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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1785 treaty between Native Americans and the United States</div> <p>The <b>Treaty of Fort McIntosh</b> was a treaty between the United States government and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa tribe">Ottawa</a> nations of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans (U.S.)">Native Americans</a>. The treaty was signed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McIntosh_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort McIntosh (Pennsylvania)">Fort McIntosh</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Beaver,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver, Pennsylvania">Beaver, Pennsylvania</a>) on January 21, 1785. It contained 10 articles and an addendum. </p><p>In a follow-up to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_(1784)" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)">Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)</a> of October 22, 1784, (at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanwix" title="Fort Stanwix">Fort Stanwix</a>, near modern <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome, New York</a>), where the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca (tribe)">Seneca</a> nation of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> had given up claims in the eastern extension of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> into northern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the American federal government sought a treaty with the remaining tribes having claims in the rest of the Ohio Country, west of the Ohio River. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> sent a team of diplomats including <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(general)" title="Richard Butler (general)">Richard Butler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Arthur Lee</a> to negotiate a new treaty. In January 1785, the representatives of the two sides met at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McIntosh_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort McIntosh (Pennsylvania)">Fort McIntosh</a> at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(Pennsylvania)" title="Beaver River (Pennsylvania)">Beaver</a> Rivers in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a>. Most of the Native Americans who signed the treaty were not actually given authority by their nations to make negotiations, which is why later chiefsquestioned and doubted the legality and moral authority of the land give-away agreements..<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>'s (<a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> strip of territory in the northeast of Ohio, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a>'s (Military District in the central south of Ohio), both states of the Original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> had residual territorial land claims in the Ohio Country and would have to be distinguished from the other Indian Country. At that time, there were no organized incursions yet of the white man into Ohio country. The nearest outpost was <a href="/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville</a> around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry" class="mw-disambig" title="Fort Henry">Fort Henry</a>, across the river on the upper <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a>. The founding of <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta</a>, the first permanent <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> settlement in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a>, was still several years away. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Harmar" title="Fort Harmar">Fort Harmar</a>, the first frontier fort in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, would not be authorized officially for many more months. </p><p>Essentially, the treaty carved a large Indian reservation out of Ohio Country, whose boundaries were the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum</a> rivers in the east, a line between <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laurens" title="Fort Laurens">Fort Laurens</a> and Fort Pickawillany (<a href="/wiki/Piqua,_Ohio" title="Piqua, Ohio">Piqua, Ohio</a>) in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Miami_River" title="Great Miami River">Great Miami River</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Indiana_and_Ohio)" title="St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)">St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)</a> in the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> to the north. Thiis area comprised about 1/3 of the modern day state of Ohio in the northwest, and a wedge of eastern Indiana extending to <a href="/wiki/Kekionga" title="Kekionga">Kekionga</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a>). Areas outside the boundary in eastern and southern Ohio belonged to the white men Americans. The tribes also ceded areas surrounding <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shelby_(Michigan)" title="Fort Shelby (Michigan)">Forts Shelby and Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a> to the far north in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Michigan</a>, to the United States and also searched for and gave back white captives taken in earlier raids along the frontier. </p><p>Most Ohio Country tribes did not subscribe to the treaty, particularly the Shawnee who lost all of their lands in southwestern Ohio. The treaty seeded and led to the later formation of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a> of natives later the same year. Settlers as well as Native Americans encroaching on the boundary line presaged the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> of 1785-1795. An almost identical Treaty line, except the extension in Indiana, was later circumscribed in the later <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a>, negotiated and forced onto the tribes following the conclusion of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_treaties#U.S.–Native_American_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States treaties">List of Native American treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Harmar" title="Treaty of Fort Harmar">Treaty of Fort Harmar</a>, a reiteration of the terms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelands" title="Firelands">Firelands</a>, a disputed region of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> west of the Treaty Line</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Industry" title="Treaty of Fort Industry">Treaty of Fort Industry</a> that acquired the Firelands region and ended the conflict there</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh_(1785)">"Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785) - Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Fort+McIntosh+%281785%29+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FTreaty_of_Fort_McIntosh_%281785%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Fort+McIntosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>Laurence M. Hauptman, <i>Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State</i> (2001). </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh&oldid=1258049901">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fort_McIntosh&oldid=1258049901</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Pennsylvania" title="Category:History of Pennsylvania">History of Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northwest_Indian_War" title="Category:Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohio_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Ohio in the American Revolution">Ohio in the American Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_and_Native_American_treaties" title="Category:United States and Native American treaties">United States and Native American treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1785_treaties" title="Category:1785 treaties">1785 treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aboriginal_title_in_New_York" title="Category:Aboriginal title in New York">Aboriginal title in New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1785_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:1785 in Pennsylvania">1785 in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ordinances_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Category:Ordinances of the Continental Congress">Ordinances of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 22:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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