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</a> <ul id="toc-Producția_de_metale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metalurgie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 117 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaalkunde" title="Metaalkunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaalkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurchia" title="Metalurchia – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metalurchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الفلزات – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلزات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxa" title="Metalurxa – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metalurxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धातुविज्ञान – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="धातुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متالوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoikunde" title="Metoikunde – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Metoikunde" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalorg%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Metalorgėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Metalorgėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мэталюргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэталюргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металургия – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Металургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ধাতুবিদ্যা – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধাতুবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalouriezh" title="Metalouriezh – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metalouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Металлурги – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Металлурги" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%C2%B7l%C3%BArgia" title="Metal·lúrgia – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metal·lúrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کانزاناسی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزاناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteleg" title="Meteleg – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meteleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurciye" title="Metallurciye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Metallurciye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεταλλουργία – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλουργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="متالورژی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متالورژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tallurgie" title="Métallurgie – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métallurgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotal%C3%B3ireacht" title="Miotalóireacht – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotalóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9talirji" title="Métalirji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Métalirji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurxia" title="Metalurxia – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metalurxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotikuaa" title="Kuarepotikuaa – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધાતુશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="מטלורגיה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטלורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="धातुकर्म – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धातुकर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaatu_vigyan" title="Dhaatu vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dhaatu vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh%C3%A1szat" title="Kohászat – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kohászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մետալուրգիա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետալուրգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մետաղագործութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաղագործութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhia" title="Metalurhia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Metalurhia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgio" title="Metalurgio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metalurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lmfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Málmfræði – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málmfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="金属工学 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金属工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaloerji" title="Metaloerji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Metaloerji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მეტალურგია – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტალურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%84%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%CA%8Bm%C9%A9y%C9%9B_la%C9%A3s%C9%A9_(M%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೋಹಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="금속공학 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금속공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanieth" title="Alkanieth – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alkanieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makambo_mwa_bibend%C3%A9" title="Makambo mwa bibendé – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Makambo mwa bibendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalur%C4%A3ija" title="Metalurģija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metalurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോഹസംസ്കരണശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Металлург – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Металлург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metalurgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Metalurgie – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Metalurgie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धातुशास्त्र – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धातुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgie" title="Metallurgie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metallurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metallurgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D1%8A%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Згъæркуыст – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Згъæркуыст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਾਤ ਵਿੱਦਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="میٹلرجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میٹلرجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%8A" title="متالورژي – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="متالورژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27illay_llamk%27ay" title="Q'illay llamk'ay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'illay