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accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Balentzia" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Balentzia" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Balentzia" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Balentzia" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Deskribapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deskribapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Deskribapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deskribapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balentzia_ohikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balentzia_ohikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Balentzia ohikoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balentzia_ohikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balentzia_eta_oxidazio-egoeraren_arteko_ezberdintasunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balentzia_eta_oxidazio-egoeraren_arteko_ezberdintasunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Balentzia eta oxidazio-egoeraren arteko ezberdintasunak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Balentzia_eta_oxidazio-egoeraren_arteko_ezberdintasunak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Balentzia eta oxidazio-egoeraren arteko ezberdintasunak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Balentzia_eta_oxidazio-egoeraren_arteko_ezberdintasunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adibideak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adibideak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adibideak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adibideak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balentzia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 77 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensie" title="Valensie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4" title="تكافؤ – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكافؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentlik" title="Valentlik – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valentlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Валентлыҡ – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Валентлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Валентнасць – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валентнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Валентнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валентнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Валентност – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валентност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="যোজনী – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোজনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencija_(hemija)" title="Valencija (hemija) – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Valencija (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A8ncia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="València (química) – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="València (química)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemie)" title="Valence (chemie) – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valence (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Валентлăх – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валентлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falens" title="Falens – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Falens" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie) – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χημικό σθένος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημικό σθένος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry) – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Valence (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valento_(kemio)" title="Valento (kemio) – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valento (kemio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Valencia (química) – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valencia (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valents_(keemia)" title="Valents (keemia) – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valents (keemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ظرفیت شیمیایی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظرفیت شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenssi_(kemia)" title="Valenssi (kemia) – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valenssi (kemia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chimie)" title="Valence (chimie) – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valence (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walens" title="Walens – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Walens" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%BAs_(ceimic)" title="Fiús (ceimic) – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiús (ceimic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_at%C3%B3mica" title="Valencia atómica – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valencia atómica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संयोजकता – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयोजकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencija_(kemija)" title="Valencija (kemija) – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valencija (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegy%C3%A9rt%C3%A9k" title="Vegyérték – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyérték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վալենտականություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալենտականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Valensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenco" title="Valenco – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Valenco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingildi" title="Eingildi – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eingildi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenza_(chimica)" title="Valenza (chimica) – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valenza (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%A1" title="原子価 