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minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about proposals to federalise the European Union. For hypothetical and historical proposals, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">European Federation</a>. For the political doctrine of European cultural integration, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_values?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European values">European values</a>. For the process of integration in Europe in general, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_integration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European integration">European integration</a>. </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <p>There is ongoing discussion about the extent to which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) has already turned from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederation">confederation</a> (a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political union">union</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereign_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>) into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation">federation</a> (a single federal state with a central government, consisting of a number of partially self-governing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federated_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated states">federated states</a>) over the course of decades, and more importantly, to what degree it should continue to evolve in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federalist">federalist</a> direction. As of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFederalisation_of_the_European_Union%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a></sup>, the EU has no formal plans to become a federation.</p> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:European_Union_Map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/European_Union_Map.svg/150px-European_Union_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/European_Economic_Area_Map.svg/150px-European_Economic_Area_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/European_Economic_Area_Map.svg/225px-European_Economic_Area_Map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/European_Economic_Area_Map.svg/300px-European_Economic_Area_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610"></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Economic_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Eurozone_Map.svg/225px-Eurozone_Map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Eurozone_Map.svg/300px-Eurozone_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610"></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurozone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>Since the 1950s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_integration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European integration">European integration</a> has seen the development of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supranational_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> system of governance, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institutions of the European Union">its institutions</a> move further from the concept of simple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intergovernmentalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intergovernmentalism">intergovernmentalism</a> and more towards a federalised system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> of 1992, new intergovernmental elements have been introduced alongside the more federal systems, making it more difficult to define the EU. The European Union, which operates through a hybrid system of intergovernmentalism and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supranational_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supranational union">supranationalism</a>, is not officially a federation or even a confederation – though various academic observers regard it as having the characteristics of a federal system.<sup id="cite_ref-Built_to_Last_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Built_to_Last-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Multi-speed_integration"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Multi-speed integration</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Present_situation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Present situation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Federalisation_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:College_of_Europe.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/220px-College_of_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/220px-College_of_Europe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/330px-College_of_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/College_of_Europe.jpg/440px-College_of_Europe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="College of Europe">College of Europe</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> was founded after the 1948 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1948)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Congress (1948)">Hague Congress</a>, a pivotal moment in European federal history that also led to the creation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>A Pan-European movement gained some momentum from the 1920s with the creation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paneuropean_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a>, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a>'s 1923 manifesto <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pan-European_political_activist" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Paneuropa</a></i>, which presented the idea of a unified European State. This movement, led by Coudenhove-Kalergi and subsequently by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>, is the oldest European unification movement.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas influenced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristide_Briand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, who gave a speech in favour of a European Union in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/League_of_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> on 8 September 1929, and in 1930, who wrote his "Memorandum on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union" for the Government of France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>At the end of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the political climate favoured unity in Western Europe, seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism which had devastated the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>One of the first practical and successful proposals for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_integration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European integration">European cooperation</a> came in 1951 with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>. Since then, the European Community has gradually evolved to Union in which a whole range of policy areas where its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> hope to benefit from working together.</p> <p>The process of intergovernmentally pooling powers, harmonising national policies and creating and enforcing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institutions of the European Union">supranational institutions</a>, is called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_integration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European integration">European integration</a>. Other than the vague aim of "ever closer union" in the 1983 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration on European Union</a>, the Union (meaning its member governments) has no current policy to create a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federation">federal state</a>.</p> <p>Debate on European unity is often vague as to the boundaries of 'Europe'. The word 'Europe' is widely used as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>, although most of the European continent's geographical area is not in the EU, and some of the EU is outside of Europe (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Guiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>). Most of Europe's people do, however, live in the EU.