world less beset by environmental disaster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The challenges facing people that we’ve heard run the spectrum from, ‘What harm will my child do to the world?’, to, ‘What sort of harm will a hotter and more violent, less stable world do to my child?’,” says Meghan Kallman, co-founder of Conceivable Future. “The future is so incredibly uncertain… that it’s really terrifying to contemplate the prospect of kids you have or kids you might have.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELaunched at the end of 2014, Conceivable Future hosts a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fconceivablefuture.org\u002Ftestify\"\u003Ewebsite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E where people around the world can offer testimonials about their concerns over climate and parenting. The organisation also hosts house parties around the world for interested people — parents and non-parents alike — to discuss their concerns. Co-founder Josephine Ferorelli refers to these parties as “an open-source tool that people can use to have this conversation in their own communities”, and estimates that Conceivable Future has hosted or facilitated around 50 such meet-ups over the past few years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe point isn’t to be prescriptive, but to facilitate dialogue. “The end goal isn’t more kids or fewer kids or anything like that,” Kallman says, “the end goal is a healthier world where we can all make decisions that are healthy for us.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageCaption":"Blythe Pepino founded BirthStrike, an organisation in which most members have declared intent to be child-free until the future of the planet is improved (Credit: Kay Michael)","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUK-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbirthstrike.tumblr.com\"\u003EBirthStrike\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shares the goal of shifting the focus from population to carbon divestment and related policy action. Blythe Pepino, an activist and musician who founded BirthStrike at the end of 2018, says the group aims to push governments and corporations to drastically lower emissions while offering better humanitarian support to would-be mothers by “raising our voices about our decision and using that unusual decision to create that pressure”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBirthStrike’s goal is staunchly not population-focused, but rather to mobilise people around climate by focusing on the deeply personal choice of procreation. Most members of the organisation have declared their intent to be child-free until the future of the planet is more promising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat happens next?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn all of the haze of the future, it’s clear that for many couples there’s no easy answer about whether or not to have children. Conceivable Future’s Ferorelli agrees: “We are trying to help people come together and start talking with other people because it’s only by coming together that anything resembling a solution begins to arise,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven many of the people engaged in these conversations – with global groups or on their own – are stopping short of taking an absolute position on having kids.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBirthStrike founder Pepino, now 33, says that in her 20s she’d been thinking about going childless, but adds that things are different now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I feel content with our decision to forgo bringing more humans into the world – Brandalyn Bickner","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I did a full swing on that when I met my partner,” Pepino says. The couple is now likely to have children, she says, but may adopt since Pepino wouldn’t have a biological child until the world sees “true decarbonisation, which would have to go hand in hand with de-growth [and] the reduction of consumption and extraction and destruction of natural habitats”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill she says of the decision to have kids, “I would lie if I said that it wasn’t up and down for me”.\u003Cspan\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBickner and Morgan are in a similar position. “We’re both open to fostering and possibly adoption in the future under the right circumstances,” says Bickner, “but I feel content with our decision to forgo bringing more humans into the world.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change-12"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-01T15:48:37Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The couples rethinking kids because of climate change","headlineShort":"Child-free because of climate fears","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In the age of climate crisis, childbearing has become a fraught question for couples around the globe.","summaryShort":"In the age of climate change, childbearing is a fraught question for some","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-30T19:40:35.059704Z","entity":"article","guid":"c639cbd8-af64-49cd-af71-8e841e951d97","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-01T17:45:57.694812Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190920-the-couples-reconsidering-kids-because-of-climate-change","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559958},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de44a5","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Local officials often have a short-term interest in designing cities for high-spending adults, not families.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I was never a country person. I always thought that I would live in the city for my whole life,” Jennifer Weedon Palazzo, 42, says from her rural home in the US state of Massachusetts. Occasionally, the cofounder of mum-centric comedy video site MomCave is interrupted by her four-year-old daughter requesting a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor 15 years, Palazzo lived in a rent-controlled New York City apartment with her husband Evan and, eventually, their son (now aged nine). Even though all three shared a one-bedroom space, with their son’s bed about a foot away from his parents’, Palazzo was determined to stay in Manhattan. As an actor and occasional shoe model, her opportunities were mainly in the city.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut once the rent-control period ended, it no longer made financial sense for the family to stay. It wasn’t just that the rent had nearly tripled. The couple couldn’t afford many things including a permanent parking space for their car, which was essential for driving their son around; they’d sometimes drive in circles for two hours hunting for street parking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey had also begun trying for a second child, so space was increasingly a concern. Looking at other homes, “we were just getting tiny places that were further and further away”, with little access to outdoor space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter some heavy spread-sheeting and budgeting, the couple decided to leave the city. Palazzo pivoted by focusing less on acting and doing more remote-friendly creative work like video editing; Evan is a jazz musician whose profession travels more easily. She is surprised by how happy she is living in the country, and seeing how well her kids have adapted. At first her son could barely climb monkey bars; now, he springs up trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, despite liking her new lifestyle, she is a city lover at heart – and plenty of families like hers are finding city centres less and less viable for them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe decline of children in ‘winner-take-all’ cities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInfluential, ‘winner-takes-all’ cities are increasingly attracting high-earning, over-working professionals who don’t have the time, money or interest to start families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnited States Census analysis shows that in high-density American cities, rich, white, child-free college graduates are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fideas\u002Farchive\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fwhere-have-all-the-children-gone\u002F594133\u002F\"\u003Ethe fastest-growing demographic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For example, painfully expensive, start-up-centric San Francisco has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2017\u002F01\u002F21\u002Fus\u002Fsan-francisco-children.html\"\u003Ethe smallest proportion of children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (13%) among the 100 largest cities in the US, nearly half of the nationwide average of 23%. Its proportion of children has almost halved since 1970.