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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aquatic mercury pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquatic_mercury_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlling_output_of_mercury_pollution_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlling_output_of_mercury_pollution_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Controlling output of mercury pollution sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlling_output_of_mercury_pollution_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects_and_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects_and_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health effects and outcomes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects_and_outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects and outcomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects_and_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disparate_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disparate_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disparate impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disparate_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Regulation and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_cases_and_exposure_to_mercury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_cases_and_exposure_to_mercury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Medical cases and exposure to mercury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_cases_and_exposure_to_mercury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Work and exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_and_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>By nation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minamata_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minamata_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Minamata disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minamata_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seafood_consumption_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seafood_consumption_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Seafood consumption benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seafood_consumption_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Levels of contamination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels_of_contamination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levels of contamination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most-contaminated_fish_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most-contaminated_fish_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Most-contaminated fish species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most-contaminated_fish_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_pollution_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Air pollution regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wastewater_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wastewater_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Wastewater regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wastewater_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_advice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_advice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current advice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_advice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Additional sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercury in fish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83" title="زئبق في أسماك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زئبق في أسماك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pres%C3%A8ncia_de_mercuri_en_els_peixos" title="Presència de mercuri en els peixos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Presència de mercuri en els peixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presencia_de_mercurio_en_peces" title="Presencia de mercurio en peces – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presencia de mercurio en peces" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrargo_en_fi%C5%9Doj" title="Hidrargo en fiŝoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrargo en fiŝoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="جیوه در ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیوه در ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%A5%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%88%98%EC%9D%80_%EB%86%8D%EC%B6%95" title="어류의 수은 농축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어류의 수은 농축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksa_pada_ikan" title="Raksa pada ikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raksa pada ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurio_nei_pesci" title="Mercurio nei pesci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercurio nei pesci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvsudrabs_ziv%C4%ABs" title="Dzīvsudrabs zivīs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvsudrabs zivīs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%8B%E9%A1%9E%E3%81%AB%E5%90%AB%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80" title="魚介類に含まれる水銀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魚介類に含まれる水銀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presen%C3%A7a_de_merc%C3%BArio_em_peixes" title="Presença de mercúrio em peixes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presença de mercúrio em peixes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Ртуть в рыбе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ртуть в рыбе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="මාලු වල රසදිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාලු වල රසදිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivo_srebro_v_ribah" title="Živo srebro v ribah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živo srebro v ribah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elohopea_kaloissa" title="Elohopea kaloissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elohopea kaloissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மீன்களில் பாதரசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீன்களில் பாதரசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Ртуть у рибі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ртуть у рибі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_nhi%E1%BB%85m_th%E1%BB%A7y_ng%C3%A2n" title="Cá nhiễm thủy ngân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá nhiễm thủy ngân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2634785#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MercuryFoodChain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MercuryFoodChain.svg/330px-MercuryFoodChain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MercuryFoodChain.svg/495px-MercuryFoodChain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MercuryFoodChain.svg/660px-MercuryFoodChain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption> Nearby <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> sources, such as coal burning and iron mining, can contaminate water sources with methylmercury, which is efficiently absorbed in the bodies of fish. Through the process of <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>, mercury levels in each successive <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">predatory stage</a> increase.</figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> is a health concern for people who eat them, especially for women who are or may become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children. Fish and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>, a highly toxic <a href="/wiki/Organomercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomercury">organomercury</a> compound. This element is known to <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioaccumulate">bioaccumulate</a> in humans, so bioaccumulation in <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> carries over into human populations, where it can result in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>. Mercury is dangerous to both natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and humans because it is a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> known to be highly <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>, especially due to its <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxic</a> ability to damage the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-park_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In human-controlled ecosystems of fish, usually done for market production of wanted seafood species, mercury clearly rises through the food chain via fish consuming small <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, as well as through non-food sources such as underwater sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-cheng_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish products have been shown to contain varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, particularly mercury and fat-soluble pollutants from <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. Species of fish that are <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">long-lived</a> and high on the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a> contain higher concentrations of mercury than others.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetaceans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>) also bioaccumulate mercury and other pollutants, so populations that eat <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">the Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Iceland" title="Whaling in Iceland">Icelanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Norwegians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Whaling in the Faroe Islands">the Faroese</a>, are also vulnerable to mercury ingestion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biomagnification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></div> <p>The consumption of fish is by far the most significant source of ingestion-related mercury exposure in humans and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-EPAMercuryStudyIII_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPAMercuryStudyIII-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl mercury">methyl mercury</a> are present in only very small concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. However, they are absorbed, usually as methyl mercury, by <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. This algae is then eaten by fish and other organisms higher in the food chain. Fish efficiently absorb methyl mercury, but excrete it very slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methyl mercury is not soluble and therefore not excreted. Instead, it accumulates, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a>, although also in the muscle tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-cocoros_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cocoros-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in the <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> of mercury, in a buildup in the <a href="/wiki/Adipose" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipose">adipose</a> tissue of successive <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">nekton</a>, larger fish, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older that such fish become, the more mercury they may have absorbed. Anything that eats these fish within the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> also consumes the higher level of mercury that the fish have accumulated, including humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process explains why predatory fish such as <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> or birds like <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> have higher concentrations of mercury in their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. Species on the food chain can amass body concentrations of mercury up to ten times higher than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification. For example, herring contains mercury levels at about 0.1 parts per million, while shark contains mercury levels greater than 1 part per million.