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Multi-speed_integration">Multi-speed integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Federalisation_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Multi-speed integration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a> </div> <p>The multi-speed Europe thesis envisions an alternative type of European integration, where the EU countries that want a more integrated EU can accelerate their own integration, whereas other countries may go at a slower pace or cease further integration altogether. Specific current examples include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurozone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schengen_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, which not all members have joined.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Present_situation">Present situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Federalisation_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Present situation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="thumb tright" style=""> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:582px"> <div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:580px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"> <span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/580px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="580" height="375" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="780" usemap="#ImageMap_93af16433306266f" resource="/wiki/File:Supranational_European_Bodies-en.svg"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 580px;height: 375px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/580px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png" data-width="580" 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="rect" coords="539,183,568,202" alt="Russia" title="Russia"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="rect" coords="539,214,568,233" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus"></map> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euler_diagram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_European_Bodies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) is not legally (<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_jure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>) a federation, although various academics have argued that it contains some federal characteristics. About how various scholars approach the issue, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R._Daniel_Kelemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="R. Daniel Kelemen">R. Daniel Kelemen</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutgers_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> said: "Unencumbered by the prejudice that the EU is <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_generis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> and incomparable, federalism scholars now regularly treat the EU as a case in their comparative studies (Friedman-Goldstein, 2001; Filippov, Ordeshook, Shevtsova, 2004; Roden, 2005; Bednar, 2006). For the purposes of the present analysis, the EU has the necessary minimal attributes of a federal system and crucially the EU is riven with many of the same tensions that afflict federal systems."<sup id="cite_ref-Built_to_Last_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Built_to_Last-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_H._H._Weiler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph H. H. Weiler">Joseph H. H. Weiler</a>, "Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean-Michel Josselin and Alain Marciano see the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> as being a primary force behind building a federal legal order in the Union<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Josselin stating that "A complete shift from a confederation to a federation would have required to straightforwardly replace the principality of the member states vis-à-vis the Union by that of the European citizens. … As a consequence, both confederate and federate features coexist in the judicial landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel wrote: "The EU only lacks two significant features of a federation. First, the Member States remain the 'masters' of the treaties, i.e., they have the exclusive power to amend or change the constitutive treaties of the EU. Second, the EU lacks a real 'tax and spend' capacity, in other words, there is no fiscal federalism."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Other academics have argued that the EU is unlikely to evolve into a unified federal state. Kelemen has taken this view himself in a paper co-written with Andy Tarrant, arguing that limits placed on the bureaucratic capacity of the European institutions – such as the relatively small size of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> – form a barrier to the creation of a federal European state. In their words: "widespread political opposition to the creation of anything approximating a large, unified executive bureaucracy in Brussels has long-since ended hopes, for the few who harboured them, of creating a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_superstate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European superstate">European superstate</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common points in this context are that the European budget is very small and does not finance a lot of the economic activity of the European Union; that each member state of the European Union has its own foreign relations and its own military; that it is often the case that European Union member states decide to opt out of agreements which they oppose; and that member states still retain sovereignty over a large number of areas which might be expected to be transferred to a federal authority under a federal system. One important fact is that treaties must be agreed by all member states even if a particular treaty has support among the vast majority of the population of the European Union. Member states may also want legally binding guarantees that a particular treaty will not affect a nation's position on certain issues.</p> <p>Use of the word 'federal' is itself the cause of some disagreement. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> found opposition from the United Kingdom towards including the word "federal" in the proposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a>, and hence replaced the word with "Community".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In November 2021, the incoming German government, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scholz_cabinet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz cabinet</a>, called for European federalism in the coalition agreement and wanted to help achieve this.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Federalisation_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-Europeanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-Europeanism">Anti-Europeanism</a> – Political term for opposition to Europe</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan-Arabism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab Union</a> – Ideology espousing the unification of the Arab world</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consociationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a> – Political power sharing among cultural groups</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe_Movement_2025?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy in Europe Movement 2025">Democracy in Europe Movement 2025</a> – Left-wing European political alliance</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Federalist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Federalist Party">European Federalist Party</a> – French political party and former European political alliance</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Movement_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Movement International">European Movement International</a> – Lobbying for European integration</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euroscepticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> – Body of criticism of the European Union</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nation_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nation state">Nation state</a> – Political term for a state that is based around a nation</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe</a> – Overview of the evolving politics of Europe</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pro-Europeanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a> – Favouring European integration</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulse_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulse of Europe">Pulse of Europe</a> – Citizen's initiative for pan-Europeanism</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereignty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a> – Supreme authority within a territory</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spinelli_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spinelli