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are plenty of reasons for the overall decline of children in large cities, including the fact that residents of many nations, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqz.com\u002F1099800\u002Faverage-size-of-a-us-family-from-1850-to-the-present\u002F\"\u003Eincluding Americans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, are having fewer kids in general.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some Finnish cities are shutting down playgrounds so that they don’t have to make the investments needed to meet the latest safety standards","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMichael Seman, who researches arts management and urban planning at Colorado State University, points to other factors including “immigrants choosing the suburbs over the city core, and the continuing choice for young urban families to opt for the suburbs due to higher-performing schools, larger homes and more flexible work options”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECrucial among these is affordability – or lack thereof, what Seman calls “robustly increasing real estate valuations”. Lia Karsten, a researcher of urban geography and families at the University of Amsterdam, says that families started leaving inner cities in large numbers again as recently as two or three years ago. (There were exceptions, for instance, in Berlin and certain neighbourhoods in Paris.) This time they weren’t choosing to because of an idyllic suburban vision, but rather because they could no longer afford to stay.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe cost of being child-friendly\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may seem that a city’s affordability for families is just a matter of market forces. Yet specific policies shape whether or not city life is within reach.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough it’s difficult to pinpoint exactly how much a family costs a city, it’s generally more than single- or child-free citizens. Some city officials argue that it makes more economic sense to prioritise citizens without children, who bring a net economic gain to a city, over families, who bring a net loss. After all, kids don’t make big purchases or pay taxes on their own, and schools can be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fstoryline\u002Fwp\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F19\u002Fits-hard-to-build-cities-for-kids-but-do-they-really-need-them\u002F\"\u003Ethe biggest expense for local governments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, closures of public schools are one effect of gentrification. A telling example from Philadelphia is of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.alternet.org\u002F2016\u002F04\u002Fdevastating-impact-school-closures-students-and-communities\u002F\"\u003Etechnical high school being shuttered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and turned into a high-end pop-up restaurant. Likewise, some Finnish cities are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhowwegettonext.com\u002Fthe-world-has-a-playground-deficit-8f6678ebc83c\"\u003Eshutting down playgrounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E so that they don’t have to make the investments needed to meet the latest safety standards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccessible housing is also key to enabling families to subsist in cities, yet many bigger cities lack affordable multi-bedroom homes. It’s been estimated that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.governing.com\u002Ftopics\u002Furban\u002Fgov-urban-affordable-housing-families.html\"\u003Ejust 5% of market-rate homes for rent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in large US cities have at least three bedrooms – and in places such as Los Angeles, most \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.governing.com\u002Ftopics\u002Furban\u002Fgov-urban-affordable-housing-families.html\"\u003Emedian-earning households\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can’t afford the multi-bedroom homes available. Even in cities with more family-suitable homes, such as Amsterdam, the properties are often subdivided into individual units for rent to singletons and the child-free (a controversial practice known in Dutch as ‘verkamering’). This is lucrative for developers and landlords, who can earn more from additional housing units squeezed into the same space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne way that Amsterdam has responded to the space crunch is by building high-rise towers. But Karsten, who has lived in Amsterdam’s Middenmeer neighbourhood with her family for decades, argues that a high-rise is often not very family-friendly. Her research shows that even in Hong Kong, where it’s common for families to live in tall buildings, families complain about these structures, which have less noise insulation and outdoor space than detached homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis doesn’t mean that high-rises can never work for families. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fhousing-network\u002F2013\u002Fsep\u002F30\u002Fsuccessful-high-rise-gardens-streets\"\u003ESome residential towers in Singapore\u003C\u002Fa\u003E boast kid-friendly play areas and rooftop gardens, suggesting that there’s room to think creatively about different kinds of housing arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKarsten acknowledges the limited research in this area as well as the difficulties of meeting diverse housing needs within a large city. “It’s very easy actually to build or to provide housing for single adults. They can survive everywhere,” she says, “while it is much more challenging to make neighbourhoods and housing family-friendly and accessible for children.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome cities are bucking the trends, however. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvancouver.ca\u002Fpeople-programs\u002Fhousing-options-for-families.aspx#targetText=A%20minimum%20of%2010%25%20three,of%2025%25%20two%2Dbedroom%20units\"\u003EVancouver requires a certain proportion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of new housing developments to include multi-bedroom units. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frethinkingchildhood.com\u002F2018\u002F04\u002F26\u002Frotterdam-child-friendly-city-urban-planning-gentrification\u002F\"\u003ERotterdam has been praised\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for widening pavements and establishing more family-friendly housing. But these policies are far from universal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho can actually thrive?