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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_Upper_Stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_Upper_Stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Exploration Upper Stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_Upper_Stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Block variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EUS_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EUS_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 EUS options </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EUS_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SRB_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SRB_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 SRB tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SRB_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Launch costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_of_core_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_core_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Construction of core stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_core_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_of_EUS_for_Block_1B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_EUS_for_Block_1B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Construction of EUS for Block 1B </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_EUS_for_Block_1B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Launches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_beyond_Artemis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_beyond_Artemis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Usage beyond Artemis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_beyond_Artemis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funding_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Proposed alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Space Launch System</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="نظام إقلاع للفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام إقلاع للفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLS_(codete)" title="SLS (codete) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="SLS (codete)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="স্পেস লঞ্চ সিস্টেম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেস লঞ্চ সিস্টেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_lanzamiento_espacial" title="Sistema de lanzamiento espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de lanzamiento espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سامانه پرتاب فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه پرتاب فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EB%B0%9C%EC%82%AC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="우주 발사 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주 발사 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="स्पेस लांच सिस्टम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेस लांच सिस्टम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Систем за вселенско лансирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Систем за вселенско лансирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="スペース・ローンチ・システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペース・ローンチ・システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Систем свемирског лансирања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Систем свемирског лансирања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_svemirskog_lansiranja" title="Sistem svemirskog lansiranja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sistem svemirskog lansiranja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Space Launch System" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the NASA rocket family. For the similarly-named US Air Force project of the 1960s, see <a href="/wiki/Space_Launching_System" title="Space Launching System">Space Launching System</a>. For Turkey's UFS satellite launcher, see <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Launch System (Turkey)">Space Launch System (Turkey)</a>. For the general topic, see <a href="/wiki/Space_launcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launcher">space launcher</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Space Launch System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_I_Launch_(NHQ202211160017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NASA's Space Launch System launching Artemis I with a bright trail of flame." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Artemis_I_Launch_%28NHQ202211160017%29.jpg/220px-Artemis_I_Launch_%28NHQ202211160017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Artemis_I_Launch_%28NHQ202211160017%29.jpg/330px-Artemis_I_Launch_%28NHQ202211160017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Artemis_I_Launch_%28NHQ202211160017%29.jpg/440px-Artemis_I_Launch_%28NHQ202211160017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="4772" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">SLS Block 1 with the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> launching from Pad 39B</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Project cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>26.4 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost per launch</th><td class="infobox-data">US$2.5 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost per year</th><td class="infobox-data">US$2.6 billion (<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">FY</a>23)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Block 1: 98 m (322 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Crew_Height-1">[a]</a></li><li>Block 1B/2: 111 m (365 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Crew_Height-1">[a]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">8.4 m (27.6 ft)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,610,000 kg (5,750,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">2½ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Block 1: 39 MN (8,800,000 lbf)</li><li>Block 1B: 40 MN (8,900,000 lbf)</li><li>Block 2: 42 MN (9,500,000 lbf)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">200 km (120 mi)<a href="#cite_note-SLS_Lift_Capacity_2018_Draft-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital inclination</th><td class="infobox-data">28.5°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Block 1: 70,000 kg (150,000 lb)</li> <li>Block 1B: 105,000 kg (231,000 lb)</li> <li>Block 2: 130,000 kg (290,000 lb)</li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">TLI</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Block 1: >27,000 kg (59,500 lb)</li> <li>Block 1B: 42,000 kg (92,500 lb)<a href="#cite_note-Cargo-6">[b]</a></li> <li>Block 2: >46,000 kg (101,400 lb)<a href="#cite_note-Cargo-6">[b]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Associated rockets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Comparable</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">LC-39B</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 2022, 06:47:44 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa-blog-20221108-7">[5]</a> (1:47:44 am EST)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of passengers/cargo</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Stage info</div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Boosters (Block 1/1B)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. boosters</th><td class="infobox-data">2 × <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster#Five-segment_booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">five-segment Solid Rocket Boosters</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">54 m (177 ft)<a href="#cite_note-SRBSheet-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">3.7 m (12 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">730,000 kg (1,600,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-SRBSheet-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="at sea level">SL</abbr>: 14.6 MN (3,280,000 lbf)</li><li><abbr title="in vacuum">vac</abbr>: 16 MN (3,600,000 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-SLS_Booster_Development-9">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total thrust</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="at sea level">SL</abbr>: 29.2 MN (6,560,000 lbf)</li><li><abbr title="in vacuum">vac</abbr>: 32 MN (7,200,000 lbf)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">269 <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">s</a> (2.64 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">km/s</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">126 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene_acrylonitrile" title="Polybutadiene acrylonitrile">PBAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate_composite_propellant" title="Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant">APCP</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage – <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System_Core_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Launch System Core Stage">Core</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">64.6 m (212 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">8.4 m (28 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">97,940 kg (215,910 lb)<a href="#cite_note-egs20241002-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,085,410 kg (2,392,910 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>LH2: 144,000 kg (317,000 lb)</li><li>LOX: 840,000 kg (1,860,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-SLSCoreStageFactSheet-11">[9]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">4 × <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="at sea level">SL</abbr>: 7.4 MN (1,672,000 lbf)</li><li><abbr title="in vacuum">vac</abbr>: 9.1 MN (2,049,200 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-RS-25-12">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><abbr title="at sea level">SL</abbr>: 366 s (3.59 km/s)</li><li><abbr title="in vacuum">vac</abbr>: 452 s (4.43 km/s)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">480 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage (Block 1) – <a href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">ICPS</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">13.7 m (45 ft)<a href="#cite_note-ICPS_ULA_Infographic_2021-13">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>5 m (16 ft) (LH2 tank)</li><li>3.2 m (10 ft) (LOX tank)<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">3,490 kg (7,690 lb)<a href="#cite_note-SLS_Specs_SFI-15">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">32,066 kg (70,693 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 × <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">110.1 kN (24,800 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">465.5 s (4.565 km/s)<a href="#cite_note-RL10-16">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">1,125 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage (Block 1B/2) – <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">EUS</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">17.3 m (57 ft)<a href="#cite_note-SLS_Specs_SFI-15">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>8.4 m (28 ft) (LH2 tank)</li><li>5.5 m (18 ft) (LOX tank)<a href="#cite_note-1_year_down,_a_galaxy_to_go-17">[15]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant mass</th><td class="infobox-data">129,000 kg (284,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">4 × <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10C-3</a><a href="#cite_note-SLS_Specs_SFI-15">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">433.1 kN (97,360 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">460.1 s (4.512 km/s)<a href="#cite_note-RL10_Variants-18">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">1,275 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64127" class="extiw" title="d:Q64127">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift</a> <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch vehicle</a> used by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. As the primary launch vehicle of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a>, which took place on 16 November 2022. Development of SLS began in 2011 as a replacement for the retiring <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> as well as the canceled <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> launch vehicles. SLS was built using existing Shuttle technology, including <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket boosters</a> and <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engines. The rocket has been criticized for its political motivations, seen as a way to preserve jobs and contracts for aerospace companies involved in the Shuttle program at great expense to NASA. The project has faced significant challenges, including mismanagement, substantial budget overruns, and significant delays. The first Congressionally mandated launch in late 2016 was delayed by nearly six years. All Space Launch System flights are to be launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">Launch Complex 39B</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in Florida. The first three SLS flights are expected to use the Block 1 configuration, comprising a <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System_Core_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Launch System Core Stage">core stage</a>, extended Space Shuttle boosters developed for Ares I and the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage#Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage</a> (ICPS) upper stage. The improved Block 1B configuration, with the powerful and purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a> (EUS), is planned to be introduced on the fourth flight; a further improved Block 2 configuration with new solid rocket boosters is planned for the ninth flight. After the launch of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>, NASA plans to transfer production and launch operations of SLS to <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Transport_LLC" title="Deep Space Transport LLC">Deep Space Transport LLC</a>, a joint venture between Boeing and Northrop Grumman. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle#Comparison" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Comparison of super heavy-lift launch vehicles</a></div> The SLS is a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle-derived_vehicle" title="Shuttle-derived vehicle">Space Shuttle-derived launch vehicle</a>. The rocket's first stage is powered by one central core stage and two outboard <a href="/wiki/Solid_Rocket_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket boosters</a>. All SLS Blocks share a common core stage design but differ in their upper stages and boosters.<a href="#cite_note-NSFTrades-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSFDual-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF20110616-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsf-20120223-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_stage">Core stage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Core stage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System_core_stage" title="Space Launch System core stage">Space Launch System core stage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg/220px-Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg/330px-Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg/440px-Spacelaunchsystem-enginesection-jan2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>The SLS core stage rolling out of the <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a> for shipping to <a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">Stennis Space Center</a></figcaption></figure> Together with the solid rocket boosters, the core stage is responsible for propelling the upper stage and payload out of the atmosphere to near orbital velocity. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> tanks for the ascent phase, the forward and aft solid rocket booster attach points, avionics, and the Main Propulsion System (MPS), an assembly of the four <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engines,<a href="#cite_note-NSFTrades-19">[17]</a> associated plumbing and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">gimbal actuators</a>, and equipment for <a href="/wiki/Autogenous_pressurization" title="Autogenous pressurization">autogenous pressurization</a> of the vehicle's tanks. The core stage provides approximately 25% of the vehicle's thrust at liftoff, the rest coming from the solid rocket boosters.<a href="#cite_note-ArtDay-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Fact-Sht-24">[22]</a> The stage measures 213 ft (65 m) long by 28 ft (8.4 m) in diameter and is visually similar to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">Space Shuttle external tank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFN20110331-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSFAnnounce-26">[24]</a> It is made mostly of <a href="/wiki/2219_aluminium_alloy" title="2219 aluminium alloy">2219 aluminum alloy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20130218-27">[25]</a> and contains numerous improvements to manufacturing processes, including <a href="/wiki/Friction_stir_welding" title="Friction stir welding">friction stir welding</a> for the barrel sections, and integrated milling for the <a href="/wiki/Stringer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringer (aircraft)">stringers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20160602-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141115-29">[27]</a> The first four flights will each use and expend four of the remaining sixteen RS-25D engines previously flown on Space Shuttle missions.<a href="#cite_note-as-20200502-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF20150310-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA20150302-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> refits these engines with modernized engine controllers, higher throttle limits, as well as insulation for the high temperatures the engine section will experience due to their position adjacent to the solid rocket boosters.