llamk'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металурґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Металурґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Тимири уһаарыы – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимири уһаарыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitallurgia" title="Mitallurgia – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitallurgia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgia" title="Metalurgia – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metalurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgija" title="Metalurgija – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metalurgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy – samoană" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Metallurgy" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukowasimbi" title="Mukowasimbi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukowasimbi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurgjia" title="Metalurgjia – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metalurgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Металургија – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Металургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgi" title="Metallurgi – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metallurgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuaji_metali" title="Ufuaji metali – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufuaji metali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உலோகவியல் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலோகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมโลหการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurji" title="Metalurji – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metalurji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Металлургия – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Металлургия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Металургія – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Металургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دھات کاری – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھات کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgiya" title="Metallurgiya – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metallurgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgii" title="Metallurgii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Metallurgii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luy%E1%BB%87n_kim" title="Luyện kim – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luyện kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurdjeye" title="Metalurdjeye – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Metalurdjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalurhiya" title="Metalurhiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Metalurhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מעטאלורגיע – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטאלורגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冶金学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1-kim" title="Iá-kim – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iá-kim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" title="冶金學 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冶金學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Metalurgie" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pentru alte sensuri, vedeți <a href="/wiki/Metalurgie_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Metalurgie (dezambiguizare)">Metalurgie (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <p><b>Metalurgia</b> este o ramură a <a href="/wiki/Industrie" title="Industrie">industriei</a> ce include procesele de obținere a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalelor</a> din <a href="/wiki/Minereu" title="Minereu">minereuri</a> și alte substanțe ce conțin metale. Metalurgia include prelucrarea minereurilor, extragerea metalelor din minereuri, rafinarea metalelor, producerea <a href="/wiki/Aliaj" title="Aliaj">aliajelor</a> metalice, prelucrarea metalelor sub presiune, fabricarea pieselor metalice turnate, prelucrarea termică, termochimică, termomecanică, <a href="/wiki/Sudare" title="Sudare">sudarea</a> și <a href="/wiki/Lipire" title="Lipire">lipirea</a> metalelor și aliajelor, acoperirea suprafeței pieselor metalice cu straturi de alte metale prin difuzia unor substanțe (metalice sau nemetalice) în stratul superficial ale obiectelor de metal. Metalurgia a apărut încă în <a href="/wiki/Antichitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antichitate">antichitate</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În jurul <a href="/wiki/Mileniu" title="Mileniu">mileniilor</a> <a href="/wiki/Mileniul_IX_%C3%AE.Hr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mileniul IX î.Hr.">IX î.Hr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-<a href="/wiki/Mileniul_V_%C3%AE.Hr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mileniul V î.Hr.">V î.Hr.</a>, omul a folosit pentru prima dată metalele. Acestea au fost <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aurul</a> nativ, <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">platina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">cuprul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argintul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fierul</a> din <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteoriți</a>. <a href="/wiki/Omenire" class="mw-redirect" title="Omenire">Omenirea</a> a trecut de la <a href="/wiki/Epoca_de_piatr%C4%83" title="Epoca de piatră">epoca de piatră</a> la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoca_aramei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoca aramei — pagină inexistentă">epoca aramei</a>, iar mai apoi, la cea a <a href="/wiki/Epoca_bronzului" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoca bronzului">bronzului</a>. În <a href="/wiki/Mileniul_II_%C3%AE.Hr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mileniul II î.Hr.">mileniul II î.Hr.