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs ever, the wealthy are somewhat insulated from a lack of support for families. City centres have different concentrations of amenities catering to families and children, but they may not be affordable for all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPalazzo observed that ethnically diverse Manhattan had become less and less economically diverse over the 15 years she’d lived there – and, subsequently, less accessible. Now, she says, “there are a lot of businesses catering to children, but they’re expensive”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s telling that the families that do remain in San Francisco tend to be affluent, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2017\u002F01\u002F21\u002Fus\u002Fsan-francisco-children.html\"\u003E30% of their kids attending private school\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As the movements of middle-class families often are about going where the high-quality schools are, San Francisco’s ‘yupps’ (young urban professional parents) can afford to stay in place and take advantage of private services.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some city officials argue that it makes more economic sense to prioritise citizens without children, who bring a net economic gain to a city","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome residents also \u003Cem\u003Ewant\u003C\u002Fem\u003E to keep things adult-only. Amy Beins, 32, and her husband, who both left Seattle recently, love child-free spaces. Beins is not anti-kids, and also wants safe streets, parks and nice homes just like families do. But she says she “would likely pay extra to live in a child-free apartment community than one with children”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECreating adult-centric spaces for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170814-how-to-say-no-at-work-when-you-dont-have-kids\"\u003Eadults like Beins\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is smart business for many trend-setting cities, which are seeing a flowering of shops and industries that provide a dazzling array of leisure options. Think escape rooms instead of soft play centres; video-game bars instead of arcades; and doggy day cares instead of the kiddie kind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut although it’s good business to cater to young singles, cities need to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fs3.amazonaws.com\u002Fmildredwarner.org\u002Fattachments\u002F000\u002F000\u002F175\u002Foriginal\u002F7520b55f4bdb242b75aff5a8f40016f2\"\u003Esupport young workforces and intergenerational relationships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if they want to thrive long term.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor instance, cramped, short-stay housing is suitable for students and transient people, but doesn’t incentivise residents to stick around and make lasting improvements to their neighbourhoods – or pay taxes and spend money in cities. In fact, US cities with families \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fs3.amazonaws.com\u002Fmildredwarner.org\u002Fattachments\u002F000\u002F000\u002F175\u002Foriginal\u002F7520b55f4bdb242b75aff5a8f40016f2\"\u003Eenjoy higher economic growth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One reason is that they have a more solid long-term economic foundation than fickle industries catering to young singles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother less tangible benefit is what Karsten calls “roots and remembering”, or the value of having residents rooted in a city, who grew up there and can tell the story of its change over time. This brings other gains, too; in a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifa-fiv.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2015\u002F03\u002F1-Family-Friendly-Communities.pdf\"\u003E2008 survey of US planners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 90% agreed that communities who kept residents for the whole life cycle were more vibrant.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGains in women’s empowerment may also be reversed if families are forced back to the suburbs. “For many women and children alike, movement to the suburbs would mean that they fall back again to some form of traditional diffusion of tasks,” Karsten argues. This is because many \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Ftesg.12055\"\u003Ewomen’s rise in the workforce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E through the mid-1990s was partly made possible by returning to denser cities for convenience. But it may be harder to be a working parent if more time must be spent travelling to school, work and other necessary locations. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, yes, it’s challenging to plan a city that works for all of its inhabitants. But, in the end, it’s also critical for economic stability, for gender equality, and for all those harder-to-define qualities that make a city more than just a dormitory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families-11"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-17T19:05:55Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The major cities being designed without children in mind","headlineShort":"The family-unfriendly future of cities","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Local officials often have a short-term interest in designing cities for high-spending adults, not families.","summaryShort":"Why some cities don’t mind that it’s too expensive for families to stay","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-16T19:46:46.747761Z","entity":"article","guid":"472e40f6-f62d-47b0-b6fc-851fc41a2e34","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families","modifiedDateTime":"2019-09-30T21:16:13.978153Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190910-the-major-cities-being-designed-for-adults-not-families","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559960},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de43d4","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Could you live an hour from your spouse? The disproportionately expensive housing market in Hong Kong is forcing families to live separately – with few remedies in sight.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELam Lok and Jason Chau fell in love when they were working at Disneyland in the summer of 2012. He noticed her outgoing personality and she, his strong back. He asked her out to dinner. She said yes. Three years later, they got married and had a child. But, unlike their romance, their living arrangement is far from a fairy tale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELok, 31, lives with her parents in North Point, in Hong Kong Island’s Eastern District. It is more than an hour away from the island of Tsing Yi, where 35-year-old Chau lives with his parents. Their three-year-old daughter, Yu, spends Monday to Thursday with Lok and the weekend at Chau’s. They can’t move in together in one of their family homes, Lok says, because the bedroom space is simply too small for two adults and a child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We sometimes have doubts about the marriage because living apart makes us feel like we are still single – Lam Lok","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I couldn’t bear it at the beginning. We sometimes have doubts about the marriage because living apart makes us feel like we are still single,” Lok says. “It took us over a year to get used to this living arrangement.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first month after Yu was born, Lok had a tough time taking care of her, even with Lok’s mother’s help. “My husband couldn’t share the workload of raising Yu as he lives too far away. We also couldn’t watch Yu grow together,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf this situation sounds like an anomaly, it’s actually becoming surprisingly common in Hong Kong’s ultra-unaffordable housing market. Lok and Chau are among a growing number of couples who are finding themselves priced out of sharing a home together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHigh prices, low expectations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENearly one in 10 married couples in Hong Kong are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk\u002Fdata\u002F16BC_Youth_report_2018.02.12.pdf\"\u003Enot living with their spouses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And of those who do, upwards of 12% of married couples aged 25 to 34 co-habit with parents, according to government data from 2018.