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子価" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვალენტობა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალენტობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugdut_(takrura)" title="Tugdut (takrura) – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tugdut (takrura)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Валенттілік – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валенттілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80" title="원자가 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiyaayaano_ky%27Obusannyalazo" title="Ekiyaayaano ky'Obusannyalazo – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekiyaayaano ky'Obusannyalazo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentingumas" title="Valentingumas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valentingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93rt%C4%ABba_(%C4%B7%C4%ABmija)" title="Vērtība (ķīmija) – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vērtība (ķīmija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Валентност – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валентност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुजा – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संयुजा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kimia)" title="Valens (kimia) – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Valens (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentie_(scheikunde)" title="Valentie (scheikunde) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valentie (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kjemi)" title="Valens (kjemi) – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valens (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੰਯੋਜਕਤਾ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੋਜਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warto%C5%9Bciowo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wartościowość – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wartościowość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%AAncia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Valência (química) – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valência (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Valență – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Валентность – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валентность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Валентность (хемия) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Валентность (хемия)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="ويلنسي – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويلنسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenca_(hemija)" title="Valenca (hemija) – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valenca (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සංයුජතාව – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංයුජතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valency" title="Valency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Valency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenca" title="Valenca – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukomba_hweNhangande" title="Hukomba hweNhangande – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hukomba hweNhangande" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenca" title="Valenca – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentnost_(hemija)" title="Valentnost (hemija) – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Valentnost (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kemi)" title="Valens (kemi) – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valens (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Valensi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இணைதிறன் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைதிறன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="బాహుబలం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాహుబలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Валент – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Валент" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เวเลนซ์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวเลนซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balensiya" title="Balensiya – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Ferlik" title="Değerlik – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değerlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Валентність – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валентність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="ظرف (کیمیاء) – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ظرف (کیمیاء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrim_moddalarning_valentligi" title="Ayrim moddalarning valentligi – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ayrim moddalarning valentligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Hóa trị – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E4%BB%B7" title="化合价 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化合价" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E4%BB%B7" title="化合价 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化合价" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA-k%C3%A0" title="Goân-chú-kà – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú-kà" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E5%83%B9" title="化合價 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化合價" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171407#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Balentzia" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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dir="ltr"><div class="rellink noprint"> <dl><dd><i>Artikulu hau Kimikako kontzeptuari buruzkoa da; hiriari gaitzat duena beste hau da: «<a href="/wiki/Valentzia" title="Valentzia">Valentzia</a>»</i></dd></dl></div><p><b>Balentzia</b> <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu kimiko</a> batek bere azken <a href="/wiki/Maila_energetiko" title="Maila energetiko">energia maila</a> osatzeko hartu edo utzi behar duen <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a> kopurua da. Elektroi hauek <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kimiko" title="Lotura kimiko">lotura kimiko</a>ak