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-RS25-CS-33">[31]</a> Later flights will switch to an RS-25 variant optimized for expended use, the RS-25E, which will lower per-engine costs by over 30%.<a href="#cite_note-NSFStennis012015-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-rocket20210329-35">[33]</a> The thrust of each RS-25D engine has been increased from 492,000 lbf (2,188 kN), as on the Space Shuttle, to 513,000 lbf (2,281 kN) on the sixteen modernized engines. The RS-25E will further increase per-engine thrust to 522,000 lbf (2,321 kN).<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20201231-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ntrs-2017-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_Rocket_Boosters">Solid Rocket Boosters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solid Rocket Boosters">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shuttle_derived">Shuttle derived</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shuttle derived">edit</a>]</div> Blocks 1 and 1B of the SLS will use two <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster#Five-segment_booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">five-segment</a> solid rocket boosters. They use casing segments that were flown on Shuttle missions as parts of the four-segment <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters</a>. They possess an additional center segment, new avionics, and lighter insulation, but lack a parachute recovery system, as they will not be recovered after launch.<a href="#cite_note-SFI-20160110-38">[36]</a> The propellants for the solid rocket boosters are aluminum powder, which is very reactive, and ammonium perchlorate, a powerful oxidizer. They are held together by a binder, <a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene_acrylonitrile" title="Polybutadiene acrylonitrile">polybutadiene acrylonitrile</a> (PBAN). The mixture has the consistency of a rubber eraser and is packed into each segment.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The five-segment solid rocket boosters provide approximately 25% more total impulse than the Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters.<a href="#cite_note-NTRS-20120507-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSFHowToLaunch022012-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BOLE">BOLE</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: BOLE">edit</a>]</div> The stock of SLS Block 1 to 1B boosters is limited by the number of casings left over from the Shuttle program, which allows for eight flights of the SLS.<a href="#cite_note-NSFBoosters-42">[40]</a> On 2 March 2019, the Booster Obsolescence and Life Extension program was announced, with the goal of developing new solid rocket boosters for SLS Block 2. These boosters will be built by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman#Space_Systems" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman Space Systems</a>, and will be derived from the composite-casing solid rocket boosters then in development for the canceled <a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a> launch vehicle, and are projected to increase Block 2's payload to 290,000 lb (130 t) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) and at least 101,000 lb (46 t) to <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20210712-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-BOLEProgram-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-BOLEProgram2020-45">[43]</a> As of July 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit">[update]</a>, the BOLE program is under development, with first firing expected in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20210712-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_stages">Upper stages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Upper stages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage">Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg/220px-Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg/330px-Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg/440px-Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> ICPS under construction</figcaption></figure> The Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) is a temporary upper stage for Block 1 versions of SLS, built by <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a>, a joint venture of Boeing and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>. The ICPS is essentially an "off-the-shelf" <a href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">Delta Cryogenic Second Stage</a>, with minimal modifications for SLS integration. The ICPS is intended as a temporary solution and slated to be replaced on the Block 1B version of the SLS by the next-generation Exploration Upper Stage, under design by Boeing. The ICPS used on the Artemis I mission was powered by a single RL10B-2 engine, while the ICPS for Artemis II and Artemis III will use the <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a>C-2 variant.<a href="#cite_note-askins-20205000944-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141030-48">[46]</a> Block 1 is intended to be capable of lifting 209,000 lb (95 t) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) in this configuration, including the weight of the ICPS as part of the payload.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2018_Update-49">[47]</a> At the time of SLS core stage separation, Artemis I was travelling on an initial 1,806 by 30 km (1,122 by 19 mi) <a href="/wiki/Transatmospheric_orbit" title="Transatmospheric orbit">transatmospheric orbital</a> trajectory. This trajectory ensured safe disposal of the core stage.<a href="#cite_note-Artemis1Trajectory-50">[48]</a> ICPS then performed orbital insertion and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Translunar_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Translunar injection">translunar injection</a> burn to send Orion towards the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-SLR-20140527-51">[49]</a> The ICPS will be human-rated for the crewed Artemis II and III flights.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The SLS Block 1 has a conical <a href="/wiki/Frustum" title="Frustum">frustum</a>-shaped interstage called the Launch Vehicle Stage Adapter between the core stage and the ICPS. It consists of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Aluminum-lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum-lithium">aluminum-lithium</a> panels made of <a href="/wiki/2195_aluminium_alloy" title="2195 aluminium alloy">2195 aluminum alloy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teledyne_Technologies" title="Teledyne Technologies">Teledyne Brown Engineering</a> is its builder.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The first one cost $60 million, and the next two cost $85 million together.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploration_Upper_Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exploration Upper Stage">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a> (EUS) is planned to first fly on <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>. The EUS will complete the SLS ascent phase and then re-ignite to send its payload to destinations beyond LEO.<a href="#cite_note-NSFPDR032015-55">[53]</a> It is expected to be used by Block 1B and Block 2. The EUS shares the core stage diameter of 8.4 meters, and will be powered by four <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a>C-3 engines.<a href="#cite_note-NSFEUS-56">[54]</a> It will eventually be upgraded to use four improved <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a>C-X engines.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20210304-57">[55]</a> As of March 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> is developing a new composite-based fuel tank for the EUS that would increase Block 1B's overall payload mass capacity to <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">TLI</a> by 40 percent.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20220305-58">[56]</a> The improved upper stage was originally named the Dual Use Upper Stage (DUUS, pronounced "duce"),<a href="#cite_note-NSFPDR032015-55">[53]</a> but was later renamed the Exploration Upper Stage (EUS).<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_variants">Block variants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Block variants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:80%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Flight # </th> <th rowspan="2">Block </th> <th rowspan="2">Core engines </th> <th rowspan="2">Boosters </th> <th rowspan="2">Upper stage </th> <th rowspan="2">Liftoff thrust </th> <th colspan="2">Payload mass to... </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">TLI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 1">1</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/RS-25D" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-25D">RS-25D</a><a href="#cite_note-as-20200502-30">[28]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">5-segment Shuttle-derived boosters</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage#Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">ICPS</a> with <a href="/wiki/RL10B-2" class="mw-redirect" title="RL10B-2">RL10B-2</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141030-48">[46]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">39 MN (8,800,000 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">95,000 kg (209,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2018_Update-49">[47]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">>27,000 kg (59,500 lb)<a href="#cite_note-SLS_Lift_Capacity-2">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 3">3</a> </th> <td>ICPS with <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10C-2</a><a href="#cite_note-askins-20205000944-46">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Artemis_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 4">4</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">1B </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">EUS</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">105,000 kg (231,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-slsfact-20171011-61">[59]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">42,000 kg (92,500 lb)<a href="#cite_note-Cargo-6">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-SLS_Lift_Capacity-2">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Artemis_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 5">5</a>, 6, 7, 8 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/RS-25E" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-25E">RS-25E</a><a href="#cite_note-rocket20210329-35">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9+ </th> <th>2 </th> <td><abbr title="Booster Obsolescence and Life Extension">BOLE</abbr><a href="#cite_note-NSFBoosters-42">[40]</a> </td> <td>53 MN (11,900,000 lbf)<a href="#cite_note-NASA_2018_Update-49">[47]</a> </td> <td>130,000 kg (290,000 lb)<a href="#cite_note-slsfact-20171011-61">[59]</a> </td> <td>>46,000 kg (101,400 lb)<a href="#cite_note-Cargo-6">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-SLS_Lift_Capacity-2">[1]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLS_Evolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SLS_Evolution.jpg/700px-SLS_Evolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SLS_Evolution.jpg/1050px-SLS_Evolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SLS_Evolution.jpg/1400px-SLS_Evolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of SLS from Block 1 configuration to various configurations</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> During the joint Senate-NASA presentation in September 2011, it was stated that the SLS program had a projected development cost of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>18 billion through 2017, with $10 billion for the SLS rocket, $6 billion for the <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a>, and $2 billion for upgrades to the launch pad and other facilities at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> These costs and schedules were considered optimistic in an independent 2011 cost assessment report by <a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a> for NASA.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> An internal 2011 NASA document estimated the cost of the program through 2025 to total at least $41 billion for four 209,000 lb (95 t) launches (1 uncrewed, 3 crewed),<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> with the 290,000 lb (130 t) version ready no earlier than 2030.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> The Human Exploration Framework Team estimated unit costs for 'Block 0' at $1.6 billion and Block 1 at $1.86 billion in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> However, since these estimates were made, the Block 0 SLS vehicle was dropped in late 2011, and the design was not completed.<a href="#cite_note-NSFTrades-19">[17]</a> In September 2012, an SLS deputy project manager stated that $500 million is a reasonable target average cost per flight for the SLS program.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In 2013, the Space Review estimated the cost per launch at $5 billion, depending on the rate of launches.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> NASA announced in 2013 that the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> will build the <a href="/wiki/Orion_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion service module">Orion service module</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> In August 2014, as the SLS program passed its Key Decision Point C review and was deemed ready to enter full development, costs from February 2014 until its planned launch in September 2018 were estimated at $7.021 billion.<a href="#cite_note-SNDebut082014-73">[71]</a> Ground systems modifications and construction would require an additional $1.8 billion over the same time.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In October 2018, NASA's <a href="/wiki/NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">Inspector General</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> core stage contract had made up 40% of the $11.9 billion spent on the SLS as of August 2018. By 2021, development of the core stage was expected to have cost $8.9 billion, twice the initially planned amount.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> In December 2018, NASA estimated that yearly budgets for the SLS will range from $2.1 to $2.3 billion between 2019 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> released its <a href="/wiki/United_States_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="United States budget">fiscal year 2020 budget request</a> for NASA, which notably proposed dropped funding for the Block 1B and Block 2 variants of SLS. Congressional action ultimately included the funding in the passed budget.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> One Gateway component that had been previously planned for the SLS Block 1B is expected to fly on the SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> rocket.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] On 1 May 2020, NASA awarded a contract extension to <a href="/wiki/Aerojet_Rocketdyne" title="Aerojet Rocketdyne">Aerojet Rocketdyne</a> to manufacture 18 additional RS-25 engines with associated services for $1.79 billion, bringing the total RS-25 contract value to almost $3.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-20200501-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-rocket20210329-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget">Budget</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> NASA has spent $26.4 billion on SLS development since 2011, through 2023, in nominal dollars. This is equivalent to $32 billion in 2024 dollars using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices.<a href="#cite_note-NASAInflationCalculator2020-80">[78]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Funding </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Nominal (in millions) </th> <th scope="col">Inflation adjusted (FY24, in millions)<a href="#cite_note-NASAInflationCalculator2020-80">[78]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2011 </td> <td>$1,536.1 </td> <td>$2,119.6 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2013_Request-81">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2012 </td> <td>$1,497.5 </td> <td>$2,044.6 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2014_Request-82">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2013 </td> <td>$1,414.9 </td> <td>$1,903.2 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2013_SpendPlan-83">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2014 </td> <td>$1,600.0 </td> <td>$2,110.8 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2014_SpendPlan-84">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2015 </td> <td>$1,678.6 </td> <td>$2,170.8 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2015_SpendPlan-85">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2016 </td> <td>$1,971.9 </td> <td>$2,519.6 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2016_SpendPlan-86">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2017 </td> <td>$2,127.1 </td> <td>$2,661.3 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2017_SpendPlan-87">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2018 </td> <td>$2,150.0 </td> <td>$2,623.4 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2018_SpendPlan-88">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2019 </td> <td>$2,144.0 </td> <td>$2,566.5 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2020 </td> <td>$2,528.1 </td> <td>$2,960.7 </td> <td>Actual<a href="#cite_note-FY2020_SpendPlan-90">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2021 </td> <td>$2,555.0 </td> <td>$2,883.2 </td> <td>2021 Operating Plan in 2023 budget<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2022 </td> <td>$2,600.0 </td> <td>$2,775.4 </td> <td>2022 Operating Plan in 2024 budget<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>$2,600.0 </td> <td>$2,666.2 </td> <td>Consolidated Appropriations Act<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th scope="col">$26,403 </th> <th scope="col">$32,005 </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> In 2024, the US Congress approved "up to" $2,600 million for the NASA Space Launch System.