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELok blamed the couple’s housing set-up on restrictive land-use regulations as well as Hong Kong’s property prices, which have been the highest in the world for nine straight years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the 2019 \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.demographia.com\u002Fdhi.pdf\"\u003EDemographia International Housing Affordability Study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which ranks 309 metropolitan areas in eight countries, Hong Kong is ranked as the least-affordable market. A median-priced house is 21 times the annual median household income; in contrast, a house in the most expensive European market – the Greater London Authority – only cost 8.3 times the annual median household income.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s difficult to afford even a single unit within a subdivided flat, which costs around HK$4,000 ($510) a month","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s difficult to afford even a single unit within a subdivided flat – an apartment partitioned to house more people – which costs around HK$4,000 ($510) a month. Usually it can only fit a bed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk\u002Fdata\u002F16BC_Youth_report_2018.02.12.pdf\"\u003Emedian monthly income\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for Hong Kong workers aged 15 to 24 is HK$10,750, and not significantly higher at HK$21,000 for workers aged 30 to 39. Even if both partners in a couple are earning good professional salaries, “the middle class can hardly expect to own their own home of a decent size”, says Michael Rowse, former director-general of the government’s InvestHK programme.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnger over the housing plight has helped fuel the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-49317695\"\u003Ecurrent protests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E rocking the region. Although the protests were triggered by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-49575381\"\u003Enow-withdrawn extradition bill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as concern over Beijing’s influence and the deadlock on achieving greater democracy, frustration over the government’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Finteractive\u002F2019\u002F07\u002F22\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fhong-kong-housing-inequality.html\"\u003Efailure to tackle inequality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the perception that it favours property developers over residents – plus concerns over mainland immigrants’ impact on housing inventory are underlying factors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELok, a media worker, and Chau, a Disneyland staffer, both make slightly below-average salaries. They do not pay rent to their parents, but still struggle to save money for a home while paying child-related expenses. “We plan to live together, but it’s not possible in the short-term,” Chau says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETogether but separate\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn order to co-habit, many young couples in Hong Kong are looking for alternatives to private residences in the form of public housing. But it’s not easy to get a public flat; due to high demand and low availability, the average waiting time for couples is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.housingauthority.gov.hk\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fpublications-and-statistics\u002Fprh-applications-average-waiting-time\u002Findex.html\"\u003Ealmost five and a half years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As of July, there were 147,000 applicants on the waiting list.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKathy Tam, 28, and husband Louis Lee, 32, managed to secure public housing because Lee applied for the programme in 2012, years before they got married in 2017. “We were sure about each other at the time, so even without a flat together, we decided to get married,” says Tam.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecause Lee thought ahead, the couple lived apart for just a year before being allocated a 21-sq m flat, which they now share with their cat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We were sure about each other at the time, so even without a flat together, we decided to get married – Kathy Tam","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Not living together in the long-term would have made us feel our family was incomplete, so now we are really grateful we can live together. We wouldn’t think about having children without this,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETam and Lee’s reluctance to have children without a shared residence reflects larger implications for the region, because the future of Hong Kong’s population rests in the hands of couples like them. The region has a\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statistics.gov.hk\u002Fpub\u002FB71812FA2018XXXXB0100.pdf\"\u003E low and declining fertility rate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; its birth rate dropping more than 50% from 16.8 births per 1,000 people in 1981 to 7.7 in 2017, according to government data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHong Kong also has one of the largest ageing populations in Asia. The elderly will account for nearly one-third of the region’s population in 2036. If the low birth rate persists, children under 15 will make up just 10% of Hong Kong’s population by 2066.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeeping the spark alive\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDemographics aren’t the only concern when couples live apart, but also relationship fundamentals. How do you keep a marriage healthy when you don’t share a home?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilfred Wong and Joyce Leung, both aged 30, are living with their own families: she, in her childhood bunk bed scattered with stuffed animals; he, 40 minutes across the harbour in Kowloon. They understood that they’d have to wait years until they could live together, but married early this year anyway.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It sounds weird, but living apart can actually keep the spark in your marriage – Wilfred Wong","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWong says the couple text and arrange phone calls and dates to make certain they stay close. “It sounds weird,” he says, “but living apart can actually keep the spark in your marriage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, Lok and Chau go on dates and trips to Japan whenever their parents have time to take care of Yu. They sometimes spend the night at local hotels, and take Yu to Disneyland for family outings. Each week Chau will try to squeeze in more time with them by walking Yu and Lok home before riding the subway back to Tsing Yi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStill, even as couples find time to spend together, living separately can become lonely – regardless of someone’s age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELoneliness often hits 69-year-old Ma Hoi-shing, a former day worker at a Macau casino. He lives apart from his 62-year-old wife Jin Guo Fei, whom he met while she was gambling. Ma’s home is a 5.5-sq m subdivided flat with no windows, and still costs nearly two-thirds of his monthly government subsidy of slightly more than HK$5,000 ($635). Jin goes back to her home in Hangzhou in mainland China every few months, partly due to her health issues arising from living in Ma’s poorly ventilated flat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s very small and it’s tough for me to live