CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Advance-fee scam - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c2c09071-ac8e-4e57-8653-6101970087ec","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Advance-fee_scam","wgTitle":"Advance-fee scam","wgCurRevisionId":1259452426,"wgRevisionId":1259452426,"wgArticleId":46526,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles needing additional references from June 2023","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Webarchive template wayback links","Spamming","Confidence tricks","Deception","Fraud","Fraud in Nigeria","Non-sufficient funds","Property crimes","Social engineering (security)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Advance-fee_scam","wgRelevantArticleId":46526,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q830193","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg/1200px-Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1661"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg/800px-Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1107"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg/640px-Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="886"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Advance-fee scam - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_scam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_scam"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Advance-fee_scam rootpage-Advance-fee_scam skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Advance-fee+scam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Advance-fee+scam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Advance-fee+scam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Advance-fee+scam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Countermeasures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Common elements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Common elements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Common_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irreversible_money_transfers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irreversible_money_transfers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Irreversible money transfers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irreversible_money_transfers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anonymous_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anonymous_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Anonymous communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anonymous_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web-based_email" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-based_email"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Web-based email </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-based_email-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Email_hijacking/friend_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email_hijacking/friend_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Email hijacking/friend scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email_hijacking/friend_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fax_transmissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fax_transmissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Fax transmissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fax_transmissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SMS_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SMS_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 SMS messages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SMS_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications_relay_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications_relay_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Telecommunications relay services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications_relay_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invitation_to_visit_the_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invitation_to_visit_the_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Invitation to visit the country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invitation_to_visit_the_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Employment scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bogus_job_offers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bogus_job_offers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Bogus job offers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bogus_job_offers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lottery_scam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lottery_scam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Lottery scam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lottery_scam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sales_and_rentals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sales_and_rentals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Online sales and rentals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sales_and_rentals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pet_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pet_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pet scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pet_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_scam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_scam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Romance scam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_scam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_tower_installation_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_tower_installation_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Mobile tower installation fraud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_tower_installation_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_scams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_scams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Other scams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_scams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Advance-fee scam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82" title="احتيال الدفع المسبق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="احتيال الدفع المسبق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya_f%C4%B1r%C4%B1lda%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Nigeriya fırıldağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nigeriya fırıldağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_ch%C3%A0-khi" title="Nigeria chà-khi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nigeria chà-khi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam" title="Scam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Scam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerijsk%C3%A9_dopisy" title="Nigerijské dopisy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nigerijské dopisy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorschussbetrug" title="Vorschussbetrug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorschussbetrug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estafa_nigeriana" title="Estafa nigeriana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estafa nigeriana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta%C5%ADpaga_fra%C5%ADdo" title="Antaŭpaga fraŭdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antaŭpaga fraŭdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B0_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="دسیسه اخذ پیش‌پرداخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسیسه اخذ پیش‌پرداخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_4-1-9" title="Fraude 4-1-9 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fraude 4-1-9" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EB%B6%88_%EC%82%AC%EA%B8%B0" title="선불 사기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선불 사기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համացանցային խարդախություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համացանցային խարդախություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerijska_prijevara" title="Nigerijska prijevara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nigerijska prijevara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffa_alla_nigeriana" title="Truffa alla nigeriana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Truffa alla nigeriana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99" title="העוקץ הניגרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העוקץ הניגרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trufa_a_la_nigeriana" title="Trufa a la nigeriana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Trufa a la nigeriana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9riai_levelek" title="Nigériai levelek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nigériai levelek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriaanse_oplichting" title="Nigeriaanse oplichting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nigeriaanse oplichting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E7%B4%99" title="ナイジェリアの手紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイジェリアの手紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriabrev" title="Nigeriabrev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nigeriabrev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svindelbrev" title="Svindelbrev – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svindelbrev" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeryjski_szwindel" title="Nigeryjski szwindel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nigeryjski szwindel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraude_nigeriana" title="Fraude nigeriana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fraude nigeriana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Нигерийские письма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нигерийские письма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Advance-fee scam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerijska_prevara" title="Nigerijska prevara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nigerijska prevara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerialaiskirjeet" title="Nigerialaiskirjeet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nigerialaiskirjeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriabrev" title="Nigeriabrev – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nigeriabrev" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="สแกมจ่ายเงินล่วงหน้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สแกมจ่ายเงินล่วงหน้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96n_%C3%B6deme_doland%C4%B1r%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ön ödeme dolandırıcılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ön ödeme dolandırıcılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Нігерійські листи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нігерійські листи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%ABa_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0i_ch%C3%ADnh_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Lừa đảo tài chính quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lừa đảo tài chính quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E4%BB%98%E8%B2%BB%E8%A9%90%E9%A8%99" title="預付費詐騙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="預付費詐騙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q830193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Advance-fee_scam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Advance-fee_scam" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Advance-fee_scam" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&oldid=1259452426" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Advance-fee_scam&id=1259452426&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdvance-fee_scam">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdvance-fee_scam">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Advance-fee_scam&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:419_scams" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q830193" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of confidence trick fraud</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Guyman" redirects here. For the French musician, see <a href="/wiki/Guy-Manuel_de_Homem-Christo" title="Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo">Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Advance-fee_scam" title="Special:EditPage/Advance-fee scam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Advance-fee+scam%22">"Advance-fee scam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Advance-fee+scam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Advance-fee+scam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Advance-fee+scam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Advance-fee+scam%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Advance-fee+scam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Scam letter posted within <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> An advance-fee scam is a form of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and is a common <a href="/wiki/Confidence_tricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence tricks">confidence trick</a>. The scam typically involves promising the victim a significant share of a large sum of money, in return for a small up-front payment, which the fraudster claims will be used to obtain the large sum.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> If a victim makes the payment, the fraudster either invents a series of further fees for the victim to pay or simply disappears.<a href="#cite_note-fbi-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) states that "An advance fee scheme occurs when the victim pays money to someone in anticipation of receiving something of greater value – such as a loan, contract, investment, or gift - and then receives little or nothing in return."<a href="#cite_note-fbi-3">[3]</a> There are many variations of this type of <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scam</a>, including the Nigerian prince scam, also known as a 419 scam. The number "419" refers to the section of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Criminal_Code" title="Nigerian Criminal Code">Nigerian Criminal Code</a> dealing with fraud and the charges and penalties for such offenders.<a href="#cite_note-Nigerian_Criminal_Code-5">[5]</a> The scam has been used with <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a> and is now prevalent in online communications such as <a href="/wiki/Emails" class="mw-redirect" title="Emails">emails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Other variations include the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Prisoner" title="Spanish Prisoner">Spanish Prisoner</a> scam and the <a href="/wiki/Black_money_scam" title="Black money scam">black money scam</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they mainly originate in other nations. Other nations known to have a high incidence of advance-fee fraud include <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Togo_Embassy-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-South_Africa_Hampshire-9">[9]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBA-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The modern scam is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Prisoner" title="Spanish Prisoner">Spanish Prisoner</a> scam that dates back to the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In that con, businessmen were contacted by an individual allegedly trying to smuggle someone who is connected to a wealthy family out of a prison in Spain. In exchange for assistance, the scammer promised to share money with the victim in exchange for a small amount of money to bribe prison guards.<a href="#cite_note-SnopesNigerianScam-16">[16]</a> One variant of the scam may date back to the 18th or 19th century, as a very similar letter, entitled "The Letter from Jerusalem". This is illustrated in the memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Vidocq" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène François Vidocq">Eugène François Vidocq</a>, a former French criminal and <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vidocq-17">[17]</a> Another variant of the scam, dating back to ca. 1830, appears very similar to emails today: "Sir, you will doubtlessly be astonished to be receiving a letter from a person unknown to you, who is about to ask a favour from you..." and goes on to talk of a casket containing 16,000 francs in gold and the diamonds of a late marchioness.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_Misty-18">[18]</a> The modern-day transnational scam can be traced back to Germany in 1922<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and became popular during the 1980s. There are many variants of the template letter. One of these, sent via postal mail, was addressed to a woman's husband to inquire about his health. It then asked what to do with profits from a $24.6 million investment and ended with a telephone number.