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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forme_de_manifestare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forme de manifestare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forme_de_manifestare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerie_de_imagini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie_de_imagini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Galerie de imagini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie_de_imagini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_şi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_şi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vezi şi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_şi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pestă</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 100 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8A" title="Вабаъ – avară" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Вабаъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="प्लेग – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="प्लेग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taun" title="Taun – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Taun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" title="Mars – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mars" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambah-ambah" title="Ambah-ambah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ambah-ambah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampar" title="Sampar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sampar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97" title="প্লেগ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লেগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_(kle%C3%B1ved)" title="Bosenn (kleñved) – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn (kleñved)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuga" title="Kuga – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta" title="Pesta – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-%C4%ADk" title="Chṳ̄-ĭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chṳ̄-ĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor" title="Mor – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AF%DE%A2%DE%AB%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="ތޯޢޫން ބަލި – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތޯޢޫން ބަލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Πανώλη – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8st" title="Pèst – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pèst" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease) – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plague (disease)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katk" title="Katk – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurri_buboniko" title="Izurri buboniko – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izurri buboniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutto" title="Rutto – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80" title="મરકી – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મરકી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%BA-yi%CC%8Dt" title="Chhú-yi̍t – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhú-yi̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="דבר (מחלה) – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבר (מחלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="प्लेग – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लेग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuga" title="Kuga – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestis" title="Pestis – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pestis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Ժանտախտ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժանտախտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes" title="Pes – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1ga" title="Plága – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plága" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ペスト – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჭირი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka" title="Tarka – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Оба – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಲೇಗ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲೇಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="페스트 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestis" title="Pestis – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pestis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescht" title="Pescht – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pescht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maras" title="Maras – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93ris" title="Mēris – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mēris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Чума (болест) – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чума (болест)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്ലേഗ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലേഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ပလိပ်ရောဂါ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလိပ်ရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="प्लेग – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्लेग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(ziekte)" title="Pest (ziekte) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pest (ziekte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8sta" title="Pèsta – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèsta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%97" title="ପ୍ଲେଗ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ଲେଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Емынæ – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Емынæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97_(%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97)" title="ਪਲੇਗ (ਰੋਗ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲੇਗ (ਰੋਗ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCuma" title="Dżuma – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżuma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti" title="Pesti – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuga" title="Kuga – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_(pestis)" title="Mor (pestis) – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mor (pestis)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuga" title="Kuga – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaja_(s%C3%ABmundje)" title="Murtaja (sëmundje) – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Murtaja (sëmundje)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Куга – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Куга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauni" title="Tauni – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tauni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="கொள்ளைநோய் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொள்ளைநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="ప్లేగు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లేగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84" title="กาฬโรค – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬโรค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veba" title="Veba – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Чума – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чума" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="طاعون – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طاعون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste" title="Peste – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Peste" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_h%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Dịch hạch – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dịch hạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest" title="Pest – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pest" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" title="鼠疫 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鼠疫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჭირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghnou" title="Binghnou – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghnou" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" title="鼠疫 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鼠疫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%AD-e%CC%8Dk" title="Chhí-e̍k – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhí-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" title="鼠疫 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鼠疫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133780#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pest%C4%83" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Pest%C4%83" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pest%C4%83"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pest%C4%83"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Pest%C4%83" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Pest%C4%83" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&oldid=16657174" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Pest%C4%83&id=16657174&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPest%25C4%2583%26printable%3Dyes"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPest%25C4%2583%26printable%3Dyes"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pest%C4%83"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pest%C4%83&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pestilence" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133780" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">Versiunea pentru tipărire nu mai este suportată și poate avea erori de randare. Vă rugăm să vă actualizați bookmarkurile browserului și să folosiți funcția implicită de tipărire a browserului.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet blank" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;color:#000000;">Pestă</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/300px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Specialitate_medical%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialitate medicală">Specialitate</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Boli_infec%C8%9Bioase" title="Boli infecțioase">boli infecțioase</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P1995" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Simptome</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83" title="Febră">febră</a><sup id="cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><br /><a href="/wiki/Cefalee" title="Cefalee">cefalee</a><sup id="cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Vom%C4%83" title="Vomă">vomă</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mialgie" title="Mialgie">mialgie</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2722991" class="extiw" title="d:Q2722991"><span lang="en">bubo</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">bubo</span> (inflammation of the lymph nodes)|]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C8%98oc_(medicin%C4%83)" title="Șoc (medicină)">Șoc</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114953" class="extiw" title="d:Q114953">otrăvire</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otr%C4%83vire_(efectul_toxic_al_unei_substan%C8%9Be)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otrăvire (efectul toxic al unei substanțe) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tuse" title="Tuse">tuse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hemoptizie" title="Hemoptizie">hemoptizie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erup%C8%9Bie_(medicin%C4%83)" title="Erupție (medicină)">erupție</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160796" class="extiw" title="d:Q160796">delir</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delir_(severe_confusion_that_develops_quickly,_and_often_fluctuates_in_intensity)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delir (severe confusion that develops quickly, and often fluctuates in intensity) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q948806" class="extiw" title="d:Q948806">hiperanemie</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperanemie_(cre%C8%99terea_fluxului_sanguin_c%C4%83tre_diferite_%C8%9Besuturi_din_organism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperanemie (creșterea fluxului sanguin către diferite țesuturi din organism) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hemoragie" title="Hemoragie">hemoragie</a><sup id="cite_ref-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P780" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cauze</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a><sup id="cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P828" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Metodă de diagnostic</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835153" class="extiw" title="d:Q835153">examinare clinică</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Examinare_clinic%C4%83_(proces_prin_care_un_profesionist_medical_investigheaz%C4%83_corpul_unui_pacient_pentru_semne_de_boal%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Examinare clinică (proces prin care un profesionist medical investighează corpul unui pacient pentru semne de boală) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_microbiologic%C4%83" title="Cultură microbiologică">Cultură