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In January 2024 NASA announced plans for a first crewed flight of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a> on the SLS, the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 2">Artemis II mission</a>, no earlier than September 2025.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Included in the above SLS costs above are (1) the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage#Interim_Cryogenic_Propulsion_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS)</a>, a $412 million contract<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> and (2) the costs of developing the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a> (below). Excluded from the SLS cost above are the costs to assemble, integrate, prepare and launch the SLS and its payloads, funded separately in the NASA <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a>, currently at about $600 million per year,<a href="#cite_note-budget-FY2021-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-gsd-pdr-2016-98">[96]</a> and anticipated to stay there through at least the first four launches of SLS.<a href="#cite_note-OIG-22-023-99">[97]</a> Also excluded are payloads that launch on the SLS, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> crew capsule, the predecessor programs that contributed to the development of the SLS, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> Cargo Launch Vehicle project, funded from 2008 to 2010 for a total of $70 million,<a href="#cite_note-auto-100">[98]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> Crew Launch Vehicle, funded from 2006 to 2010 for a total of $4.8 billion<a href="#cite_note-auto-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> in development, including the 5-segment Solid Rocket Boosters used on the SLS.<a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Funding for <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a> (EUS) development </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">In Nominal (millions) </th> <th scope="col">In 2024<a href="#cite_note-NASAInflationCalculator2020-80">[78]</a> (millions) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2016 </th> <td>$85.0<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </td> <td>$108.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2017 </th> <td>$300.0<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FY2017_SpendPlan-87">[85]</a> </td> <td>$375.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2018 </th> <td>$300.0<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FY2018_SpendPlan-88">[86]</a> </td> <td>$366.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2019 </th> <td>$150.0<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FY2019_SpendPlan-107">[105]</a> </td> <td>$179.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020 </th> <td>$300.0<a href="#cite_note-FY2020_SpendPlan-90">[88]</a> </td> <td>$351.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2021 </th> <td>$400.0<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>$451.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2022 </th> <td>$636.7<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> </td> <td>$679.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2023 </th> <td>$600.0<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> </td> <td>$615.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: 2016–2023 </th> <th scope="col">$2,771.7 </th> <th scope="col">$3,127.2 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_plans">Early plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm/220px--Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="180" data-mwtitle="Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm/Space_Launch_System_Booster_Passes_Major_Ground_Test.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>SLS Booster test at <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Orbital ATK</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Utah#Climate" title="Utah">desert</a> facility northwest of <a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Utah" title="Ogden, Utah">Ogden, Utah</a>, March 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/220px--KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm/KSC-20210610-MH-FMX01-0001-Artemis_I_SLS_Core_Stage_Lift_Ops_TIMELAPSE-3278141~orig-trimmed.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Exploration Ground Systems and Jacobs prepare to lift and place the core stage of the SLS rocket, June 2021</figcaption></figure> The SLS was created by an act of the U.S. Congress in the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">NASA Authorization Act of 2010</a>, Public Law 111–267, in which NASA was directed to create a system for launching payloads and crew into space that would replace the capabilities lost with the retirement of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PL-111-267-112">[109]</a> The act set out certain goals, such as being able to lift 70–100 tons into low earth orbit with evolvability to 130 tons, a target date of 31 December 2016 for the system to be fully operational, and a directive to use "to the extent practicable" existing components, hardware, and workforce from the Space Shuttle and from <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PL-111-267-112">[109]</a>: 12  On 14 September 2011, NASA announced their plan to meet these requirements: the design for the SLS, with the <a href="/wiki/Orion_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion spacecraft">Orion spacecraft</a> as payload.<a href="#cite_note-SLSAnnounce-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The SLS has considered several future development routes of potential launch configurations, with the planned evolution of the blocks of the rocket having been modified many times.<a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a> Many options, all of which just needed to meet the congressionally mandated payload minimums,<a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a> were considered, including a Block 0 variant with three main engines,<a href="#cite_note-NSFTrades-19">[17]</a> a variant with five main engines,<a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a> a Block 1A variant with upgraded boosters instead of the improved second stage,<a href="#cite_note-NSFTrades-19">[17]</a> and a Block 2 with five main engines plus the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Departure_Stage" title="Earth Departure Stage">Earth Departure Stage</a>, with up to three <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a> engines.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20120223-22">[20]</a> In the initial announcement of the design of the SLS, NASA also announced an "Advanced Booster Competition", to select which boosters would be used on Block 2 of the SLS.<a href="#cite_note-SLSAnnounce-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Fact-Sht-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Several companies proposed boosters for this competition, all of which were indicated as viable:<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerojet" title="Aerojet">Aerojet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teledyne_Technologies" title="Teledyne Technologies">Teledyne Brown</a> proposed three booster engines each with dual combustion chambers,<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">Alliant Techsystems</a> proposed a modified solid rocket booster with lighter casing, more energetic propellant, and four segments instead of five,<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Rocketdyne" title="Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne">Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynetics" title="Dynetics">Dynetics</a> proposed a liquid-fueled booster named <a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-3#Pyrios" title="Saturn C-3">Pyrios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> However, this competition was planned for a development plan in which Block 1A would be followed by Block 2A, with upgraded boosters. NASA canceled Block 1A and the planned competition in April 2014, in favor of simply remaining with the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a>'s five-segment solid rocket boosters, themselves modified from the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>'s solid rocket boosters, until at least the late 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The overly powerful advanced booster would have resulted in unsuitably high acceleration, and would need modifications to <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">Launch Complex 39B</a>, its flame trench, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Space_Launch_System" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a> On 31 July 2013, the SLS passed Preliminary Design Review. The review included not only the rocket and boosters but also ground support and logistical arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> On 7 August 2014, the SLS Block 1 passed a milestone known as Key Decision Point C and entered full-scale development, with an estimated launch date of November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-SNDebut082014-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EUS_options">EUS options</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: EUS options">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, NASA and Boeing analyzed the performance of several Exploration Upper Stage (EUS) engine options. The analysis was based on a second-stage usable propellant load of 105 metric tons, and compared stages with four <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a> engines, two <a href="/wiki/MARC-60" title="MARC-60">MARC-60</a> engines, or one <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a> engine.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In 2014, NASA also considered using the European <a href="/wiki/Vinci_(rocket_engine)" title="Vinci (rocket engine)">Vinci</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a>, which offered the same specific impulse but with 64% greater thrust, which would allow for the same performance at a lower cost.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a> submitted a proposal to replace the EUS with a cheaper alternative to be designed and fabricated by the company, but it was rejected by NASA in November 2019 on multiple grounds; these included lower performance compared to the existing EUS design, incompatibility of the proposal with the height of the door of the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> being only 390 feet (120 m), and unacceptable acceleration of Orion components such as its solar panels due to the higher thrust of the engines being used for the fuel tank.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a>: 7–8  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SRB_tests">SRB tests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: SRB tests">edit</a>]</div> From 2009 to 2011, three full-duration static fire tests of five-segment solid rocket boosters were conducted under the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation Program">Constellation Program</a>, including tests at low and high core temperatures, to validate performance at extreme temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> The 5-segment solid rocket booster would be carried over to SLS.<a href="#cite_note-NSFAdvBooster022015-102">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems</a> has completed full-duration static fire tests of the five-segment solid rocket boosters. Qualification Motor 1 was tested on 10 March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Qualification Motor 2 was successfully tested on 28 June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_costs">Launch costs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Launch costs">edit</a>]</div> NASA has been reluctant to provide an official per-flight cost estimate for the SLS.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> However, independent agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">White House Office of Management and Budget</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">NASA Office of Inspector General</a>, have offered their own estimates. A White House Office of Management and Budget letter to the Senate Appropriations Committee in October 2019 estimated that SLS's total cost to the taxpayer was estimated at "over $2 billion" per launch.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-totalcost-139">[note 2]</a> When questioned by a journalist, a NASA spokesperson did not deny this per-flight cost estimate.<a href="#cite_note-doesnotdeny-140">[136]</a> The NASA Office of Inspector General has conducted several audits of the SLS program. A November 2021 report estimated that, at least for the first four launches of Artemis program, the per-launch production and operating costs would be $2.2 billion for SLS, plus $568 million for <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a>. Additionally, the payload would cost $1 billion for <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> and $300 million for the <a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">European Service Module</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OIG-22-023-99">[97]</a>: 23  An October 2023 report found that recurring production costs for SLS, excluding development and integration costs, are estimated to be at least $2.5 billion per launch.<a href="#cite_note-:5-141">[137]</a> NASA has said that it is working with Boeing to bring down the cost of SLS launches and that a higher launch frequency could potentially lead to economies of scale, and would allow fixed costs to be spread out over more launches.<a href="#cite_note-doesnotdeny-140">[136]</a> However, the NASA Office of Inspector General has called NASA's cost savings goals highly unrealistic and other potential government customers have made it clear they have no interest in using SLS.<a href="#cite_note-:5-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230608-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg/220px-NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg/330px-NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg/440px-NASA_Readies_Artemis_II_Liquid_Hydrogen_Tank_for_Next_Phase_of_Manufacturing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">Liquid hydrogen</a> tank for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> under construction, August 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg/220px-MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg/330px-MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg/440px-MAF_20210609_CS2_BoatTail2CellA09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6674" data-file-height="4452" /></a><figcaption>"Boat-tail" engine <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> under construction, June 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_(MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_%28MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14%29.jpg/220px-NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_%28MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_%28MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14%29.jpg/330px-NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_%28MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_%28MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14%29.jpg/440px-NASA_Readies_Artemis_III_%28MAF_20210401_ARTIII_ESLift14%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="5464" /></a><figcaption>Engine section shroud structure for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> under construction, April 2021</figcaption></figure> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit">[update]</a>, three SLS versions are planned: Block 1, Block 1B, and Block 2. Each will use the same Core stage with its four main engines, but Block 1B will feature the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a> (EUS), and Block 2 will combine the EUS with upgraded boosters.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-slsfact-20171011-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The ICPS for Artemis 1 was delivered by <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">ULA</a> to NASA about July 2017<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> and was housed at Kennedy Space Center as of November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_of_core_stage">Construction of core stage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Construction of core stage">edit</a>]</div> In mid-November 2014, construction of the first core stage hardware began using a new friction stir welding system in the South Vertical Assembly Building at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141115-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF-20130218-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20160602-28">[26]</a> Between 2015 and 2017, NASA test fired RS-25 engines in preparation for use on SLS.<a href="#cite_note-NSFStennis012015-34">[32]</a> The core stage for the first SLS, built at Michoud Assembly Facility by Boeing,<a href="#cite_note-ST20121227-147">[143]</a> had all four engines attached in November 2019,<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> and it was declared finished by NASA in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The first core stage left Michoud Assembly Facility for comprehensive testing at <a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">Stennis Space Center</a> in January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> The static firing test program at Stennis Space Center, known as the Green Run, operated all the core stage systems simultaneously for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Test 7 (of 8), the wet dress rehearsal, was carried out in December 2020 and the fire (test 8) took place on 16 January 2021, but shut down earlier than expected,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> about 67 seconds in total rather than the desired eight minutes. The reason for the early shutdown was later reported to be because of conservative test commit criteria on the thrust vector control system, specific only for ground testing and not for flight. If this scenario occurred during a flight, the rocket would have continued to fly normally. There was no sign of damage to the core stage or the engines, contrary to initial concerns.