<a href="#cite_note-Buse_Uwe-20">[20]</a> Other official-looking letters were sent from a writer who said he was a director of the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Petroleum_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation">Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation</a>. He said he wanted to transfer $20 million to the recipient's bank account—money that was budgeted but was never spent. In exchange for transferring the funds out of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the recipient would keep 30% of the total. To get the process started, the scammer asked for a few sheets of the company's letterhead, bank account numbers, and other personal information.<a href="#cite_note-Lohr_Steve-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_State_Department-22">[22]</a> Yet other variants have involved mention of a <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">Nigerian prince</a> or other member of a royal family seeking to transfer large sums of money out of the country—thus, these scams are sometimes called "Nigerian Prince emails".<a href="#cite_note-BBB_NY-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The spread of <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Email harvesting">email harvesting</a> software significantly lowered the cost of sending scam letters by using the Internet in lieu of international post.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews_Robert-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stancliff_Dave-26">[26]</a> Although Nigeria is most often the nation referred to in these scams, they may originate in other nations as well.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For example, in 2007, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> stated that scam emails more frequently originated in African countries or in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg_Eric-28">[28]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, there is a high incidence of advance-fee fraud in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-10">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBA-11">[11]</a> The emails sent invariably feature a large number of implausible claims, as well as numerous spelling and grammatical mistakes. According to Cormac Herley, a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> researcher, "By sending an email that repels all but the most gullible, the scammer gets the most promising marks to self-select."<a href="#cite_note-Herley_Cormac-29">[29]</a> Responding to Herley, a director at Nigeria's National Security Adviser said that there are more non-Nigerian scammers claiming to be Nigerian, and suggested that Nigeria's reputation for corruption is part of the allure that makes scams seem more plausible.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Nigeria has a reputation for being at the center of email scamming.<a href="#cite_note-AFP_2009-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Modern variations include “<a href="/wiki/Sugar_baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar baby">sugar daddy/sugar momma</a>” schemes, some of which involve advance-fee scamming,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and money flipping, whereby the mark is promised a large amount of money in exchange for sending a small amount of money.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A 2018 study of Nigerian hip-hop culture found that glamorization of cyber-fraud is prevalent in such music.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Some scammers have accomplices in the United States and abroad who move in to finish the deal once the initial contact has been made.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon_Robyn-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives">Motives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history of Nigeria</a></div> Many scammers tend to come from poorer and more-educated backgrounds, where Internet access and better education, along with inability to afford basic necessities, drive people into committing online fraud. They could also have been influenced by social media celebrities and artists who promote scamming as a "cool" trend to quickly gain access to luxury items like sports cars and fashion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the case of Nigeria, the rise in scamming cases was due to a boom in cybercafes, a series of economic crashes from the 1980s, and the resulting joblessness among young people in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> This scam usually begins with the perpetrator contacting the victim via <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> using a fake email address or a fake social media account.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The fraudster then makes an offer that would allegedly result in a large payoff for the victim.<a href="#cite_note-SnopesNigerianScam-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-loriggio-41">[41]</a> An email subject line may say something like "From the desk of barrister [Name]", "Your assistance is needed", "Important", "Dear Sir or Madam" and so on. The details vary, but the usual story is that a person, often a government or bank employee, knows of a large amount of unclaimed money or gold that they cannot access directly, usually because they have no right to it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Such people, who may be real people being impersonated by the scammer or fictitious characters played by the <a href="/wiki/Con_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Con artist">con artist</a>, could include, for example, the wife or son of a deposed African leader who has amassed a stolen fortune, a bank employee who knows of a terminally ill wealthy person with no relatives or a wealthy foreigner who deposited money in the bank just before dying in a traffic accident or a plane crash (leaving no <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a> or known <a href="/wiki/Next_of_kin" title="Next of kin">next of kin</a>),<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> a US soldier who has stumbled upon a hidden cache of gold in Iraq, a business being audited by the government, a disgruntled worker or corrupt government official who has embezzled funds, a refugee,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and similar characters.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The money could be in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">gold bullion</a>, gold dust, money in a bank account, <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">blood diamonds</a>, a series of cheques or bank drafts, so on and so forth.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The sums involved are usually in the millions of dollars, and the investor is promised a large share, typically ten to fifty percent, in return for assisting the fraudster to retrieve or expatriate the money. Although the vast majority of recipients do not respond to these emails, a small percentage do, enough to make the scam worthwhile as many millions of messages can be sent daily.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> To help persuade the victim to agree to the deal, the scammer often sends one or more false documents that bear official government <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber stamps">stamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 419 scammers also often utilize fake websites and addresses to present themselves as more legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Multiple "people" may write or be involved in schemes as they continue, but they are often fictitious; in many cases, one person controls all the fictitious personae used in scams.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> Once the victim's confidence has been gained, the scammer then introduces a delay or monetary hurdle that prevents the deal from occurring as planned, such as "To transmit the money, we need to bribe a bank official. Could you help us with a loan?" or "For you to be a party to the transaction, you must have holdings at a Nigerian bank of $100,000 or more" or similar.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> This is the money being stolen from the victim; the victim willingly transfers the money, usually through some irreversible channel such as a <a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">wire transfer</a>, and the scammer receives and pockets it.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> Often but not always, delays and additional costs are added by the fraudster, always keeping the promise of an imminent large transfer alive, convincing the victim that the money the victim is currently paying would be covered several times over by the payoff.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The implication that these payments will be used for white-collar crime, such as bribery, and even that the money they are being promised is being stolen from a government or royal/wealthy family, often prevents the victim from telling others about the "transaction", as it would involve admitting that they intended to be complicit in an international crime.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> Sometimes psychological pressure is added by claiming that the scammers' side, to pay certain fees, had to sell belongings and <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> a house or by comparing the salary scale and living conditions in their country to those in the West.<a href="#cite_note-doi.org-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccjls.scholasticahq.com-54">[54]</a> Much of the time, however, the needed psychological pressure is self-applied: once the victims have provided money toward the payoff, they feel they have a vested interest in seeing the "deal" through. Some victims even believe they can cheat the other party, and walk away with all the money instead of just the percentage they were promised.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> The essential fact in all advance-fee fraud operations is that the promised money transfer to the victim never happens because the money does not exist. The perpetrators rely on the fact that, by the time the victim realizes this (often only after being confronted by a third party who has noticed the transactions or conversation and recognized the scam), the victim may have sent thousands of dollars of their own money, sometimes thousands more that was borrowed or stolen, to the scammer via an untraceable and/or irreversible means such as wire transfer.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> The scammer disappears, and the victim is left on the hook for the money sent to the scammer. During the course of many schemes, scammers ask victims to supply bank account information. Usually this is a "test" devised by the scammer to gauge the victim's <a href="/wiki/Gullibility" title="Gullibility">gullibility</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-10">[10]</a> the bank account information is not used directly by the scammer, because a fraudulent withdrawal from the account is more easily detected, reversed, and traced. Scammers instead usually request that payments be made using a wire transfer service like <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/MoneyGram" title="MoneyGram">MoneyGram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The reason given by the scammer usually relates to the speed at which the payment can be received and processed, allowing quick release of the supposed payoff. The real reason for using such money-sending services is that such wire transfers are irreversible and often untraceable. Further, these services are ideal because identification beyond knowledge of the details of the transaction is often not required, making receipt of such funds almost or entirely anonymous.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> However, bank account information obtained by scammers is sometimes sold in bulk to other fraudsters who wait a few months for the victim to repair the damage caused by the initial scam before raiding any accounts that the victim did not close. Telephone numbers used by scammers tend to come from <a href="/wiki/Burner_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Burner phones">burner phones</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, a scammer may purchase an inexpensive mobile phone and a pre-paid SIM card without submitting any identifying information. If the scammers believe they are being traced, they discard their mobile phones and purchase new ones.<a href="#cite_note-usembassy-7">[7]</a> The spam emails used in these scams are often sent from <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet cafés</a> equipped with satellite internet connection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Recipient addresses and email content are copied and pasted into a webmail interface using a stand-alone storage medium, such as a memory card.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Certain areas of <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Festac_Town" title="Festac Town">Festac Town</a>, contain many cyber cafés that serve scammers; cyber cafés often lock their doors during certain times, e.g. 10:30pm to 7:00am, so that scammers inside may work without fear of discovery.<a href="#cite_note-eat-56">[56]</a> Nigeria also contains many businesses that provide false documents used in scams. After a scam involving a forged signature of Nigerian President <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> in summer 2005, Nigerian authorities raided a market in the Oluwole section of Lagos.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> There, police seized thousands of Nigerian and non-Nigerian passports, 10,000 blank <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> boarding passes, 10,000 United States Postal <a href="/wiki/Money_order" title="Money order">money orders</a>, customs documents, false university certificates, 500 printing plates, and 500 computers.<a href="#cite_note-eat-56">[56]</a> The "success rate" of the scammers is also hard to gauge, since they operate illegally and do not keep track of specific numbers. One individual estimated that he sent 500 emails per day and received about seven replies, citing that when he received a reply, he was 70 percent certain he would get the money.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon_Robyn-36">[36]</a> If tens of thousands of emails are sent every day by thousands of individuals, it does not take a very high success rate to be worthwhile.<a href="#cite_note-Grinker_Roy-58">[58]</a> The success of advance fee crimes is based on the initial persuading of the victim. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> recently reported that in 2019 there were 14,607 US citizens that were victims of advance fee scams. The complaints that they received totaled in losses of more than $3.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Countermeasures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firefox_2.0.0.1_Phising_Alert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Firefox_2.0.0.1_Phising_Alert.png/220px-Firefox_2.0.0.1_Phising_Alert.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Firefox_2.0.0.1_Phising_Alert.png/330px-Firefox_2.0.0.1_Phising_Alert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Firefox_2.0.0.1_Phising_Alert.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of a suspicious site warning in the <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> browser<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> In recent years, efforts have been made by governments, internet companies, and individuals to combat scammers involved in advance-fee fraud and 419 scams. In 2004, the Nigerian government formed the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> (EFCC) to combat economic and financial crimes, such as advanced-fee fraud.<a href="#cite_note-EFCC-61">[61]</a> In 2009, Nigeria's EFCC announced that they had adopted smart technology developed by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> to track down fraudulent emails. They hoped to have the service, dubbed "Eagle Claw", running at full capacity to warn a quarter of a million potential victims.<a href="#cite_note-AFP_2009-31">[31]</a> Some individuals participate in a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Scam_baiting" title="Scam baiting">scam baiting</a>, in which they pose as potential targets and engage the scammers in lengthy dialogue so as to waste the scammer's time and decrease the time they have available for actual victims.