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</div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁鐳女郎”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E9%2590%25B3%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E9%2583%258E%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E9%2590%25B3%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E9%2583%258E%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128589" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="鐳女郎">鐳女郎</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a 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cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">[[File:USRadiumGirls-Argonne1,ca1922-23-150dpi.jpg|right|thumb|350x350px|工廠中正在將手錶表面塗鐳的工人]] '''鐳女郎'''（{{lang-en|Radium Girls}}）是指1917年左右，受雇於[[美國鐳企業]]、替手錶的錶面塗上可以發亮顏料（也就是[[鐳]]）、最後導致[[急性辐射综合症|輻射中毒]]的工廠女工。由於這些女工都被告知這項顏料是無害的，因此，她們會用舌尖舔拭筆尖，讓畫筆可以更精製地替表面上色，有些人甚至會用將發光的顏料塗在指甲或是牙齒上。這導致這些鐳女郎都吸收致命份量的[[鐳]]。之後，有五位鐳女郎對她們的雇主提起了訴訟，要求美國鐳企業對她們造成的[[職業傷害]]作出賠償。 == 美國鐳企業 == {{Main|美國鐳企業}} [[File:Undark_(Radium_Girls)_advertisement,_1921,_retouched.png|right|thumb|365x365px|1921年Undark塗料的廣告]] 從1917年到1926年間，美國鐳企業（{{lang|en|United States Radium Corporation}}，最初叫做鐳發光材料有限公司），主要從事從[[釩鉀鈾礦]]中進行提取和純化的事業，並以「Undark」為品牌名稱，生產發光顏料。身為一個[[國防工業]]，美國鐳企業是美國陸軍輻射發光手錶的主要供應商。它們在[[伊利诺伊州]]渥太華的工廠雇用了百名以上的工人（多半是女性），將手錶的錶面塗上亮光漆，並誤導說顏料是安全的。 === 輻射暴露 === 美國鐳企業雇用了約70名的女工，進行包含鐳的處理等多項工作。然而，由於雇主與企業的科學家深知鐳的負面影響，小心翼翼地避免自己暴露在輻射環境之下；工廠內的化學家，亦使用鉛防、面罩、鉗子等工具減少直接接觸。<ref name="interesting">{{Cite web|title=Undark and the Radium Girls|url=https://www.damninteresting.com/undark-and-the-radium-girls/|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=Damn Interesting|language=en-US|archive-date=2009-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724103909/https://www.damninteresting.com/undark-and-the-radium-girls/}}</ref> 在美加地區，估計有4000名工人被雇用來替錶面上鐳。他們需要混合黏著劑、水、以及鐳粉，並用{{le|驼毛刷|Camel-hair brush}}將顏料塗在錶面上。而以當時的工資來計算，一天需要塗250個錶面，平均一個錶面只有1.5美分的收入（在2015年，相當於$0.277美元）。這些畫筆，在幾筆畫之後會開始變形，所以當時美國鐳企業的主管鼓勵員工用嘴唇、舌頭舔一下畫筆，以保持筆尖的細緻度。而為了好玩，也有些鐳女郎會在指甲、牙齒、或是臉上塗上這些致命的顏料。<ref name="NYT_1998-10-06">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/06/science/a-glow-in-the-dark-and-a-lesson-in-scientific-peril.html?pagewanted=all|title=A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril|last=Grady|first=Denise|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 6, 1998|quote=|accessdate=November 25, 2009|archive-date=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211220037/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/06/science/a-glow-in-the-dark-and-a-lesson-in-scientific-peril.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref>有非常多的工人因此生病，不過也無法確定而因暴露在輻射環境之下死去的人數。 === 輻射疾病 === 1922年1月，鐳女郎之一莫莉·瑪吉亞（Mollie Maggia）感到[[牙痛]]，她去看牙醫，牙醫表示她可能需要拔掉臼齒。幾周後她又因牙痛而回到牙醫診所，牙醫看到當時拔牙的傷口沒有一絲癒合，還在滲出鮮血和膿液。而且還有幾隻臨近的牙齒自然脫落。5月份，牙醫發現莫莉下巴處有一個快速增長的[[膿腫]]，他認爲需要做手術切除。當他打開牙齦時，骨頭看上去灰白灰白的，不太對勁，於是他用手指輕輕地碰了一下——讓他震驚和恐懼的是，整個骨頭像是[[壁爐]]中的灰燼一樣在指尖下粉碎。牙醫沒有清除[[腫瘤]]，而是把莫莉那粉碎了的左顎清除乾淨。他當時並不知道，鐳已經刺穿了骨細胞並剝奪了鈣質，它像是一把小機關槍一樣，把骨頭內的膠原蛋白切碎，只剩下一堆骨頭碎片。那個夏天，莫莉剩下的下巴也都沒了，接着是她的內耳。到了1922年9月，即第一次牙痛的8個月後，可憐的莫莉·瑪吉亞逝世了。腫瘤切入了她的頸靜脈，並用鮮血浸潤了她的喉嚨，使她在牀上窒息死亡。<ref>{{Cite web|title=“鐳女郎”真實的悲劇故事|url=https://thats.cc/posts/24020996591001a93a80a5ecf7b56877|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=互動頭條|language=zh-TW|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041630/https://thats.cc/posts/24020996591001a93a80a5ecf7b56877}}</ref> 不久之後，很多在女工開始[[贫血]]，下顎開始鬆脫[[壞死]]，現在被称作[[镭毒颌炎]]。當時認為，醫療人員使用的X光機可能讓這些身體欠佳的工人受到額外的輻射線，讓他們的健康惡化。但事後發現，這項檢查只是美國鐳企業試圖混淆視聽的詭計<ref name="interesting" />。而美國鐳企業和其他的手錶公司也拒絕承認這些工人的疾病是肇因於暴露在輻射之下。而很多醫生、牙醫以及研究人員也依照企業的要求，不願公布病人檢查的資料。在公司的極力主張之下，這些工人的死亡，被醫療人員引導到其他原因：如當時惡名昭彰的[[性傳染病]][[梅毒]]，也時常被用來誹謗婦女的名聲。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Deadly glow : the radium dial worker tragedy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43420772|publisher=American Public Health Association|date=1999|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-87553-245-4|oclc=43420772|last=Mullner, Ross M.}}</ref> == 重要性 == === 訴訟 === <div>當時，有位叫做格蕾絲·福萊爾（Grace Fryer）的女工想要提起訴訟，不過她花了兩年的時間才尋獲一名肯為她打官司的律師。而在找到律師之後，法庭也拖拉了好幾個月。直到1928年1月第一次開庭，兩位女性都久病臥床不起，甚至無法舉起手臂宣讀誓言。之後，有四名女工也加入了訴訟，包括：奎因達·麥當勞（Quinta MacDonald）、阿爾比娜·拉里斯（Albina Larice）、埃德娜·胡斯曼（Edna Hussman）和凱特琳·肖布（Katherine Schaub），她們也被稱為「鐳女郎」。