microbiologică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imunofluorescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Imunofluorescență">Imunofluorescență</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Microscop_optic" title="Microscop optic">microscop optic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P923" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3D3;color:#000000;">Clasificare și resurse externe</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_coduri_ICD-10" title="Listă de coduri ICD-10">10</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">A20  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P494" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List%C4%83_de_coduri_ICD-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listă de coduri ICD-11 — pagină inexistentă">11</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#Q55695727" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List%C4%83_de_coduri_ICD-9-CM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listă de coduri ICD-9-CM — pagină inexistentă">9-CM</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">020.9<sup id="cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br />020<sup id="cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P1692" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb14226.htm">14226</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000596.htm">000596</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patient UK — pagină inexistentă">Patient UK</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/plague">Pestă</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH ID</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">D010930<sup id="cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P486" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##D3D3D3 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780" class="extiw" title="d:Q133780">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Boal%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, 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.infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/260px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/390px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><small>„Doctor mascat din timpul pestei (1656)“ tablou în cupru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulus_F%C3%BCrst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulus Fürst — pagină inexistentă">Paulus Fürst</a></small></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Grafik_pest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grafik_pest.png/300px-Grafik_pest.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grafik_pest.png/450px-Grafik_pest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grafik_pest.png/600px-Grafik_pest.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Răspândirea pestei între 1970 și 1998</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ciuma</b> sau <b>pesta</b> (lat. <i>pestis</i> = <i>epidemie</i>) este o <a href="/wiki/Boal%C4%83" title="Boală">boală</a> infecțioasă deosebit de contagioasă, produsă de <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacteria</a> <a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a>. În trecut, boala a luat forme de <a href="/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie">pandemie</a> întinzându-se pe mai multe continente. În prezent, între 1.000 și 2.000 de cazuri apar la nivel mondial, în fiecare an, în rândul oamenilor.<sup id="cite_ref-st2012-04-30_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-st2012-04-30-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pe continentul <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">european</a> au existat mai multe pandemii de ciumă, cum ar fi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciuma_din_Atena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciuma din Atena — pagină inexistentă">cea din Atena</a> (430 î.Hr.; art în engleză <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens">aici</a>), cea numită <i><a href="/wiki/Ciuma_lui_Iustinian" title="Ciuma lui Iustinian">Ciuma lui Iustinian</a></i> (541-542), cea numită <i><a href="/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră">Moartea neagră</a></i>, în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIV">secolul XIV</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marea_Cium%C4%83_din_Londra" title="Marea Ciumă din Londra">Marea Ciumă din Londra</a></i> din 1665-1666, <i><a href="/wiki/Marea_Cium%C4%83_din_1738" title="Marea Ciumă din 1738">Marea Ciumă din 1738</a></i> din  Imperiul Habsburgic și o <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic">a cincea pandemie</a></i>, declanşată în 1855<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Textul din vecinătatea acestei etichete necesită clarificare sau eliminarea unor termeni neclari din December 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Please clarify">necesită clarificare</a></i>]</span></sup>. Se știe faptul că <i>a cincea pandemie</i> a fost cauzată de <i>Yersinia pestis</i>, iar faptul că aceeași bacterie se face vinovată și de <i>Ciuma lui Iustinian</i> și de <i>Moartea Neagră</i>, controversat până de curând,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a putut fi dovedit definitiv de cercetători in anul 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forme_de_manifestare">Forme de manifestare</h2></div> <p>Într-o pandemie sunt prezente toate formele de pestă, mai frecvente fiind forma <i>bubonică</i> și <i>pulmonară</i>. Dintr-o formă <i>bubonică</i> care fără un tratament adecvat se transformă de regulă într-o formă <i>septicemică</i> care duce la forma <i>pulmonară</i>. </p> <ol><li><b>Formă carbunculoasă</b> sau <i>Bubonenpest</i> (gr. <i>bubo</i> = <i>bubă</i> , <i>umflătură</i>).<br />În <i>forma bubonică</i> (lat. Naike) infectarea este produsă de pișcătura <i>puricelui de șobolan</i>. <i>Vectorul bolii</i>, ca <i>gazdă intermediară</i>, transmite agentul patogen de la șobolan mai departe la om. Această schimbare de gazdă a <a href="/wiki/Purice" title="Purice">puricelui</a> se întâmplă numai după moartea rozătorului, de aceea s-a observat o mortalitate în masă la șobolani, înaintea izbucnirii unei epidemii de pestă la om.<br />Perioada de incubație durează de la câteva ore până la șapte zile.<br />Simptomele includ <a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83" title="Febră">febră</a>, dureri de cap și articulații, stare de abatere, slăbiciune până la pierderea conștiinței.<br />Forma carbunculoasă provine de la umflăturile dureroase ganglionilor limfatici din regiunea gâtului, zonelor axilare, aceste tumefieri pot atinge 10 cm mărime și din cauza hemoragiilor din țesut devin de culoare albastru închis până la negru, care ulcerează având un conținut purulent. Această formă de pestă se poate agrava sau cu șanse de 50% duce la vindecare spontană. Deschiderea chirurgicală a abceselor din cauza pericolului de răspândire a bacteriilor în <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sânge</a> și organe este contraindicat.