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The second fire test was completed on 18 March 2021, with all four engines igniting, throttling down as expected to simulate in-flight conditions, and gimballing profiles. The core stage was shipped to Kennedy Space Center to be mated with the rest of the rocket for Artemis I. It left Stennis on 24 April and arrived at Kennedy on 27 April.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> It was refurbished there in preparation for stacking.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> On 12 June 2021, NASA announced the assembly of the first SLS rocket was completed at the Kennedy Space Center. The assembled SLS was used for the uncrewed Artemis I mission in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20210929-157">[153]</a> The first SLS, for Artemis I, launched an Orion spacecraft into a lunar orbit on a test flight in fall 2022,<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> and NASA and Boeing are constructing the next three rockets for <a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20210719-159">[155]</a> Boeing stated in July 2021 that while the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had affected their suppliers and schedules, such as delaying parts needed for hydraulics, they would still be able to provide the Artemis II SLS core stage per NASA's schedule, with months to spare.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20210719-159">[155]</a> The spray-on foam insulation process for Artemis II was automated for most sections of the core stage, saving 12 days in the schedule.<a href="#cite_note-boeing-20210714-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsf-20210719-159">[155]</a> The Artemis II forward skirt, the foremost component of the core stage, was affixed on the liquid oxygen tank in late May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20210719-159">[155]</a> By 25 September 2023 the core stage was functionally complete, as all sections were assembled and the four RS-25 engines had been installed.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> As of May 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit">[update]</a>, the complete core stage was set to ship to NASA in late fall 2023,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> eight months later than was predicted originally.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The complete core stage was delivered in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> For Artemis III, assembly of elements of the thrust structure began at Michoud Assembly Facility in early 2021.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20210719-159">[155]</a> The liquid hydrogen tank for Artemis III was originally planned to be the Artemis I tank, but it was set aside as the welds were found to be faulty.<a href="#cite_note-highlights-202002-166">[162]</a>: 2  Repair techniques were developed, and the tank re-entered production and will be proof tested for strength, for use on Artemis III.<a href="#cite_note-highlights-202002-166">[162]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_of_EUS_for_Block_1B">Construction of EUS for Block 1B</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Construction of EUS for Block 1B">edit</a>]</div> As of July 2021, Boeing is also preparing to begin construction of the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a> (EUS), which is planned to be used on <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20210719-159">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launches">Launches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Launches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Launch_System_launches" title="List of Space Launch System launches">List of Space Launch System launches</a></div> Originally planned for late 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 1">uncrewed first flight</a> of SLS slipped more than twenty-six times and almost six years.<a href="#cite_note-slips-205">[note 3]</a> As of earlier that month, the first launch was originally scheduled for 8:30 am EDT, 29 August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> It was postponed to 2:17 pm EDT (18:17 UTC), 3 September 2022, after the launch director called a scrub due to a temperature sensor falsely indicating that an RS-25 engine's hydrogen bleed intake was too warm.<a href="#cite_note-sn-20220830-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_20220901-196">[192]</a> The 3 September attempt was then scrubbed due to a hydrogen leak in the tail service mast quick disconnect arm, which was fixed; the next launch option was at first a period in late<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Ian_Update_Sept26-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-SN-20220927-202">[198]</a> October and then a launch in mid-November, due to unfavorable weather during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Ian (2022)">Hurricane Ian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Ian_Update_0924-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF-20220908-198">[194]</a> It launched on 16 November.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> NASA originally limited the amount of time the solid rocket boosters can remain stacked to "about a year" from the time two segments are joined.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20201204-210">[205]</a> The first and second segments of the Artemis I boosters were joined on 7 January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-SFN-20210309-211">[206]</a> NASA could choose to extend the time limit based on an engineering review.<a href="#cite_note-SFN-20210115-212">[207]</a> On 29 September 2021, Northrop Grumman indicated that the limit could be extended to eighteen months for Artemis I, based on an analysis of the data collected when the boosters were being stacked;<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20210929-157">[153]</a> an analysis weeks before the actual launch date later extended that to December 2022 for the boosters of Artemis I, almost two years after stacking.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> In late 2015, the SLS program was stated to have a 70% confidence level for the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 2">first Orion flight that carries crew</a>, the second SLS flight overall, to happen by 2023;<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> as of November 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit">[update]</a>, NASA delayed Artemis II from 2023<a href="#cite_note-OIG-20-018-217">[212]</a> to May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> In March 2023, NASA announced they had delayed Artemis II to November 2024<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> and in January 2024 the mission was further delayed to September 2025.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Flight No. </th> <th scope="col">Date, time (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>) </th> <th scope="col">Configuration </th> <th scope="col">Payload </th> <th scope="col">Orbit </th> <th scope="col">Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td>16 November 2022, 06:47<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> </td> <td>Block 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orion_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion service module">ESM</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">TLI</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Success </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Uncrewed maiden flight of the SLS, first operational flight of the Orion capsule. Carrying <a href="/wiki/Cubesat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubesat">cubesats</a> for ten missions in the CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI), and three missions in the Cube Quest Challenge: <a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a>, <a href="/wiki/CubeSat_for_Solar_Particles" title="CubeSat for Solar Particles">CuSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/EQUULEUS" title="EQUULEUS">EQUULEUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a>, <a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a>, <a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_Miles" title="Team Miles">Team Miles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-F1-1-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-F1-2-223">[218]</a> The payloads were sent on a <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> trajectory.<a href="#cite_note-F1-3-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-F1-4-225">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <td>September 2025<a href="#cite_note-spc.com-20240109-226">[221]</a> </td> <td>Block 1 Crew </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> (Orion and ESM)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">TLI</a> </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Crewed lunar flyby. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3 </th> <td>September 2026<a href="#cite_note-spc.com-20240109-226">[221]</a> </td> <td>Block 1 Crew </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (Orion and ESM)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Selenocentric</a> </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Crewed lunar rendezvous and landing.<a href="#cite_note-sn-20211109-227">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">4 </th> <td>September 2028<a href="#cite_note-sn-20230313-228">[223]</a> </td> <td>Block 1B Crew<a href="#cite_note-nac-20220118-229">[224]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> (Orion and ESM)</li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Habitation_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="International Habitation Module">I-HAB</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Selenocentric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">NRHO</a>) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Crewed mission to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>. Delivery and integration of the <a href="/wiki/International_Habitation_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="International Habitation Module">International Habitation Module</a> (I-HAB) to the Gateway, following by a crewed lunar landing.<a href="#cite_note-sn-20221030-230">[225]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">5 </th> <td>March 2030<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> </td> <td>Block 1B Crew<a href="#cite_note-nac-20220118-229">[224]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> (Orion and ESM)</li><li><a href="/wiki/ESPRIT" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPRIT">ESPRIT</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Selenocentric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit" title="Near-rectilinear halo orbit">NRHO</a>) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Crewed mission to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>, rendezvousing with the first Lunar Exploration Transportation Services (LETS) lander for a lunar landing. Delivery and integration of the <a href="/wiki/ESPRIT" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPRIT">ESPRIT</a> module to the Gateway.<a href="#cite_note-sn-20220120-232">[227]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_beyond_Artemis">Usage beyond Artemis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Usage beyond Artemis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Launch_System_launches#Proposed_launches" title="List of Space Launch System launches">List of Space Launch System launches § Proposed launches</a></div> Efforts have been made to expand the usage of SLS beyond the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> missions to launching NASA's robotic <a href="/wiki/Space_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probes">space probes and observatories</a>. However, the SLS's large solid-rocket boosters have proven to be incompatible with many scientific payloads due to the excessive vibration they generate.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> As of October 2024,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit">[update]</a> NASA has studied using SLS for <a href="/wiki/Neptune_Odyssey" title="Neptune Odyssey">Neptune Odyssey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander" title="Europa Lander">Europa Lander</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a>, Persephone,<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/HabEx" class="mw-redirect" title="HabEx">HabEx</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">Origins Space Telescope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/LUVOIR" class="mw-redirect" title="LUVOIR">LUVOIR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_probe#List_of_interstellar_probes" title="Interstellar probe">Interstellar probe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Initially, Congress mandated that NASA use the SLS to launch the Europa Clipper probe. However, concerns about the SLS's availability led NASA to seek congressional approval for competitive launch bids. SpaceX ultimately won the contract, saving the agency an estimated US$2 billion in direct launch costs over SLS and 1 billion in expenses to redesign the spacecraft to endure the SLS vibratory environment.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> After the launch of <a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a>, NASA plans to transfer production and launch operations of SLS to <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Transport_LLC" title="Deep Space Transport LLC">Deep Space Transport LLC</a>, a joint venture between Boeing and Northrop Grumman.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20220722-247">[242]</a> The agency hopes the companies can find more buyers for flights on the rocket to bring costs per flight down to $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230608-142">[138]</a> However, finding a market for the large and costly rocket will be difficult. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a>, long considered a potential customer, stated in 2023 that it has no interest in the rocket as other launch vehicles already offer them the capability that they need at an affordable price.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230608-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> The SLS has been criticized based on program cost, lack of commercial involvement, and non-competitiveness of legislation requiring the use of Space Shuttle components.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding_2">Funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing two bars on both sides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png/400px-NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png/600px-NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png/800px-NASA_OIG_20-012_Figure_7.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Visual from the March 2020 <a href="/wiki/NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">Inspector General</a> report, showing how NASA used accounting to "mask" a cost increase by moving the boosters (which cost $889 million) from the SLS to another cost center, without updating the SLS budget to match<a href="#cite_note-OIG-20-012-249">[244]</a>: iv, 22 </figcaption></figure> As the Space Shuttle program drew to a close in 2009, the Obama administration convened the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine Commission</a> to assess NASA's future human spaceflight endeavors. The commission's findings were stark: NASA's proposed Ares V rocket, intended for lunar and Martian missions, was unsustainable and should be canceled. The administration further advocated for a public-private partnership, where private companies would develop and operate spacecraft, and NASA would purchase launch services on a fixed-cost basis.<a href="#cite_note-Berger_2021-02-09-250">[245]</a> The recommendations faced fierce opposition from senators representing states with significant aerospace industries. In response, in 2011, Congress mandated the development of the SLS. The program was characterized by a complex web of political compromises, ensuring that various regions and interests benefited, maintaining jobs and contracts for existing space shuttle contractors.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> Utah Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> ensured the new rocket used the Shuttle's solid boosters, which were manufactured in his state. Alabama Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a> insisted that the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> design and test the rocket. Florida Senator <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a> brought home billions of dollars to Kennedy Space Center to modernize its launch facilities.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> Almost immediately, Representative <a href="/wiki/Tom_McClintock" title="Tom McClintock">Tom McClintock</a> called on the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> to investigate possible violations of the <a href="/wiki/Competition_in_Contracting_Act" title="Competition in Contracting Act">Competition in Contracting Act</a>, arguing that the requirement that Shuttle components be used on SLS were non-competitive and assured contracts to existing suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-SFF-20110915-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAB-20110927-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-cstf20111004-257">[252]</a> The Obama administration's 2014 budget called for canceling SLS and turning over space transportation to commercial companies. The White House sent <a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver" title="Lori Garver">Lori Garver</a>, the NASA deputy administrator, along with astronaut <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a> and other experts to defend the proposal, saying the SLS program was too slow and wasteful. However, Senators Shelby and Nelson quickly moved to fight efforts to cut the program and were ultimately victorious.<a href="#cite_note-Garver1-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berger_2021-02-09-250">[245]</a> After retirement from NASA, Garver would go on to recommend cancellation of the SLS.