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng_Jacqui-62">[62]</a> Likewise, the website <a href="/wiki/Artists_Against_419" title="Artists Against 419">Artists Against 419</a>, set-up by volunteers, offers a public database with information on scam websites. They work closely together with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Phishing_Working_Group" title="Anti-Phishing Working Group">APWG</a> to share their data with financial institutions and cybersecurity companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_elements">Common elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common elements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irreversible_money_transfers">Irreversible money transfers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Irreversible money transfers">edit</a>]</div> A central element of advance-fee fraud is that the transaction from the victim to the scammer must be untraceable and irreversible. Otherwise, the victim, once they become aware of the scam, could successfully retrieve their money and alert officials who could track the accounts used by the scammer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Wire transfers via <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/MoneyGram" title="MoneyGram">MoneyGram</a> are ideal for this purpose. International wire transfers cannot be cancelled or reversed, and the person receiving the money cannot be tracked. Other non-cancellable forms of payment include postal money orders and cashier's cheques, but wire transfer via Western Union or MoneyGram is more common. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anonymous_communication">Anonymous communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anonymous communication">edit</a>]</div> Since the scammer's operations must be untraceable to avoid identification, and because the scammer is often impersonating someone else, any communication between the scammer and his victim must be done through channels that hide the scammer's true identity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The following options in particular are widely used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web-based_email">Web-based email</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Web-based email">edit</a>]</div> Because many free email services do not require valid identifying information and also allow communication with many victims in a short span of time, they are the preferred method of communication for scammers.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Some services go so far as to mask the sender's source IP address (<a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> being a common choice), making the scammer's country of origin more difficult to trace. While Gmail does indeed strip headers from emails, it is possible to trace an IP address from such an email. Scammers can create as many accounts as they wish and often have several at a time. In addition, if email providers are alerted to the scammer's activities and suspend the account, it is a trivial matter for the scammer to simply create a new account to resume scamming.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Email_hijacking/friend_scams">Email hijacking/friend scams</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Email hijacking/friend scams">edit</a>]</div> Some fraudsters hijack existing email accounts and use them for advance-fee fraud purposes. For instance, with social engineering, the fraudster impersonates associates, friends, or family members of the legitimate account owner in an attempt to defraud them.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A variety of techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">keyloggers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a> are used to gain login information for the email address. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fax_transmissions">Fax transmissions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fax transmissions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">Facsimile machines</a> are commonly used tools of business whenever a client requires a hard copy of a document.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They can also be simulated using web services and made untraceable by the use of prepaid phones connected to mobile fax machines or by use of a public fax machine such as one owned by a document processing business like <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Office" title="FedEx Office">FedEx Office</a>/Kinko's. Thus, scammers posing as business entities often use fax transmissions as an anonymous form of communication. This is more expensive, as the prepaid phone and fax equipment cost more than email, but to a skeptical victim, it can be more believable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SMS_messages">SMS messages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SMS messages">edit</a>]</div> Abusing <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> bulk senders such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Service_Provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Application Service Provider">WASPs</a>, scammers subscribe to these services using fraudulent registration details and paying either via cash or with stolen credit card details.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They then send out masses of unsolicited SMS messages to victims stating they have won a competition, lottery, reward, or an event and that they have to contact somebody to claim their prize. Typically, the details of the party to be contacted will be an equally untraceable email address or a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_telephone_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual telephone number">virtual telephone number</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These messages may be sent over a weekend when the staff at the service providers are not working, enabling the scammer to be able to abuse the services for a whole weekend. Even when traceable, they give out long and winding procedures for procuring the reward (real or unreal) and that too with the impending huge cost of transportation and tax or duty charges. The origin of such SMS messages is often from fake websites/addresses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A contemporary (mid-2011) innovation is the use of a Premium Rate 'call back' number (instead of a website or email) in the SMS. On calling the number, the victim is first reassured that 'they are a winner' and then subjected to a long series of instructions on how to collect their 'winnings'. During the message, there will be frequent instructions to 'ring back in the event of problems'. The call is always 'cut off' just before the victim has the chance to note all the details. Some victims call back multiple times in an effort to collect all the details. The scammer thus makes their money out of the fees charged for the calls.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telecommunications_relay_services">Telecommunications relay services</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Telecommunications relay services">edit</a>]</div> Many scams use telephone calls to convince the victim that the person on the other end of the deal is a real, truthful person. The scammer, possibly impersonating a person of a nationality or gender other than their own, would arouse suspicion by telephoning the victim. In these cases, scammers use <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Relay_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Relay Service">TRS</a>, a US federally funded relay service where an operator or a text/speech translation program acts as an intermediary between someone using an ordinary telephone and a deaf caller using <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf" title="Telecommunications device for the deaf">TDD</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> device. The scammer may claim they are deaf, and that they must use a relay service. The victim, possibly drawn in by sympathy for a disabled caller, might be more susceptible to the fraud.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] FCC regulations and confidentiality laws require operators to relay calls verbatim and adhere to a strict code of confidentiality and ethics. Thus, no relay operator may judge the legality and legitimacy of a relay call and must relay it without interference. This means the relay operator may not warn victims, even when they suspect the call is a scam. <a href="/wiki/MCI_Inc." title="MCI Inc.">MCI</a> said about one percent of their IP Relay calls in 2004 were scams.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Tracking phone-based relay services is relatively easy, so scammers tend to prefer Internet Protocol–based relay services such as <a href="/wiki/IP_Relay" class="mw-redirect" title="IP Relay">IP Relay</a>. In a common strategy, they bind their overseas IP address to a router or server located on US soil, allowing them to use US-based relay service providers without interference. TRS is sometimes used to relay credit card information to make a fraudulent purchase with a stolen credit card. In many cases however, it is simply a means for the con artist to further lure the victim into the scam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invitation_to_visit_the_country">Invitation to visit the country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Invitation to visit the country">edit</a>]</div> Sometimes, victims are invited to a country to meet government officials, an associate of the scammer, or the scammer themselves. Some victims who travel are instead held for ransom. Scammers may tell a victim that they do not need a <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visa</a> or that the scammers will provide one.<a href="#cite_note-StateDeptPub10465-66">[66]</a> If the victim does this, the scammers have the power to extort money from the victim.<a href="#cite_note-StateDeptPub10465-66">[66]</a> Sometimes victims are ransomed, <a href="/wiki/Kidnap" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnap">kidnapped</a>, or murdered. According to a 1995 U.S. State Department report, over fifteen persons were murdered between 1992 and 1995 in Nigeria after following through on advance-fee frauds.<a href="#cite_note-StateDeptPub10465-66">[66]</a> In 1999 Norwegian millionaire Kjetil Moe was lured to South Africa by scammers and was murdered.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> George Makronalli was lured to South Africa and was killed in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-News24murder-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_email_scams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of email scams">List of email scams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a></div> There are many variations on the most common stories, and also many variations on the way the scam works. Some of the more commonly seen variants involve employment scams, <a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">lottery scams</a>, online sales and rentals, and <a href="/wiki/Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">romance scams</a>. Many scams involve online sales, such as those advertised on websites such as <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, or property rental. This article cannot list every known and future type of advanced fee fraud or 419 scheme; only some major types are described. Additional examples may be available in the <a href="#External_links">external links</a> section at the end of this article. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_scams">Employment scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Employment scams">edit</a>]</div> This scam targets people who have posted their résumés on job sites. The scammer sends a letter with a falsified company logo. The job offer usually indicates exceptional salary and benefits, and requests that the victim needs a "work permit" for working in the country, and includes the address of a (fake) "government official" to contact. The "government official" then proceeds to fleece the victim by extracting fees from the unsuspecting user for the work permit and other fees. A variant of the job scam recruits freelancers seeking work, such as editing or translation, then requires some advance payment before assignments are offered.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] legitimate (or at least fully registered) companies work on a similar basis, using this method as their primary source of earnings. Some modelling and escort agencies tell applicants that they have a number of clients lined up, but that they require some sort of prior "registration fee", usually paid in by an untraceable method, e.g. by Western Union transfer; once the fee is paid, the applicant is informed the client has cancelled, and not contacted again.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The scammer contacts the victim to interest them in a "work-from-home" opportunity, or asks them to cash a cheque or money order that for some reason cannot be redeemed locally. In one cover story, the perpetrator of the scam wishes the victim to work as a "<a href="/wiki/Mystery_shopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery shopper">mystery shopper</a>", evaluating the service provided by MoneyGram or Western Union locations within major retailers such as <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The scammer sends the victim a forged or stolen cheque or money order <a href="#Fake_checks">as described above</a>, the victim deposits it—banks will often credit an account with the value of a cheque not obviously false— and sends the money to the scammer via wire transfer. Later the cheque is not honoured ("bounces") and the bank debits the victim's account. Schemes based solely on cheque cashing usually offer only a small part of the cheque's total amount, with the assurance that many more cheques will follow; if the victim buys into the scam and cashes all the cheques, the scammer can steal a lot in a very short time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bogus_job_offers">Bogus job offers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bogus job offers">edit</a>]</div> More sophisticated scams advertise jobs with real companies and offer lucrative salaries and conditions with the fraudsters pretending to be recruitment agents. A bogus telephone or online interview may take place and after some time the applicant is informed that the job is theirs. To secure the job they are instructed to send money for their work visa or travel costs to the agent, or to a bogus travel agent who works on the scammer's behalf. No matter what the variation, they always involve the job seeker sending them or their agent money, credit card or bank account details.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-73">[73]</a> A newer form of employment scam has arisen in which users are sent a bogus job offer but are not asked to give financial information. Instead, their personal information is harvested during the application process and then sold to third parties for a profit, or used for <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Another form of employment scam involves making people attend a fake "interview" where they are told the benefits of the company. The attendees are then made to assist to a conference where a scammer will use elaborate manipulation techniques to convince the attendees to purchase products, in a similar manner to the catalog merchant business model, as a hiring requisite. Quite often, the company lacks any form of the physical catalog to help them sell products (e.g. jewelry). When "given" the job, the individual is then asked to promote the scam job offer on their own. They are also made to work for the company unpaid as a form of "training".<a href="#cite_note-Lee-76">[76]</a> Similar scams involve making alleged job candidates pay money upfront in person for training materials or services, with the claim that upon successful completion, they will be offered a guaranteed job, which never materializes.<a href="#cite_note-Kliot-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lottery_scam">Lottery scam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lottery scam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">Lottery scam</a></div> The lottery scam involves fake notices of lottery wins, although the intended victim has not entered the lottery. The "winner" is usually asked to send sensitive information such as name, residential address, occupation/position, lottery number etc. to a free email account which is at times untraceable or without any link. In addition to harvesting this information, the scammer then notifies the victim that releasing the funds requires some small fee (insurance, registration, or shipping). Once the victim sends the fee, the scammer invents another fee. The <a href="#Fake_checks">fake cheque</a> technique described above is also used. Fake or stolen cheque, representing a part payment of the winnings, being sent; then a fee, smaller than the amount received, is requested. The bank receiving the bad cheque eventually reclaims the funds from the victim.