Group">Spinelli Group</a> – Campaign for a federal Europe</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stand_Up_for_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stand Up for Europe">Stand Up for Europe</a> – Movement for democracy & federalism</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">Subsidiarity (European Union)</a> – Principle of governance of the European Union</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</a> – Non-governmental organisation, campaigning for a Federal Europe</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a> – Political concept similar to the hypothesised United States of Europe</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of Europe">United States of Europe</a> – Speculative future European federation<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_of_Europe_(electoral_list)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States of Europe (electoral list)">United States of Europe (electoral list)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volt_Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a> – Federalist European political alliance</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Federalisation_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Built_to_Last-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Built_to_Last_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Built_to_Last_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelemen, R. Daniel. (2007). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153312/http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%2520Memo.pdf">"Built to Last? The Durability of EU Federalism?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%2520Memo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Built+to+Last%3F+The+Durability+of+EU+Federalism%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~smeunier%2FKelemen%2520Memo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span> In <i>Making History: State of the European Union</i>, Vol. 8, edited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sophie_Meunier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sophie Meunier">Sophie Meunier</a> and Kate McNamara, Oxford University Press, p. 52.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a>: <i>Die Paneuropäische Idee. Eine Vision wird Wirklichkeit</i>. Amalthea Verlag, Wien-München 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85002-424-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-85002-424-5">3-85002-424-5</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vanessa Conze: <i>Das Europa der Deutschen; Ideen von Europa in Deutschland zwischen Reichstradition und Westorientierung (1920–1970)</i>; Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag; 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57757-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57757-0">978-3-486-57757-0</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, pp. 21–22.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Weigall and P. Stirk, editors, <i>The Origins and Development of the European Community</i>, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992, pp. 11–15.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809230029/http://www.ena.lu/?doc%3D242%26lang%3D3">"The political consequences"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_NAvigator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European NAvigator">European NAvigator</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ena.lu/?doc%3D242%26lang%3D3">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+political+consequences&rft.pub=European+NAvigator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ena.lu%2F%3Fdoc%3D242%26lang%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.H.H._Weiler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_H._H._Weiler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph H. H. Weiler">J.H.H. Weiler</a> (2003). "Chapter 2, Federalism without Constitutionalism: Europe's <i>Sonderweg</i>". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/federalvisionleg00kaly"><i>The federal vision: legitimacy and levels of governance in the United States and the European Union</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924500-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924500-2"><bdi>0-19-924500-2</bdi></a>. <q>Europe has charted its own brand of constitutional federalism. It works. Why fix it?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%2C+Federalism+without+Constitutionalism%3A+Europe%27s+Sonderweg&rft.btitle=The+federal+vision%3A+legitimacy+and+levels+of+governance+in+the+United+States+and+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-924500-2&rft.au=J.H.H.+Weiler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalvisionleg00kaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosselinMarciano2007" class="citation journal cs1">Josselin, Jean-Michel; Marciano, Alain (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11558-006-9001-y">"How the court made a federation of the EU"</a>. <i>The Review of International Organizations</i>. <b>2</b>: 59–75. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs11558-006-9001-y">10.1007/s11558-006-9001-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+International+Organizations&rft.atitle=How+the+court+made+a+federation+of+the+EU&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=59-75&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11558-006-9001-y&rft.aulast=Josselin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Marciano%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11558-006-9001-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosselinMarciano2006" class="citation web cs1">Josselin, Jean Michel; Marciano, Alain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819213748/http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2006/ie-200607.pdf">"The political economy of European federalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Series: Public Economics and Social Choice. Centre for Research in Economics and Management, University of Rennes 1, University of Caen. p. 12. WP 2006–07; UMR CNRS 6211. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://crem.univ-rennes1.fr/wp/2006/ie-200607.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+political+economy+of+European+federalism&rft.series=Series%3A+Public+Economics+and+Social+Choice&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Centre+for+Research+in+Economics+and+Management%2C+University+of+Rennes+1%2C+University+of+Caen&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Josselin&rft.aufirst=Jean+Michel&rft.au=Marciano%2C+Alain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrem.univ-rennes1.fr%2Fwp%2F2006%2Fie-200607.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Risse and Tanja A. Börzel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/00f0101-04.html%23P44_19193">The European Union as an Emerging Federal System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010193511/http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/00f0101-04.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jean Monnet Center at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NYU_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU School of Law">NYU School of Law</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelemenTarrant2007" class="citation web cs1">Kelemen, R. 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London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1435550/Giscard%2527s-%2527federal%2527-ruse-to-protect-Blair.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Giscard%27s+%27federal%27+ruse+to+protect+Blair&rft.date=2003-07-08&rft.au=Evans-Pritchard%2C+Ambrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2F1435550%2FGiscard%2527s-%2527federal%2527-ruse-to-protect-Blair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Sean (22 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml%3D/opinion/2003/06/22/do2210.xml">"Gobbledegook"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Gobbledegook&rft.date=2003-06-22&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fopinion%2F2003%2F06%2F22%2Fdo2210.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Estaing2003" class="citation journal cs1">d'Estaing, V. G. (7 July 2003). "<i>Unknown title</i>". <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Wall Street Journal Europe">The Wall Street Journal Europe</a></i>. <q>I knew the word 'federal' was ill-perceived by the British and a few others. I thought that it wasn't worth creating a negative commotion, which could prevent them supporting something that otherwise they would have supported. … So I rewrote my text, replacing intentionally the word 'federal' with the word 'communautaire', which means exactly the same thing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal+Europe&rft.atitle=Unknown+title&rft.date=2003-07-07&rft.aulast=d%27Estaing&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/german-government-will-push-for-a-european-federation/">"German government will push for a European federation"</a>. <i>euractiv.com</i>. 