osatzeko edo <a href="/wiki/Erreakzio_kimiko" title="Erreakzio kimiko">erreakzio kimiko</a>ak aurrera eramateko erabiliko ditu. Kontzeptua <a href="/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendearen</a> bigarren erdialdean hasi zen garatzen, gai kimikoen formulak arrazionalizatzeko asmoz. Gaur egun, goi mailako ikerketan ez da erabiltzen, gai kimikoen elkarketaren teoriak aurrera egin baitu. Hala ere, oinarrizko ikasketetan erabiltzen da, hurbilketa aproposa baita. XX. mendean zehar garatu zen balentziaren kontzeptua, eta hainbat hurbilketa egin dira lotura kimikoa deskribatzeko; besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_egitura" title="Lewis egitura">Lewisen egitura</a> (1916), <a href="/wiki/Balentzia_loturaren_teoria" title="Balentzia loturaren teoria">balentzia loturaren teoria</a> (1927), <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekularren_teoria" title="Orbital molekularren teoria">orbital molekularren teoria</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Balentzia_Geruzako_Elektroi_Pareen_Aldarapenaren_Teoria" title="Balentzia Geruzako Elektroi Pareen Aldarapenaren Teoria">Balentzia Geruzako Elektroi Pareen Aldarapenaren Teoria</a> (1958) eta <a href="/wiki/Kimika_kuantiko" title="Kimika kuantiko">kimika kuantiko</a>ko metodo aurreratu guztiak. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">Kimika</a>n, elementu baten balentzia da beste atomo batzuekin konbinatzeko duen gaitasunaren neurria, <a href="/wiki/Konposatu_kimiko" title="Konposatu kimiko">konposatu kimikoak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulak</a> eratzen dituenean. Horrela, autore bakoitzak balentziaren definizio bat erabiltzen du eta horrek definizio zuzena aukeratzeko eztabaida eragin du. Adibidez, autore batzuek nahastu egiten dituzte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koordinazio_zenbakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koordinazio zenbakia (sortu gabe)">koordinazio-zenbakia</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera">oxidazio-egoera</a> eta balentzia, hiru termino horiek hiru gauza desberdin diren arren. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deskribapena">Deskribapena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Deskribapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Deskribapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elementu jakin baten atomoek duten konbinatzeko gaitasuna edo afinitatea konbinatzen diren <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogeno</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a>en kopuruak zehazten du. <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">Metano</a>an, karbonoaren balentzia 4 da; <a href="/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako">amoniako</a>an, nitrogenoaren balentzia 3 da; <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">uretan</a>, oxigenoaren balentzia 2 da; eta <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_kloruro" title="Hidrogeno kloruro">hidrogeno kloruro</a>an, kloroaren balentzia 1 da. Kloroaren balentzia bat denez, hidrogenoa ordezka dezake. Fosforoaren balentzia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosforo_pentakloruro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosforo pentakloruro (sortu gabe)">fosforo pentakloruro</a>an (PCl5) 5 da. Konposatu baten balentzia-diagramek elementuen konektibitatea adierazten dute elementuen arteko lerroen bitartez. <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kimiko" title="Lotura kimiko">Lotura</a> deitzen zaie batzuetan, eta elementu bakoitzerako balentzia asea irudikatzen dute<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ondorengo bi tauletan, konposatu batzuen adibideak, haien balentzia-diagramak eta konposatuen elementu bakoitzaren balentziak ageri dira. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Konposatua </th> <td><center>H<sub>2</sub><center> <p>Hidrogeno </p> </center></center> </td> <td><center>CH<sub>4</sub><center> <p>Metano </p> </center></center> </td> <td><center>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub><center> <p>Propano </p> </center></center> </td> <td><center>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub><center> <p>Propileno </p> </center></center> </td> <td><center>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub><center> <p>Acetileno </p> </center></center> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Diagrama </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Wasserstoff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wasserstoff.svg/75px-Wasserstoff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wasserstoff.svg/113px-Wasserstoff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wasserstoff.svg/150px-Wasserstoff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Methane-2D-flat-small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Methane-2D-flat-small.png/126px-Methane-2D-flat-small.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Methane-2D-flat-small.png/189px-Methane-2D-flat-small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Methane-2D-flat-small.png/252px-Methane-2D-flat-small.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Propane-2D-flat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Propane-2D-flat.png/250px-Propane-2D-flat.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Propane-2D-flat.png/375px-Propane-2D-flat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Propane-2D-flat.png/500px-Propane-2D-flat.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Propene-2D-flat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Propene-2D-flat.svg/200px-Propene-2D-flat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Propene-2D-flat.svg/300px-Propene-2D-flat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Propene-2D-flat.svg/400px-Propene-2D-flat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ethyne-2D-flat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ethyne-2D-flat.png/220px-Ethyne-2D-flat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ethyne-2D-flat.png/330px-Ethyne-2D-flat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ethyne-2D-flat.png/440px-Ethyne-2D-flat.