因為這個案件引起的訴訟和媒體轟動創下了司法[[判決先例]]，也促使了勞動[[職業安全]]標準等規範的建立等等。 </div> === 歷史影響 === 鐳女孩的故事對於{{le|保健物理學|health physics}}及勞工權益領域來說，都有相當的重要性。個體勞動者起訴企業，要求虐待勞工之損害賠償的權利，也被認為是鐳女孩事件的結果。而在該事件之後，工業安全的標準大幅增進了十幾前的品質。{{fact|date=2015年8月}} 這項訴訟在1928年的秋天結案，在陪審團進行商議之前。結果是每位鐳女孩可以獲得$10,000美金的賠償金（相當於2015年的$138,000美金），以及每年$600美金（相當於2015年的$8300美金)的年金，直到她們死亡，同時，所有的醫療和法律訴訟支出都是由美國鐳公司支付。<ref>{{cite web|title=The Radium Girls|url=http://www.rst2.edu/ties/radon/ramfordu/pdffiles/The%20Radium%20Girls.pdf|accessdate=2015-07-16|last=Kovarik|first=Bill|year=2002|work=(originally published as chapter eight of ''Mass Media and Environmental Conflict'')|publisher=RUNet.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105021031/http://www.rst2.edu/ties/radon/ramfordu/pdffiles/The%20Radium%20Girls.pdf|archivedate=2005年1月5日|deadurl=yes|df=}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CPI Inflation Calculator|url=https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=data.bls.gov|archive-date=2018-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410173330/https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl}}</ref> 這場爭訟以及引起的公眾關注，是往後建立[[職業傷害]][[勞工法]]的因素之一。<ref>{{cite web|title=Mass Media & Environmental Conflict - Radium Girls|url=http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html|accessdate=2009-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721113733/http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/radium.html|archivedate=2009-07-21|dead-url=yes}}</ref>要幫錶面上鐳塗料的工人都是在有進行安全預防措施的指示，並配備了防護裝備。而鐳錶面一直到1960年後其還有在繼續使用。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1192&hl=zh-CN|publisher=PediaPress|language=en|page=1192|title=The Elements|access-date=2020-10-09|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041808/https://books.google.es/books?id=J90PQpnE5l4C&pg=PA1192&hl=zh-CN}}</ref> [[File:Second_River_radium_site_WOrange_jeh.jpg|thumb|工廠的舊址]] === 科學上的影響 === === 文學與電影改編 === == 參見 == * [[职业病|職業傷害]] * [[勞工法]] * [[放射性污染]] == 參考資料 == {{Reflist}} == 外部連結 == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050329084342/http://www.umdnj.edu/librweb/speccoll/USRadiumCorp.html University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey] - 'University Libraries Special Collections: U.S. Radium Corporation, East Orange, NJ', Records, Catalog 1917-1940 (Revised, June, 2003) * [http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660 Undark and the Radium Girls] {{Wayback|url=http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=660 |date=20080917101512 }}, Alan Bellows, December 28, 2006, ''Damn Interesting'' * [https://archive.today/20070927203422/http://www.unco.edu/colopoets/poets/swanson_eleanor/radium.html Radium Girls], Eleanor Swanson. <small>copy of [http://www.unco.edu/colopoets/poets/swanson_eleanor/radium.html original]</small> * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731868,00.html Poison Paintbrush] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731868,00.html |date=20130721201424 }}, ''[[時代 (雜誌)|Time]]'', June 4, 1928. "That the world may see streaks of light through the long hours of darkness, Orange, N. J., women hired themselves to the U. S. Radium Corporation." * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740056,00.html Radium Women] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740056,00.html |date=20130827213009 }}, ''[[時代 (雜誌)|Time]]'', August 11, 1930. "Five young New Jersey women who were poisoned while painting luminous watch dials for U. S. Radium Corp., two years ago heard doctors pronounce their doom: one year to live." * [http://www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-the-last-radium-girl-dies-at-107 Mae Keane, The Last 'Radium Girl,' Dies At 107] {{Wayback|url=http://www.npr.org/2014/12/28/373510029/saved-by-a-bad-taste-the-last-radium-girl-dies-at-107 |date=20150114061708 }}, [[全国公共广播电台|NPR]] {{Public health}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:行動主義]] [[Category:核安全]] [[Category:镭]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>本页<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB" title="Wikipedia:嵌入包含">嵌入包含</a>了75个页面： </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">查看源代码</a>）（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" 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