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_mercury_pollution">Origins of mercury pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of mercury pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">Mercury cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_pollution_in_the_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury pollution in the ocean">Mercury pollution in the ocean</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_mercury_pollution">Terrestrial mercury pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terrestrial mercury pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three types of mercury emission: <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">anthropogenic</a>, re-emission, and natural, including <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_activity" title="Geothermal activity">geothermal</a> vents. Anthropogenic sources are responsible for 30% of all emissions, while natural sources are responsible for 10%, and re-emission accounts for the other 60%. While re-emission accounts for the largest proportion of emissions, it is likely that the mercury emitted from these sources originally came from anthropogenic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropogenic sources include coal burning, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil refining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> and small-scale gold mining, wastes from consumer products, <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">dental amalgam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chlor-alkali</a> industry, production of <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>, and the mining, <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, and production of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and other metals.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total amount of mercury released by mankind in 2010 was estimated to be 1,960 metric tons. The majority of this comes from coal burning and gold mining, accounting for 24% and 37% of total anthropogenic output respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Re-emission, the largest emitter, occurs in a variety of ways. It is possible for mercury that has been deposited in soil to be re-emitted into the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">mercury cycle</a> via <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>. A second example of re-emission is a <a href="/wiki/Wild_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fire">forest fire</a>; mercury that has been absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plant life</a> is re-released into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. While it is difficult to estimate the exact extent of mercury re-emission, it is an important field of study. Knowing how easily and how often previously emitted mercury can be released helps us learn how long it will take for a reduction in anthropogenic sources to be reflected in the environment. Mercury that has been released can find its way into the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>. A 2008 model estimated the total amount of deposition into the oceans that year to be 3,700 metric tons. It is estimated that <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> carry as much as 2,420 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the mercury deposited in the oceans is re-emitted, however; as much as 300 metric tons is converted into methyl mercury. While only 13% of this finds its way into the food chain, that is still 40 metric tons a year.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much (an estimated 40%) of the mercury that eventually finds its way into fish originates with <a href="/wiki/Coal-burning_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-burning power plant">coal-burning power plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_production" title="Chlorine production">chlorine production</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-nrdc01_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrdc01-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest source of mercury contamination in the United States is coal-fueled power plant emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-everynyt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everynyt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chlorine chemical plants use mercury to extract chlorine from salt, which in many parts of the world is discharged as mercury compounds in waste water, though this process has been largely replaced by the more economically viable membrane cell process, which does not use mercury. Coal contains mercury as a natural contaminant. When it is fired for electricity generation, the mercury is released as smoke into the atmosphere. Most of this mercury pollution can be eliminated if pollution-control devices are installed.<sup id="cite_ref-nrdc01_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrdc01-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercury in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> frequently comes from <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plants">power plants</a>, which release about 50% of the nation's mercury <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_mats_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa_mats-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold-mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold-mining">gold mining</a> often uses mercury <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, leading to workers receiving significant quantities of mercury while performing their jobs. Such mercury from gold mines is specifically known to contribute to <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a> in aquatic <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adimado_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adimado-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elemental mercury often comes from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> power plants, and <a href="/wiki/Oxidized" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidized">oxidized</a> mercury often comes from <a href="/wiki/Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerator">incinerators</a>. Oil-fired power plants also contribute mercury to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-park_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy industry</a> therefore is a key player in the introduction of mercury into the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. When addressing the issue of reducing seafood mercury bioaccumulation on a global scale, it is important to pinpoint major energy producers and consumers whose exchange of energy may be the root of the problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_mercury_pollution">Aquatic mercury pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aquatic mercury pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The farming of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic organisms</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, often involves <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">fish feed</a> that contains mercury. A study by Jardine has found no reliable connection between mercury in fish food affecting aquaculture organisms or aquatic organisms in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-jardine_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jardine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, mercury from other sources may affect organisms grown through aquaculture. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, farmed fish species, such as <a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud carp">mud carp</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Siniperca_chuatsi" title="Siniperca chuatsi">Siniperca chuatsi</a></i>, carried 90% of total mercury content in all of the measured fish in a study by Cheng. This study also concluded that mercury bioaccumulates through food chains even in controlled aquaculture environments. Both total mercury and methyl mercury absorption was found to be derived from sediments containing mercury, not mainly from fish feed.<sup id="cite_ref-cheng_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Institute_of_Marine_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology">Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology</a> has noted that fish feed used in aquaculture often contains <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a> such as mercury, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, and has dispatched these concerns to organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>Mercury can get into <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> systems by <a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">point sources</a> and extended flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, mercury poisoning in <a href="/wiki/Asubpeeschoseewagong_First_Nation" title="Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation">Grassy Narrows</a> was likely caused by a spill at a <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a>, which is a point source. Non-point sources include floods that create hospitable habitats for <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that can convert mercury to <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a>, which is the toxic form that bioaccumulates through aquatic <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. The effects of these different sources of mercury have been studied at the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Lakes_Area" title="Experimental Lakes Area">Experimental Lakes Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario, Canada</a>, using research procedures including whole-lake ecosystem experiments and non-lethal fish muscle <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlling_output_of_mercury_pollution_sources">Controlling output of mercury pollution sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controlling output of mercury pollution sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Geological Survey projects that in the next several decades there will be a 50 percent increase in mercury levels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What study do you refer to (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The study also shows that the increases are connected through industrial emissions and are not natural as previously thought.