</a> omul se învață să scoată fierul din minereuri, ca peste câteva <a href="/wiki/Secol" title="Secol">secole</a> să-i imprime, prin aliere cu <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, proprietăți prestabilite. În secolele <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XV-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XV-lea î.Hr.">15</a>-<a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XII-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XII-lea î.Hr.">12</a> î.Hr., fierul devine principalul material folosit de oameni – începe <a href="/wiki/Epoca_fierului" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoca fierului">epoca fierului</a>. În <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XIV-lea" title="Secolul al XIV-lea">secolul al XIV-lea</a> apar primele <a href="/wiki/Furnal" title="Furnal">furnale</a> în care se obține <a href="/wiki/Font%C4%83" title="Fontă">fontă</a>. După elaborarea procedeelor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedeul_Bessemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procedeul Bessemer — pagină inexistentă">Bessemer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedeul_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procedeul Thomas — pagină inexistentă">Thomas</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procedeul_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procedeul Martin — pagină inexistentă">a procedeului Martin</a> în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XIX-lea" title="Secolul al XIX-lea">secolul al XIX-lea</a> ia start producerea <a href="/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel">oțelului</a> pe scară largă, una din metodele folosite fiind cea de topire a fontei împreună cu fierul moale. În <a href="/wiki/Secolul_al_XX-lea" title="Secolul al XX-lea">secolul al XX-lea</a> se construiesc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuptor_cu_induc%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuptor cu inducție — pagină inexistentă">cuptoare cu inducție</a> pentru elaborarea oțelurilor și aliajelor speciale. În afară de fierul și aliejele lui, au început să fie folosite și alte metale precum <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">cuprul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">aluminiul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zincul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">plumbul</a>, numite neferoase. La elaborarea metalelor se aplică procedee pirometalurgice pentru obținere, caracterizate printr-o <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">temperatură</a> înaltă a proceselor tehnologice, cu ajutorul cărora se obțin <a href="/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie_(chimie)" title="Soluție (chimie)">soluții</a> de <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83ruri" class="mw-redirect" title="Săruri">săruri</a> ale diferitor metale, iar din acestea se extrag metalele prin metode chimice sau electrochimice. La confecționarea pieselor din unele metale și aliaje, mai ales cele greu fuzibile și dure, se folosește metoda sinterizării în forme speciale a prafului de metal – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaloceramic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaloceramică — pagină inexistentă">sinterizare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificare">Clasificare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Clasificare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metalurgia se clasifică, în dependență de materia primă, în <i>feroase</i> și <i>neferoase</i>. </p> <ul><li><i>Metalurgia feroaselor</i> produce fontă, oțel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminat — pagină inexistentă">laminate</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aeav%C4%83" title="Țeavă">țevi</a> din fontă și oțel, minereuri de fier și <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocs" title="Cocs">cocs</a>, aliaje feroase ș.a.</li> <li><i>Metalurgia neferoaselor</i> se ocupă cu extragerea și prelucrarea minereurilor, elaborarea și prelucrarea metalelor neferoase și a aliajelor lor, precum și cu extragerea <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamantelor</a>. În tehnologia contemporană, paralel cu cuprul, aluminiul și <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">plumbul</a>, se folosesc pe larg și alte metale neferoase: <a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">beriliu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">vanadiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">litiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu">niobiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">titan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">tantal</a> ș.a. Pe lângă metalele propriu-zise și aliajele lor, metalurgia neferoaselor produce și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminat — pagină inexistentă">laminate</a>, prafuri metalice, <a href="/wiki/Electrod" title="Electrod">electrozi</a> ș.a.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producția_de_metale"><span id="Produc.C8.9Bia_de_metale"></span>Producția de metale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producția de metale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Producția de metale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a></b> - producție de 40,4 milioane tone anual (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-alprod2012-05-19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alprod2012-05-19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 1.980 dolari per tonă (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-alpret2012-05-19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpret2012-05-19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a></b> - producție de 21.400 tone anual (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-agprod_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agprod-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 31,4 dolari uncia (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-agpret2012-05-19_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agpret2012-05-19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a></b> - producție de 2.450 de tone anual (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-aurprod2012-05-16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aurprod2012-05-16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 1.618 dolari uncia (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-agpret2012-05-19_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agpret2012-05-19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Cositor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cositor">Cositor</a></b> (Staniu) - producție de 340.000 de tone anual (2006) <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mining#Production_and_smelting">[1]</a>, preț: 21.750 dolari per tonă (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-cospret2012-05-19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cospret2012-05-19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">Cupru</a></b> - producție de 15,6 milioane tone anual (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-cuprprod2012-05-19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuprprod2012-05-19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 10.190 dolari per tonă (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-cuprupret2012-05-19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuprupret2012-05-19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel">fier și oțel</a></b> - producție de 1,4 miliarde tone anual (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-otelprod2012-05-18_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otelprod2012-05-18-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 325 euro per tonă<sup id="cite_ref-otelpret2012-05-19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otelpret2012-05-19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Litiu</a></b> - producție de 34.000 de tone anual, rezerve exploatabile