there,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMa has applied for a Hong Kong public-housing flat so both of them can live together in a better environment, but the couple currently only spend a fraction of their time together. Still, despite the difficulties they knew they’d face by mostly living apart, they wed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven in their third year of waiting for a government-subsidised flat to share, Jin says that their lives together are very happy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-09-16T16:14:15Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The married couples in Hong Kong who live apart","headlineShort":"The married couples who live apart","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Could you live an hour from your spouse? The disproportionately expensive housing market in Hong Kong is forcing families to live separately – with few remedies in sight.","summaryShort":"In Hong Kong’s housing market, it can cost too much to live together","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-09-16T02:46:02.574646Z","entity":"article","guid":"590c68a8-e326-4b8b-9b1f-b1a85ad06bca","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-01T14:36:28.195022Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190903-the-married-couples-in-hong-kong-who-live-apar","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559960},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de4a4c","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fzaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"Channelling your inner Muhammad Ali might not always be as reckless as it sounds. Zaria Gorvett explains.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are three chickens, dancing in a line. With their bodies held up by pairs of white-gloved hands, they sway and swerve in time to “Upside Down” by Diana Ross. As their bodies move, their heads remain perfectly still; it’s as though they’re held in place by some invisible force.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENo, this wasn’t a – rather fabulous – dream of mine, and yes, I am going somewhere with this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe hypnotic scene was concocted by the luxury car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz, as part of a viral advertising campaign to promote their new “Intelligent Drive” system back in 2013. It turns out chickens have secret ballerina reflexes, which allow them \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fphysicsbuzz.physicscentral.com\u002F2010\u002F02\u002Fchicken-head-tracking_05.html\"\u003Eto keep their heads stable at all times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Mercedes-Benz wanted us to know that their cars have this “Magic Body Control” too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Though trash talk is usually associated with self-aggrandising sports egos, there are plenty of juicy examples in other industries, from marketing to politics to law","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of their arch rivals saw this as provocation. A few months later, Jaguar released a response: another advert, with another dancing chicken. The puppeteer observes in wonderment, “See, it's just like a Mercedes!” – right before the poor animal is eaten by a jaguar. Among a blizzard of feathers, they deliver their killer line: “Magic Body Control? We prefer cat-like reflexes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough trash talk is usually associated with self-aggrandising sports egos, there are plenty of juicy examples in other industries, from marketing to politics to law. Even ancient kings did it; in one famous example, Philip II of Macedon \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu\u002Fhopper\u002Ftext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0288%3Asection%3D17\"\u003Esent his enemies a message\u003C\u002Fa\u003E boasting that if he brought his army into their land, they would be utterly destroyed, never to rise again – essentially, that he’d kick their behinds. The enemy leaders replied with a single word: “if”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qr0cc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd though it might be hard to imagine a colleague laughing that their pot plant could give a better presentation than you, it turns out that, in fact, this kind of office chat is relatively normal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe latest evidence suggests that these verbal contests have been creeping into the workplace – and they’re far more prevalent than you would expect. Last year Jeremy Yip, an expert in management from Georgetown University, along with researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, decided to find out exactly how prevalent trash talk is among the employees of Fortune 500 companies. They surveyed 143 people about their experiences, and found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0749597816301157\"\u003E61% could remember instances of trash talk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that had occurred within the last three months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E “It’s quite prevalent and quite frequent,” he says. “It’s shocking really.” So how is all this gutter talk affecting people? And should we all be honing our best put-downs?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnlikely motivator\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut first – what actually is trash talk? The researchers defined it as “boastful remarks about the self or insulting remarks about an opponent”. Yip’s favourite example of the latter occurred in 1999, when London was preparing to celebrate the new millennium.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis included the construction of a giant Ferris wheel, the now-iconic “London Eye”, which was sponsored by British Airways. Alas, in the final stages, it became clear that it wasn’t going to be ready on time. Naturally this delighted Richard Branson, the billionaire founder of their rival, Virgin Atlantic, and he arranged for a blimp to fly over the half-finished attraction with a banner that read “BA can’t get it up!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqzrc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo find out if this kind of trash talk might help people to get ahead, Yip and his colleagues invited 178 students to play an online game. Half the students had been prepped with some neutral chit-chat beforehand, while the others were riled up with comments like “hey dummy –you’re going to lose, and you’re going to lose bad…. end of story!!!!!!” They were all informed that if they won, they’d win the coveted prize of $1. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIncredibly, those who had been the targets of trash-talking performed significantly better than those who hadn’t. “That’s interesting because though we tend to think of it as being a way of intimidating another person, and diminishing their performance, what we’re finding is that when you’re the recipient of trash talk, you become extra motivated to outperform your opponent,” says Yip.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Incredibly, those who had been the targets of trash-talking performed significantly better than those who hadn’t","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs Yip points out in his study, the workplace is a hotbed of competition, because this is the natural consequence when there aren’t enough resources to go around. In the world of work, these “resources” consist of bonuses, promotions and places on the most exciting projects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrash talk is just one way that this plays out – but it’s a risky business. “It’s a way of generating instant rivalry,” says Yip. Though you may have already been in competition with your colleagues, a rivalry is an entirely different beast. Now they will be determined to see you lose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother unappetising consequence of trash talk is that is that it leads to dirtier tactics. In a follow-up study, Yip’s team found that students who had been exposed to trash talk were more likely to exploit opportunities to cheat than their competitors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqs59"],"imageAlignment":"right","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe art of distraction\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut before you put down your book of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2016-06-04\u002Fmuhammad-ali-greatest-quotes\u002F7205542\"\u003EMuhammad Ali’s most poetic insults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, trash talk also has some tantalising upsides.