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What study? (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>However, by decreasing emissions from industrial plants, the possibility of decreasing the high level of mercury remains plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several nations are currently implementing systems that will detect and therefore later be able to control the output of mercury into the atmosphere. Air pollution control devices (APCDs) have been implemented in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> is starting to take inventory of mercury sources. Mercury pollution can also be removed by <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic precipitators</a> (ESPs). Bag-based filters are also used in <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a> that may contribute mercury to the environment. <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">Flue-gas desulfurization</a>, normally used to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, can also be used in conjunction with APCDs to remove additional mercury before <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhausts</a> are released into the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-park_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, countries such as South Korea have only begun to use inventories of mercury sources, calling into question how fast anti-mercury measures will be put into factories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects_and_outcomes">Health effects and outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health effects and outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disparate_impacts">Disparate impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disparate impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mercury content in fish does not affect all populations equally. Certain ethnic groups, as well as young children, are more likely to suffer the effects of methyl mercury poisoning. In the United States, Wallace gathered data that indicated 16.9% of women who self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-American">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a>, or multiracial exceed the recommended <a href="/wiki/Reference_dose" title="Reference dose">reference dose</a> of mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-wallace_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallace-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study done on children of the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> in the North Atlantic showed neurological problems stemming from mothers consuming <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whale</a> meat during pregnancy<sup id="cite_ref-med_letter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med_letter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Whaling in the Faroe Islands">Whaling in the Faroe Islands</a>). A 2020 NBER paper found that in coastal Colombia, those born during periods when fish catches have high mercury content have worse educational and labor market outcomes than those born during periods of low mercury content in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulation_and_health">Regulation and health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While various studies have shown high concentrations of mercury accumulated in fish, medical cases often go unreported and pose a difficulty in correlating mercury in fish with human poisoning. Environmental issues cover a broad range of areas, but medical cases that are associated with pollutants released into the environment by factories or construction areas cause <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> issues that affect not only the environment but also human well-being. Substances poisonous to the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> in a particular amount or dose may not cause any symptoms over time. While there are limits to how much of anything the body can have, mercury is a particular poison that produces immediate physical symptoms when the body has been accumulating it over a period of time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency estimates the amount of mercury in human blood that is not likely to pose <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">fatal</a> health outcomes. The agency is in charge of enforcing regulations and policies that cover a range of environmental topics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of blood mercury concentrations in childbearing women has documented that exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) occurs primarily through the consumption of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. FDA highly recommends against pregnant women and young children consuming raw fish. Pregnant women and young children often lack strong immune systems and are more at risk for foodborne illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_cases_and_exposure_to_mercury">Medical cases and exposure to mercury</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medical cases and exposure to mercury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> provides advice about the levels of mercury that are non-fatal in humans. Symptoms of exposure to high levels of methyl mercury include disturbed <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, and speech, lack of coordination, and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">muscle weakness</a>. Medical studies have examined the correlation of fish consumption and health issues. American studies have presented evidence of fish consumption and its effects on <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal studies">Longitudinal studies</a> agree that human activities release mercury that accumulates in <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This article does not discuss the cause of mercury accumulation in marine life (September 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Addressing the issues of fish consumption forces health officials to recognize the sources of mercury in the human body. Specific <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes are vulnerable to a high exposure of mercury. Studies have determined that these <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native peoples</a> in the United States suffer more from mercury <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisoning</a> and illness than any other <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> group in the country. This is due to the fact that fish is a main source of protein. Exposure risk was assessed through a medical study, thus raising <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> issues of whether the <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> of these groups is a priority in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Work_and_exposure">Work and exposure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Work and exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cases that arise are due to work exposure or <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal poisoning">medicinal poisoning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a> advocates can relate these mercury cases to the unregulated amount of mercury that enters the environment. Workers can be exposed to mercury through the manufacture of fluorescent tubes, <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloralkali">chloralkali</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> among other products. <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic</a> sources and places where mercury is released or used as a solid or vapor puts these has caused <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">hyperhidrosis</a>, chest congestion, and loss of motor skills. When taken to the hospital, the <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> levels had already exceeded the maximum amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over-the-counter medicines have been shown to have traces of mercurous chloride. Medical research reported that the children who received doses of these medicines experienced physical symptoms such as "<a href="/wiki/Drooling" title="Drooling">drooling</a>, irregular arm movements, and impaired gait".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposures to this result in severe physical impairments unregulated chemicals that are put in products. The intake of <a href="/wiki/Laxatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxatives">laxatives</a> that contained about 120 mg of mercurous chloride has also been cases of mercury's toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, that have phased out mercury in the <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dental industry</a> and manufacturing, lingering quantities of mercury still exist in <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and coastal areas. Moreover, global contributions of mercury to the environment also affect that country. A study in Sweden selected 127 women who had a high level of fish consumption. Around 20% of the women selected, after <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> samples, were found to have exceeded the <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a>'s recommended <a href="/wiki/Reference_dose" title="Reference dose">reference dose</a> of 0.1 micrograms of methyl mercury per kilogram of body weight. Additionally, the study concluded that there was "no margin of safety for neuraldevelopmental effects in fetus[es]"<sup id="cite_ref-bjornberg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjornberg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without removing the offending species of fish from the diets of the women. This indicates that families intending to raise children should be especially careful about exposing their unborn babies to toxic mercury via fish. </p><p>Children exposed to mercury are particularly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisoning</a> since the ratio of food, water, and air intake versus individual body weight is much higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landrigan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landrigan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, children undergo fast growth that causes them to be more susceptible to damaging exposure to methylmercury, as well as the long term consequences of such exposure during <a href="/wiki/Childhood_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood development">childhood development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landrigan_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landrigan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young age plays an important role in terms of damage caused by mercury, and much literature on mercury focuses on <a href="/wiki/Pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant women">pregnant women</a> and specific precautions designed to prevent youth mercury exposure. Prenatal methylmercury exposure does cause <a href="/wiki/Behavioral" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral">behavioral</a> problems in infants and worsened <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> test performance. Additionally, Hughner estimates that 250,000 women may be exposing their unborn babies to levels of methyl mercury above recommended federal levels.<sup id="cite_ref-burger2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burger2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economically, there does not seem to be a difference in mercury exposure based on <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> bracket and the ability to buy <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> from the market. One study shows "no significant differences in mercury levels in <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluefish" title="Bluefish">bluefish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> as a function of type of store or economic neighborhood".