de 13 milioane tone (2011). </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a></b> - producție de 1,5 milioane tone anual (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-nichelprod2012-05-19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichelprod2012-05-19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 22.908 dolari per tonă (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-nichelpret2012-05-19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nichelpret2012-05-19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a></b> - producție de 222 tone anual (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-USGS07CS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS07CS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 850 dolari uncia (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-paladiupret2012-05-19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paladiupret2012-05-19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a></b> - producție de 118 tone anual<sup id="cite_ref-platinaprod2012-05-19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platinaprod2012-05-19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 1.597 dolari uncia (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-agpret2012-05-19_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agpret2012-05-19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a></b> - producție de 8 milioane tone anual <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#Production_and_recycling">[2]</a>, preț: 1.000 dolari per tonă (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-pbpret2012-05-19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbpret2012-05-19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniu</a></b> - producție de 50.000 de tone anual (2009), preț: 45 dolari / livră (1 livră = 453 g)<sup id="cite_ref-ur2012-05-19_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ur2012-05-19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></b> - producție de 12 milioane tone anual (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-USGSMCS2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, preț: 1.100 dolari per tonă (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-znpret2012-05-19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-znpret2012-05-19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hesse, Rayner, W. (2007). <i>Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia.</i> Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0313335079" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-313-33507-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alprod2012-05-19-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alprod2012-05-19_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incomemagazine.ro/articol_56017/productia-mondiala-de-aluminiu-a-crescut-cu-36.html">Productia mondiala de aluminiu a crescut cu 3,6%</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>, 27 ianuarie 2011, Simona Haiduc, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alpret2012-05-19-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alpret2012-05-19_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/producatorii-de-aluminiu-isi-reduc-productia-din-cauza-scaderii-pretului-159916.html">Producătorii de aluminiu își reduc producția din cauza scăderii prețului</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>, 21 ianuarie 2012, Senica Micu, <i>Capital</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agprod-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agprod_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romania-actualitati.ro/pretul_argintului_cel_mai_ridicat_din_ultimii_30_de_ani-19518">Prețul argintului, cel mai ridicat din ultimii 30 de ani</a>, 27 septembrie 2010, Dinu Dragomirescu, romania-actualitati.ro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agpret2012-05-19-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agpret2012-05-19_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agpret2012-05-19_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agpret2012-05-19_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zf.ro/business-international/pretul-aurului-a-scazut-la-minimul-ultimelor-trei-luni-9478865">Prețul aurului a scăzut la minimul ultimelor trei luni</a>, 4 aprilie 2012, Anca Dumitrescu, <i>Ziarul financiar</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aurprod2012-05-16-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aurprod2012-05-16_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descopera.ro/povestea-aurului/8925708-cei-mai-mari-producatori-de-aur-din-lume">Cei mai mari producători de aur din lume</a>, 2 noiembrie 2011, <i>Descoperă</i>, accesat la 16 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cospret2012-05-19-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cospret2012-05-19_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adevarul.ro/international/Mineritul-urban-forma-goanei-aur_0_31798481.html">"Mineritul urban", o nouă formă a goanei după aur</a>, 10 mai 2008, Arina Avram, <i>Adevărul</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuprprod2012-05-19-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cuprprod2012-05-19_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/mcs-2008-coppe.pdf">"pg. 54 - Copper"</a>, USGS 2008, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuprupret2012-05-19-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cuprupret2012-05-19_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zf.ro/business-international/cuprul-de-devenit-mai-pretios-decat-aurul-8197368">Cuprul de devenit mai prețios decât aurul</a>, 27 aprilie 2011, Catalina Apostoiu, <i>Ziarul financiar</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-otelprod2012-05-18-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-otelprod2012-05-18_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://businessday.ro/01/2011/productia-de-otel-a-romaniei-a-crescut-cu-41-in-2010-iar-exportul-cu-61/">Productia de otel a Romaniei a crescut cu 41% in 2010, iar exportul cu 61%</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503140034/http://businessday.ro/01/2011/productia-de-otel-a-romaniei-a-crescut-cu-41-in-2010-iar-exportul-cu-61/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-05-03">3 mai 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 23 ianuarie 2011, Cristian Orgonas, businessday.ro, accesat la 18 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-otelpret2012-05-19-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-otelpret2012-05-19_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/scaderea-preturilor-materialelor-de-constructii-a-ieftinit-casele-cu-15-135033.html">Scăderea prețurilor materialelor de construcții a ieftinit casele cu 15%</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>, 20 mai 2010, Alexandru Urzică, <i>Capital</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nichelprod2012-05-19-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nichelprod2012-05-19_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insg.org/prodnickel.aspx">Production, usage