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> During the Trump administration, NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a> suggested to a Senate committee that the agency was considering using the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy rocket to launch Orion instead of SLS. Afterward, the administrator was reportedly called into a meeting with Senator Shelby, who told Bridenstine he should resign for making the suggestion in a public meeting.<a href="#cite_note-Berger_2021-02-09-250">[245]</a> In 2023, Cristina Chaplain, former assistant director of the GAO, expressed doubts about reducing the rocket's cost to a competitive threshold, "just given the history and how challenging it is to build."<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230608-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) noted that NASA had assessed the performance of contractor Boeing positively, though the project had experienced cost growth and delay.<a href="#cite_note-ARS-20190619-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPN-20190619-261">[256]</a> A March 2020 report by <a href="/wiki/NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">Office of Inspector General</a> found NASA moved out $889 million of costs relating to SLS boosters, but did not update the SLS budget to match. This kept the budget overrun to 15% in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year#United_States" title="Fiscal year">FY 2019</a>;<a href="#cite_note-OIG-20-012-249">[244]</a>: 22  an overrun of 30% would have required NASA to request additional funding from the U.S. Congress<a href="#cite_note-OIG-20-012-249">[244]</a>: 21–23  The Inspector General report found that were it not for this "masking" of cost, the overrun would have been 33% by FY 2019.<a href="#cite_note-OIG-20-012-249">[244]</a>: iv, 23  The GAO stated "NASA's current approach for reporting cost growth misrepresents the cost performance of the program".<a href="#cite_note-gao-19-377-262">[257]</a>: 19–20  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_alternatives">Proposed alternatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Proposed alternatives">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine commission</a> proposed a commercial 165,000 lb (75 t) launcher for lunar exploration.<a href="#cite_note-Committee_Final_Report-263">[258]</a> In 2011–2012, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Access_Society" title="Space Access Society">Space Access Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a> called for the cancellation of the project, arguing that the SLS would consume the funds for other projects from the <a href="/wiki/NASA_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA budget">NASA budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SASRelease-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFF-20110915-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPSStatement-265">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a> and others[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] proposed the development of an orbital <a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">propellant depot</a> and the acceleration of the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Crew Development">Commercial Crew Development</a> program as an alternative to the SLS program.<a href="#cite_note-SASRelease-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-HOUSE-20110914-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBA-20110824-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-TSR-20110915-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-TSRHeavy-269">[264]</a> An unpublished NASA study<a href="#cite_note-TMC-20111021-270">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPRF-20110721-271">[266]</a> and another from the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> found these approaches could have lower costs.<a href="#cite_note-SPRF-20111012-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPRF-20100902-273">[268]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a> also suggested using existing rockets with on-orbit assembly and propellant depots as needed.<a href="#cite_note-ULAArchitecture-274">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-TSR-20110606-275">[270]</a> In 2019, a former <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">ULA</a> employee alleged that Boeing viewed orbital refueling technology as a threat to the SLS and blocked investment in the technology.<a href="#cite_note-eric1aug2019-276">[271]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>'s CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> claimed that his company could build a launch vehicle in the 310,000–330,000 lb (140–150 t) payload range for $2.5 billion, or $300 million (in 2010 dollars) per launch, not including a potential <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">upper-stage</a> upgrade.<a href="#cite_note-john20150708-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falcon12412-278">[273]</a> Former NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bolden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlie Bolden">Charlie Bolden</a>, expressed that the SLS could be replaced in the future in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> in September 2020. Bolden said that the "SLS will go away ... because at some point commercial entities are going to catch up." Bolden further stated, "They are really going to build a heavy-lift launch vehicle sort of like SLS that they will be able to fly for a much cheaper price than NASA can do SLS. That's just the way it works."<a href="#cite_note-POL-20200911-279">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austere_Human_Missions_to_Mars" title="Austere Human Missions to Mars">Austere Human Missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism of the Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIRECT" class="mw-redirect" title="DIRECT">DIRECT</a>, proposals prior to SLS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a>, a 2009 concept launch vehicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a>, a 2000s cargo vehicle design for the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation Program">Constellation Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Launch_System" title="National Launch System">National Launch System</a>, 1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn rocket family</a>, 1960s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a>, lunar variant of super heavy-lift vehicle <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_Variations_and_Derivatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Studied Space Shuttle Variations and Derivatives">Studied Space Shuttle Variations and Derivatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The FY2021 spending plan indicates that this is for "Block 1B (non-add) (including EUS)" </li> <li id="cite_note-totalcost-139"><a href="#cite_ref-totalcost_139-0">^</a> See the <a href="#SLS-total-budget-table">budget table</a> for yearly inflation-adjusted figures. </li> <li id="cite_note-slips-205"><a href="#cite_ref-slips_205-0">^</a> <table class="wikitable alternation"> <caption>Then-planned launch date history </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Planned launch date </th></tr> <tr> <td>October 2010 </td> <td>31 December 2016<a href="#cite_note-PL-111-267-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-senatebill-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-PLAN-20161003-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPS-20170517-169">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 2011 </td> <td>2017<a href="#cite_note-CBS-20110914-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-space-20120726-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPS-20170517-169">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2012–August 2014 </td> <td>17 December 2017<a href="#cite_note-TPS-20170517-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 2014 </td> <td>June–July 2018<a href="#cite_note-SN-20141210-173">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 April 2017[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">inconsistent</a>] </td> <td>November 2018<a href="#cite_note-SN-20170413-174">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 April 2017 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-2019-slip-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-TPS-20170517-169">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2017 </td> <td>June 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020-slip-176">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 2019 </td> <td>November 2020<a href="#cite_note-MIT-20191231-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-202104-slip-178">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 February 2020 </td> <td>18 April 2021<a href="#cite_note-202104-slip-178">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 February 2020 </td> <td>Mid- to late 2021<a href="#cite_note-SN-20200302-179">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 2020 </td> <td>22 November 2021<a href="#cite_note-Nov2021Launch-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-SMSR-181">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 2021 </td> <td>December 2021<a href="#cite_note-SFN20210831-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-berger-20210831-183">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 October 2021 </td> <td>12 February 2022<a href="#cite_note-sfn-20211022-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsf-20211021-185">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 December 2021 </td> <td>March–April 2022<a href="#cite_note-nasa-20211217-186">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2022 </td> <td>May 2022<a href="#cite_note-space-20220224-187">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 2022 </td> <td>June 2022<a href="#cite_note-nsf-20220317-188">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 April 2022 </td> <td>23 August 2022<a href="#cite_note-sfn-20220426-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20220622-190">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 July 2022 </td> <td>8:33 am ET (12:33 UTC), 29 August 2022<a href="#cite_note-ars-20220720-191">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 August 2022 </td> <td>12:48 pm ET (16:48 UTC), 2 September 2022<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 August 2022 </td> <td>2:17 pm ET (18:17 UTC), 3 September 2022<a href="#cite_note-sn-20220830-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_20220901-196">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 September 2022 </td> <td>19 September–4 October 2022<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 September 2022 </td> <td>23 September–4 October 2022<a href="#cite_note-NSF-20220908-198">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 September 2022 </td> <td>27 September–4 October 2022<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 September 2022 </td> <td>Late October 2022<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Ian_Update_0924-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Ian_Update_Sept26-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-SN-20220927-202">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 September 2022 </td> <td>12–27 November 2022<a href="#cite_note-nasa-20220930-203">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 October 2022 </td> <td>12:07 am ET (5:07 UTC), 14 November 2022<a href="#cite_note-nasa-blog-20221012-204">[200]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 November 2022 </td> <td>1:04 am ET (6:04 UTC), 16 November 2022<a href="#cite_note-nasa-blog-20221108-7">[5]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crew_Height-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crew_Height_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crew_Height_1-1">b</a> Height measured to the top of the launch abort tower on the crewed variant of the rocket; the cargo variant is shorter. Height varies based on payload fairing.<a href="#cite_note-SLS_Lift_Capacity-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cargo-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cargo_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cargo_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cargo_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cargo_6-3">d</a> Payload mass is for the cargo variant of the rocket, capacity of the crewed variant is reduced. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SLS_Lift_Capacity-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Lift_Capacity_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Lift_Capacity_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Lift_Capacity_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Lift_Capacity_2-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_lift_capabilities_configurations_04292020_woleo.pdf">"SLS Lift Capabilities and Configurations"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Technical+Reports+Server&rft.atitle=SLS+Booster+Development&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.aulast=Redden&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F20150016519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-egs20241002-10"><a href="#cite_ref-egs20241002_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASAGroundSys2024" class="citation web cs1">@NASAGroundSys (2 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/NASAGroundSys/status/1841491155885732000">"The results are in… *drumroll* 🥁 Core stage weighs a total of 215,910 pounds! When full of propellant, core stage will weigh over 2 million pounds. Using the Vehicle Assembly Building high bay crane and a secondary crane, Exploration Ground Systems teams lifted the @NASA_SLS core stage for @NASAArtemis II approximately 6 inches from its current mounts. Teams repeated the lift, weighing the core stage twice to ensure an exact weight reading was achieved"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved 3 October 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+results+are+in%E2%80%A6+%2Adrumroll%2A+%F0%9F%A5%81%3Cbr%2F%3ECore+stage+weighs+a+total+of+215%2C910+pounds%21+When+full+of+propellant%2C+core+stage+will+weigh+over+2+million+pounds.%3Cbr%2F%3EUsing+the+Vehicle+Assembly+Building+high+bay+crane+and+a+secondary+crane%2C+Exploration+Ground+Systems+teams+lifted+the+%40NASA_SLS+core+stage+for+%40NASAArtemis+II+approximately+6+inches+from+its+current+mounts.+Teams+repeated+the+lift%2C+weighing+the+core+stage+twice+to+ensure+an+exact+weight+reading+was+achieved.&rft.date=2024-10-02&rft.au=NASAGroundSys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FNASAGroundSys%2Fstatus%2F1841491155885732000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLSCoreStageFactSheet-11"><a href="#cite_ref-SLSCoreStageFactSheet_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_core_stage_fact_sheet_01072016.pdf">"SLS Core Stage Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220131734/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sls_core_stage_fact_sheet_01072016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SLS+Core+Stage+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fsls_core_stage_fact_sheet_01072016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-25-12"><a href="#cite_ref-RS-25_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocket.com/space/liquid-engines/rs-25-engine">"RS-25 Engine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812044245/https://rocket.com/space/liquid-engines/rs-25-engine">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RS-25+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocket.com%2Fspace%2Fliquid-engines%2Frs-25-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICPS_ULA_Infographic_2021-13"><a href="#cite_ref-ICPS_ULA_Infographic_2021_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ulalaunch/51266939305/in/album-72157690220351103/">"What is ICPS?"</a>. United Launch Alliance. 23 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623140346/https://www.flickr.com/photos/ulalaunch/51266939305/in/album-72157690220351103/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+ICPS%3F&rft.pub=United+Launch+Alliance&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fulalaunch%2F51266939305%2Fin%2Falbum-72157690220351103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/default-source/rockets/delta-iv-user%27s-guide.pdf">"Delta IV Launch Services User's Guide"</a> (PDF). United Launch Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921034929/https://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/default-source/rockets/delta-iv-user%27s-guide.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delta+IV+Launch+Services+User%27s+Guide&rft.pub=United+Launch+Alliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulalaunch.com%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Frockets%2Fdelta-iv-user%2527s-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLS_Specs_SFI-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Specs_SFI_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Specs_SFI_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLS_Specs_SFI_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/hangar/sls/">"Space Launch System"</a>. Spaceflight Insider. 