<sup id="cite_ref-burger_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burger-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_nation">By nation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">countries</a> have <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> differences that lead to more <a href="/wiki/Fish_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish consumption">fish consumption</a> and therefore more possible exposure to <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> methylmercury. In <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, the local population traditionally consumes large quantities of fish, leading to potentially dangerous amounts of mercury in the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adimado_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adimado-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon River Basin">Amazonian Basin</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">rainy season</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> fish dominate the diet of 72.2% of the women selected from a particular Amazonian <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a>. Analysis also shows increase of mercury content in the hair of humans who eat fish on a daily basis in the Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-dolbec_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolbec-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most serious case of mercury poisoning in recent history was in the Japanese city of <a href="/wiki/Minamata" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamata">Minamata</a>, in the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata poisoning</a> demonstrated that significant <a href="/wiki/Prenatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal">prenatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postnatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postnatal">postnatal</a> exposure to high levels of methylmercury caused serious neurological problems. Minamata victims also showed higher than normal signs of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disease">psychiatric diseases</a>, along with those <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> being caused by underlying neurological issues.<sup id="cite_ref-yorifuji_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorifuji-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 USGS survey of mercury levels in the United States water system found that methylmercury concentrations in fish were typically highest in wetland areas including the coastal plain streams in the Southeast. Fish methylmercury levels were also high in the Western US, but only in streams that had been mined for mercury or gold.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minamata_disease">Minamata disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minamata disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, inhabitants of the seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Minamata,_Kumamoto" title="Minamata, Kumamoto">Minamata</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> island in Japan, noticed strange behavior in animals. Cats would exhibit nervous tremors, dance, and scream. Within a few years, this was observed in other animals; birds would drop out of the sky. Symptoms were also observed in fish, an important component of the diet, especially for the poor. When human symptoms started to be noticed around 1956 an investigation began. Fishing was officially banned in 1957. It was found that the <a href="/wiki/Chisso_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisso Corporation">Chisso Corporation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> company and maker of <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>, had been discharging heavy metal waste into the sea for decades. They used mercury compounds as catalysts in their syntheses. It is believed that about 5,000 people were killed and perhaps 50,000 were to some extent poisoned by mercury. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a> in Minamata, Japan, is now known as <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seafood_consumption_benefits">Seafood consumption benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seafood consumption benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynecologists" title="American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</a> noted that, considering all the dangers and benefits, the overall result of eating fish in the United States is likely to improve personal health rather than damage it.<sup id="cite_ref-med_letter_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-med_letter-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The College argues that the <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids">omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</a> found in fish have a health benefit that outweighs the harm from mercury or <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>. Even so, the College suggested limiting fish consumption for pregnant women. A risk-benefit study weighing the risks of mercury consumption against the benefits derived from fish in Alaska showed that the benefits outweigh the risks when consuming salmon for both cardiovascular health and infant neurological development, and that methyl mercury data for non-oily fish need to be of high quality before relative risk can be reliably identified. <sup id="cite_ref-LORETAL_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LORETAL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> Child Development Study traced more than seven hundred mother-child pairs for nine years and found no neurological problems in the children resulting from both prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure. A study done with marketed fish in <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> concluded that, except in a few rare cases, the fish available for consumption had lower levels of mercury than limits defined by various health organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-al_mughairi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_mughairi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, citing these studies, have suggested the creation of place-based consumption advisories.<sup id="cite_ref-LORDUF_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LORDUF-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However place-based approaches do not take into account cases of severe mercury poisoning, such as that found in <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> is an element that is known to counteract some of the dangers of ingesting mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-burger2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burger2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple studies have been done, such as those in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, that take into account selenium as well as mercury levels. Fish often do contain selenium in conjunction with bioaccumulated mercury, which may offset some of the dangers associated with the mercury ingested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_contamination">Levels of contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Levels of contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most-contaminated_fish_species">Most-contaminated fish species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Most-contaminated fish species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The danger level from <a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">consuming</a> fish depends on species and size. Size is the best predictor of increased levels of accumulated mercury. <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Sharks</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mako_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mako shark">mako shark</a>, have very high levels of mercury. A study on <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">coastal fish</a> indicated that one third of the sampled fish had levels of mercury above 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a>, a level that could pose a human health concern for <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> who regularly eat this fish.<sup id="cite_ref-burger2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burger2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study of marketplace fish caught in waters surrounding <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> showed that, undoubtedly, greater fish weight leads to additional mercury found in fish body tissues. Moreover, the concentration, measured in <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligrams</a> of mercury per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> of fish, steadily increases with the size of the fish. <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">Anglerfish</a> off the coast of Italy were found with concentrations as high as 2.2 milligrams of mercury per kilogram, higher than the recommended limit of 1 milligram of mercury per kilogram. Annually, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> catches approximately a third of its fish from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, where these anglerfish were found.<sup id="cite_ref-storelli_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storelli-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish that consume their <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a> in a certain manner may contain much higher concentrations of mercury than other species. <a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">Grass carp</a> off the coast of China hold far less internal mercury than do <a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead carp</a>. The reason for this is that bighead carp are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>, while grass carp are not. Thus, bighead carp gather more mercury by eating large amounts of small plankton, as well as sucking up sediments that collect a sizable amount of methyl mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-cheng_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheng-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable 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tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaaaaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:rgba(84,89,93,.3)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset #202122}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable):not(.mw-datatable) tr::before{border-color:#000000}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style> </p> <table class="collapsible plainrowheaders static-row-numbers sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Mercury levels in commercial fish and shellfish<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TL_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr class="static-row-header"> <th scope="col">Species </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(ppm)</span> </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">Mean</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(ppm)</span> </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">Std dev</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(ppm)</span> </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_trophic_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine trophic level">Trophic level</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Maximum_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum age">Max age</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(years)</span> </th> <th scope="col">Comment </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">Tilefish (Gulf of Mexico)</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FFA9A9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">1.123</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>35</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Mid-Atlantic tilefish has lower mercury levels<br />and is considered safe to eat in moderation.