<br />Forma buboasă se transmite mai lent iarna decât vara, deoarece mobilitatea puricelui sub 12 °C este nulă.</li> <li><b>Forma septicemică</b> frecvent fiind o formă secundară când agentul patogen ajunge și se multiplică în sânge, această formă se manifestă cu o febră ridicată, frisoane, dureri de cap, stare gravă de abatere, cu regiuni hemoragice întinse, boala are o evoluție supra acută (de la câteva ore, la 36 de ore) având procentul de mortalitate 90-100% la bolnavii netratați.<br />Azi acest procent de mortalitate este mult mai redus prin folosirea de <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotice</a> de tipul <a href="/wiki/Cloramfenicol" title="Cloramfenicol">cloramfenicolului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraciclin%C4%83" title="Tetraciclină">tetraciclinei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Streptomicin%C4%83" title="Streptomicină">streptomicinei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxiciclin%C4%83" title="Doxiciclină">doxiciclinei</a> sau a <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin%C4%83" title="Gentamicină">gentamicinei</a>.</li> <li><b>Forma pulmonară</b> cu procentul de mortalitate 90-100% la bolnavii netratați.</li> <li><b>Forma abortivă</b> este varianta cea mai ușoară de pestă manifestată numai printr-o febră ușoară, inflamația ganglionilor limfatici, urmată de vindecare, bolnavul fiind dotat cu o imunitate solidă și față de formele grave de pestă.</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> <table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet blank" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;color:#000000;">Ciumă</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg/300px-Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg/450px-Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg/600px-Yersinia_pestis_fluorescent.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span><br /><div style="margin-top: 3px"></div><span><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> văzut la mărirea de 200 de ori a rezoluției cu o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_labelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorescent labelling — pagină inexistentă">sondă fluorescentă</a>.</span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Specialitate_medical%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialitate medicală">Specialitate</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty) — pagină inexistentă">boală contagioasă</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Simptome</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Febr%C4%83" title="Febră">febră</a><sup id="cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="/wiki/Cefalee" title="Cefalee">cefalee</a><sup id="cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Vom%C4%83" title="Vomă">vomă</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mialgie" title="Mialgie">mialgie</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2722991" class="extiw" title="d:Q2722991"><span lang="en">bubo</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">bubo</span> (inflammation of the lymph nodes)|]]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C8%98oc_(medicin%C4%83)" title="Șoc (medicină)">Șoc</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114953" class="extiw" title="d:Q114953">otrăvire</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otr%C4%83vire_(efectul_toxic_al_unei_substan%C8%9Be)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otrăvire (efectul toxic al unei substanțe) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tuse" title="Tuse">tuse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hemoptizie" title="Hemoptizie">hemoptizie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erup%C8%9Bie_(medicin%C4%83)" title="Erupție (medicină)">erupție</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160796" class="extiw" title="d:Q160796">delir</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delir_(severe_confusion_that_develops_quickly,_and_often_fluctuates_in_intensity)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delir (severe confusion that develops quickly, and often fluctuates in intensity) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q948806" class="extiw" title="d:Q948806">hiperanemie</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperanemie_(cre%C8%99terea_fluxului_sanguin_c%C4%83tre_diferite_%C8%9Besuturi_din_organism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperanemie (creșterea fluxului sanguin către diferite țesuturi din organism) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hemoragie" title="Hemoragie">hemoragie</a><sup id="cite_ref-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P780" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cauze</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a><sup id="cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P828" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Metodă de diagnostic</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835153" class="extiw" title="d:Q835153">examinare clinică</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Examinare_clinic%C4%83_(proces_prin_care_un_profesionist_medical_investigheaz%C4%83_corpul_unui_pacient_pentru_semne_de_boal%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Examinare clinică (proces prin care un profesionist medical investighează corpul unui pacient pentru semne de boală) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultur%C4%83_microbiologic%C4%83" title="Cultură microbiologică">Cultură microbiologică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Imunofluorescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Imunofluorescență">Imunofluorescență</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Microscop_optic" title="Microscop optic">microscop optic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P923" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Profilaxie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plague_vaccine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plague vaccine — pagină inexistentă">Plague vaccine</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Tratament</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotics</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supportive_care&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supportive care — pagină inexistentă">supportive care</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Medicație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentamicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gentamicin — pagină