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2004, a variant of the lottery scam appeared in the United States: a scammer phones a victim purporting to be speaking on behalf of the government about a grant they qualify for, subject to an advance fee of typically US$250.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Typical lottery scams address the person as some variation of Lucky Winner. This is a red flag, as if someone entered an actual lottery and won, the organization would know their name, and not simply call them Lucky Winner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_sales_and_rentals">Online sales and rentals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Online sales and rentals">edit</a>]</div> Many scams involve the purchase of goods and services via classified advertisements, especially on sites like <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gumtree" title="Gumtree">Gumtree</a>. These typically involve the scammer contacting the seller of a particular good or service via telephone or email expressing interest in the item. They will typically then send a fake <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheque</a> written for an amount greater than the asking price, asking the seller to send the difference to an alternate address, usually by <a href="/wiki/Money_order" title="Money order">money order</a> or <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>. A seller eager to sell a particular product may not wait for the cheque to clear, and when the bad cheque bounces, the funds wired have already been lost.<a href="#cite_note-Fraudguides-79">[79]</a> Some scammers advertise phony academic conferences in exotic or international locations, complete with fake websites, scheduled agendas and advertising experts in a particular field that will be presenting there. They offer to pay the airfare of the participants, but not the hotel accommodations. They will extract money from the victims when they attempt to reserve their accommodations in a non-existent hotel.<a href="#cite_note-Grant_Bob-80">[80]</a> Sometimes, an inexpensive rental property is advertised by a fake landlord, who is typically out of state (or the country) and asking for the rent and/or deposit to be wired to them.<a href="#cite_note-Sichelman_Lew-81">[81]</a> Or the <a href="/wiki/Con_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Con artist">con artist</a> finds a property, pretends to be the owner, lists it online, and communicates with the would-be renter to make a cash deposit.<a href="#cite_note-Aho_Karen-82">[82]</a> The scammer may also be the renter as well, in which case they pretend to be a foreign student and contact a landlord seeking accommodation. They usually state they are not yet in the country and wish to secure accommodations prior to arriving. Once the terms are negotiated, a forged cheque is forwarded for a greater amount than negotiated, and the fraudster asks the landlord to wire some of the money back.<a href="#cite_note-McKee_Chris-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pet_scams">Pet scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pet scams">edit</a>]</div> This is a variation of the online sales scam where high-value, scarce pets are advertised as bait on online advertising websites using little real seller verification like <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gumtree" title="Gumtree">Gumtree</a>, and JunkMail. The pet may either be advertised as being for-sale or up for adoption. Typically, the pet is advertised on online advertising pages complete with photographs taken from various sources such as real advertisements, blogs or wherever else an image can be stolen. Upon the potential victim contacting the scammer, the scammer responds by asking for details pertaining to the potential victim's circumstances and location under the pretense of ensuring that the pet would have a suitable home.<a href="#cite_note-American_Kennel_Club-84">[84]</a> By determining the location of the victim, the scammer ensures he is far enough from the victim so as to not allow the buyer to physically view the pet. Should the scammer be questioned, as the advertisement claimed a location initially, the scammer will claim work circumstances having forced him to relocate. This forces a situation whereby all communication is either via email, telephone (normally untraceable numbers) and SMS.<a href="#cite_note-American_Kennel_Club-84">[84]</a> Upon the victim deciding to adopt or purchase the pet, a courier has to be used which is in reality part of the scam. If this is for an adopted pet, typically the victim is expected to pay some fee such as insurance, food or shipping. Payment is via MoneyGram, Western Union or money mules' bank accounts where other victims have been duped into work from home scams.<a href="#cite_note-American_Kennel_Club-84">[84]</a> Numerous problems are encountered in the courier phase of the scam. The crate may be said to be too small, and the victim has the option of either purchasing a crate with air conditioning or renting one while also paying a deposit, typically called a caution or cautionary fee. The victim may also have to pay for insurance if such fees have not been paid yet. If the victim pays these fees, the pet may be said to have become sick, and a veterinarian's assistance is sought for which the victim has to repay the courier.<a href="#cite_note-Herb_Weisbaum-85">[85]</a> Additionally, the victim may be asked to pay for a health certificate needed to transport the pet, and for kennel fees during the recuperation period. The further the scam progresses, the more similar the fictitious fees are to those of typical 419 scams. It is not uncommon to see customs or like fees being claimed if such charges fit into the scam plot.<a href="#cite_note-Herb_Weisbaum-85">[85]</a> Numerous scam websites may be used for this scam.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This scam has been linked to the classical 419 scams in that the fictitious couriers used are also used in other types of 419 scams such as lotto scams. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_scam">Romance scam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romance scam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">Romance scam</a></div> One of the variants is the Romance Scam, a money-for-romance angle.<a href="#cite_note-KMBC-87">[87]</a> The con artist approaches the victim on an <a href="/wiki/Online_dating_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Online dating service">online dating service</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Instant_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant messenger">instant messenger</a>, or a social networking site. The scammer claims an interest in the victim, and posts pictures of an attractive person.<a href="#cite_note-Seduce2-88">[88]</a> The scammer uses this communication to gain confidence, then asks for money.<a href="#cite_note-KMBC-87">[87]</a> A very common example of romance scams is depicted in the fraudulent activities of these boys, popularly known as Yahoo boys in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The con artist may claim to be interested in meeting the victim but needs cash to book a plane, buy a bus ticket, rent a hotel room, pay for personal-travel costs such as gasoline or a vehicle rental, or to cover other expenses.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In other cases, they claim they're trapped in a foreign country and need assistance to return, to escape imprisonment by corrupt local officials, to pay for medical expenses due to an illness contracted abroad, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-Seduce2-88">[88]</a> The scammer may also use the confidence gained by the romance angle to introduce some variant of the original Nigerian Letter scheme,<a href="#cite_note-Seduce2-88">[88]</a> such as saying they need to get money or valuables out of the country and offer to share the wealth, making the request for help in leaving the country even more attractive to the victim. Scams often involve meeting someone on an online match-making service.<a href="#cite_note-KMBC-87">[87]</a> The scammer initiates contact with their target who is out of the area and requests money for transportation fare.<a href="#cite_note-Seduce2-88">[88]</a> Scammers will typically ask for money to be sent via a <a href="/wiki/Money_order" title="Money order">money order</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">wire transfer</a> due to the need to travel, or for medical or business costs.<a href="#cite_note-romance_scam-91">[91]</a> An extreme example of this is the case of a 67-year-old Australian woman, Jette Jacobs. In 2013, she traveled to South Africa to supposedly marry her scammer, Jesse Orowo Omokoh, 28, after having sent more than $90,000 to him over a three-year period.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Her body was discovered on February 9, 2013, under mysterious circumstances, two days after meeting up with Omokoh, who then fled to Nigeria, where he was arrested. He was found to have had 32 fake online identities. Due to lack of evidence he was not charged with murder, but was charged with fraud.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_tower_installation_fraud">Mobile tower installation fraud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mobile tower installation fraud">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_tower_fraud" title="Mobile tower fraud">Mobile tower fraud</a></div> This variant of advance-fee fraud is widespread in India and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The fraudster uses Internet classified websites and print media to lure the public into installing a mobile phone tower on their property, with the promise of huge rental returns. The fraudster also creates fake websites to appear legitimate. The victims part with their money in pieces to the fraudster on account of the Government Service Tax, government clearance charges, bank charges, transportation charges, survey fee etc. The Indian government is issuing public notices in media to spread awareness among the public and warn them against mobile tower fraudsters.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_scams">Other scams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other scams">edit</a>]</div> Other scams involve unclaimed property, also called "<a href="/wiki/Bona_vacantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona vacantia">bona vacantia</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> (other than the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a>), this property is administered by the Bona Vacantia Division of the Treasury Solicitor's Department.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fraudulent emails and letters claiming to be from this department have been reported, informing the recipient they are the beneficiary of a legacy but requiring the payment of a fee before sending more information or releasing the money.<a href="#cite_note-Bona_Vacantia-99">[99]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, messages are falsely claimed to be from the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators (NAUPA), a real organization, but one that does not and cannot by itself make payments.<a href="#cite_note-Leamy_Elisabeth-100">[100]</a> In one variant of 419 fraud, an alleged <a href="/wiki/Hitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitman">hitman</a> writes to someone explaining he has been targeted to kill them. He tells them he knows the allegations against them are false, and asks for money so the target can receive evidence of the person who ordered the hit.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes_Hitman-101">[101]</a> Another variant of advanced fee fraud is known as a pigeon drop. This is a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence trick</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Mark_(victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (victim)">mark</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a>", is persuaded to give up a sum of money in order to secure the rights to a larger sum of money, or more valuable object.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In reality, the scammers make off with the money and the mark is left with nothing. In the process, the stranger (actually a confidence trickster) puts his money with the mark's money (in an envelope, briefcase, or bag) which the mark is then apparently entrusted with; it is actually switched for a bag full of newspaper or other worthless material. Through various theatrics, the mark is given the opportunity to leave with the money without the stranger realizing. In reality, the mark would be fleeing from his own money, which the con man still has (or has handed off to an <a href="/wiki/Accomplice" class="mw-redirect" title="Accomplice">accomplice</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Zak_Paul-102">[102]</a> Some scammers go after the victims of previous scams; known as a <a href="/wiki/Reloading_scam" title="Reloading scam">reloading scam</a>. For example, they may contact a victim saying they can track and apprehend the scammer and recover the money lost by the victim for a price. Or they may say a fund has been set up by the Nigerian government to compensate victims of 419 fraud, and all that is required is proof of the loss, personal information, and a processing and handling fee. The recovery scammers obtain lists of victims by buying them from the original scammers.<a href="#cite_note-Snopes_Victim_Scam-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> Estimates of the total losses due to scams are uncertain and vary widely, since many people may be too embarrassed to admit that they were gullible enough to be scammed to report the crime. A United States government report in 2006 indicated that Americans lost $198.4 million to Internet fraud in 2006, averaging a loss of $5,100 per incident.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg_Eric-28">[28]</a> That same year, a report in the United Kingdom claimed that these scams cost the economy <a href="/wiki/British_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="British pound">£</a>150 million per year, with the average victim losing £31,000.<a href="#cite_note-UK_economy-104">[104]</a> As of 2019, Nigerian letter scams still annually collect $700,000 ($834,205 in 2023 dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-105">[105]</a>) or $2,133 ($2,542 in 2023 dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-105">[105]</a>) per person. <a href="#cite_note-Leonhardt_2019-106">[106]</a> In addition to the financial cost, many victims also suffer a severe emotional and psychological cost, such as losing their ability to trust people. One man from <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, UK <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">burnt himself to death</a> with petrol after realizing that the $1.2 million "internet lottery" that he had won was actually a scam.<a href="#cite_note-internet_scam_suicide-107">[107]</a> In 2007 a Chinese student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> killed herself after she discovered that she had fallen for a similar lottery scam.<a href="#cite_note-Jaiyue_Wang-108">[108]</a> Other victims lose wealth and friends, become estranged from family members, deceive partners, get divorced, or commit criminal offenses in the process of either fulfilling their "obligations" to the scammers or obtaining more money.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_2007-109">[109]</a> In 2008, an Oregon woman lost $400,000 to a Nigerian advance-fee fraud scam, after an email told her she had inherited money from her long-lost grandfather. Her curiosity was piqued because she actually had a grandfather with whom her family had lost touch, and whose initials matched those given in the email. She sent hundreds of thousands of dollars over a period of more than two years, despite her family, bank staff and law enforcement officials all urging her to stop.<a href="#cite_note-Song_Anna-110">[110]</a> The elderly are particularly susceptible to online scams such as this, as they typically come from a generation that was more trusting,<a href="#cite_note-FBI_Seniors-111">[111]</a> and are often too proud to report the fraud. They also may be concerned that relatives might see it as a sign of declining mental capacity, and they are afraid to lose their independence.