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FEB6B6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.870</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FFAAAA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.995</td> <td>0.539</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>15</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FEBCBC;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.811</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FFABAB;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.979</td> <td>0.626</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Mackerel (king)</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC3C3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.730</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>14</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">Tuna (bigeye)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD1D2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.560</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FDC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.689</td> <td>0.341</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>11</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Fresh/frozen </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD1D2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.562</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FCD0D1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.571</td> <td>0.183</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>149</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDEDF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.390</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBD7D8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.485</td> <td>0.237</td> <td>4.5</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Spanish_mackerel" title="Atlantic Spanish mackerel">Mackerel (Spanish)</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBD9DA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.454</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Gulf of Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDEDE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.399</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDADB;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.448</td> <td>0.278</td> <td>4.2</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">All species </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE2E3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.340</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBDFDF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.386</td> <td>0.265</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">All species, fresh/frozen </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Bluefish" title="Bluefish">Bluefish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE4E5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.305</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBE0E1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.368</td> <td>0.221</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>9</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Sablefish" title="Sablefish">Sablefish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE7E8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.265</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBE0E1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.361</td> <td>0.241</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>94</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Albacore_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Albacore tuna">Tuna (albacore)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBE0E1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.360</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBE1E1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.358</td> <td>0.138</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Fresh/frozen </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">Tuna (yellowfin)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE4E5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.311</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.354</td> <td>0.231</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Fresh/frozen </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE5E5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.303</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FBE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.354</td> <td>0.299</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>50+<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Chilean sea bass </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Albacore_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Albacore tuna">Tuna (albacore)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE2E3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.338</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.350</td> <td>0.128</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Canned </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/White_croaker" title="White croaker">Croaker white</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE6E7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.280</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE6E7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.287</td> <td>0.069</td> <td>3.4</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Pacific </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDED;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.188</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE9EA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.241</td> <td>0.225</td> <td>4.3</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Weakfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Weakfish">Weakfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EFF0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.157</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE9EA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.235</td> <td>0.216</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>17<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Sea trout </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Scorpionfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionfish">Scorpionfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.181</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAEAEA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.233</td> <td>0.139</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Mackerel (Spanish)</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.182</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4.5</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">South Atlantic </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi-mahi</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.180</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EDEE;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.178</td> <td>0.103</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.094</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EEEF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.167</td> <td>0.194</td> <td>3.9</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Striped_bass" title="Striped bass">Striped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bass">black</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_sea_bass" title="Black sea bass">black sea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Red_snapper_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red snapper (fish)">Snapper</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F2F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.113</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EEEF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.166</td> <td>0.244</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Monkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkfish">Monkfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F0F1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.139</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EEEF;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.161</td> <td>0.095</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>25</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EFF0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.146</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EFF0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.150</td> <td>0.112</td> <td>4.0</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Freshwater </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">Tuna (skipjack)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9EFF0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.150</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F0F0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.144</td> <td>0.119</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>12</td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Fresh/frozen </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">Tilefish (Atlantic)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.099</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F0F0;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.144</td> <td>0.122</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>35</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">Skate</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F0F1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.137</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Buffalofish" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalofish">Buffalofish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F1F2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.120</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F0F1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.137</td> <td>0.094</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F4F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.077</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F1F2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.126</td> <td>0.134</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">All species, canned, light </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Ocean_perch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean perch">Perch (ocean)</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F2F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.102</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F1F2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.121</td> <td>0.125</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.066</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F2F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.111</td> <td>0.152</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>22</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F0F1;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.134</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F2F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.110</td> <td>0.099</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/American_lobster" title="American lobster">Lobster (American)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.086</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F2F3;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.107</td> <td>0.076</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/American_pickerel" title="American pickerel">Pickerel (American)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.091</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.095</td> <td>0.100</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">Lobster (spiny)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.062</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.093</td> <td>0.097</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/California_sheephead" title="California sheephead">Sheephead (California)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F4F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.080</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.090</td> <td>0.050</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.067</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.089</td> <td>0.084</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Chub_mackerel" title="Chub