and prices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501034341/http://www.insg.org/prodnickel.aspx">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-05-01">1 mai 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>International Nickel Study Group</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nichelpret2012-05-19-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nichelpret2012-05-19_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bursa.ro/investitii-personale/pretul-nichelului-a-urcat-cu-30-procente-in-2010-99717&articol=99717.html">Prețul nichelului a urcat cu 30% în 2010</a>, 28.10.2010, <i>BURSA</i> , accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS07CS-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS07CS_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/platimcs07.pdf">„Platinum-Group Metals”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. <time datetime="2007">2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Platinum-Group+Metals&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fplatinum%2Fplatimcs07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMetalurgie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paladiupret2012-05-19-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paladiupret2012-05-19_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/aurul-poate-deveni-un-chilipir-soros-a-stiut-secretul-investitiei-perfecte-platina-si-paladiu.html">Aurul poate deveni un chilipir! Soros a știut secretul investiției perfecte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922213027/http://www.capital.ro/detalii-articole/stiri/aurul-poate-deveni-un-chilipir-soros-a-stiut-secretul-investitiei-perfecte-platina-si-paladiu.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-09-22">22 septembrie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 5 august 2011, <i>Capital</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-platinaprod2012-05-19-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-platinaprod2012-05-19_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtb.ro/oferta-xtb/forex/platinum">Platinum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218022201/http://www.xtb.ro/oferta-xtb/forex/platinum">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-12-18">18 decembrie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., xtb.ro, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbpret2012-05-19-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbpret2012-05-19_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zf.ro/burse-fonduri-mutuale/sub-controlul-fondului-proprietatea-romplumb-a-intrat-in-insolventa-9232115">Sub controlul Fondului Proprietatea, Romplumb a intrat în insolvență</a>, 14 februarie 2012, Adrian Cojocar, <i>Ziarul financiar</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ur2012-05-19-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ur2012-05-19_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.descopera.ro/stiinta/8466377-goana-dupa-uraniu">Goana după uraniu</a>, 11 iulie 2011, Nicu Pârlog, <i>Descoperă</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSMCS2009-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGSMCS2009_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tolcin, A. C. (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zinc/mcs-2011-zinc.pdf">„Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009: Zinc”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-06-06">6 iunie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+2009%3A+Zinc&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tolcin&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fzinc%2Fmcs-2011-zinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMetalurgie" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-znpret2012-05-19-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-znpret2012-05-19_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zf.ro/burse-fonduri-mutuale/sometra-copsa-mica-se-opreste-si-renunta-la-800-de-angajati-3812244/">Sometra Copsa Mica se opreste si renunta la 800 de angajati</a>, 27 ianuarie 2009, Adrian Cojocar, <i>Ziarul financiar</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalurgie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Mică enciclopedie de metalurgie</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1980</li> <li>E. Vermeșan, I. Ionescu, A. Urseanu, <i>Chimie metalurgică</i>, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1981</li> <li><i>Enciclopedia sovietică moldovenească</i>, Chișinău, 1972</li> <li>I. P. Bardina, <i>Основы металлургии</i>, Moscova, 1958-1959</li> <li>I. P. Bardina, <i>Общая металлургия</i>, Moscova, 1961-1968</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Domenii_ale_ingineriei" title="Format:Domenii ale ingineriei"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Domenii_ale_ingineriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Domenii ale ingineriei — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Domenii_ale_ingineriei&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie" title="Inginerie">Domenii ale ingineriei</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Specialități și<br />interdisciplinaritate </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie_civil%C4%83" title="Inginerie civilă">Inginerie<br />civilă</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Servicii_tehnice_din_construc%C8%9Bii" title="Servicii tehnice din construcții">Servicii tehnice din construcții (inginerie arhitectură)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geotehnic%C4%83" title="Geotehnică">Geotehnică</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_construc%C8%9Biilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria construcțiilor — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria construcțiilor</a>(<a href="/wiki/Construc%C8%9Bii" title="Construcții">Construcții</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">Minieră</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hidrotehnic%C4%83" title="Hidrotehnică">Hidrotehnică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ingineria_mediului" title="Ingineria mediului">Mediu</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_ecologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie ecologică — pagină inexistentă">Inginerie ecologică</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_sanitar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie sanitară — pagină inexistentă">Inginerie sanitară</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_structural%C4%83" title="Inginerie structurală">Structurală</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_instalatiilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria instalatiilor — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria instalatiilor</a> </p>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_transporturilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria transporturilor — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria transporturilor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie_mecanic%C4%83" title="Inginerie