9 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005011936/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/hangar/sls/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Insider&rft.atitle=Space+Launch+System&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightinsider.com%2Fhangar%2Fsls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL10-16"><a href="#cite_ref-RL10_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rocket.com/space/liquid-engines/rl10-engine">"RL10 Engine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183437/https://rocket.com/space/liquid-engines/rl10-engine">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RL10+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frocket.com%2Fspace%2Fliquid-engines%2Frl10-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1_year_down,_a_galaxy_to_go-17"><a href="#cite_ref-1_year_down,_a_galaxy_to_go_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boeing.com/features/2024/02/one-year-down-a-galaxy-to-go">"1 year down, a galaxy to go"</a>. Boeing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421172009/https://www.boeing.com/features/2024/02/one-year-down-a-galaxy-to-go">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+year+down%2C+a+galaxy+to+go&rft.pub=Boeing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Ffeatures%2F2024%2F02%2Fone-year-down-a-galaxy-to-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL10_Variants-18"><a href="#cite_ref-RL10_Variants_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107110702/https://www.rocket.com/space/liquid-engines/rl10-engine">"RL10 Engine"</a>. Aerojet Rocketdyne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocket.com/space/liquid-engines/rl10-engine">the original</a> on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aerojet+Rocketdyne&rft.atitle=RL10+Engine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocket.com%2Fspace%2Fliquid-engines%2Frl10-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSFTrades-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSFTrades_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSFTrades_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSFTrades_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSFTrades_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSFTrades_19-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Bergin2011" class="citation web cs1">Chris Bergin (4 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/10/sls-trades-opening-four-rs-25s-core-stage/">"SLS trades lean towards opening with four RS-25s on the core stage"</a>. NASASpaceflight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716022841/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/10/sls-trades-opening-four-rs-25s-core-stage/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SLS+trades+lean+towards+opening+with+four+RS-25s+on+the+core+stage&rft.pub=NASASpaceflight.com&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.au=Chris+Bergin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fsls-trades-opening-four-rs-25s-core-stage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSFDual-20"><a href="#cite_ref-NSFDual_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Bergin2011" class="citation web cs1">Chris Bergin (25 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/04/sls-planning-dual-phase-approach-opening-sd-hlv/">"SLS planning focuses on dual phase approach opening with SD HLV"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629053400/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/04/sls-planning-dual-phase-approach-opening-sd-hlv/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SLS+planning+focuses+on+dual+phase+approach+opening+with+SD+HLV&rft.pub=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft.au=Chris+Bergin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fsls-planning-dual-phase-approach-opening-sd-hlv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF20110616-21"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF20110616_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin,_Chris2011" class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Chris (16 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/06/managers-sls-announcement-after-sd-hlv-victory/">"Managers SLS announcement after SD HLV victory"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129022555/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/06/managers-sls-announcement-after-sd-hlv-victory/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managers+SLS+announcement+after+SD+HLV+victory&rft.pub=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.au=Bergin%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fmanagers-sls-announcement-after-sd-hlv-victory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf-20120223-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nsf-20120223_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nsf-20120223_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2012" class="citation news cs1">Bergin, Chris (23 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/acronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap/">"Acronyms to Ascent – SLS managers create development milestone roadmap"</a>. NASASpaceFlight.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430013811/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/acronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Acronyms+to+Ascent+%E2%80%93+SLS+managers+create+development+milestone+roadmap&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2012%2F02%2Facronyms-ascent-sls-managers-create-developmental-milestone-roadmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArtDay-23"><a href="#cite_ref-ArtDay_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbaugh2019" class="citation web cs1">Harbaugh, Jennifer (9 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/artemis-day-marks-sls-core-stage-milestone.html">"NASA, Public Marks Assembly of SLS Stage with Artemis Day"</a>. nasa.gov. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206100755/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/artemis-day-marks-sls-core-stage-milestone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <q>NASA and the Michoud team will shortly send the first fully assembled, 212-foot-tall core stage [...] 27.6-feet-in-diameter tanks and barrels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA%2C+Public+Marks+Assembly+of+SLS+Stage+with+Artemis+Day&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Harbaugh&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fexploration%2Fsystems%2Fsls%2Fartemis-day-marks-sls-core-stage-milestone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_Fact-Sht-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Fact-Sht_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Fact-Sht_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813043824/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/664158main_sls_fs_master.pdf">"space launch system"</a> (PDF). nasa.gov. 2012. 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Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FY+2014+Operating+Plan&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FFY-2014-NASA-Operating-Plan-June-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY2015_SpendPlan-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FY2015_SpendPlan_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2015_opplan_update.pdf">"FY 2015 Operating Plan Update (Aug. 2015)"</a> (PDF). NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217224537/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2015_opplan_update.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2017. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101042603/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2020_spend_plan_update.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updated+FY+2020+Spending+Plan&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Ffy_2020_spend_plan_update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> “FY 2023 President's Budget Request Summary” (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 6 June 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/nasa-fy-2023-budget-request-full.pdf?emrc=6661bae2bbd4e">Archived</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606193800/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/nasa-fy-2023-budget-request-full.pdf?emrc=6661bae2bbd4e">Archived</a> 6 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/nasa-fy-2023-budget-request-full.pdf?emrc=6661bae2bbd4e">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606193800/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/nasa-fy-2023-budget-request-full.pdf?emrc=6661bae2bbd4e">Archived</a> 6 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> “FY 2024 President's Budget Request Summary” (PDF). NASA. 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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/nasa-fy-2024-cj-v3.pdf?emrc=6661fb38eb3d4">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716003115/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/nasa-fy-2024-cj-v3.pdf?emrc=6661fb38eb3d4">Archived</a> 16 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Consolidated Appropriations Act, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/JRQ121922.PDF">2023</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619002614/https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/JRQ121922.PDF">Archived</a> 19 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2024-budget">"NASA's FY 2024 Budget"</a>. The Planetary Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240626133609/https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2024-budget">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+FY+2024+Budget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fspace-policy%2Fnasas-fy-2024-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2024" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (9 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/">"NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions"</a>. SpaceNews. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=NASA+delays+Artemis+2+and+3+missions&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govtribe.com/award/federal-contract-award/definitive-contract-nnm12aa82c">"Definitive Contract NNM12AA82C"</a>. govtribe.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930001739/https://govtribe.com/award/federal-contract-award/definitive-contract-nnm12aa82c">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govtribe.com&rft.atitle=Definitive+Contract+NNM12AA82C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovtribe.com%2Faward%2Ffederal-contract-award%2Fdefinitive-contract-nnm12aa82c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-budget-FY2021-97"><a href="#cite_ref-budget-FY2021_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy_2021_budget_book_508.pdf">"NASA FY2021 budget estimates"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+FY2021+budget+estimates&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Ffy_2021_budget_book_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-gsd-pdr-2016-98"><a href="#cite_ref-gsd-pdr-2016_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd_Bg7K6Jt0">"NASA's Ground Systems Development and Operations Program Completes Preliminary Design Review"</a>. NASA. 27 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930001739/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd_Bg7K6Jt0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Ground+Systems+Development+and+Operations+Program+Completes+Preliminary+Design+Review&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dyd_Bg7K6Jt0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIG-22-023-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OIG-22-023_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OIG-22-023_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-22-003.pdf">"NASA'S MANAGEMENT OF THE ARTEMIS MISSIONS"</a> (PDF). Office of Inspector General (United States). NASA. 15 November 2021. p. numbered page 23, PDF page 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115213313/https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-22-003.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021. <q>SLS/Orion Production and Operating Costs Will Average Over $4 Billion Per Launch [...] We project the cost to fly a single SLS/Orion system through at least Artemis IV to be $4.1 billion per launch at a cadence of approximately one mission per year. Building and launching one Orion capsule costs approximately $1 billion, with an additional $300 million for the Service Module supplied by the ESA [...] In addition, we estimate the single-use SLS will cost $2.2 billion to produce, including two rocket stages, two solid rocket boosters, four RS-25 engines, and two stage adapters. Ground systems located at Kennedy where the launches will take place—the Vehicle Assembly Building, Crawler-Transporter, Mobile Launcher 1, Launch Pad, and Launch Control Center—are estimated to cost $568 million per year due to the large support structure that must be maintained. The $4.1 billion total cost represents production of the rocket and the operations needed to launch the SLS/Orion system including materials, labor, facilities, and overhead, but does not include any money spent either on prior development of the system or for next-generation technologies such as the SLS's Exploration Upper Stage, Orion's docking system, or Mobile Launcher 2. [...] The cost per launch was calculated as follows: $1 billion for the Orion based on information provided by ESD officials and NASA OIG analysis; $300 million for the ESA's Service Module based on the value of a barter agreement between ESA and the United States in which ESA provides the service modules in exchange for offsetting its ISS responsibilities; $2.2 billion for the SLS based on program budget submissions and analysis of contracts; and $568 million for EGS costs related to the SLS/Orion launch as provided by ESD officials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Inspector+General+%28United+States%29&rft.atitle=NASA%27S+MANAGEMENT+OF+THE+ARTEMIS+MISSIONS&rft.pages=numbered+page+23%2C+PDF+page+29&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foig.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2FIG-22-003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/345225main_FY_2010_UPDATED_final_5-11-09_with_cover.pdf">"Fiscal Year 2010 Budget Estimates"</a> (PDF). 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SEC. 303 (a) (2)"</a> (PDF). 11 October 2010. pp. 11–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003142/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/649377main_PL_111-267.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020. <q>42 USC 18322. SEC. 302 SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM AS FOLLOW-ON LAUNCH VEHICLE TO THE SPACE SHUTTLE [...] (c) MINIMUM CAPABILITY REQUIREMENTS (1) IN GENERAL – The Space Launch System developed pursuant to subsection (b) shall be designed to have, at a minimum, the following: (A) The initial capability of the core elements, without an upper stage, of lifting payloads weighing between 70 tons and 100 tons into low-Earth orbit in preparation for transit for missions beyond low Earth orbit [...] (2) FLEXIBILITY [...] (Deadline) Developmental work and testing of the core elements and the upper stage should proceed in parallel subject to appro-priations. 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Retrieved 26 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+moon+rocket+rolls+back+to+Vehicle+Assembly+Building+for+repairs&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2022%2F04%2F26%2Fnasas-moon-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building-for-repairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfn-20220622-190"><a href="#cite_ref-sfn-20220622_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2022" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/">"NASA not planning another Artemis 1 countdown dress rehearsal"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+not+planning+another+Artemis+1+countdown+dress+rehearsal&rft.pub=Spaceflightnow&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2022%2F06%2F22%2Fnasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-20220720-191"><a href="#cite_ref-ars-20220720_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/07/nasa-sets-a-late-august-launch-date-for-sls-and-it-may-actually-happen/">"The SLS rocket finally has a believable launch date, and it's soon"</a>. Ars Technica. 20 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720185717/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/07/nasa-sets-a-late-august-launch-date-for-sls-and-it-may-actually-happen/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+SLS+rocket+finally+has+a+believable+launch+date%2C+and+it%27s+soon&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2F07%2Fnasa-sets-a-late-august-launch-date-for-sls-and-it-may-actually-happen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_CuthbertsonVishwam_SankaranJohanna_ChisholmJon_Kelvey2022" class="citation news cs1">Anthony Cuthbertson; Vishwam Sankaran; Johanna Chisholm; Jon Kelvey (29 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html">"Nasa scrambles to fix Moon rocket issues ahead of Artemis launch – live"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829160436/https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Nasa+scrambles+to+fix+Moon+rocket+issues+ahead+of+Artemis+launch+%E2%80%93+live&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft.au=Anthony+Cuthbertson&rft.au=Vishwam+Sankaran&rft.au=Johanna+Chisholm&rft.au=Jon+Kelvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fspace%2Fartemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_Strickland2022" class="citation news cs1">Ashley Strickland (29 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html">"Today's Artemis I launch has been scrubbed after engine issue"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829140305/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Today%27s+Artemis+I+launch+has+been+scrubbed+after+engine+issue&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft.au=Ashley+Strickland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F08%2F29%2Fworld%2Fnasa-artemis-1-launch-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2022" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (29 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/?p=131026&preview=true&preview_id=131026">"First Artemis 1 launch attempt scrubbed"</a>. SpaceNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829160434/https://spacenews.com/first-artemis-1-launch-attempt-scrubbed/?preview_id=131026">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=First+Artemis+1+launch+attempt+scrubbed&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2F%3Fp%3D131026%26preview%3Dtrue%26preview_id%3D131026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn-20220830-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn-20220830_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn-20220830_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2022" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (30 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/next-artemis-1-launch-attempt-set-for-sept-3/">"Next Artemis 1 launch attempt set for Sept. 3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220903145954/https://spacenews.com/next-artemis-1-launch-attempt-set-for-sept-3/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Next+Artemis+1+launch+attempt+set+for+Sept.