<a href="#cite_note-Harzog_Beverly-112">[112]</a> Victims can be enticed to borrow or embezzle money to pay the advance fees, believing that they will shortly be paid a much larger sum and be able to refund what they had misappropriated. Crimes committed by victims include <a href="/wiki/Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">credit-card fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Check_kiting" title="Check kiting">check kiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michigan_embezzlement-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Winker_check_kiting-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liewer_Steve-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>–based businessman James Adler lost over $5 million in a Nigeria-based advance-fee scam. While <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">a court</a> affirmed that various Nigerian government officials (including a governor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank of Nigeria</a>) were directly or indirectly involved, and that Nigerian government officials could be sued in U.S. courts under the "commercial activity" exception to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act" title="Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act">Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act</a>, Adler was unable to get his money back due to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Unclean_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclean hands">unclean hands</a> because he had knowingly entered into a contract that was illegal.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soto_Onell-117">[117]</a> Some 419 scams involve even more serious crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>. One such case, in 2008, involves Osamai Hitomi, a Japanese businessman who was lured to <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa and kidnapped on September 26, 2008. The kidnappers took him to <a href="/wiki/Alberton,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberton, Gauteng">Alberton</a>, south of Johannesburg, and demanded a $5 million ransom from his family. Seven people were ultimately arrested.<a href="#cite_note-news24_2008_kidnapping-118">[118]</a> In July 2001, Joseph Raca, a former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Northampton, England">Northampton</a>, UK, was kidnapped by scammers in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa, who demanded a ransom of £20,000. The captors released Raca after they became nervous.<a href="#cite_note-Raca_kidnapping_2001-119">[119]</a> One 419 scam that ended in murder occurred in February 2003, when Jiří Pasovský, a 72-year-old scam victim from the Czech Republic, shot and killed 50-year-old Michael Lekara Wayid, an official at the Nigerian embassy in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and injured another person, after the Nigerian Consul General explained he could not return the $600,000 that Pasovský had lost to a Nigerian scammer.<a href="#cite_note-mcmafia-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan_Bob-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delio_Michelle-122">[122]</a> The international nature of the crime, combined with the fact that many victims do not want to admit that they bought into an illegal activity, has made tracking down and apprehending these criminals difficult. Furthermore, the government of Nigeria has been slow to take action, leading some investigators to believe that some Nigerian government officials are involved in some of these scams.<a href="#cite_note-Sine_Richard-123">[123]</a> The Nigeria government's establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> (EFCC) in 2004 helped with the issue to some degree, although issues with corruption remain.<a href="#cite_note-EFCC-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oluwarotimi_Abiodun-124">[124]</a> Despite this, there have been some recent successes in apprehending and prosecuting these criminals. In 2004, 52 suspects were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> after an extensive raid, after which almost no 419 emails were reported being sent by local <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">internet service providers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libbenga_Jan-125">[125]</a> In November 2004, Australian authorities apprehended Nick Marinellis of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, the self-proclaimed head of Australian 419ers who later boasted that he had "220 African brothers worldwide" and that he was "the Australian headquarters for those scams".<a href="#cite_note-Haines_Lester-126">[126]</a> In 2008 US authorities in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, sentenced Edna Fiedler to two years in prison with five years of supervised <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> for her involvement in a $1 million Nigerian cheque scam. She had an accomplice in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, Nigeria, who shipped her up to $1.1 million worth of <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> cheques and money orders with instructions on where to ship them.<a href="#cite_note-Edna_Fiedler-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Research suggests that some Nigerian hip-hop musicians have strong connections with some Yahoo Boys (cybercriminals).<a href="#cite_note-ccjls.scholasticahq.com-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazarus_Okolorie_2019_pp._14–26-128">[128]</a> Due to the increased use of the 419 scams on the Internet, it has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>. A song, "I Go Chop Your Dollar", performed by <a href="/wiki/Nkem_Owoh" title="Nkem Owoh">Nkem Owoh</a>, also became internationally known as an <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a> for 419 scammers using the phrases "419 is just a game, I am the winner, you are the loser".<a href="#cite_note-Libbenga_Owoh-129">[129]</a> Other appearances in popular media include: <ul><li>The 2018 film <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Prince_(film)" title="Nigerian Prince (film)">Nigerian Prince</a> follows a Nigerian-American teenager sent to Nigeria by his mother, where he connects with his cousin Pius, who runs 419 scams for a living.</li> <li>The 2016 short story The Nigerian Prince – When The Scammer Becomes The Scammed by L. Toshua Parker follows the true story of a U.S. college student and hacker in 2000 who targeted Nigerian 419 scammers and stole millions back from them.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>In "A Thief in Ni-Moya", a 1981 novella from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Majipoor_series" title="Majipoor series">Majipoor series</a>, a young woman is swindled out of her savings under the pretense of fees required to inherit a large estate.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>The novel <a href="/wiki/I_Do_Not_Come_To_You_By_Chance" class="mw-redirect" title="I Do Not Come To You By Chance">I Do Not Come To You By Chance</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> by Nigerian author <a href="/wiki/Adaobi_Tricia_Nwaubani" title="Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani">Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani</a> explores the phenomenon.</li> <li>The 2006 direct-to-DVD film EZ Money features an instance of this scam as its central premise.<a href="#cite_note-ezmoney-133">[133]</a></li> <li>In the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a> <a href="/wiki/Straight-to-DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-to-DVD">straight-to-DVD</a> film <a href="/wiki/Futurama:_Bender%27s_Big_Score" title="Futurama: Bender's Big Score">Bender's Big Score</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_J._Farnsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert J. Farnsworth">Professor Farnsworth</a> falls for a <a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">lottery scam</a>, giving away his personal details on the Internet after believing he has won the <a href="/wiki/Loter%C3%ADas_y_Apuestas_del_Estado" title="Loterías y Apuestas del Estado">Spanish national lottery</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nixon's head">Nixon's Head</a> falls for a "sweepstakes" letter by the same scammers, while Zoidberg is taken by an advance-fee fraud, thinking he is next of kin to a Nigerian Prince.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In series 6, episode 3 of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television series <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Hustle" title="The Real Hustle">The Real Hustle</a>, the hustlers demonstrated the 419 scam to the hidden cameras in the "High Stakes" episodes of the show.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_RealHustle-134">[134]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> comedy series <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Conchords_(TV_series)" title="Flight of the Conchords (TV series)">Flight of the Conchords</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/The_New_Cup" title="The New Cup">The New Cup</a>", the band's manager, Murray, uses the band's emergency funds for what appears to be a 419 scam—an investment offer made by a Mr. Nigel Soladu, who had e-mailed him from Nigeria. However, it turns out that Nigel Soladu is a real Nigerian businessman and the investment offer is legitimate, although Murray notes that, despite Mr. Soladu having e-mailed many people for an investment, only he had taken him up on it. The band receives a 1000% profit, which they use to get bailed out of jail.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Residents" title="The Residents">The Residents</a> included a song called "My Nigerian Friend" in their 2008 multimedia production <a href="/wiki/The_Bunny_Boy" title="The Bunny Boy">The Bunny Boy</a>.</li> <li>In the pilot episode, "<a href="/wiki/The_Nigerian_Job" title="The Nigerian Job">The Nigerian Job</a>", of <a href="/wiki/Leverage_(American_TV_series)" title="Leverage (American TV series)">Leverage</a>, the group uses the reputation of the Nigerian scam to con a deceitful businessman.</li> <li>The 2012 novel <a href="/wiki/419_(novel)" title="419 (novel)">419</a> by <a href="/wiki/Will_Ferguson" title="Will Ferguson">Will Ferguson</a> is the story of a daughter looking for the persons she believes responsible for her father's death due to suicide following a 419 scam. A follow-up to earlier novels about con men and frauds (Generica and Spanish Fly), 419 won the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Giller_Prize" title="Giller Prize">Giller Prize</a>, Canada's most distinguished literary award.<a href="#cite_note-LaLonda_Michelle-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>In the video game <a href="/wiki/Warframe" title="Warframe">Warframe</a>, Nef Anyo ran an advance-fee fraud during Operation False Profit, where players attempted to reverse the scam and steal credits from him in order to bankrupt him and prevent his creation of a robotic army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MC_Frontalot" title="MC Frontalot">MC Frontalot</a>'s song "Message No. 419" is about a 419 scam.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakawa" title="Sakawa">Sakawa</a>, fraud in Ghana with African traditional rituals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_organized_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian organized crime">Nigerian organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_drop" title="Pigeon drop">Pigeon drop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLazarusOkolorie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009">"The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents"</a>. Telematics and Informatics. 40: 14–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009">10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150113120">150113120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telematics+and+Informatics&rft.atitle=The+bifurcation+of+the+Nigerian+cybercriminals%3A+Narratives+of+the+Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission+%28EFCC%29+agents&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=14-26&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150113120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft.au=Okolorie%2C+Geoffrey+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030146">"Where is the Money? The Intersectionality of the Spirit World and the Acquisition of Wealth"</a>. Religions. 10 (3): 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030146">10.3390/rel10030146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+Money%3F+The+Intersectionality+of+the+Spirit+World+and+the+Acquisition+of+Wealth&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10030146&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10030146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbi-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fbi_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbi_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101183349/https://www.fbi.gov/scams-and-safety/common-fraud-schemes/advance-fee-schemes">"Advance Fee Scams"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/scams-and-safety/common-fraud-schemes/advance-fee-schemes/">the original</a> on 1 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advance+Fee+Scams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fscams-and-safety%2Fcommon-fraud-schemes%2Fadvance-fee-schemes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> FBI. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/money/advance-fee-fraud">"advance fee fraud | Definition, Solicitation, & 419 Fraud Definition | Britannica Money"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=advance+fee+fraud+%7C+Definition%2C+Solicitation%2C+%26+419+Fraud+Definition+%7C+Britannica+Money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fmoney%2Fadvance-fee-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nigerian_Criminal_Code-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Nigerian_Criminal_Code_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308040611/http://www.nigeria-law.org/Criminal%20Code%20Act-Part%20VI%20%20to%20the%20end.htm">"Nigeria Laws: Part 6: Offences Relating to property and contracts"</a>. Nigeria Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeria-law.org/Criminal%20Code%20Act-Part%20VI%20%20to%20the%20end.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+Laws%3A+Part+6%3A+Offences+Relating+to+property+and+contracts.&rft.pub=Nigeria+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigeria-law.org%2FCriminal%2520Code%2520Act-Part%2520VI%2520%2520to%2520the%2520end.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/money/advance-fee-fraud">"advance fee fraud"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527232916/https://www.britannica.com/money/advance-fee-fraud">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=advance+fee+fraud&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fmoney%2Fadvance-fee-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usembassy-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usembassy_7-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614014628/http://abidjan.usembassy.gov/art_of_scam.html">"West African Advance Fee Scams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abidjan.usembassy.gov/art_of_scam.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+African+Advance+Fee+Scams.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabidjan.usembassy.gov%2Fart_of_scam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Togo_Embassy-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Togo_Embassy_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702001520/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1041.html">"Togo: Country Specific Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1041.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo%3A+Country+Specific+Information&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Ftravel%2Fcis_pa_tw%2Fcis%2Fcis_1041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Africa_Hampshire-9"><a href="#cite_ref-South_Africa_Hampshire_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209110640/http://www.hampshire.police.uk/Internet/advice/advice/advancefeefraud.htm">"Advance Fee Fraud"</a>. Hampshire Constabulary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hampshire.police.uk/Internet/advice/advice/advancefeefraud.htm">the original</a> on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advance+Fee+Fraud.&rft.pub=Hampshire+Constabulary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hampshire.police.uk%2FInternet%2Fadvice%2Fadvice%2Fadvancefeefraud.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netherlands-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213153900/http://amsterdam.usconsulate.gov/advance_fee_fraude.html">"Fraud Scheme Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amsterdam.usconsulate.gov/advance_fee_fraude.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraud+Scheme+Information.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdam.usconsulate.gov%2Fadvance_fee_fraude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBA-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBA_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBA_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120628152200/http://www.bba.org.uk/customer/article/advance-fee-fraud/fraud/">"Advance Fee Fraud"</a>. BBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bba.org.uk/customer/article/advance-fee-fraud/fraud/">the original</a> on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advance+Fee+Fraud.