mackerel">Mackerel (chub)</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F3F4;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.088</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.1</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Pacific </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Old_World_silverside" title="Old World silverside">Jacksmelt</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.050</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F4F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.081</td> <td>0.103</td> <td>3.1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">Hake</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.067</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F4F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.079</td> <td>0.064</td> <td>4.0</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.042</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F4F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.078</td> <td>0.128</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>21</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.025</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F9F4F5;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.071</td> <td>0.141</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Freshwater </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_croaker" title="Atlantic croaker">Croaker (Atlantic)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.061</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.065</td> <td>0.050</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.050</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.065</td> <td>0.096</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_crab" title="King crab">king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow crab">snow crab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Sablefish" title="Sablefish">Butterfish</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.058</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.5</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.050</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.056</td> <td>0.045</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.049</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F5F6;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.055</td> <td>0.033</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Atlantic </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">Whiting</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.052</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.051</td> <td>0.030</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Mackerel (Atlantic)</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.050</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.014</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F6F7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.050</td> <td>0.078</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/American_shad" title="American shad">Shad (American)</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.033</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.038</td> <td>0.045</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">Crayfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.035</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.032</td> <td>0.012</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.003</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.031</td> <td>0.089</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.017</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.024</td> <td>0.023</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.005</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F7F8;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.024</td> <td>0.056</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>24</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.015</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.022</td> <td>0.034</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Fresh/frozen </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">Anchovies</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.011</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.016</td> <td>0.015</td> <td>3.1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.010</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.014</td> <td>0.021</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left" nowrap="">Canned </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardine</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.010</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.013</td> <td>0.015</td> <td>2.7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.004</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.013</td> <td>0.023</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a> </th> <td>< 0.001</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.012</td> <td>0.035</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.002</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.009</td> <td>0.011</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a><sup id="cite_ref-methylmercury_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.001</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F8F9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.009</td> <td>0.013</td> <td></td> <td>6.5<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left" scope="row" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a> </th> <td>< 0.001</td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#F8F9FA;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">0.003</td> <td>0.007</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FDA-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The mercury levels in the table, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the <a href="/wiki/US_FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="US FDA">US FDA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TL-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TL_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trophic levels and maximum ages are, unless otherwise indicated, taken from the relevant species pages on Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly (Eds) (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-TL_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where a group has more than one species, the average of the principal commercial species is used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-methylmercury-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-methylmercury_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Only methylmercury was analyzed (all other results are for total mercury)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>US government scientists tested fish in 291 streams around the country for mercury contamination. They found mercury in every fish tested, according to the study by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. They found mercury even in fish of isolated rural waterways. Twenty-five percent of the fish tested had mercury levels above the safety levels determined by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> for people who eat the fish regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-everynyt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everynyt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamata disaster">Minamata disaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> has improved on its <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> regulation. During the 1970s Japan made strides to reduce mercury demand and production. Chief among these efforts was the reduction of inorganic mercury produced by <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>. It was halted by 1974, and demand fell from 2,500 tons per year in 1964, its peak, to 10 tons per year in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-lessons_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lessons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these initial strides, Japan has introduced a list of regulations governing the mercury content of a variety of materials. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Japan Mercury Regulation<sup id="cite_ref-lessons_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lessons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Regulation</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">Pharmaceutical</a> Affairs Act</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ban the use of mercury and its compounds </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></td> <td>Agricultural Chemicals Control Act</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ban the use of mercury and its compounds as an active ingredient </td></tr> <tr> <td>Household Commodities</td> <td>Act on Control of Household Products Containing Hazardous Substances</td> <td>No mercury in household <a href="/wiki/Adhesives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesives">adhesives</a>, household <a href="/wiki/Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Paints">paints</a>, household <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish">shoe polish</a>, shoe cream, <a href="/wiki/Diapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapers">diapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bib_(garment)" title="Bib (garment)">bibs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undergarments" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarments">undergarments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloves">gloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socks" class="mw-redirect" title="Socks">socks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pharmaceutical Products</td> <td>Pharmaceutical Affairs Act</td> <td style="text-align:left">No use of mercury compounds in oral preparations. No use of mercury compounds, other than <a href="/wiki/Mercurochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercurochrome">mercurochrome</a>, as an active ingredient. Mercury as a preservative only if no other option is available. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">Air</a></td> <td>Air Pollution Control Law</td> <td style="text-align:left">No more than 40 ng/m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></td> <td>Basic Environment Law and Water Pollution Control Act</td> <td style="text-align:left">Environmental quality standard: no more than 0.0005 mg/L in <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a>. Effluent standard: no more than 0.005 mg/L in effluence. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></td> <td>Basic Environment Law and Soil <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">Contamination</a> Countermeasures Act</td> <td style="text-align:left">Environmental quality standard: no more than 0.0005 mg/L sample solution. <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">Elution</a> standard: no more than 0.0005 mg/L. Content standard: no more than 15 mg/kg </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Regulation of these potential sources of pollution reduces the amount of mercury that ends up in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and, through <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>. In addition to enacting <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> controlling the mercury levels in potential pollutants, Japan has directly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> by issuing regulations setting acceptable levels of environmental mercury <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. </p><p>It is Japan's goal to promote international mercury legislation in hopes of preventing any country from experiencing what it did.