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euractiv.com&rft.atitle=German+government+will+push+for+a+European+federation&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fshort_news%2Fgerman-government-will-push-for-a-european-federation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-elections-government-europe-olaf-scholz-angela-merkel-sdp-fdp-greens-brussels/">"What's in the German coalition deal for Europe (and the UK)"</a>. <i>Politico Europe</i>. 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+the+German+coalition+deal+for+Europe+%28and+the+UK%29&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fgermany-elections-government-europe-olaf-scholz-angela-merkel-sdp-fdp-greens-brussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalisation+of+the+European+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Federalisation_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit 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class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MOS">Wikipedia's Manual of Style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help integrate this content into the body of the article using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#How_to_cite_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">in-text citations</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531025508/http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/European-Integration--Westphalian-Cooperation-or-Federalization-/2383">European Integration: Westphalian Cooperation or Federalization?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ellopos.net/politics/eu_hugo.html">Political speeches by Victor Hugo: Victor Hugo, My Revenge is Fraternity!</a>, where he used the term United States of Europe.</li> <li>Habermas, Jürgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.signandsight.com/features/676.html">Towards a United States of Europe</a>, signandsight.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/analysis-federal-europe-look/article-154389">Analysis: What would a federal Europe look like?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232955/http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/analysis-federal-europe-look/article-154389">Archived</a> 13 August 2007 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Archival sources deposited by various Federal European Movements and its leaders are consultable at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/">Historical Archives of the European Union</a> in Florence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.europeanfederalistpapers.eu/">The European Federalist Papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328221417/https://europeanfederalistpapers.eu/">Archived</a> 28 March 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A" title="فدرلة الاتحاد الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فدرلة الاتحاد الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismu_europ%25C3%25A9u" title="Federalismu européu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Federalismu européu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme_europeu" title="Federalisme europeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Federalisme europeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropsk%25C3%25BD_federalismus" title="Evropský federalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evropský federalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%25C3%25A6isk_f%25C3%25B8deralisme" title="Europæisk føderalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europæisk føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%25C3%25A4ischer_F%25C3%25B6deralismus" title="Europäischer Föderalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europäischer Föderalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CF%2583%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B4%25CE%25BF%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B7%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7_%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582_%25CE%2595%25CF%2585%25CF%2581%25CF%2589%25CF%2580%25CE%25B1%25CF%258A%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE%25CF%2582_%25CE%2588%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582" title="Ομοσπονδοποίηση της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομοσπονδοποίηση της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo_europeo" title="Federalismo europeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federalismo europeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%25C5%25ADropa_federaciismo" title="Eŭropa federaciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropa federaciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7" title="فدرالیزاسیون اتحادیه اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فدرالیزاسیون اتحادیه اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ralisme_europ%25C3%25A9en" title="Fédéralisme européen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédéralisme européen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo_europeo" title="Federalismo europeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Federalismo europeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259C%25A0%25EB%259F%25BD_%25EC%2597%25B0%25ED%2595%25A9%25EC%259D%2598_%25EC%2597%25B0%25EB%25B0%25A9%25ED%2599%2594" title="유럽 연합의 연방화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 연합의 연방화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofederalizam" title="Eurofederalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eurofederalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisasi_Uni_Eropa" title="Federalisasi Uni Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Federalisasi Uni Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo_europeo" title="Federalismo europeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federalismo europeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%2593%25D7%25A8%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2596%25D7%259D_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C_%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%2593_%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599" title="פדרליזם של האיחוד האירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדרליזם של האיחוד האירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizacja_Unii_Europejskiej" title="Federalizacja Unii Europejskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Federalizacja Unii Europejskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo_europeu" title="Federalismo europeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federalismo europeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_european" title="Federalism european – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Federalism european" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%2595%25D0%25B2%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D1%258E%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Федерализация Европейского союза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федерализация Европейского союза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofederalizmi" title="Eurofederalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eurofederalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropski_federalizam" title="Evropski federalizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Evropski federalizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofederalizam" title="Eurofederalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eurofederalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopan_unionin_liittovaltiokehitys" title="Euroopan unionin liittovaltiokehitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Euroopan unionin liittovaltiokehitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_Birli%25C4%259Fi%2527nin_federalle%25C5%259Fmesi" title="Avrupa Birliği'nin federalleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa Birliği'nin federalleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2584%25D0%25B2%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2584%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BC" title="Єврофедералізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єврофедералізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2581%25AF%25E9%2582%25A6%25E6%25AD%2590%25E6%25B4%25B2" title="聯邦歐洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聯邦歐洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" 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