mecanică">Inginerie<br />mecanică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_aerospa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Inginerie aerospațială">Aerospațială</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vehicul" title="Vehicul">Auto</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_feroviar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie feroviară — pagină inexistentă">Feroviară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_industrial%C4%83" title="Inginerie industrială">Industrială</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mecatronic%C4%83" title="Mecatronică">Mecatronică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robotic%C4%83" title="Robotică">Robotică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_energetic%C4%83" title="Inginerie energetică">Energetică</a>  • <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Enc%C4%83lzire,_ventila%C8%9Bie_%C8%99i_aer_condi%C8%9Bionat" title="Încălzire, ventilație și aer condiționat">( HVAC )</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_naval%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie navală — pagină inexistentă">Navală</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_optic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie optică — pagină inexistentă">Optică</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_sportiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie sportivă — pagină inexistentă">Sportivă</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Știința materialelor">Știința materialelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tribologie" title="Tribologie">Tribologie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Control_nedistructiv" title="Control nedistructiv">Control nedistructiv</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proiectare_asistat%C4%83_de_calculator" title="Proiectare asistată de calculator">Proiectare asistată de calculator</a>(CAD) •  <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Proiectare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Design_industrial" title="Design industrial">Design industrial</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrica%C8%9Bie_asistat%C4%83_de_calculator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabricație asistată de calculator — pagină inexistentă">Fabricație asistată de calculator</a>(CAM)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">Inginerie<br />electrică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_sistemelor_de_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria sistemelor de control — pagină inexistentă">Control</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_electronic%C4%83" title="Inginerie electronică">Electronică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Electromecanic%C4%83" title="Electromecanică">Electromecanică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">Electrotehnică</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frecventa_radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frecventa radio — pagină inexistentă">Frecventa radio</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingineria_sistemelor_de_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingineria sistemelor de control — pagină inexistentă">Ingineria sistemelor de control</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginer_de_sunet" title="Inginer de sunet">Inginer de sunet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Telecomunica%C8%9Bie" title="Telecomunicație">Telecomunicații</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Inginerie_chimic%C4%83" title="Inginerie chimică">Inginerie<br />chimică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_biochimic%C4%83" title="Inginerie biochimică">Biochimică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bioinginerie" title="Bioinginerie">Bioinginerie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bioinginerie_medical%C4%83" title="Bioinginerie medicală">Biomedicală</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bioinformatic%C4%83" title="Bioinformatică">Bioinformatică</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_clinic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie clinică — pagină inexistentă">Clinică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_genetic%C4%83" title="Inginerie genetică">Genetică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_molecular%C4%83" title="Inginerie moleculară">Moleculară</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ingineria_calculatoarelor" title="Ingineria calculatoarelor">Ingineria<br />calculatoarelor</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_software" title="Inginerie software">Software</a> • <a href="/wiki/Programarea_calculatoarelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Programarea calculatoarelor">Programarea calculatoarelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Informatic%C4%83" title="Informatică">Informatică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Securitate_informatic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Securitate informatică">Securitate informatică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Sistem_informatic" title="Sistem informatic">Sistem informatic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Altele</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Managementul_ingineriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Managementul ingineriei — pagină inexistentă">Managementul ingineriei</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Agrotehnic%C4%83" title="Agrotehnică">Agronomie</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Bioinginerie_medical%C4%83" title="Bioinginerie medicală">Biomedical</a>(<a href="/wiki/Bioinformatic%C4%83" title="Bioinformatică">Bioinformatică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protez%C4%83" title="Proteză">Proteză</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Ingineria_coroziunii" title="Ingineria coroziunii">Coroziunii</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_de_protec%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEmpotriva_incendiilor" title="Inginerie de protecție împotriva incendiilor">Inginer de protecție la foc</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matematic%C4%83_inginereasc%C4%83" title="Matematică inginerească">Inginerie matematică</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inginerie_logistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inginerie logistică — pagină inexistentă">Inginerie logistică</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_fizic%C4%83" title="Inginerie fizică">Inginerie fizică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inginerie_industrial%C4%83" title="Inginerie industrială">Industrial</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Știința materialelor">Știința materialelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio">Inginer de sunet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geniu_(arm%C4%83)" title="Geniu (armă)">Militar</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Nanotehnologie" title="Nanotehnologie">Nanotehnologie</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Conduct%C4%83" title="Conductă">Conducte</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siguran%C8%9B%C4%83(Ingineria_siguran%C8%9Bei)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siguranță(Ingineria siguranței) — pagină inexistentă">Siguranță(Ingineria siguranței)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Studii de<br />inginerie</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Studii universitare de (<a href="/wiki/Studii_universitare_de_licen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Studii universitare de licență">licență</a> și <a href="/wiki/Studii_universitare_de_masterat" title="Studii universitare de masterat">masterat</a>) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplom%C4%83_de_inginer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplomă de inginer — pagină inexistentă">Diplomă de inginer</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Doctor" title="Doctor">Doctor</a> în Inginerie</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Subiecte asemănătoare </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Inginer" title="Inginer">Inginer</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Inginer_european" title="Inginer european">Inginer european</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bii_neguvernamentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizații neguvernamentale">Organizații neguvernamentale</a> și <br /><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_organiza%C8%9Bii_guvernamentale_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Listă de organizații guvernamentale din România">Organizații Guvernamentale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite_pentru_Educa%C8%9Bie,_%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultur%C4%83" title="Organizația Națiunilor Unite pentru Educație, Știință și Cultură">UNESCO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_a_Inginerilor_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Asociația Generală a Inginerilor din România">AGIR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institutul_Inginerilor_Electrotehnicieni_%C8%99i_Electroni%C8%99ti" title="Institutul Inginerilor Electrotehnicieni și Electroniști">IEEE</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_Tehnice_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Academia de Științe Tehnice din România">ASTR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bia_European%C4%83_a_Asocia%C8%9Biilor_Na%C8%9Bionale_de_Ingineri" title="Federația Europeană a Asociațiilor Naționale de Ingineri">FEANI</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academia_Oamenilor_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Academia Oamenilor de Știință din România">AOSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_Agricole_%C8%99i_Silvice_%E2%80%9EGheorghe_Ionescu-%C8%98i%C8%99e%C8%99ti%E2%80%9D" title="Academia de Științe Agricole și Silvice „Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișești”">AȘAS</a> •  <a href="/wiki/VDI" title="VDI">VDI</a> •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federa%C8%9Bia_Mondial%C4%83_a_Organiza%C8%9Biilor_de_Inginerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federația Mondială a Organizațiilor de Inginerie — pagină inexistentă">FMOI</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8035715" class="extiw" title="d:Q8035715"><span title="Federația Mondială a Organizațiilor de Inginerie la Wikidata">d</span></a>)</small></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Ministerul_Cercet%C4%83rii,_Inov%C4%83rii_%C8%99i_Digitaliz%C4%83rii_(Rom%C3%A2nia)" title="Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării (România)">Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării (România)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Sărbătoare </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziua_inginerului_rom%C3%A2n" title="Ziua inginerului român">Ziua inginerului român</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Muzee științifice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzeul_Na%C8%9Bional_Tehnic_%E2%80%9EProf._ing._Dimitrie_Leonida%E2%80%9D" title="Muzeul Național Tehnic „Prof. ing. Dimitrie Leonida”">Muzeul Național Tehnic „Prof. ing. Dimitrie Leonida”</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_tehnic%C4%83" title="Glosar de tehnică">Glosare de tehnică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_arhitectur%C4%83" title="Glosar de arhitectură">Arhitectură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_calculatoare_%C8%99i_internet" title="Glosar de calculatoare și internet">Calculatoare și internet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_chimie" title="Glosar de chimie">Chimie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_biochimie" title="Glosar de biochimie">Biochimie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_genetic%C4%83" title="Glosar de genetică">Genetică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_construc%C8%9Bii" title="Glosar de construcții">Construcții</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_hidrotehnic%C4%83" title="Glosar de hidrotehnică">Hidrotehnică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_electronic%C4%83" title="Glosar de electronică">Electronică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Glosar de electrotehnică">Electrotehnică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_feroviar" title="Glosar feroviar">Feroviar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_maritim" title="Glosar maritim">Maritim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_mecanic%C4%83" title="Glosar de mecanică">Mecanică</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glosar_auto" title="Glosar auto">Auto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_optic%C4%83" title="Glosar de optică">Optică</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Glosar de termodinamică">Termodinamică</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Glosar_de_termeni_militari" title="Glosar de termeni militari">Militar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termeni </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> Transport (<a href="/wiki/Transport_rutier" title="Transport rutier">rutier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transport_public" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport public">public</a>)  • <a href="/wiki/Instala%C8%9Bii_sanitare" title="Instalații sanitare">Instalații sanitare</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Cercet%C4%83tor" title="Cercetător">Cercetător</a> • <a href="/wiki/Inven%C8%9Bie" title="Invenție">Invenție</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932350b">cb11932350b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932350b">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074756-6">4074756-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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