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Balentziak </th> <td>Hidrogeno: 1 </td> <td>Karbono: 4 <p>Hidrogeno: 1 </p> </td> <td>Karbono: 4 <p>Hidrogeno: 1 </p> </td> <td>Karbono: 4 <p>Hidrogeno: 1 </p> </td> <td>Karbono:4 <p>Hidrogeno: 1 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balentzia kontzeptua XIX. mendearen bigarren erdian garatu zen, eta konposatu ez-organiko eta organikoen egitura molekularra zuzen azaltzen lagundu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela, balentziaren azpian zeuden kausak bilatzeak lotura kimikoaren teoria modernoetara eraman zuen, eta hari esker deskribatzera atomo kubikoa (1902), <a href="/wiki/Lewis_egitura" title="Lewis egitura">Lewisen egiturak</a> (1916), <a href="/wiki/Balentzia_loturaren_teoria" title="Balentzia loturaren teoria">balentzia-loturen teoria</a> (1927), <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekular" title="Orbital molekular">orbital molekular</a>rak (1928), <a href="/wiki/Balentzia_Geruzako_Elektroi_Pareen_Aldarapenaren_Teoria" title="Balentzia Geruzako Elektroi Pareen Aldarapenaren Teoria">balenzia geruzako elektroi pareen aldarapen teoria</a> (1958) eta <a href="/wiki/Kimika_kuantiko" title="Kimika kuantiko">kimika kuantiko</a>aren metodo aurreratu guztiak. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Higgins-particles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Higgins-particles.jpg/304px-Higgins-particles.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Higgins-particles.jpg/456px-Higgins-particles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Higgins-particles.jpg/608px-Higgins-particles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>William Higgins-en azkenengo partikulen konbinazioak (1789)</figcaption></figure> <p>William Higgins-ek <a href="/wiki/Balentzia_loturaren_teoria" title="Balentzia loturaren teoria">balentzia loturaren teoria</a> aurreikusteko, 1789an "azken" partikulak deiturikoen konbinazioei buruzko bere ikuspegiak argitaratu zituen<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela, Higgisen arabera, adibidez, azken oxigeno-partikularen eta azken nitrogeno-partikularen arteko indarra 6 balitz, indarra proportzionalki banatuko litzateke, eta berdin azken partikulen beste konbinazio batzuetan ere (ikusi irudia). </p><p>Hala ere, balentzia kimikoen teoriaren hasiera zehatza Edward Frankland-en 1852ko artikulu batean dago. Bertan, erradikalen teoria zaharra afinitate kimikoari buruzko ideiekin konbinatu zuen. Horrela, frogatu zuen elementu batzuek beste elementuekin konposatuak sortzeko joera dutela, hiru atomoz osatutako taldeetan (NO<sub>3</sub>, NI<sub>3</sub> NH<sub>3</sub>…etab.) edo bost atomo baliokideez osatutako taldeetan (NO<sub>5</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub>O, PO<sub>5</sub>…etab). </p><p>Ondoren, August Kekulé-k 1857an balentzia finkoak proposatu zituen elementu askorentzat, karbonoarentzat 4 adibidez, eta molekula organiko askorentzat egitura-formulak proposatzeko erabili zituen, gaur egun oraindik ere onartzen direnak. </p><p>Lothar Meyerrek 1864an argitaratutako <i>Die modernen Theorien der Chemie</i> liburuan, 28 elementu zituen taula periodikoaren bertsio goiztiar bat zuena, lehen aldiz sailkatu zituen elementuak balentziaren arabera sei familiatan. Pisu atomikoaren araberako elementuen antolaketari buruzko lanak, ordura arte, oztopatu egin ziren, pisu atomikoen ordez elementuen pisu baliokideak erabiltzen zirelako.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>XIX. mendeko kimikari gehienek elementu baten balentzia bere loturen kopurua bezala definitu zuten, balentzia edo lotura moten arteko bereizketarik egin gabe. Hala ere, 1893an <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a>-rek <a href="/wiki/Trantsizio-metal" title="Trantsizio-metal">trantsizio-metal</a>en <a href="/wiki/Koordinazio_konposatu" title="Koordinazio konposatu">koordinazio-konposatu</a>ak deskribatu zituen, adibidez [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 konplexua. Berten, balentzia nagusiak eta subsidiarioak bereizten zituen, <a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera">oxidazio-egoera</a>ren eta koordinazio-kopuruaren kontzeptu modernoei dagozkienak, hurrenez hurren. </p><p>Talde nagusiko elementuei dagokienez, 1904an Richard Abegg-ek kontuan hartu zituen balentzia positiboak eta negatiboak (oxidazio-egoera maximo eta minimoak), eta Abeggen araua proposatu zuen; horren arabera, haien arteko aldea askotan 8 izaten da. </p><p>Bestalde, balentziaren definizio alternatibo bat dago, 1920ko hamarkadan garatua. Bat egiten dute harekin defendatzaile modernoek, eta definizo horren arabera, atomo batek loturan erabili duen elektroi kopurua da molekula kobalente batean dagoen atomo baten balentzia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>balentzia = atomo librearen balentzia-geruzako elektroi kopurua − atomoak molekulan duen elektroi ez-lotzaileen kopurua, </p><p>edo, bestela: </p><p>balentzia = karga formaleko loturen kopurua. </p><p>Definizio honen arabera, adibidez, nitrogenoa lau hidrogeno atomorekin elkartzen da <a href="/wiki/Amonio" title="Amonio">amonio</a> ioi batean [NH<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>, baina pentabalentetzat hartzen da, nitrogenoaren bost balentzia-elektroiek loturan parte hartzen dutelako.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balentzia_ohikoak">Balentzia ohikoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Balentzia ohikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Balentzia ohikoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taula_periodikoa" title="Taula periodikoa">Taula periodiko</a>ko talde nagusietako elementuen balentzia 1 eta 8 bitartekoa izan daiteke. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Taldea </th> <th>Balentzia 1 </th> <th>Balentzia 2 </th> <th>Balentzia 3 </th> <th>Balentzia 4 </th> <th>Balentzia 5 </th> <th>Balentzia 6 </th> <th>Balentzia <p>7 </p> </th> <th>Balentzia 8 </th> <th>Balentzia ohikoak </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 (I) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodio_kloruro" title="Sodio kloruro">NaCl</a> <p>KCl </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 (II) </td> <td> </td> <td>MgCl<sub>2</sub> <p><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio_kloruro" title="Kaltzio kloruro">CaCl<sub>2</sub></a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 (III) </td> <td>InBr <p>TlI </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>BCl<sub>3</sub> <p><a href="/wiki/Aluminio_kloruro" title="Aluminio kloruro">AlCl<sub>3</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Alumina" title="Alumina">Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 (IV) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbono_monoxido" title="Karbono monoxido">CO</a> <p>PbCl<sub>2</sub> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">CO<sub>2</sub></a> <p><a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">CH<sub>4</sub></a> </p><p>SiCl<sub>4</sub> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 eta 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 (V) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno_monoxido" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogeno monoxido">NO</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako">NH<sub>3</sub></a> <p><a href="/wiki/Fosfina" title="Fosfina">PH<sub>3</sub></a> </p><p>As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno_dioxido" title="Nitrogeno dioxido">NO<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> <p>PCl<sub>5</sub> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3 eta 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 (VI) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfhidriko" title="Azido sulfhidriko">H<sub>2</sub>S</a> </p><p>SCl<sub>2</sub> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sufre_dioxido" title="Sufre dioxido">SO<sub>2</sub></a> <p>SF<sub>4</sub> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>SO<sub>3</sub> <p>SF<sub>6</sub> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfuriko" title="Azido sulfuriko">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2, 4 eta 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 (VII) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azido_klorhidriko" title="Azido klorhidriko">HCl</a> <p>ICl </p> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azido_kloroso" title="Azido kloroso">HClO<sub>2</sub></a> <p>ClF<sub>3</sub> </p> </td> <td>ClO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>IF<sub>5</sub> <p><a href="/wiki/Azido_kloriko" title="Azido kloriko">HClO<sub>3</sub></a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>IF<sub>7</sub> <p>Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> <a href="/wiki/Azido_perkloriko" title="Azido perkloriko">HClO<sub>4</sub></a> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>1, 3, 5 eta 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 (VIII) </td> <td> </td> <td>KrF<sub>2</sub> </td> <td> </td> <td>XeF<sub>4</sub> </td> <td> </td> <td>XeO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td> </td> <td>XeO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>0, 2, 4, 6 eta 8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Elementu askok taula periodikoan duten kokapenarekin lotutako balentzia komuna dute, gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Zortzikotearen_arau" title="Zortzikotearen arau">zortzikotearen arau</a>ak arrazionalizatzen duena. Halaber, greziar zenbaki-aurrizkiak (mono-, di-, tri-, etab.) 1, 2, 3 eta abar karga-egoeretako ioiak deskribatzeko erabiltzen dira. Balio-aniztasuna balentzia kopuru espezifiko batera mugatzen ez diren espezieei dagokie, eta karga bakarreko espezieak, aldiz, monobalenteak dira. Adibidez, Cs<sup>+</sup> <a href="/wiki/Katioi" title="Katioi">katioi</a>a katioi unibalentea edo monobalentea da; Ca<sup>2+</sup> katioia, berriz, katioi dibalentea da, eta Fe<sup>3+</sup> katioia tribalentea da. Bertan, Cs eta Ca ez bezala, Fe beste karga egoera batzuetan ere egon daiteke, bereziki 2+ eta 4+, eta, beraz, ioi balioaniztun gisa ezagutzen da<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Horrela, eskuinean dauden trantsizio-metalak eta metalak normalean balioaniztunak dira, baina ez dago haien balentzia iragarten duen eredu sinplerik.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Balentzia adjektiboak -balente atzizkia erabiliz </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Balentzia </th> <th>Adjektibo ohikoena </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>zerobalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>monobalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>dibalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>tribalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>tetrabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>pentabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>hexabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>heptabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>oktabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>nonabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>dekabalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>anitza </td> <td>polibalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>batera </td> <td>kobalente </td></tr> <tr> <td>banatuta </td> <td>ez-kobalente </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balentzia_eta_oxidazio-egoeraren_arteko_ezberdintasunak">Balentzia eta oxidazio-egoeraren arteko ezberdintasunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Balentzia eta oxidazio-egoeraren arteko ezberdintasunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Balentzia eta oxidazio-egoeraren arteko ezberdintasunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balentzia terminoari dagozkion zalantzak direla eta<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, gaur egun beste notazio batzuk hobesten dira. Lambda notazioaz gain, <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenklatura" title="IUPAC nomenklatura">kimika ez-organikoko IUPAC nomenklatura</a>n erabiltzen den bezala<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, argiagoa da <a href="/wiki/Oxidazio-egoera" title="Oxidazio-egoera">oxidazio-egoera</a> erabiltzea molekula bateko atomoen egoera elektronikoa adierazteko. </p><p>Molekula batean aurkitzen den atomo baten oxidazio-egoera irabazten edo galtzen duen <a href="/wiki/Balentzia-elektroi" title="Balentzia-elektroi">balentzia-elektroi</a> kopuruari dagokio.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balentzia-zenbakia ez bezala, oxidazio-egoera positiboa (atomo elektropositibo batentzat) edo negatiboa (atomo <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatibotasun" title="Elektronegatibotasun">elektronegatibo</a> batentzat) izan daiteke. </p><p>Oxidazio-egoera altuko elementuek +4 baino oxidazio-egoera handiagoa dute, eta balentzia altuko egoera duten elementuek ere 4 baino balentzia handiagoa dute. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Perklorato" title="Perklorato">perklorato</a>etan (ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) , <a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">kloro</a>ak 7 balentzia-lotura ditu (beraz, heptabalentea da; bestela esanda, haren balentzia 7 da), eta +7 oxidazio-egoera du; rutenio tetraoxidoan (RuO<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio">rutenio</a>ak 8 balentzia-lotura ditu (beraz, oktabalentea da; bestela esanda, haren balentzia 8 da), eta +8 oxidazio-egoera du. </p><p>Molekula batzuetan, aldea dago atomo jakin baten balentziaren eta oxidazio-egoeraren artean. Adibidez, dekafluoruro disulfuroaren molekulan (S<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub>) <a href="/wiki/Sufre" title="Sufre">sufre</a> atomo bakoitzak 6 balentzia-lotura ditu; alegia 5 lotura bakun <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluor</a> atomoekin eta lotura bakun bat beste sufre atomoarekin. Horrela, sufre atomo bakoitza hexabalentea da, baina +5 oxidazio egoera du. Bestalde, dioxigeno molekulan (O<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">oxigeno</a> atomo bakoitzak 2 balentzia-lotura ditu, eta dibalentea da, baina 0 oxidazio-egoera du. Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Azetileno" title="Azetileno">azetileno</a>an (H−C≡C−H), <a href="/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono">karbono</a> atomo bakoitzak 4 balentzia-lotura ditu, lotura bakun bat <a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">hidrogeno</a> atomoarekin eta lotura hirukoitz bat beste karbono atomoarekin. Beraz, karbono atomo bakoitza tetrabalentea da , baina −1 oxidazio-egoera du. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adibideak">Adibideak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Adibideak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Adibideak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Balentzia vs oxidazio-egoera bi elementu desberdinen arteko loturetan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Konposatua </th> <th>Formula </th> <th>Balentzia </th> <th>Oxidazio-egoera </th> <th>Diagrama </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno_kloruro" title="Hidrogeno kloruro">Hidrogeno kloruro</a> </td> <td>HCl </td> <td>H=1 Cl=1 </td> <td>H=+1 Cl=-1 </td> <td>H-Cl </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azido_perkloriko" title="Azido perkloriko">Azido perkloriko</a>* </td> <td>HClO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>H=1 Cl=7 O=2 </td> <td>H=+1 Cl=+7 O=-2 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png/112px-Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png/168px-Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png/224px-Perchloric_acid_molecule_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">Metano</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>C=4 H=1 </td> <td>C=-4 H=+1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Methane_molecule_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Methane_molecule_diagram.png/145px-Methane_molecule_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Methane_molecule_diagram.png/218px-Methane_molecule_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Methane_molecule_diagram.png/290px-Methane_molecule_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diklorometano** </td> <td>CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>C=4 H=1 Cl=1 </td> <td>C=0 H=+1 Cl=-1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg/112px-Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg/168px-Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg/224px-Dichloromethane_molecular_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burdin (II) oxido*** </td> <td>FeO </td> <td>Fe=2 O=2 </td> <td>Fe=+2 O=-2 </td> <td>Fe=O </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burdin (III) oxido*** </td> <td>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>Fe=3 O=2 </td> <td>Fe=+3 O=-2 </td> <td>O=Fe-O-Fe=O </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sodio hidruro </td> <td>NaH </td> <td>Na=1 H=1 </td> <td>Na=+1 H=-1 </td> <td>Na-H </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> perklorato ioia monobalentea da, hau da, 1 balentzia  du. </p><p>** Balentziak eta oxidazio-egoeren balio absolutuak ere desberdinak izan daitezke, loturen polaritatea desberdina baita. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Diklorometano" title="Diklorometano">diklorometano</a>an, CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>-n, karbonoa tetrabalentea da, baina da 0 oxidazio-egoera. </p><p>*** Burdin oxidoak <a href="/wiki/Kristal-egitura" title="Kristal-egitura">kristal-egitura</a> batean agertzen direnez, ezin da molekula zehatz bat identifikatu. Horrela, oxido ferrosoan, Fe-k +2 oxidazio-egoera du; eta oxido ferrikoan, +3 oxidazio-egoera. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Balentzia vs oxidazio-egoera bi elementu berdinen arteko loturetan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Konposatua </th> <th>Formula </th> <th>Balentzia </th> <th>Oxidazio-egoera </th> <th>Diagrama </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">Hidrogeno</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>H=1 </td> <td>H=0 </td> <td>H-H </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kloro" title="Kloro">Kloro</a> </td> <td>Cl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>Cl=1 </td> <td>Cl=0 </td> <td>Cl-Cl </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hidrogeno peroxido </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>H=1 O=2 </td> <td>H=+1 O=-1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Wasserstoffperoxid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wasserstoffperoxid.svg/94px-Wasserstoffperoxid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wasserstoffperoxid.svg/141px-Wasserstoffperoxid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wasserstoffperoxid.svg/188px-Wasserstoffperoxid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="53" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrazina" title="Hidrazina">Hidrazina</a> </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>H=1 N=3 </td> <td>H=+1 N=-2 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hydrazine-2D-A1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hydrazine-2D-A1.png/150px-Hydrazine-2D-A1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hydrazine-2D-A1.png/225px-Hydrazine-2D-A1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hydrazine-2D-A1.png/300px-Hydrazine-2D-A1.