<sup id="cite_ref-lessons_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lessons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Japan's extensive regulation and experience with mercury-based disasters, there is still little information provided to the public. The Japanese Federal Fish Advisory's recommendations are less strict than those in <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watanabe_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watanabe-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png/220px-Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png/330px-Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png/440px-Advice_About_Eating_Fish_-_EPA_%26_FDA_-_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="2569" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption>Fish advisory chart issued by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Mercury regulation in the United States">Mercury regulation in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_pollution_regulations">Air pollution regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Air pollution regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States has regulated mercury emissions under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_of_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act of 1963">Clean Air Act</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) first attempted to regulate power plant mercury emissions with the <i>Clean Air Mercury Rule</i> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> intended for the regulation to use a <a href="/wiki/Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-and-trade">cap-and-trade</a> system to control emissions across multiple industries. The rule was challenged in litigation, and in 2008 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> vacated the rule, stating that EPA had improperly excluded power plants from designation as emitting <a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">hazardous air pollutants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EPA subsequently classified mercury emissions from power plants as hazardous under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The 2012 <i>Mercury and Air Toxics Standards</i> (MATS) regulation, issued by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Barack Obama administration</a>, targets airborne mercury emissions from power plants and other stationary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA-Cleaner_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-Cleaner-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airborne mercury is dissolved in the oceans, where <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> convert waterborne mercury into <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methyl mercury</a>, which enters the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> and is stored in fish tissue. </p><p>EPA stated that the MATS regulation would prevent about 90% of power plant mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-Cleaner_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-Cleaner-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency estimated the total expected health benefits are estimated at $37 billion–$90 billion by 2016.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Where do these figures come from (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> EPA estimated the economic cost at $9.6 billion annually.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Previous citation not locatable (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In 2020 the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> weakened the MATS rule by disavowing EPA's previous calculations and justifications, thereby making the rule subject to legal challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wastewater_regulations">Wastewater regulations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wastewater regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPA published wastewater regulations (<a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">effluent guidelines</a>) for mercury in industrial categories where mercury is used in the manufacturing process, including <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a> manufacturing;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">inorganic chemicals</a> manufacturing;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oil and gas extraction (<a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">cuttings</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nonferrous metals manufacturing (<a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In EU, the regulation (EU) 2017/852<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covers the full life cycle of mercury. This legislation prohibits the manufacture, export and import of a large range of mercury-added products; puts an end to all uses of mercury catalysts and large electrodes in industrial processes and reduces the use of and pollution from dental amalgam. Recently, the EU estimated the Mercury content in the topsoils based on a large Land Cover Survey named LUCAS.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mercury content in EU topsoils has a median of 38 μg per Kg with a total content of around 45,000 tons<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 0–20 cm of EU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some believe that legislation on a global scale is needed for this issue because mercury pollution is estimated to be so far-reaching. Pollution from one country does not stay localized to that country. Despite this, <a href="/wiki/International_regulation" title="International regulation">international regulation</a> has been slow to take off. The first forms of international legislation appeared in the 1970s, beginning as agreements about shared bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next step was the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Declaration">Stockholm Declaration</a>, which urged countries to avoid polluting the oceans by dumping.<sup id="cite_ref-Stockholm_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockholm-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1972 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo Convention">Oslo Convention</a> and the 1974 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Convention_(1974)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Convention (1974) (page does not exist)">Paris Convention</a> were adopted by parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Both lessened polluting the ocean with mercury, the former by banning the dumping of <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> into the ocean and the latter by obligating participants to reduce land-based pollution on coastlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oslo_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oslo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first real global legislation regarding mercury pollution was the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> of 1989. This convention attempts to reduce the movement of mercury across borders and primarily regulates the <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> of <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> chemicals, including mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998 the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution was adopted by most of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Its primary objective is to cut emissions of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>. The convention is the largest international agreement on mercury established to date.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century, the focus of mercury regulation has been on voluntary programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next phase in legislation is a global effort, and this appears to be what the Minamata Convention hopes to accomplish. The <a href="/wiki/Minamata_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamata Convention">Minamata Convention</a>, named after the Japanese city that suffered horribly from mercury pollution, has taken four years of negotiation but was finally adopted by delegates from over 140 countries. The convention was ratified after 50 countries signed it. The Minamata Convention requires all participants to eliminate, where possible, the release of mercury from small-scale <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a>. It also requires a sharp reduction in emission from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> burning.<sup id="cite_ref-Minamata_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minamata-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_advice">Current advice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Current advice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complexities associated with mercury transport and environmental fate are described by USEPA in their 1997 Mercury Study Report to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because methyl mercury and high levels of elemental mercury can be particularly toxic to a fetus or young children, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. EPA</a> and FDA recommend that women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant within the next one or two years, as well as young children, avoid eating more than 6 ounces (170g, one average meal) of <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fish</a> per week.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the FDA has an action level for methylmercury in commercial marine and freshwater fish that is 1.0 parts per million (ppm). In Canada, the limit for the total of mercury content is 0.5 ppm. The <a href="/wiki/Got_Mercury%3F" title="Got Mercury?">Got Mercury?</a> website includes a calculator for determining mercury levels in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Species with characteristically low levels of mercury include <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> (FDA March 2004). The FDA characterizes shrimp, catfish, pollock, salmon, <a href="/wiki/Sardines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardines">sardines</a>, and canned light tuna as low-mercury seafood, although recent tests have indicated that up to 6 percent of canned light tuna may contain high levels.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in tuna meat is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that the lipid concentration within edible tuna tissues has a diluting effect on mercury content.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings suggest that choosing to consume a type of tuna that has a higher natural fat content may help reduce the amount of mercury intake, compared to consuming tuna with a low fat content. Also, many of the fish chosen for <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> contain high levels of mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-urlNRDC:_Mercury_Contamination_in_Fish_-_Guide_to_Mercury_in_Sushi_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlNRDC:_Mercury_Contamination_in_Fish_-_Guide_to_Mercury_in_Sushi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US Food and Drug Administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), the risk from mercury by eating fish and shellfish is not a health concern for most people.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_rec_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_rec-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain seafood might contain levels of mercury that may cause harm to an unborn baby (and especially its brain development and nervous system). In a young child, high levels of mercury can interfere with the development of the nervous system. The FDA provides three recommendations for young children, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age: </p> <ol><li>Do not eat <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a> (Gulf of Mexico) because they might contain high levels of mercury.