inexistentă">Gentamicin</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoroquinolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoroquinolone — pagină inexistentă">fluoroquinolone</a><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2015Doc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Doc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Frecvență</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">~600 de cazuri pe an <sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3D3;color:#000000;">Clasificare și resurse externe</th></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_coduri_ICD-10" title="Listă de coduri ICD-10">10</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">A20  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P494" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List%C4%83_de_coduri_ICD-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listă de coduri ICD-11 — pagină inexistentă">11</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#Q55695727" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List%C4%83_de_coduri_ICD-9-CM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listă de coduri ICD-9-CM — pagină inexistentă">9-CM</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">020.9<sup id="cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br />020<sup id="cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P1692" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb14226.htm">14226</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000596.htm">000596</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patient UK — pagină inexistentă">Patient UK</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/plague">Ciumă</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH ID</a></th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";">D010930<sup id="cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780#P486" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##D3D3D3 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780" class="extiw" title="d:Q133780">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pest%C4%83&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Boal%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16573438"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie_de_imagini">Galerie de imagini</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ratus norvegicus şobolanul cenuşiu"><img alt="Ratus norvegicus şobolanul cenuşiu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg/89px-Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg/133px-Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg/178px-Rattus_norvegicus_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus">Ratus norvegicus</a> şobolanul cenuşiu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_(black_and_white).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moartea neagră (Black Death)"><img alt="Moartea neagră (Black Death)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/120px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/180px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg/240px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible_%28black_and_white%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Moartea neagră</i> (Black Death)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bubonic_plague_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Extinderea "Morţii Negre". Cu verde: zonele afectate parţial sau chiar deloc"><img alt="Extinderea "Morţii Negre". Cu verde: zonele afectate parţial sau chiar deloc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bubonic_plague_map.PNG/111px-Bubonic_plague_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bubonic_plague_map.PNG/166px-Bubonic_plague_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bubonic_plague_map.PNG/222px-Bubonic_plague_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Extinderea "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mor%C5%A3ii_Negre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morţii Negre — pagină inexistentă">Morţii Negre</a>". Cu verde: zonele afectate parţial sau chiar deloc</i> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_şi"><span id="Vezi_.C5.9Fi"></span>Vezi şi</h2></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics">Lista epidemiilor şi pandemiilor</a>, în limba engleză</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8b0124c064a4339ef854333c066fa056_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/Page/iCortfmEfVKqcZMeDdEuDA">https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/Page/iCortfmEfVKqcZMeDdEuDA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-04-25">25 aprilie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov.tw%2FCategory%2FPage%2FiCortfmEfVKqcZMeDdEuDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-30d2dd221ddb6f6c0723d79910976d06_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid.owl"><i><span lang="en">Disease Ontology</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-11-30">30 noiembrie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EDisease+Ontology%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2Fdoid.owl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8e0899093afb3e6f4093de80a489c745_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid.owl"><i><span lang="en">Disease Ontology</span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EDisease+Ontology%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2Fdoid.owl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0cbc1e579d0cc1dbc259ff95c633f75f_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/doid.owl"><i><span lang="en">Disease Ontology</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2019-05-15">15 mai 2019</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EDisease+Ontology%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2Fdoid.owl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-st2012-04-30-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-st2012-04-30_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandul.info/magazin/sua-a-aprobat-un-medicament-impotriva-ciumei-cate-persoane-sufera-anual-de-aceasta-boala-9581966">SUA a aprobat un medicament împotriva ciumei. Câte persoane suferă anual de această boală</a>, 30 aprilie 2012, <i>Gândul</i>, accesat la 30 aprilie 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cohn, Samuel K. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <i>The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe</i>. A Hodder Arnold. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-340-70646-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-340-70646-5">0-340-70646-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+Transformed%3A+Disease+and+Culture+in+Early+Renaissance+Europe&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=A+Hodder+Arnold&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-340-70646-5&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Samuel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html">„Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate”</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. <time datetime="2013-05-20">20 mai 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Modern+lab+reaches+across+the+ages+to+resolve+plague+DNA+debate&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Maria Cheng (<time datetime="2014-01-28">28 ianuarie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/01/28/plague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease/">„Plague DNA found in ancient teeth shows medieval Black Death, 1,500-year pandemic caused by same disease”</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Post — pagină inexistentă">National Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Plague+DNA+found+in+ancient+teeth+shows+medieval+Black+Death%2C+1%2C500-year+pandemic+caused+by+same+disease&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.au=Maria+Cheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Fplague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APest%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2017-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2017_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2017_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2017_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ro" dir="ltr">Eroare la citare: Etichetă <code><ref></code> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite <code>WHO2017</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2015Doc-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Doc_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ro" dir="ltr">Eroare la citare: Etichetă <code><ref></code> invalidă; niciun text nu a fost furnizat pentru referințele numite <code>CDC2015Doc</code></span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2></div> <ul><li><i>Din epidemiologia trecutului Românesc: ciuma</i>, Pompei Gh Samarian, Editura Marvan, 1932</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Materiale media legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plague?uselang=ro">pestă</a></b></span> la <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-trier.de/uni/fb3/geschichte/cluse/texte.htm#04">Chroniken aus der Zeit des <i>Schwarzen Todes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013194747/http://www.uni-trier.de/uni/fb3/geschichte/cluse/texte.htm#04">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-10-13">13 octombrie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edjewnet.de/schwarzertod/schwarzer_tod.htm">jüdisches Museum Göppingen</a> (beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang von Pest und Judenverfolgung. Aufschlussreich ist auch die in diesem Artikel gezeigte Karte, die die allmähliche Ausbreitung der Pest in Europa 1347 bis 1350 zeigt)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/plague/index.htm">CDC Plague Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medizin.de/gesundheit/deutsch/1212.htm">Pest-Todesfall - Endemische Verbreitung in einigen Regionen der USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061202124016/http://www.medizin.de/gesundheit/deutsch/1212.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-12-02">2 decembrie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webhistoriker.de/ulm"><i>Hunger und Pest im Dreißigjährigen Krieg</i></a> - <i>Ulmer Monatsblatt Online</i>, eine imaginäre Wochenzeitung für Geschichte, Politik und Kultur aus dem Jahre 1636.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collasius.org/WINKLE/04-HTML/hh-pest.htm">Epidemiologische und ätiologische Überlegungen während und nach der letzten Pestepidemie im Hamburger Raum 1712/13</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/ciuma-holera-tifosul-gripa-istorie">Ciuma, holera, tifosul și gripa în istorie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130824022613/http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/ciuma-holera-tifosul-gripa-istorie">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-08-24">24 august 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Eusebi Manolache, <i>Historia</i></li></ul> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;"> <tbody><tr><th style="">Clasificare</th><td class="" style="text-align:left;"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133780" class="extiw" title="d:Q133780">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;text-align:left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style=""> <b><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICD-10 — pagină inexistentă">10</a></b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-10_Capitolul_A20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICD-10 Capitolul A20 — pagină inexistentă">A20</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/A20{{{2}}}">{{{2}}}</a> </li><li style=""> <b><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_statistic%C4%83_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_a_bolilor_%C8%99i_a_problemelor_de_s%C4%83n%C4%83tate_%C3%AEnrudite" title="Clasificarea statistică internațională a bolilor și a problemelor de sănătate înrudite">ICD</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ICD-9_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ICD-9 codes — pagină inexistentă">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=020">020</a> </li><li style=""> <b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb14226.htm">14226</a> </li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="">Resurse externe</th><td class="" style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;text-align:left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style=""> <b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000596.htm">000596</a> </li><li style=""> <b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3381-overview">med/3381</a> </li><li style=""> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orphanet — pagină inexistentă">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=707">707</a> </li></ul></div></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933083q">cb11933083q</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933083q">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045326-1">4045326-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007980">007980</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85102591">sh85102591</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569104">00569104</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122976&CON_LNG=ENG">ph122976</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Istoria_medicinei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Istoria_medicinei" title="Format:Istoria medicinei"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Istoria_medicinei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Istoria