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disulfuro dekafluoruro </td> <td>S<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub> </td> <td>S=6 F=1 </td> <td>S=+5 F=-1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png/200px-Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png/300px-Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png/400px-Disulfur-decafluoride-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hexakloroetano </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub> </td> <td>C=4 Cl=1 </td> <td>C=+3 Cl=-1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png/150px-Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png/225px-Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png/300px-Hexachloroethane-2D-stereo.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etileno" title="Etileno">Etileno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>C=4 H=1 </td> <td>C=-1 H=+1 </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png/150px-Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png/225px-Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png/300px-Ethylene_molecule_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azetileno" title="Azetileno">Azetileno</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>C=4 H=1 </td> <td>C=-1 H=+1 </td> <td>H-C≡C-H </td></tr> <tr> <td>Merkurio(I) kloruro </td> <td>Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>Hg=2 Cl=1 </td> <td>Hg=+1 Cl=-1 </td> <td>Cl-Hg-Hg-Cl </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPartington1989-01-01">Partington, James Riddick.  (1989-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=wbFkpD3rfysC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Partington,+J.R.+(1989).+A+Short+History+of+Chemistry.&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Partington,%20J.R.%20(1989).%20A%20Short%20History%20of%20Chemistry.&f=false"><i>A Short History of Chemistry. </i></a> Courier Corporation <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-65977-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-65977-0">978-0-486-65977-0</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPartington1921">Partington, James Riddick.  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(1989). <i>A short history of chemistry. </i> (Facsim. ed.. argitaraldia) Dover <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-65977-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-486-65977-0">978-0-486-65977-0</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRocke1984">Rocke, Alan J.  (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058785x01812">«Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century. From Dalton to Cannizzaro, Columbus, Ohio State University Press, XVIII-386 p.»</a> <i>Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di storia della scienza di Firenze</i> 10 (2): 154–156.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F221058785x01812">10.1163/221058785x01812</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0391-3341">0391-3341</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFParkin2006-05">Parkin, Gerard.  (2006-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed083p791">«Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge: Three Related but Fundamentally Different Concepts»</a> <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> 83 (5): 791.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed083p791">10.1021/ed083p791</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGrimmSommerfeld1926">Grimm, H. G.; Sommerfeld, A..  (1926). [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01383924">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01383924</a> «�ber den. Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit den chemischen Valenzzahlen»] <i>Zeitschrift f�r Physik</i> (Zeitschrift für Physik) 36 (1): 36–59.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01383924">10.1007/BF01383924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1434-6001">1434-6001</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSmith2005">Smith, D. W..  (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed082p1202">«Valence, Covalence, Hypervalence, Oxidation State, and Coordination Number»</a> <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> 82 (8)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed082p1202">10.1021/ed082p1202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSidgwick1927">Sidgwick, N. V.  (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electronictheory004236mbp"><i>The Electronic Theory Of Valency. </i></a> London: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press), 199 or. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/">«The Unabridged Dictionary by Merriam-Webster»</a> <i>unabridged.merriam-webster.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121171129/http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104/lesson7ions_and_names.html">«Lesson 7 Ions & Their Names»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2019-01-21 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Valence">«Valence»</a> <i>The Free Dictionary</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGold2019">Gold, Victor, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/"><i>The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book. </i></a> (4. argitaraldia) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.l03418">10.1351/goldbook.l03418</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGold2019">Gold, Victor, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/"><i>The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book. </i></a> (4. argitaraldia) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.o04365">10.1351/goldbook.o04365</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balentzia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a 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