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirstly, if you can get your opponent to trash talk back, then it’s possible that you’ll both benefit from the extra motivation it provides. But if that doesn’t work, one major upside of trash talk is that it can be extremely distracting for your opponent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs part of their study, Yip and his team tested whether trash talk would affect performance on a creative task, and found that those on the receiving end of the researchers’ carefully crafted provocations performed significantly worse. He suggests that this might be because creativity is extremely cognitively demanding – it requires thinking about several ideas simultaneously, and then configuring them in a new way – and trash talk makes it harder to keep your thoughts in the right place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When the team asked people how they thought trash talk would affect a hypothetical opponent, there was a sizeable gulf between their expectations and reality","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOddly, this is the only consequence of the technique that people seem to be able to predict. When the team asked people how they thought trash talk would affect a hypothetical opponent, there was a sizeable gulf between their expectations and reality. “We accurately predict that it’s distracting, but we fail to predict that it can be motivating,” says Yip. “There’s basically a failed mental model here.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopencommons.uconn.edu\u002Fdissertations\u002F2211\u002F\"\u003EAnother study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, led by Karen McDermott from the University of Connecticut, confirmed that trash talk can indeed be off-putting – especially when it involves bombarding people with such classic insults such as “Grab a straw because you suck!” – while they try to play the video game Mario Kart. As you might expect, the abuse made the players feel ashamed and angry. This was distracting, and these players tended to perform worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07qqs5v"],"imageAlignment":"left","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETalk yourself up, not others down\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo would this – arguably highly unethical – practice also work in the office? And if so, how could it be deployed most effectively?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETrash talk is a surprisingly understudied phenomenon, considering its ubiquity, and no one has investigated its effects on workers in an office environment yet. However, McDermott is confident that her study provides some clues. “I think to a certain extent these effects would stand up in the workplace,” she says. “I think the element of distraction would be less though, because you’d be trash talked and then go back to your desk and think about it.” Instead, she speculates that the emotional effects of being talked down would linger in people who had been trash talked, and possibly affect their motivation, for better or for worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, McDermott cautions that she had to choose the trash talk in her study extremely carefully. “A lot of it actually involves quite a lot of misogyny and homophobia – it revolves around emasculating people or telling them that they play like a girl,” she explains. “Of course, I didn’t want to really offend people, just to get a reaction out of them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Those considering introducing some competitive repartee to their day would be better off talking themselves up, rather than talking others down","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo avoid descending down the slippery slope from trash talker into bully, those considering introducing some competitive repartee to their day would be better off talking themselves up, rather than talking others down. McDermott also stresses the importance of keeping it playful, and generating a rapport with the person you’d like to begin a verbal battle with beforehand; throwing around insults at random certainly isn’t going to make you any friends, and it might even get you fired.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYip suggests avoiding trash talk among your fellow colleagues altogether – and instead using it to generate a rivalry between your organisation and an outside organisation. “I would say generally there are more negative consequences to trash talk among employees, because there’s a cooperative element to the workplace, where people are interdependent and need to work together on projects,” he says. While one of his studies found that trash talk can make people more motivated in competitive situations, it also showed that people won’t put as much effort into a group project if their colleagues are being uncivil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnecdotally at least, most people seem to know this rule intuitively already, since it’s much more common to find trash talk between “tribes” of people, such as companies, football teams and university colleges, than it is among individuals. “If you have employees at Google and you want to motivate them, you could try to trash-talking Amazon or Apple, and that may promote some of the beneficial effects,” says Yip.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo there you have it. If it’s deployed carefully, trash talk can give you the upper hand in certain situations. But you have to know the rules, or you may end up in court, rather than sitting in a bigger office. In the infamous words of the trash talk king himself, Muhammad Ali, do say: “I am the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fpeople\u002Fmuhammad-ali-quotes-dead-death-boxing-icon-float-like-butterfly-inspirational-a7065326.html\"\u003Eking of the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” Don’t say: “'I'll beat him so bad, he’ll \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsport\u002Fboxing\u002F16146367\"\u003Eneed a shoehorn to put his hat on\u003C\u002Fa\u003E!”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk-16"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Flanguage-matters"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-10T23:36:53.93Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The surprising benefits – and risks – of trash talk","headlineShort":"The upside of bad-mouthing your rivals","image":["p07qqs49"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5da5f2b3e776cea5d8e373b9"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p07qr8cp"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Channelling your inner Muhammad Ali might not always be as reckless as it sounds. Zaria Gorvett explains.","summaryShort":"Channelling your inner Muhammad Ali might not always be as reckless as it sounds","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-11T00:48:05.898328Z","entity":"article","guid":"5f6175e4-2033-45ec-85bd-ee1fae2af516","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-11T02:19:48.69948Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191010-the-surprising-benefits-and-risks-of-trash-talk","cacheLastUpdated":1572169559960},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth","_id":"5da5f21ae776cea5d8de499d","ambientVideo":null,"articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"A high income is a badge of success in many countries, but in Sweden a deep-rooted cultural code called Jantelagen stops many from talking about it.