+3&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnext-artemis-1-launch-attempt-set-for-sept-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_20220901-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_20220901_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_20220901_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2022" class="citation web cs1">Strickland, Ashley (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/world/nasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn/index.html">"Artemis I launch team is ready for another 'try' on Saturday"</a>. CNN. 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Retrieved 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Artemis+I+launch+team+is+ready+for+another+%27try%27+on+Saturday&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F09%2F01%2Fworld%2Fnasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2022" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (3 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/second-artemis-1-launch-attempt-scrubbed/">"Second Artemis 1 launch attempt scrubbed"</a>. SpaceNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20221117061214/https://spacenews.com/second%2Dartemis%2D1%2Dlaunch%2Dattempt%2Dscrubbed/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=Second+Artemis+1+launch+attempt+scrubbed&rft.date=2022-09-03&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fsecond-artemis-1-launch-attempt-scrubbed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-20220908-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSF-20220908_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSF-20220908_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebhardt2022" class="citation web cs1">Gebhardt, Chris (8 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/">"NASA discusses path to SLS repairs as launch uncertainty looms for September, October"</a>. NASASpaceflight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908171739/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceflight&rft.atitle=NASA+discusses+path+to+SLS+repairs+as+launch+uncertainty+looms+for+September%2C+October&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.aulast=Gebhardt&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fartemis-i-update-sept8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2022" class="citation web cs1">Kraft, Rachel (12 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/">"NASA Adjusts Dates for Artemis I Cryogenic Demonstration Test and Launch; Progress at Pad Continues"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912224450/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Adjusts+Dates+for+Artemis+I+Cryogenic+Demonstration+Test+and+Launch%3B+Progress+at+Pad+Continues&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2022%2F09%2F12%2Fnasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_Ian_Update_0924-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Ian_Update_0924_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Ian_Update_0924_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2022" class="citation web cs1">Kraft, Rachel (24 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/">"Artemis I Managers Wave Off Sept. 27 Launch, Preparing for Rollback – Artemis"</a>. NASA Blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135858/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Blogs&rft.atitle=Artemis+I+Managers+Wave+Off+Sept.+27+Launch%2C+Preparing+for+Rollback+%E2%80%93+Artemis&rft.date=2022-09-24&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2022%2F09%2F24%2Fartemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_Ian_Update_Sept26-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Ian_Update_Sept26_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_Ian_Update_Sept26_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/">"NASA to Roll Artemis I Rocket and Spacecraft Back to VAB Tonight – Artemis"</a>. blogs.nasa.gov. 26 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926142032/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+to+Roll+Artemis+I+Rocket+and+Spacecraft+Back+to+VAB+Tonight+%E2%80%93+Artemis&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2022%2F09%2F26%2Fnasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SN-20220927-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SN-20220927_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SN-20220927_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2022" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (26 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/sls-to-roll-back-to-vab-as-hurricane-approaches-florida/">"SLS to roll back to VAB as hurricane approaches Florida"</a>. SpaceNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116232552/https://spacenews.com/sls-to-roll-back-to-vab-as-hurricane-approaches-florida/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=SLS+to+roll+back+to+VAB+as+hurricane+approaches+Florida&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fsls-to-roll-back-to-vab-as-hurricane-approaches-florida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-20220930-203"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-20220930_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/30/teams-confirm-no-damage-to-flight-hardware-focus-on-november-for-launch/">"Teams Confirm No Damage to Flight Hardware, Focus on November for Launch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 30 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006095400/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/30/teams-confirm-no-damage-to-flight-hardware-focus-on-november-for-launch/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Teams+Confirm+No+Damage+to+Flight+Hardware%2C+Focus+on+November+for+Launch&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2022%2F09%2F30%2Fteams-confirm-no-damage-to-flight-hardware-focus-on-november-for-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-blog-20221012-204"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-blog-20221012_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/10/12/nasa-sets-date-for-next-launch-attempt-for-artemis-i-moon-mission/">"NASA Sets Date for Next Launch Attempt for Artemis I Moon Mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 12 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012130404/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/10/12/nasa-sets-date-for-next-launch-attempt-for-artemis-i-moon-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Sets+Date+for+Next+Launch+Attempt+for+Artemis+I+Moon+Mission&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2022%2F10%2F12%2Fnasa-sets-date-for-next-launch-attempt-for-artemis-i-moon-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/08/26/weather-remains-70-favorable-teams-on-track-to-begin-countdown-saturday/">"Weather remains 70% Favorable, Teams on Track to Begin Countdown Saturday – Artemis"</a>. 26 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827132349/https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/08/26/weather-remains-70-favorable-teams-on-track-to-begin-countdown-saturday/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2022. 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Retrieved 6 August 2019. <q>BioSentinel is one of 13 cubesats flying aboard the Artemis I mission, which is currently targeted for mid-2020. [...] The other 12 cubesats flying aboard Artemis I are a diverse lot. For example, the Lunar Flashlight and Lunar IceCube missions will hunt for signs of water ice on the moon, and Near-Earth Asteroid Scout will use a solar sail to rendezvous with a space rock.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=In+2020%2C+NASA+Will+Send+Living+Things+to+Deep+Space+for+First+Time+Since+Apollo&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.aulast=Foust&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnasa-deep-space-radiation-mission-biosentinel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F1-2-223"><a href="#cite_ref-F1-2_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthon2017" class="citation web cs1">Northon, Karen (9 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system">"Three DIY CubeSats Score Rides on Exploration Mission-1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806051921/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019. <q>NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) has awarded rides for three small spacecraft on the agency's newest rocket, and $20,000 each in prize money, to the winning teams of citizen solvers competing in the semi-final round of the agency's Cube Quest Challenge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+%28NASA%29&rft.atitle=Three+DIY+CubeSats+Score+Rides+on+Exploration+Mission-1&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft.aulast=Northon&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fthree-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F1-3-224"><a href="#cite_ref-F1-3_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrane2019" class="citation web cs1">Crane, Aimee (11 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/artemis-1-flight-control-team-simulates-mission-scenarios">"Artemis 1 Flight Control Team Simulates Mission Scenarios"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806051929/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/artemis-1-flight-control-team-simulates-mission-scenarios/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019. <q>...after the Space Launch System performs the Trans-Lunar Injection burn that sends the spacecraft out of Earth orbit and toward the Moon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+%28NASA%29&rft.atitle=Artemis+1+Flight+Control+Team+Simulates+Mission+Scenarios&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Aimee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fimage-feature%2Fartemis-1-flight-control-team-simulates-mission-scenarios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F1-4-225"><a href="#cite_ref-F1-4_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2019" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/22/first-moon-bound-orion-crew-capsule-declared-complete-major-test-campaign-planned-this-fall/">"First moon-bound Orion crew capsule declared complete, major tests remain"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Relief+and+pride+as+NASA%27s+huge+SLS+rocket+finally+flies&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2Fartemis-moon-mission-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIG-20-012-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OIG-20-012_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OIG-20-012_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OIG-20-012_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OIG-20-012_249-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-20-012.pdf">"NASA'S MANAGEMENT OF SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM PROGRAM COSTS AND CONTRACTS"</a> (PDF). NASA – Office of Inspector General – Office of Audits. 10 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828034618/https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-20-012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020. <q>Based on our review of SLS Program cost reporting, we found that the Program exceeded its Agency Baseline Commitment (ABC) by at least 33 percent at the end of FY 2019, a figure that could reach 43 percent or higher if additional delays push the launch date for Artemis I beyond November 2020. This is due to cost increases tied to Artemis I and a December 2017 replan that removed almost $1 billion of costs from the ABC without lowering the baseline, thereby masking the impact of Artemis I's projected 19-month schedule delay from November 2018 to a June 2020 launch date. Since the replan, the SLS Program now projects the Artemis I launch will be delayed to at least spring 2021 or later. Further, we found NASA's ABC cost reporting only tracks Artemis I-related activities and not additional expenditures of almost $6 billion through FY 2020 that are not being reported or tracked through the official congressional cost commitment or the ABC. [...] as a result of delaying Artemis I up to 19 months to June 2020, NASA conducted a replan of the SLS Program in 2017 and removed $889 million in Booster and RS-25 Engine-related development costs because SLS Program officials determined those activities were not directly tied to Artemis I. [...] In our judgement, the removal of these costs should have reduced the SLS Program's ABC development costs from $7.02 billion to $6.13 billion. [...] SLS Program and HEOMD officials disagreed with our assessment and stated the SLS Program's change in cost estimates for the Booster and Engines element offices were not a removal of costs but rather a reallocation of those activities to appropriately account for them as non-Artemis I costs. [...] Federal law requires that any time Agency program managers have reasonable knowledge that development costs are likely to exceed the ABC by more than 30 percent, they must notify the NASA Administrator. Once the Administrator determines the SLS Program will exceed the development cost baseline by 30 percent or more, NASA is required to notify Congress and rebaseline program costs and schedule commitments. If the Administrator notifies Congress of the need to rebaseline, NASA is required to stop funding program activities within 18 months unless Congress provides approval and additional appropriations. In our judgement, using NASA's cost estimates from October 2019 and accounting for the removed costs from the replan, the SLS Program was required to rebaseline when the program exceeded its ABC by 33 percent at the end of FY 2019, an increase that could reach 43 percent or higher by the Artemis I launch date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27S+MANAGEMENT+OF+SPACE+LAUNCH+SYSTEM+PROGRAM+COSTS+AND+CONTRACTS&rft.pub=NASA+%E2%80%93+Office+of+Inspector+General+%E2%80%93+Office+of+Audits&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foig.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2FIG-20-012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger_2021-02-09-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_2021-02-09_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_2021-02-09_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_2021-02-09_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(journalist)" title="Eric Berger (journalist)">Berger, Eric</a> (9 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/02/so-long-senator-shelby-key-architect-of-sls-rocket-wont-seek-reelection/">"So long Senator Shelby: Key architect of SLS rocket won't seek reelection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240828163729/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/02/so-long-senator-shelby-key-architect-of-sls-rocket-wont-seek-reelection/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=So+long+Senator+Shelby%3A+Key+architect+of+SLS+rocket+won%27t+seek+reelection&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2F02%2Fso-long-senator-shelby-key-architect-of-sls-rocket-wont-seek-reelection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation news cs1">Brown, David W. (17 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/science/nasa-space-launch-system.html">"NASA's Last Rocket"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218144333/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/17/science/nasa-space-launch-system.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Last+Rocket&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F03%2F17%2Fscience%2Fnasa-space-launch-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2022" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Christian (16 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/16/artemis-moon-mission-launch/">"Relief and pride as NASA's huge SLS rocket finally flies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207113355/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/16/artemis-moon-mission-launch/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Relief+and+pride+as+NASA%27s+huge+SLS+rocket+finally+flies&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2Fartemis-moon-mission-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(journalist)" title="Eric Berger (journalist)">Berger, Eric</a> (9 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-big-nasa-rocket/">"How I learned to stop worrying and love the big $60B NASA rocket"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726084001/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-big-nasa-rocket/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=How+I+learned+to+stop+worrying+and+love+the+big+%2460B+NASA+rocket&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2F09%2Fhow-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-big-nasa-rocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berger_(journalist)" title="Eric Berger (journalist)">Berger, Eric</a> (10 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/07/congress-apparently-feels-a-need-for-reaffirmation-of-sls-rocket/">"Congress apparently feels a need for "reaffirmation" of SLS rocket"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240827213859/https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/07/congress-apparently-feels-a-need-for-reaffirmation-of-sls-rocket/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Congress+apparently+feels+a+need+for+%22reaffirmation%22+of+SLS+rocket&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fspace%2F2024%2F07%2Fcongress-apparently-feels-a-need-for-reaffirmation-of-sls-rocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFF-20110915-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFF-20110915_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFF-20110915_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris_Valyn2011" class="citation web cs1">Ferris Valyn (15 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006080619/http://spacefrontier.org/2011/09/15/monster-rocket/">"Monster Rocket Will Eat America's Space Program"</a>. Space Frontier Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacefrontier.org/2011/09/15/monster-rocket/">the original</a> on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monster+Rocket+Will+Eat+America%27s+Space+Program&rft.pub=Space+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.au=Ferris+Valyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacefrontier.org%2F2011%2F09%2F15%2Fmonster-rocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAB-20110927-256"><a href="#cite_ref-MAB-20110927_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moonandback.com/2011/09/27/congressman-space-frontier-foundation-and-tea-party-in-space-call-for-nasa-sls-investigation/">"Congressman, Space Frontier Foundation, And Tea Party In Space Call For NASA SLS Investigation"</a>. moonandback.com. 4 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003015106/http://moonandback.com/2011/09/27/congressman-space-frontier-foundation-and-tea-party-in-space-call-for-nasa-sls-investigation/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2011. 