</li> <li>Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals of 170 g each) a week of a variety of fish and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish and shellfish that are low in mercury are: <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna#Canned" title="Tuna">canned light tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>. Another commonly eaten fish, <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> or ("white") tuna depending on its origin might have more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, it is recommended that you should not eat more than up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.</li> <li>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal of 170 g) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but consume no other fish during that week.</li></ol> <p>Research suggests that selenium content in fish is protective against the toxic effects of methylmercury content.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish with higher ratios of selenium to methylmercury (Se:Hg) are better to eat since the selenium binds to the methylmercury allowing it to pass through the body un-absorbed. </p><p>In 2012 the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) reported on chemical contaminants they found in the food of over 20 European countries. They established that fish meat and fish products were primarily responsible for methylmercury in the diet of all age classes. Particularly implicated were swordfish, tuna, cod, pike, whiting and hake. The EFSA recommend a tolerable weekly intake for methylmercury of 1.3 μg/kg body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_Mercury:_Money,_Politics_and_Poison" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnosis Mercury: Money, Politics and Poison">Diagnosis Mercury: Money, Politics and Poison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_pollution_in_the_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury pollution in the ocean">Mercury pollution in the ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Mercury_and_health" title="Tuna">Mercury in tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Harbor_Certified_Seafood" title="Safe Harbor Certified Seafood">Safe Harbor Certified Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat#Toxicity" title="Whale meat">Whale meat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-park-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParkSeoLeeLee2008" class="citation journal cs1">Park, K. 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Oslo Convention. 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102182432/http://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/marine.pollution.dumping.ships.aircraft.1972.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Apr</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+for+the+Prevention+of+Marine+Pollution+by+Dumping+from+Ships+and+Aircraft&rft.pub=Oslo+Convention&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsedac.ciesin.org%2Fentri%2Ftexts%2Fmarine.pollution.dumping.ships.aircraft.1972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+in+fish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minamata-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minamata_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.gov/oia/toxics/mercury/minamata.html">"Minamata Convention on Mercury"</a>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2013-07-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140507031047/http://epa.gov/oia/toxics/mercury/minamata.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 Apr</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minamata+Convention+on+Mercury&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.gov%2Foia%2Ftoxics%2Fmercury%2Fminamata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+in+fish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/mercury/report.htm">"Mercury Study Report to Congress"</a>. EPA. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201113409/http://www.epa.gov/mercury/report.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Study+Report+to+Congress&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fmercury%2Freport.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+in+fish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040321123439/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html">"What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish"</a>. FDA/EPA. March 2004. 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Online Calculator Helps Seafood Consumers Gauge Mercury Intake"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Dreams" title="Common Dreams">Common Dreams</a></i>. March 9, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/news2004/0310-02.htm">the original</a> on April 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Raymonda (Sep 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses_html/OCN331/Mercury3.pdf">"Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Neurotoxicology</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 802–11. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.3878">10.1.1.549.3878</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuro.2008.07.007">10.1016/j.neuro.2008.07.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761370">18761370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724193621/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses_html/OCN331/Mercury3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.efsa.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Scientific+Opinion+on+the+risk+for+public+health+related+to+the+presence+of+mercury+and+methylmercury+in+food+%26%23124%3B+EFSA&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fefsajournal%2Fpub%2F2985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+in+fish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kidd K and Batchelar K (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skgABUEiszAC&dq=Kidd++Batchelar+Mercury+%22Homeostasis+and+Toxicology+of+Non-Essential+Metals%22&pg=PA237">"Mercury"</a> In: Wood CM, Farrell AP and Brauner CJ, <i>Fish Physiology: Homeostasis and Toxicology of Non-Essential Metals</i>, pp. 238–297. Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123786340" title="Special:BookSources/9780123786340">9780123786340</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubick2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lubick, N. (2009). "Ocean mercury on the increase". <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2009.218">10.1038/news.2009.218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Ocean+mercury+on+the+increase&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2009.218&rft.aulast=Lubick&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+in+fish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenNettletonMorrissey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen, RS; Nettleton, J; Morrissey, MT (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415122713/http://www.heads-up.net/csi/Hg_Review_080905.pdf">"A Review of Mercury in Seafood: special focus on tuna"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 71–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ030v14n04_06">10.1300/J030v14n04_06</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94568585">94568585</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heads-up.net/csi/Hg_Review_080905.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aquatic+Food+Product+Technology&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Mercury+in+Seafood%3A+special+focus+on+tuna&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=71-100&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ030v14n04_06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94568585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Nettleton%2C+J&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+MT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heads-up.net%2Fcsi%2FHg_Review_080905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+in+fish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_in_fish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/fishmercury.htm">Health policy for pregnant women</a> The NRDC created the chart below as a guideline to how much tuna can be eaten by children, pregnant women or women wanting to conceive, based on their weight.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001133604/http://www.epi.alaska.gov/bulletins/docs/b2001_06.htm">Recommendations for Fish Consumption in Alaska</a> Bulletin No. 6 June 15, 2001 Mercury and National Fish Advisories Statement from Alaska Division of Public Health</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/hg/index.html">Methylmercury in Sport Fish: Information for Fish Consumers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814213240/http://www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/news2003/1209-12.htm">FDA Tests Show Mercury in White Tuna 3 Times Higher than Can Light, Says Mercury Policy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/mercury-levels-commercial-fish-and-shellfish-1990-2012">FDA - Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990-2012)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822022534/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/20/federal-study-shows-mercu_n_263741.html">Federal Study Shows Mercury In Fish Widespread, Inescapable</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214816/https://seaturtles.org/programs/mercury/">Mercury Awareness Program Highlighted on Pacifica Radio | Turtle Island Restoration Network</a> A Mercury Calculator from Got Mercury?</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index_in_fish" title="Condition index in fish">Condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild<br />fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_pollution" title="Template:Marine pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_pollution" title="Template talk:Marine pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marine_pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marine pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marine_pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural eutrophication">Cultural eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_Floatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Floatees">Friendly Floatees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_Sargassum_Belt" title="Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt">GASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbead" title="Microbead">Microbead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_lightweight_plastic_bags" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags">Plastic bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pellet_pollution" title="Plastic pellet pollution">Plastic pellet pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">Shutdown of thermohaline circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles" title="Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles">Silver nanoparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seafood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seafood" title="Template:Seafood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seafood" title="Template talk:Seafood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seafood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Category: Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster_1959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 (page does not exist)">Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> 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