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Stockholm’s richest inner-city neighbourhood, Östermalm, private yachts and floating cocktail bars hug the marina. The adjacent tree-lined boulevard, Strandvägen, boasts some of the most expensive real estate in the Swedish capital, as well as exclusive boutiques and independent restaurants. Nearby, ornate 18th Century buildings house luxurious office spaces and private member’s bars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E The area is packed with people in designer sunglasses soaking up the autumn sunshine. But finding someone who’s comfortable talking about their wealth is almost impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I'm not going to tell you how much I make because I don't know why I should – Robert Ingemarsson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I'm not going to tell you how much I make because I don't know why I should,” says 30-year-old Robert Ingemarsson, who has a senior job in marketing. Asked what he does with his money, he says simply: “I spend it on stocks. I like investing”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVictor Hesse, 24, who’s out shopping, says he’s about to embark on an international talent programme for a major Swedish brand. But when asked about his salary, he says: “That’s classified”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStandard narratives about Sweden tend to highlight its social democracy, high taxes and low income inequality by global standards. But while this stereotype is rooted in facts, the gap between the rich and the poor has been steadily widening since the 1990s. The top 20% of the population \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.oecd-ilibrary.org\u002Feconomics\u002Foecd-economic-surveys-sweden-2017_eco_surveys-swe-2017-en#page12\"\u003Enow earn four times as much as the bottom 20%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoImage":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p07qgy4w","videoImageAlign":"centre","videoTitle":"Young, Swedish and…. rich?","videoUrn":["p07qgx5d"],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Maddy Savage and Benoît Derrier.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA high income is a badge of success in many countries, but Swedes have a deep-rooted aversion to talking about their cash. Our repeated efforts to arrange interviews with young, wealthy Swedes proved tricky; off-the-record, people were happy to talk about large second homes, family yachts, sports cars or champagne sprees in nightclubs, but getting them to formalise their comments was a struggle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I have a feeling that it will come across as bragging, which unfortunately I don’t feel comfortable with,” read one text message that seemed representative of the sentiment felt by many. Others agreed to be interviewed and then became “too busy” or simply ghosted us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why is this? While discussing your wealth feels perfectly appropriate in some parts of the world, why does it seem like nobody in Stockholm is proud of being rich?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe concept of \u003Cem\u003EJantelagen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELola Akinmade Åkerström, an author on Swedish culture who’s been living in Stockholm for more than a decade, says talking about money is “a very uncomfortable subject” in Sweden. She argues that boasting about wealth – or even discussing a moderate salary with a stranger – is such a taboo that many Swedes would actually feel “more comfortable talking about sex and bodily functions”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is a view shared by Stina Dahlgren, a 28-year-old Swedish journalist who spent several years living in the US. “Over in the States, when you say that you're earning a lot of money, people are cheering for you and they say: ‘good for you, good work’. But over here in Sweden, if you say that you have a good salary... people think you're weird,” she says. “You don’t ask about salaries, you don't ask about money.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr856"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Lola Åkerström","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany cultural commentators agree that a large part of the taboo can be explained by a deep-rooted Nordic code called \u003Cem\u003EJantelagen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which promotes the idea of never thinking you are better than anyone else and calling out those who break this norm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Jantelagen is an unspoken societal rule that exists here in Sweden and a lot of the Nordics,” explains Akinmade Åkerström, who explores the topic in her book Lagom: The Swedish Secret of Living Well. “It’s about not being too flashy, not bragging unnecessarily, and it's a way of kind of keeping everybody – for the most part – equal... to remove sources of stress within group settings.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Jantelagen… is about not being too flashy, not bragging unnecessarily, and it's a way of kind of keeping everybody – for the most part – equal – Lola Akinmade Äkerström","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJantelagen – which translates to The Law of Jante in English – takes its name from a rule-abiding town called Jante which featured in a fictional book by Norwegian-Danish author Aksel Sandemose in 1933. But Dr Stephen Trotter, a Scottish-Norwegian academic who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gla.ac.uk\u002Fmedia\u002Fmedia_404385_en.pdf\"\u003Ewrote about the concept\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while he was working at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, says its sentiment has existed in the Nordics – especially in rural areas – for centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Jantelagen is a mechanism for social control,” he argues. “It’s not just about wealth, it’s about not pretending to know more than you do or acting above your station.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a shorthand for celebrating modesty and humbleness, Jantelagen is not dissimilar to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002Fstory\u002F20170607-why-are-australians-so-laid-back\"\u003Etall poppy syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a popular term in Australia and New Zealand that embraces putting down those who are showy about their wealth or status. In Scotland people talk of the ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCrab_mentality\"\u003Ecrab mentality’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – a way of thinking that nods to a crab trying to escape from a bucket, yet being pulled back by its fellow hostages. “You could say that Scandinavia just found a buzzword that fits and sums it up better than anyone else,” says Trotter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet he also points out that the way Jantelagen plays out in Sweden and other Nordic societies is linked to specific cultural norms in those nations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr7t8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Waterfront, Stockholm","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“You can chat about your cabin in the woods and getting underfloor heating and a patio. People [are] not surprised by that – that is a common idea in the Nordics and a lot of people have a second home here,” he argues. “But to say you’d spent the same money on two Lamborghinis – you would probably get a bit laughed at!