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Competitive Space Task Force. 4 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027202313/http://www.competitivespace.org/issues/the-senate-launch-system/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2011. 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January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003032151/https://spacenews.com/38912garver-nasa-should-cancel-sls-and-mars-2020-rover/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garver%3A+NASA+Should+Cancel+SLS+and+Mars+2020+Rover&rft.pub=Space+News&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2F38912garver-nasa-should-cancel-sls-and-mars-2020-rover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoust2014" class="citation journal cs1">Foust, Jeff (3 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/38912garver-nasa-should-cancel-sls-and-mars-2020-rover/">"Garver: NASA Should Cancel SLS and Mars 2020 Rover"</a>. 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ArsTechnica. 19 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190814014100/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/new-report-finds-nasa-awarded-boeing-large-fees-despite-sls-launch-slips/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2019. 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Space News. 19 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003032207/https://spacenews.com/contractors-continue-to-win-award-fees-despite-sls-and-orion-delays/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+News%3A+Contractors+continue+to+win+award+fees+despite+SLS+and+Orion+delays&rft.pub=Space+News&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fcontractors-continue-to-win-award-fees-despite-sls-and-orion-delays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gao-19-377-262"><a href="#cite_ref-gao-19-377_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/699923.pdf">"NASA HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION: Persistent Delays and Cost Growth Reinforce Concerns over Management of Programs"</a> (PDF). GAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003032148/https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/699923.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020. <q>NASA's current approach for reporting cost growth misrepresents the cost performance of the program and thus undermines the usefulness of a baseline as an oversight tool. NASA's space flight program and project management requirements state that the agency baseline commitment for a program is the basis for the agency's commitment to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Congress based on program requirements, cost, schedule, technical content, and an agreed-to joint cost and schedule confidence level. Removing effort that amounts to more than a tenth of a program's development cost baseline is a change in the commitment to OMB and the Congress and results in a baseline that does not reflect actual effort. [...] Further, the baseline is a key tool against which to measure the cost and schedule performance of a program. A program must be rebaselined and reauthorized by the Congress if the Administrator determines that development costs will increase by more than 30 percent. Accounting for shifted costs, our analysis indicates that NASA has reached 29.0 percent development cost growth for the SLS program. [...] In addition, as we previously reported in May 2014, NASA does not have a cost and schedule baseline for SLS beyond the first flight. As a result, NASA cannot monitor or track costs shifted beyond EM-1 against a baseline. We recommended that NASA establish cost and schedule baselines that address the life cycle of each SLS increment, as well as for any evolved Orion or ground systems capability. NASA partially concurred with the recommendation, but has not taken any action to date. [...] By not adjusting the SLS baseline to account for the reduced scope, NASA will continue to report costs against an inflated baseline, hence underreporting the extent of cost growth. NASA's Associate Administrator and Chief Financial Officer stated that they understood our rationale for removing these costs from the EM-1 baseline and agreed that not doing so could result in underreporting of cost growth. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awst/2010/11/29/AW_11_29_2010_p28-271784.xml">the original</a> on 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Studies+Scaled-Up+Falcon%2C+Merlin&rft.pub=Aviation+Week&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationweek.com%2Faw%2Fgeneric%2Fstory_channel.jsp%3Fchannel%3Dspace%26id%3Dnews%2Fawst%2F2010%2F11%2F29%2FAW_11_29_2010_p28-271784.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POL-20200911-279"><a href="#cite_ref-POL-20200911_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-space/2020/09/11/bolden-talks-expectations-for-bidens-space-policy-490298">"Bolden talks expectations for Biden's space policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911163410/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-space/2020/09/11/bolden-talks-expectations-for-bidens-space-policy-490298">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Bolden+talks+expectations+for+Biden%27s+space+policy&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnewsletters%2Fpolitico-space%2F2020%2F09%2F11%2Fbolden-talks-expectations-for-bidens-space-policy-490298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Launch+System" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/new_space_enterprise/sls_mpcv/index.html">Space Launch System and Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle page on NASA.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427020225/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/new_space_enterprise/sls_mpcv/index.html">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/510449main_SLS_MPCV_90-day_Report.pdf">"Preliminary Report on Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Space Launch System" (PDF), NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=73621&media_id=131955371">SLS Future Frontiers video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyondearth.com/">Video animations of mission to asteroid, the Moon, and Mars, beyondearth.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-continues-journey-to-mars-planning">"NASA Continues Journey to Mars Planning", spacepolicyonline.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artemis_program" title="Template:Artemis program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artemis_program" title="Template talk:Artemis program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artemis_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artemis program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artemis_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_missions" title="List of Artemis missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Artemis_astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Artemis astronauts">astronauts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">Gateway Logistics Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Blue Ghost M1</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_program_(original_with_wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Artemis program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/80px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/120px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg/160px-Artemis_program_%28original_with_wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">State Space Agency of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">Korea Aerospace Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">New Zealand Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">Brazilian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Space Commission">Saudi Space Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC-37B" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-37B">SLC-37B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-40" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-40">SLC-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-41" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-41">SLC-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-46" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-46">SLC-46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LC-39A" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39A">LC-39A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC-39B" class="mw-redirect" title="LC-39B">LC-39B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_launch_site" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX South Texas launch site">SpaceX Starbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC-3E" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-3E">SLC-3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC-4E" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC-4E">SLC-4E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Landing_System" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)"> Blue Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Robotic spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C">Nova-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine (spacecraft)">Peregrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Artemis_program" title="Category:Artemis program">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_launch_systems" title="Template talk:US launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch systems</a> developed in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>**††</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus XL">XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SLS</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_variants">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Space_Corporation#Daytona_I" title="Phantom Space Corporation">Daytona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron (rocket)">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SLS</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_variants">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_variants">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 110/120/130/230/230+</a>**†††</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-I rocket">N-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-II rocket">N-II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages</li> <li>** - uses Russian engines</li> <li>† - never succeeded</li> <li>†† - no new orders accepted</li> <li>††† - used Ukrainian first stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Orbital launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">List of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima-1" title="Chollima-1">Chollima-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jielong_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jielong (rocket family) (page does not exist)">Jielong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_1" title="Jielong 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAIROS_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="KAIROS (rocket)">KAIROS</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetica_1" title="Kinetica 1">Kinetica 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SLS</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_variants">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a / STA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b / STB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unha" title="Unha">Unha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone-4M" title="Cyclone-4M">Cyclone-4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#DECA_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Deca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)#Epsilon_S" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies#Eris_orbital_rocket" title="Gilmour Space Technologies">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SLS</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_variants">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Block_variants">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket)">Soyuz-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLM_(rocket)" title="VLM (rocket)">VLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega E">Vega E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#ZERO_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">130</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamant (rocket)">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">I</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">II</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk I">Mk I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIB" title="H-IIB">H-IIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2/2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(rocket_family)" title="Lambda (rocket family)">Lambda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">4S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4S">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3C" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3S">3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3SII" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3SII">3SII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektusan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paektusan (rocket)">Paektusan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-1" title="Scout X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">X-2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2M" title="Scout X-2M">X-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3 (page does not exist)">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3M (page does not exist)">X-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-4 (page does not exist)">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2B" title="Scout X-2B">X-2B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_D-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout D-1">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A-1">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_E-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout E-1 (page does not exist)">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_F-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout G-1">G-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-520#SS-520-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-520">SS-520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">Universal Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500 Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">original</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a>†</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future</li> <li>Symbol † indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_the_SLS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_the_SLS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to the SLS</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orion_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orion_spacecraft" title="Template:Orion spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orion_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Orion spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orion_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orion spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orion_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)#Crew_module_(CM)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Crew module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">European Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Orion spacecraft"><img alt="Emblem of the Orion spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg/80px-Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg/120px-Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg/160px-Orion_Triangle_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Ground_Systems" title="Exploration Ground Systems">Exploration Ground Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Abort_Test_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion Abort Test Booster">Orion Abort Test Booster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Launch System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors or Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Crew Exploration Vehicle">Crew Exploration Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orion_abort_modes" title="Orion abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Launch_Abort_System" title="Max Launch Abort System">MLAS</a> (Jul 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort-1" title="Pad Abort-1">Pad Abort-1</a> (May 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_Abort-2" title="Ascent Abort-2">Ascent Abort-2</a> (Jul 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I-X" title="Ares I-X">Ares I-X</a> (Oct 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Flight_Test-1" title="Exploration Flight Test-1">Exploration Flight Test-1</a> (Dec 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a> (Nov 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Future missions indicated in italics.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Category:Orion (spacecraft)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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