medicinei — pagină inexistentă"><abbr title="Discută acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Istoria_medicinei&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format" style=";;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Istoria_medicinei" style="font-size:100%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Istoria_medicinei" title="Istoria medicinei">Istoria medicinei</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_medicinii_%C8%99i_a_tehnologiei_medicale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia medicinii și a tehnologiei medicale — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia medicinii și a tehnologiei medicale</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Istorii ale <br />științelor de bază</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_anatomiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria anatomiei — pagină inexistentă">Anatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_biochimiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria biochimiei — pagină inexistentă">Biochimie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_biologiei" title="Istoria biologiei">Biologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_biotehnologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria biotehnologiei — pagină inexistentă">Biotehnologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_chimiei" title="Istoria chimiei">Chimie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_embriologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria embriologiei — pagină inexistentă">Embriologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_geneticii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria geneticii — pagină inexistentă">Genetică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_imunologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria imunologiei — pagină inexistentă">Imunologie</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_imunologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia imunologiei — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoricul_diagnosticului_medical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoricul diagnosticului medical — pagină inexistentă">Diagnostic medical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_microbiologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria microbiologiei — pagină inexistentă">Microbiologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_biologiei_moleculare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria biologiei moleculare — pagină inexistentă">Biologie moleculara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_neuro%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria neuroștiinței — pagină inexistentă">Neuroștiințe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_nutri%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria nutriției — pagină inexistentă">Nutriție</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_patologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria patologiei — pagină inexistentă">Patologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_farmacologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria farmacologiei — pagină inexistentă">Farmacologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_fiziologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria fiziologiei — pagină inexistentă">Fiziologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_virologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria virologiei — pagină inexistentă">Virusologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_social%C4%83_a_virusurilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria socială a virusurilor — pagină inexistentă">Virusuri</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tratamentul unei leziuni craniene"><img alt="Tratamentul unei leziuni craniene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg/60px-Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg/90px-Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg/120px-Gersdorff_-_Sch%C3%A4delwunde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="646" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Istoria <br />specialităților<br /> medicale</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_medicinei_alternative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria medicinei alternative — pagină inexistentă">Medicină alternativă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_anesteziei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria anesteziei — pagină inexistentă">Anestezie</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_anesteziei_generale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria anesteziei generale — pagină inexistentă">Generală</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_anesteziei_neuraxiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria anesteziei neuraxiale — pagină inexistentă">Neuraxial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_cancerului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria cancerului — pagină inexistentă">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_cardiologiei_invazive_%C8%99i_interven%C8%9Bionale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria cardiologiei invazive și intervenționale — pagină inexistentă">Cardiologie (invazivă și intervențională)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_dermatologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria dermatologiei — pagină inexistentă">Dermatologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_de_urgen%C8%9B%C4%83#Istorie" title="Medicină de urgență">Medicină de urgență</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_resuscit%C4%83rii_cardio-pulmonare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria resuscitării cardio-pulmonare — pagină inexistentă">CPR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_endocrinologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria endocrinologiei — pagină inexistentă">Endocrinologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_neurologiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria neurologiei — pagină inexistentă">Neurologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_psihiatriei" title="Istoria psihiatriei">Psihiatrie</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_psihiatriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia psihiatriei — pagină inexistentă">Cronologie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_institu%C8%9Biilor_psihiatrice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria instituțiilor psihiatrice — pagină inexistentă">Instituții psihiatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_psihosurgiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria psihosurgiei — pagină inexistentă">Psihochirurgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_chirurgiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria chirurgiei — pagină inexistentă">Intervenție chirurgicală</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_traumelor_%C8%99i_ortopediei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria traumelor și ortopediei — pagină inexistentă">Traumă și ortopedie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicina în <br />societățile antice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicin%C4%83_preistoric%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicină preistorică — pagină inexistentă">Preistorie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_babilonian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina babiloniană — pagină inexistentă">Babilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_bizantin%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina bizantină — pagină inexistentă">Imperiul Bizantin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_egiptean%C4%83_veche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina egipteană veche — pagină inexistentă">Egiptul antic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papirusuri_medicale_egiptean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papirusuri medicale egiptean — pagină inexistentă">Papirusuri medicale egiptean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_greac%C4%83_veche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina greacă veche — pagină inexistentă">Grecia antică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicina_iranian%C4%83_veche" title="Medicina iraniană veche">Iranul antic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_din_Roma_antic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina din Roma antică — pagină inexistentă">Roma antică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_%C3%AEn_lumea_islamic%C4%83_medieval%C4%83" title="Medicină în lumea islamică medievală">Islamul medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicina_medieval%C4%83_din_Europa_de_Vest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicina medievală din Europa de Vest — pagină inexistentă">Europa occidentală medievală</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Istoria metodelor<br /> din medicină</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_antibioticelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria antibioticelor — pagină inexistentă">Antibiotice</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_antibioticelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia antibioticelor — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transfuzia_de_s%C3%A2nge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transfuzia de sânge — pagină inexistentă">Transfuzie de sange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_st%C4%83rilor_de_spirit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria stărilor de spirit — pagină inexistentă">Teoria stărilor de spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_neuroimagistiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria neuroimagistiei — pagină inexistentă">Neuroimagistice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_radioterapiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria radioterapiei — pagină inexistentă">Terapie cu radiații</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_intub%C4%83rii_traheale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria intubării traheale — pagină inexistentă">Intubație traheală</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_vaccinurilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria vaccinurilor — pagină inexistentă">Vaccinurile</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_vaccinurilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia vaccinurilor — pagină inexistentă">Cronologia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_%C3%AEngrijirii_ranilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria îngrijirii ranilor — pagină inexistentă">Îngrijirea rănilor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dezastre <br />și plăgi</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_epidemiilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista epidemiilor — pagină inexistentă">Lista epidemiilor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_malariei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria malariei — pagină inexistentă">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemie" title="Pandemie">Pandemie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pestă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_poliomielitei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria poliomielitei — pagină inexistentă">Poliomielită</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_variolei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria variolei — pagină inexistentă">Variolă</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_sifilisului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria sifilisului — pagină inexistentă">Sifilis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_tuberculozei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria tuberculozei — pagină inexistentă">Tuberculoză</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cronologie <br />a pandemiilor</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prima_pandemie_de_cium%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prima pandemie de ciumă — pagină inexistentă">Prima pandemie de ciumă</a> (541–767) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciuma_lui_Iustinian" title="Ciuma lui Iustinian">Ciuma lui Iustinian</a> (541–549)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_doua_pandemie_de_cium%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A doua pandemie de ciumă — pagină inexistentă">A doua pandemie de ciumă</a> (1346-1840) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră">Moartea neagră</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marea_Cium%C4%83_din_Londra" title="Marea Ciumă din Londra">Marea Ciumă din Londra</a> (1665–1666)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_de_holer%C4%83_din_1899-1923" title="Pandemia de holeră din 1899-1923">Pandemia de holeră din 1899-1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripa_Spaniol%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Gripa Spaniolă">Gripa Spaniolă</a> (1918-1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripa_tip_A(H1N1)" title="Gripa tip A(H1N1)">Pandemia de gripă tip A(H1N1)</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19" title="Pandemia de COVID-19">Pandemia de COVID-19</a> (2019-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Categorie"><img alt="Categorie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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