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAkinmade Äkerstöm argues that while Sweden has fought hard to maintain a global image as a classless social democracy, many Swedes still surround themselves with people in similar income brackets. This, she says, means that the rules of \u003Cem\u003EJantelagen \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ecan therefore shift depending on the company; bragging is more acceptable among those with similar backgrounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Behind closed doors with others of the same socio-economic status, they [richer people] are more comfortable. They can talk about their summer homes or their cars with everybody on the same level.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in Östermalm, Andreas Kensen, 33, who doesn’t live in the area but is spending the afternoon visiting its smart boutiques, agrees that Jantelagenis contextual. “I would definitely tell my friends that we've been out travelling or, you know, show it off on Instagram or Facebook. But it’s nothing I would tell a stranger I just met,” he explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA vocal backlash\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, growing numbers of young, successful Swedes are starting to criticise Jantelagen, and calling for a more vocal conversation about wealth and success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese include Nicole Falciani, 22, who began earning money from blogging as a teenager and is now a major influencer, with 354,000 followers on Instagram. At a glamorous wedding-themed jewellery shoot at an out-of-town allotment cafe, she doesn’t bat an eyelid when asked to tell us her typical fee: around $20,000 per campaign. It’s money she mostly spends on designer bags and travel, having bought a city centre apartment at the age of 20.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr7r3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Andreas Kensen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I would love it if Jantelagen would disappear, because I think that would be so much better for everyone living here... Our society would be much more open if we could talk about money,” she argues. “It's quite a nice thought that everyone should be equal and that we are all the same. But it doesn't work, because if you're working harder than anyone else, then you should be proud of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Our society would be much more open if we could talk about money – Nicole Falciani","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECornelius Cappelen, an associate professor in comparative politics at the University of Bergen in Norway, believes the rise of social media is behind the youth backlash against Jantelagen. He argues that blogging and video-blogging in particular support the kind of “rampant individualism” that promotes standing out from the crowd, which has, until recently, been far less prevalent in Nordic countries than other western nations, particularly the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“More and more people use the term [Jantelagen] as an abuse – especially many young people explicitly claim that they hate the mentality,” he argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr8jx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Nicole Falciani","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAkinmade Åkerström also believes that social media has had a major impact. Since bragging has become commonplace on Facebook and Instagram, Swedes whose personal achievements stand out have started to feel more comfortable making their success public, she argues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There are very skilled, talented people that have been suppressed by Jantelagen, but then they’ve seen mediocre people bragging (online) with confidence.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think Jantelagen is going to slowly fade out because those people that have been repressed will start standing up and saying, ‘you know, I'm good at this!’... And social media also connects you to a wider audience that isn't familiar with Jantelagen.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe author believes that Jantelagen is also becoming less popular due to a rise in immigration. In Sweden, the most diverse of the Nordic nations, around 25% of people were born abroad or have two foreign parents. “What other cultures are bringing in is celebrating your success, celebrating talented people, celebrating skills,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a theory welcomed by Nicole Falciani, who was born and raised in Sweden but has two Italian parents. She says that she sometimes found it tricky to work out which of the topics that she discussed at home or with relatives in Italy were socially acceptable to talk about in Swedish society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p07pr813"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I think it will get better, because we're getting more European, we have more foreigners living in Sweden taking their culture here. And we have a lot of American TV programmes and they don't have Jantelagen at all,” she says. However, she doubts the concept will disappear completely because it is “so rooted in Swedish culture or in Scandinavian culture”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECornelius Cappelen, the associate professor, says he’s also uncertain about the concept’s potential to disappear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Will it stick around it the future? Well, my guess is as good as yours. But I will say this: I hope the nice aspect of it – the modesty code of not sticking one’s neck out – will continue to exist and I hope that the negative aspect of it – ‘cutting people down to size’ – will wither away.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile some immigrants to Sweden say they have embraced Jantelagen\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eincluding 35-year-old Natalia Irribara, who moved to Stockholm from Chile three years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think in Chile we have a really narcissistic society where accomplishments are really important – like academic qualifications, sport, being pretty... the car, the school, the house,” she says. “[Here] we have a model as a neighbour, but they never talk about ‘oh, I was in this magazine’. Another neighbour is a photographer who accomplished great things, but never talks about it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For me humbleness is really important, and the thing I like in Sweden is that with Jantelagen it’s not that important, those material things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional research by Emelie Svensson.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E1. You shall not believe you are anything\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E2. You shall not believe you are as much as us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E3. You shall not believe you are wiser than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E4. You shall not imagine you are better than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E5. You shall not believe you know more than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E6. You shall not believe you are more than us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E7. You shall not believe you are good for anything\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E8. You shall not laugh at us\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E9. You shall not believe anyone cares about you\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E10. You shall not believe you can teach us anything\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"The Laws of Jante","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-jantelagen-why-swedes-wont-talk-about-wealth-19"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-09T21:11:36Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Jantelagen: Why Swedes won’t talk about wealth","headlineShort":"Where wealth is ‘more taboo than sex’","image":["p07pr7xt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. 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