&rft.pub=BBA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bba.org.uk%2Fcustomer%2Farticle%2Fadvance-fee-fraud%2Ffraud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackman2019" class="citation news cs1">Jackman, Tom (12 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/crime/william-webster-ex-fbi-and-cia-director-helps-feds-nab-jamaican-phone-scammer/ar-BBTt0GK">"William Webster, ex-FBI and CIA director, helps feds nab Jamaican phone scammer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=William+Webster%2C+ex-FBI+and+CIA+director%2C+helps+feds+nab+Jamaican+phone+scammer&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Jackman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fwilliam-webster-ex-fbi-and-cia-director-helps-feds-nab-jamaican-phone-scammer%2Far-BBTt0GK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasciannie2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vasciannie" title="Stephen Vasciannie">Vasciannie, Stephen</a> (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ambassador-stephen-vasciannie/jamaica-lottery-scams_b_2875370.html">"Jamaica Comes Down Tough on 'Lottery Scams'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Comes+Down+Tough+on+%27Lottery+Scams%27&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Vasciannie&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fambassador-stephen-vasciannie%2Fjamaica-lottery-scams_b_2875370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1898/03/20/archives/an-old-swindle-revived-the-spanish-prisoner-and-buried-treasure.html">"An old swindle revived; The "Spanish Prisoner" and Buried Treasure Bait Again Being Offered to Unwary Americans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 20 March 1898. p. 12. Retrieved 1 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+old+swindle+revived%3B+The+%22Spanish+Prisoner%22+and+Buried+Treasure+Bait+Again+Being+Offered+to+Unwary+Americans&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1898-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1898%2F03%2F20%2Farchives%2Fan-old-swindle-revived-the-spanish-prisoner-and-buried-treasure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Old Spanish Swindle Still Brings In New U.S. Dollars, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, October 2, 1960, pg 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-SnopesNigerianScam-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SnopesNigerianScam_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SnopesNigerianScam_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2010" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (1 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/crime/fraud/nigeria.asp">"Nigerian Scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Scam&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fcrime%2Ffraud%2Fnigeria.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidocq-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Vidocq_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidocq1834" class="citation book cs1">Vidocq, Eugène François (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGQoAAAAYAAJ&q=vidocq+jerusalem+letter&pg=PA58">Memoirs of Vidocq: Principal Agent of the French Police until 1827</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: E. L. Carey & A. Hart. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Vidocq%3A+Principal+Agent+of+the+French+Police+until+1827&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=E.+L.+Carey+%26+A.+Hart&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Vidocq&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGQoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dvidocq%2Bjerusalem%2Bletter%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_Misty-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Misty_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2012" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Misty (21 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://o.canada.com/technology/nigerian-email-scams-royally-obvious-for-good-reason-study-says-3">"Nigerian email scams royally obvious for good reason, study says"</a>. The Province. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104152958/https://o.canada.com/technology/nigerian-email-scams-royally-obvious-for-good-reason-study-says-3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Canada.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada.com">Canada.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Province&rft.atitle=Nigerian+email+scams+royally+obvious+for+good+reason%2C+study+says&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Misty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2Ftechnology%2Fnigerian-email-scams-royally-obvious-for-good-reason-study-says-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014086/1922-11-16/ed-1/seq-6/print/image_664x817_from_0%2C450_to_1469%2C2257/">"Danielson And Putnam News: Danielson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Norwich)" title="The Bulletin (Norwich)">Norwich Bulletin</a>. 16 November 1922. p. 6. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Danielson+And+Putnam+News%3A+Danielson&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1922-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn82014086%2F1922-11-16%2Fed-1%2Fseq-6%2Fprint%2Fimage_664x817_from_0%252C450_to_1469%252C2257%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buse_Uwe-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Buse_Uwe_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuse2005" class="citation news cs1">Buse, Uwe (7 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/spam-scams-africa-s-city-of-cyber-gangsters-a-384317.html">"Africa's City of Cyber Gangsters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+City+of+Cyber+Gangsters.&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.aulast=Buse&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2Fspam-scams-africa-s-city-of-cyber-gangsters-a-384317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohr_Steve-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Lohr_Steve_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohr1992" class="citation news cs1">Lohr, Steve (21 May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/21/business/nigerian-scam-lures-companies.html">"'Nigerian Scam' Lures Companies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Nigerian+Scam%27+Lures+Companies.&rft.date=1992-05-21&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F05%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fnigerian-scam-lures-companies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_State_Department-22"><a href="#cite_ref-US_State_Department_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/emergencies/scams.html">"International Financial Scams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 12 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Financial+Scams&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Consular+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.state.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpassports%2Fenglish%2Femergencies%2Fscams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBB_NY-23"><a href="#cite_ref-BBB_NY_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226174634/http://www.bbb.org/new-york-city/get-consumer-help/articles/the-nigerian-prince-old-scam-new-twist">"The Nigerian Prince: Old Scam, New Twist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau" title="Better Business Bureau">Better Business Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbb.org/new-york-city/get-consumer-help/articles/the-nigerian-prince-old-scam-new-twist/">the original</a> on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nigerian+Prince%3A+Old+Scam%2C+New+Twist&rft.pub=Better+Business+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbb.org%2Fnew-york-city%2Fget-consumer-help%2Farticles%2Fthe-nigerian-prince-old-scam-new-twist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/teach/smarton/security/">"Get smart on cybersecurity"</a>. Mozilla. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla&rft.atitle=Get+smart+on+cybersecurity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fteach%2Fsmarton%2Fsecurity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_Robert-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_Robert_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2006" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Robert (4 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/news/2006/08/71387">"Baiters Teach Scammers a Lesson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Baiters+Teach+Scammers+a+Lesson.&rft.date=2006-08-04&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Ftechbiz%2Fit%2Fnews%2F2006%2F08%2F71387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stancliff_Dave-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Stancliff_Dave_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStancliff2012" class="citation news cs1">Stancliff, Dave (12 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216115156/http://www.times-standard.com/ci_19948675">"As It Stands: Why Nigeria became the scam capital of the world"</a>. Times-Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.times-standard.com/ci_19948675">the original</a> on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times-Standard&rft.atitle=As+It+Stands%3A+Why+Nigeria+became+the+scam+capital+of+the+world&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.aulast=Stancliff&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.times-standard.com%2Fci_19948675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Suleman (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002">"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals"</a>. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 47: 44–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002">10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152002608">152002608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Social+and+contextual+taxonomy+of+cybercrime%3A+Socioeconomic+theory+of+Nigerian+cybercriminals&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=44-57&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152002608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg_Eric-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_Eric_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_Eric_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2007" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Eric (31 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/03/31/MNGSCOVGGI1.DTL">"U.S. Internet fraud at all-time high"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=U.S.+Internet+fraud+at+all-time+high&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F03%2F31%2FMNGSCOVGGI1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herley_Cormac-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Herley_Cormac_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerley2012" class="citation news cs1">Herley, Cormac (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/167719/WhyFromNigeria.pdf">"Why do Nigerian Scammers Say They are from Nigeria?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622161722/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/167719/WhyFromNigeria.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Why+do+Nigerian+Scammers+Say+They+are+from+Nigeria%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Herley&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fpubs%2F167719%2FWhyFromNigeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2012/06/30/blatancy-and-latency">"Blatancy and latency"</a>. The Economist. 30 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Blatancy+and+latency&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2012%2F06%2F30%2Fblatancy-and-latency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP_2009-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_2009_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_2009_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2009" class="citation news cs1">Staff Writer (22 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417065410/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iV7uw_rlEABbsQCt-GvZexDLbRqw">"Nigeria's anti graft police shuts 800 scam websites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iV7uw_rlEABbsQCt-GvZexDLbRqw">the original</a> on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+anti+graft+police+shuts+800+scam+websites.&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iV7uw_rlEABbsQCt-GvZexDLbRqw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/technology/nigeria-shuts-800-scam-websites-908904">"Nigeria shuts 800 scam websites"</a>. IOL. 23 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOL&rft.atitle=Nigeria+shuts+800+scam+websites&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Ftechnology%2Fnigeria-shuts-800-scam-websites-908904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3099742/fake-sugar-daddy-scams-target-people-left-financially">"More 'sugar daddy' and 'sugar baby' sign-ups – and scams"</a>. South China Morning Post. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=More+%27sugar+daddy%27+and+%27sugar+baby%27+sign-ups+%E2%80%93+and+scams&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2F3099742%2Ffake-sugar-daddy-scams-target-people-left-financially&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foolproofme.org/articles/398-flipping-money-scams-on-social-networks-2">"Flipping Money Scams on Social Networks!"</a>. www.foolproofme.org. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.foolproofme.org&rft.atitle=Flipping+Money+Scams+on+Social+Networks%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foolproofme.org%2Farticles%2F398-flipping-money-scams-on-social-networks-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/3792">"Birds of a Feather Flock Together: The Nigerian Cyber Fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and Hip Hop Artists"</a>. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society. 19 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology%2C+Criminal+Justice%2C+Law+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather+Flock+Together%3A+The+Nigerian+Cyber+Fraudsters+%28Yahoo+Boys%29+and+Hip+Hop+Artists&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018-08&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccjls.scholasticahq.com%2Farticle%2F3792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon_Robyn-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_Robyn_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_Robyn_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Dixon_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robyn Dixon (journalist)">Dixon, Robyn</a> (20 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/la-fg-dollars20-2005oct20-story.html">""I Will Eat Your Dollars""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Festac. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%22I+Will+Eat+Your+Dollars%22&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fla-fg-dollars20-2005oct20-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClintonAbumere2021" class="citation news cs1">Clinton, Helen; Abumere, Princess (14 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58553109">"Hushpuppi - the Instagram influencer and international fraudster"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hushpuppi+-+the+Instagram+influencer+and+international+fraudster&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Abumere%2C+Princess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-58553109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Lin, Sharon (18 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/nigeria-cybersecurity-crime-antiblackness/">"The Long Shadow of the 'Nigerian Prince' Scam"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Long+Shadow+of+the+%27Nigerian+Prince%27+Scam&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fnigeria-cybersecurity-crime-antiblackness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinwotu2021" class="citation web cs1">Akinwotu, Emmanuel (14 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/14/young-qualified-and-barely-scraping-by-inside-nigerias-economic-crisis">"Young, qualified and barely scraping by – inside Nigeria's economic crisis"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Young%2C+qualified+and+barely+scraping+by+%E2%80%93+inside+Nigeria%27s+economic+crisis&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.aulast=Akinwotu&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjun%2F14%2Fyoung-qualified-and-barely-scraping-by-inside-nigerias-economic-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Suleman (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002">"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals"</a>. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 47: 44–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002">10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152002608">152002608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Social+and+contextual+taxonomy+of+cybercrime%3A+Socioeconomic+theory+of+Nigerian+cybercriminals&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=44-57&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152002608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loriggio-41"><a href="#cite_ref-loriggio_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoriggio2017" class="citation news cs1">Loriggio, Paola (March 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084508/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/national/toronto+woman+loses+24450+2c000+from+life+savings+home/13125808/story.html">"Toronto woman loses $450,000 from life savings, sale of condo to online dating scam: police"</a>. Edmonton Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/toronto+woman+loses+24450+2c000+from+life+savings+home/13125808/story.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=Toronto+woman+loses+%24450%2C000+from+life+savings%2C+sale+of+condo+to+online+dating+scam%3A+police.&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.aulast=Loriggio&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmontonjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftoronto%2Bwoman%2Bloses%2B24450%2B2c000%2Bfrom%2Blife%2Bsavings%2Bhome%2F13125808%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2017" class="citation cs2">Wild, Jonathan (1 February 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635061.003.0006">"Department of Internal Affairs: England and the Countryside"</a>, Literature of the 1900s, Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748635061.003.0006">10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635061.003.0006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3506-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3506-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-3506-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+of+the+1900s&rft.atitle=Department+of+Internal+Affairs%3A+England+and+the+Countryside&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748635061.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3506-1&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748635061.003.0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veridiancu.org/faq/7985/what-is-advanced-fee-fraud">"What is Advanced Fee Fraud?"</a>. Veridian Credit Union. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veridian+Credit+Union&rft.atitle=What+is+Advanced+Fee+Fraud%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veridiancu.org%2Ffaq%2F7985%2Fwhat-is-advanced-fee-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com/consumersmarts/archives/125509.asp">"Latest e-mail uses Alaska Airlines crash victims to scam | Consumer News – seattlepi.com"</a>. Blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com. 9 November 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latest+e-mail+uses+Alaska+Airlines+crash+victims+to+scam+%26%23124%3B+Consumer+News+%E2%80%93+seattlepi.com&rft.pub=Blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com&rft.date=2007-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.seattlepi.nwsource.com%2Fconsumersmarts%2Farchives%2F125509.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scamnet.wa.gov.au/scamnet/Types_Of_Scams-Charity_Scams-Zimbabwe_appeal.htm">"Zimbabwe appeal"</a>. Department of Commerce – WA ScamNet. Retrieved 9 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Commerce+%E2%80%93+WA+ScamNet&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+appeal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scamnet.wa.gov.au%2Fscamnet%2FTypes_Of_Scams-Charity_Scams-Zimbabwe_appeal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veridiancu.org/faq/7985/what-is-advanced-fee-fraud">"What is Advanced Fee Fraud?"</a>. Veridian Credit Union. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veridian+Credit+Union&rft.atitle=What+is+Advanced+Fee+Fraud%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veridiancu.org%2Ffaq%2F7985%2Fwhat-is-advanced-fee-fraud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/social-engineering">"What is Social Engineering? | IBM"</a>. www.ibm.com. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Social+Engineering%3F+%7C+IBM&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Ftopics%2Fsocial-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Lazarus, S., & Okolorie, G. U. (2019). The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents. Telematics and Informatics, 40, 14-26.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmore-Etheridge1996" class="citation journal cs1">Longmore-Etheridge, Ann (August 1996). "Nigerian scam goes on". Security Management. 40 (8): 109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/231127826">231127826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+Management&rft.atitle=Nigerian+scam+goes+on&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1996-08&rft.aulast=Longmore-Etheridge&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fightcybercrime.org/scams/financial/advance-fee-scams/">"Advance Fee Scams"</a>. FightCybercrime.org. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FightCybercrime.org&rft.atitle=Advance+Fee+Scams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffightcybercrime.org%2Fscams%2Ffinancial%2Fadvance-fee-scams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/social-engineering">"What is Social Engineering? | IBM"</a>. www.ibm.com. 14 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Social+Engineering%3F+%7C+IBM&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Ftopics%2Fsocial-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordvpn.com/blog/nigerian-prince-scam/">"Nigerian Prince scam: what is it and how it works | NordVPN"</a>. nordvpn.com. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nordvpn.com&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Prince+scam%3A+what+is+it+and+how+it+works+%7C+NordVPN&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordvpn.com%2Fblog%2Fnigerian-prince-scam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi.org-53"><a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_53-0">^</a> Ibrahim, S. (2016). Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 47, 44-57.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccjls.scholasticahq.com-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccjls.scholasticahq.com_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccjls.scholasticahq.com_54-1">b</a> Lazarus, S. (2018). Birds of a feather flock together: the Nigerian cyber fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and hip hop artists. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 19(2), 63–80.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/3792">https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/3792</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.directlendingsolutions.com/loan_scam.htm">"Advance Fee Loan Scams | DirectLendingSolutions.com®"</a>. www.directlendingsolutions.com. Retrieved 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.directlendingsolutions.com&rft.atitle=Advance+Fee+Loan+Scams+%7C+DirectLendingSolutions.com%C2%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.directlendingsolutions.com%2Floan_scam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eat-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eat_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eat_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029165224/http://news.yahoo.com/s/latimests/20051020/ts_latimes/iwilleatyourdollars">"I Will Eat Your Dollars"</a>. 29 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/latimests/20051020/ts_latimes/iwilleatyourdollars">the original</a> on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+Will+Eat+Your+Dollars&rft.date=2005-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Flatimests%2F20051020%2Fts_latimes%2Fiwilleatyourdollars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029165224/http://news.yahoo.com/s/latimests/20051020/ts_latimes/iwilleatyourdollars">"'I Will Eat Your Dollars' – Yahoo! News"</a>. 29 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/latimests/20051020/ts_latimes/iwilleatyourdollars">the original</a> on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27I+Will+Eat+Your+Dollars%27+%E2%80%93+Yahoo%21+News&rft.date=2005-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Flatimests%2F20051020%2Fts_latimes%2Fiwilleatyourdollars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grinker_Roy-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Grinker_Roy_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinker,_Roy_R.Lubkemann,_Stephen_C.Steiner,_Christopher_B.2010" class="citation book cs1">Grinker, Roy R.; Lubkemann, Stephen C.; Steiner, Christopher B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myLOFYZ4dQ0C&q=nigerian+scam+success+rate&pg=PA621">Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 618–621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3522-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-3522-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Africa%3A+A+Reader+in+Culture%2C+History+and+Representation&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=618-621&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3522-4&rft.au=Grinker%2C+Roy+R.&rft.au=Lubkemann%2C+Stephen+C.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Christopher+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmyLOFYZ4dQ0C%26q%3Dnigerian%2Bscam%2Bsuccess%2Brate%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummerByrne2023" class="citation book cs1">Hummer, Don; Byrne, James M. (2 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SD60EAAAQBAJ&dq=advance-fee+scams&pg=PA72">Handbook on Crime and Technology</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80088-664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80088-664-3"><bdi>978-1-80088-664-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Crime+and+Technology&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.isbn=978-1-80088-664-3&rft.aulast=Hummer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Byrne%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSD60EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dadvance-fee%2Bscams%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/2.0.0.1/releasenotes/">"Firefox Release Notes"</a>. Mozilla. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firefox+Release+Notes&rft.pub=Mozilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mozilla.com%2Fen-US%2Ffirefox%2F2.0.0.1%2Freleasenotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFCC-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EFCC_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFCC_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120628080831/http://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc_homepage_files/establishment_act_2004.pdf">"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act of 2004"</a> (PDF). Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Nigeria). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc_homepage_files/establishment_act_2004.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission+%28Establishment%29+Act+of+2004&rft.pub=Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission+%28Nigeria%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efccnigeria.org%2Fefcc_homepage_files%2Festablishment_act_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng_Jacqui-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_Jacqui_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2009" class="citation news cs1">Cheng, Jacqui (11 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/05/baiting-nigerian-scammers-for-fun-not-so-much-for-profit/">"Baiting Nigerian scammers for fun (not so much for profit)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Baiting+Nigerian+scammers+for+fun+%28not+so+much+for+profit%29.&rft.date=2009-05-11&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2009%2F05%2Fbaiting-nigerian-scammers-for-fun-not-so-much-for-profit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArehartSchmooklerNemeth2021" class="citation web cs1">Arehart, Christopher; Schmookler, Scott; Nemeth, Taylor (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chubb.com/content/dam/chubb-sites/chubb-com/us-en/business-insurance/social-engineering-fraud/documents/2021-06.24-17-01-0287-Guarding_Against_Email_Social_Engineering_Fraud_electronic.pdf">"Guarding Against Email Social Engineering Fraud: Re-examining a Global Problem"</a> (PDF). Chubb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630172420/https://www.chubb.com/content/dam/chubb-sites/chubb-com/us-en/business-insurance/social-engineering-fraud/documents/2021-06.24-17-01-0287-Guarding_Against_Email_Social_Engineering_Fraud_electronic.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chubb.com&rft.atitle=Guarding+Against+Email+Social+Engineering+Fraud%3A+Re-examining+a+Global+Problem&rft.date=2021-06&rft.aulast=Arehart&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Schmookler%2C+Scott&rft.au=Nemeth%2C+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chubb.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fchubb-sites%2Fchubb-com%2Fus-en%2Fbusiness-insurance%2Fsocial-engineering-fraud%2Fdocuments%2F2021-06.24-17-01-0287-Guarding_Against_Email_Social_Engineering_Fraud_electronic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2007" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, David F. (9 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/e-mail-scammers-ask-your-friends-for-money/index.html?ex=1352264400&en=597277d1a0cbde58&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"E-Mail Scammers Ask Your Friends for Money"</a>. Bits.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=E-Mail+Scammers+Ask+Your+Friends+for+Money&rft.date=2007-11-09&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F09%2Fe-mail-scammers-ask-your-friends-for-money%2Findex.html%3Fex%3D1352264400%26en%3D597277d1a0cbde58%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2004" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Bob (20 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030075724/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4781806">"Con artists target phone system for deaf"</a>. MSNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4781806">the original</a> on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Con+artists+target+phone+system+for+deaf&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.date=2004-04-20&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna4781806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateDeptPub10465-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptPub10465_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptPub10465_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptPub10465_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1997" class="citation web cs1">United States Department of State (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/2189.pdf">"Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud (DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 10465)"</a> (PDF). State Dept. Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808173429/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/2189.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigerian+Advance+Fee+Fraud+%28DEPARTMENT+OF+STATE+PUBLICATION+10465%29&rft.pub=State+Dept.+Bureau+of+International+Narcotics+and+Law+Enforcement+Affairs&rft.date=1997-04&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F2189.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norwaypost.no/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8587&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26">Kjetil Moe found dead</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=25269">"The 419 Scam, or Why a Nigerian Prince Wants to Give You Two Million Dollars"</a>. informit.com. 8 February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=informit.com&rft.atitle=The+419+Scam%2C+or+Why+a+Nigerian+Prince+Wants+to+Give+You+Two+Million+Dollars&rft.date=2002-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fp%3D25269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News24murder-69"><a href="#cite_ref-News24murder_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_de_Braun2004" class="citation news cs1">Philip de Braun (31 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/SA-cops-Interpol-probe-murder-20041231">"SA cops, Interpol probe murder"</a>. News24. Retrieved 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SA+cops%2C+Interpol+probe+murder&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft.au=Philip+de+Braun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2FSA-cops-Interpol-probe-murder-20041231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213193110/http://freebies.about.com/library/weekly/aa110302a.htm">"Scam Bait – Don't let greed get you scammed"</a>. Freebies.about.com. 17 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebies.about.com/library/weekly/aa110302a.htm">the original</a> on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scam+Bait+%E2%80%93+Don%27t+let+greed+get+you+scammed&rft.pub=Freebies.about.com&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebies.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa110302a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140708160738-176052476-beware-of-scammers">"Beware of scammers"</a>. www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linkedin.com&rft.atitle=Beware+of+scammers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2F20140708160738-176052476-beware-of-scammers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927013037/http://www.nbc5i.com/newsbycounty/14519865/detail.html">"Denton Woman Says Mystery Shopper Job Was Scam"</a>. Nbc5i.com. 6 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbc5i.com/newsbycounty/14519865/detail.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denton+Woman+Says+Mystery+Shopper+Job+Was+Scam&rft.pub=Nbc5i.com&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbc5i.com%2Fnewsbycounty%2F14519865%2Fdetail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2017" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Tony (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/business/article136738313.html">"Columbus woman warns others to beware of job phishing scams"</a>. Ledger-Enquirer. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Columbus+woman+warns+others+to+beware+of+job+phishing+scams.&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledger-enquirer.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle136738313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2007" class="citation news cs1">Shin, Annys (2 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/09/AR2007020901925.html">"Taking the Bait On a Phish Scam, Job Seekers Are Targets, Victims of Sophisticated Ploy"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Taking+the+Bait+On+a+Phish+Scam%2C+Job+Seekers+Are+Targets%2C+Victims+of+Sophisticated+Ploy&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Annys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F09%2FAR2007020901925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenn2007" class="citation news cs1">Menn, Joseph (9 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-sep-11-fi-monster11-story.html">"Sleeping on the job? Security at work-applicant sites faulted"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sleeping+on+the+job%3F+Security+at+work-applicant+sites+faulted&rft.date=2007-11-09&rft.aulast=Menn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-sep-11-fi-monster11-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Diane (23 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wspa.com/2017/02/23/upstate-company-posts-salaried-job-ads-but-isnt-hiring-real-for-positions-say-fmr-employees/">"Upstate company posts salaried job ads, but isn't hiring for real positions say fmr. employees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WSPA-TV" title="WSPA-TV">WSPA-TV</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Upstate+company+posts+salaried+job+ads%2C+but+isn%27t+hiring+for+real+positions+say+fmr.+employees.&rft.date=2017-02-23&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwspa.com%2F2017%2F02%2F23%2Fupstate-company-posts-salaried-job-ads-but-isnt-hiring-real-for-positions-say-fmr-employees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kliot-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Kliot_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliot2017" class="citation news cs1">Kliot, Hannah (31 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksat.com/education/college-students-targeted-by-online-employment-scams">"Online employment scams target college students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KSAT-TV" title="KSAT-TV">KSAT-TV</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+employment+scams+target+college+students.&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Kliot&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksat.com%2Feducation%2Fcollege-students-targeted-by-online-employment-scams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/crime/fraud/govgrant.asp">"Government Grant Scam"</a>. snopes.com. 11 December 2004. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Grant+Scam&rft.pub=snopes.com&rft.date=2004-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fcrime%2Ffraud%2Fgovgrant.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraudguides-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraudguides_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705075209/http://www.fraudguides.com/internet-craigslist-scams.asp">"Craigslist Scams"</a>. fraudguides.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraudguides.com/internet-craigslist-scams.asp">the original</a> on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Craigslist+Scams.&rft.pub=fraudguides.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraudguides.com%2Finternet-craigslist-scams.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant_Bob-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_Bob_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation news cs1">Grant, Bob (24 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.the-scientist.com/blog/display/56185/">"Another fake conference?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scientist_(magazine)" title="The Scientist (magazine)">The Scientist</a>. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientist&rft.atitle=Another+fake+conference%3F&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.the-scientist.com%2Fblog%2Fdisplay%2F56185%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sichelman_Lew-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Sichelman_Lew_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSichelman2012" class="citation news cs1">Sichelman, Lew (25 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/la-xpm-2012-mar-25-la-fi-lew-20120325-story.html">"Rental scams can target either landlords or tenants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Rental+scams+can+target+either+landlords+or+tenants&rft.date=2012-03-25&rft.aulast=Sichelman&rft.aufirst=Lew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fla-xpm-2012-mar-25-la-fi-lew-20120325-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aho_Karen-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Aho_Karen_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAho" class="citation news cs1">Aho, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512090312/http://realestate.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=20482759">"Renters: Beware of new twists on an old scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realestate.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=20482759">the original</a> on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Renters%3A+Beware+of+new+twists+on+an+old+scam&rft.aulast=Aho&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frealestate.msn.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fcp-documentid%3D20482759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKee_Chris-83"><a href="#cite_ref-McKee_Chris_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee2011" class="citation news cs1">McKee, Chris (27 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120215930/http://www.kmtr.com/news/local/story/Room-rental-internet-scam-takes-Eugene-college/WwwCZHV1r0-7RtEY9kXpLw.cspx">"Room rental internet scam takes Eugene college students for thousands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KMTR" title="KMTR">KMTR</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmtr.com/news/local/story/Room-rental-internet-scam-takes-Eugene-college/WwwCZHV1r0-7RtEY9kXpLw.cspx">the original</a> on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KMTR&rft.atitle=Room+rental+internet+scam+takes+Eugene+college+students+for+thousands&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmtr.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstory%2FRoom-rental-internet-scam-takes-Eugene-college%2FWwwCZHV1r0-7RtEY9kXpLw.cspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Kennel_Club-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Kennel_Club_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Kennel_Club_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Kennel_Club_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=3220">"AKC and Better Business Bureau Warn Consumers to Be Wary of Puppy Scams"</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AKC+and+Better+Business+Bureau+Warn+Consumers+to+Be+Wary+of+Puppy+Scams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akc.org%2Fnews%2Findex.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D3220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herb_Weisbaum-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herb_Weisbaum_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herb_Weisbaum_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbaum" class="citation news cs1">Weisbaum, Herb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814113245/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19299243">"Hound hoax: Con artists target dog lovers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/19299243">the original</a> on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Hound+hoax%3A+Con+artists+target+dog+lovers&rft.aulast=Weisbaum&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F19299243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittakerButton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker, Jack M; Button, Mark (28 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004865820957077">"Understanding pet scams: A case study of advance fee and non-delivery fraud using victims' accounts"</a>. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 53 (4): 497–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004865820957077">10.1177/0004865820957077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224966263">224966263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+%26+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=Understanding+pet+scams%3A+A+case+study+of+advance+fee+and+non-delivery+fraud+using+victims%27+accounts&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-514&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0004865820957077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224966263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Jack+M&rft.au=Button%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0004865820957077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KMBC-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KMBC_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KMBC_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KMBC_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719002945/http://www.kmbc.com/money/9246998/detail.html">"Online Romance Scams Continue To Grow – Project Economy News Story"</a>. Kmbc.com. 19 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmbc.com/money/9246998/detail.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Romance+Scams+Continue+To+Grow+%E2%80%93+Project+Economy+News+Story&rft.pub=Kmbc.com&rft.date=2006-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmbc.com%2Fmoney%2F9246998%2Fdetail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seduce2-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seduce2_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seduce2_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seduce2_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seduce2_88-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217010953/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8704213">"Singles seduced into scams online"</a>. NBC News. 28 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/8704213">the original</a> on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Singles+seduced+into+scams+online&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F8704213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410135933/https://www.datingreporter.com.ng/2021/03/5-signs-of-a-yahoo-boy.html">"8 Signs Of A Yahoo Boy Every Lady Must Watch Out For"</a>. Dating Reporter's Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datingreporter.com.ng/2021/03/5-signs-of-a-yahoo-boy.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dating+Reporter%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=8+Signs+Of+A+Yahoo+Boy+Every+Lady+Must+Watch+Out+For&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datingreporter.com.ng%2F2021%2F03%2F5-signs-of-a-yahoo-boy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman (1 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/3792ref">> "Birds of a Feather Flock Together: The Nigerian Cyber Fraudsters (Yahoo Boys) and Hip Hop Artists"</a>. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society. 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150040643">150040643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology%2C+Criminal+Justice%2C+Law+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Birds+of+a+Feather+Flock+Together%3A+The+Nigerian+Cyber+Fraudsters+%28Yahoo+Boys%29+and+Hip+Hop+Artists&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150040643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccjls.scholasticahq.com%2Farticle%2F3792ref%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-romance_scam-91"><a href="#cite_ref-romance_scam_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sent-trib.com/news/attorney-general-beware-of-romance-scams-on-valentine-s-day/article_45ec84ba-f060-11e6-9e53-738933627fec.html">"Attorney general: Beware of romance scams on Valentine's Day"</a>. Sentinel-Tribune. 11 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attorney+general%3A+Beware+of+romance+scams+on+Valentine%27s+Day.&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sent-trib.com%2Fnews%2Fattorney-general-beware-of-romance-scams-on-valentine-s-day%2Farticle_45ec84ba-f060-11e6-9e53-738933627fec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2014" class="citation web cs1">AFP (3 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/nigerian-arrested-over-wa-woman-jette-jacobs-death-20140204-31y4l.html">"Nigerian arrested over WA woman Jette Jacobs death"</a>. WAtoday. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WAtoday&rft.atitle=Nigerian+arrested+over+WA+woman+Jette+Jacobs+death&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watoday.com.au%2Fnational%2Fwestern-australia%2Fnigerian-arrested-over-wa-woman-jette-jacobs-death-20140204-31y4l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140621163613/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/jette-jacobs-son-visits-the-scene-of-his-mothers-alleged-murder-by-a-love-scammer-in-south-africa/story-fnhocxo3-1226930446657">"Jette Jacobs' son visits the scene of his mother's alleged murder by a love scammer in South Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/jette-jacobs-son-visits-the-scene-of-his-mothers-alleged-murder-by-a-love-scammer-in-south-africa/story-fnhocxo3-1226930446657">the original</a> on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jette+Jacobs%27+son+visits+the+scene+of+his+mother%27s+alleged+murder+by+a+love+scammer+in+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthnow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwestern-australia%2Fjette-jacobs-son-visits-the-scene-of-his-mothers-alleged-murder-by-a-love-scammer-in-south-africa%2Fstory-fnhocxo3-1226930446657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efccnigeria.org/efcc/index.php/news/910-efcc-arraigns-suspected-conman-for-90-000-romance-scam">"EFCC Arraigns Suspected Conman for $90,000 Romance Scam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EFCC+Arraigns+Suspected+Conman+for+%2490%2C000+Romance+Scam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefccnigeria.org%2Fefcc%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2F910-efcc-arraigns-suspected-conman-for-90-000-romance-scam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://propakistani.pk/2010/10/09/fraud-of-the-year-minting-money-by-acquiring-land-for-towers/">"Fraud of the Year: Minting Money by Acquiring Land for Towers"</a>. 9 October 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraud+of+the+Year%3A+Minting+Money+by+Acquiring+Land+for+Towers&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpropakistani.pk%2F2010%2F10%2F09%2Ffraud-of-the-year-minting-money-by-acquiring-land-for-towers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Villagers-fall-prey-to-mobile-tower-scam/articleshow/47697564.cms">"Villagers fall prey to mobile tower scam – Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Villagers+fall+prey+to+mobile+tower+scam+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FVillagers-fall-prey-to-mobile-tower-scam%2Farticleshow%2F47697564.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212020852/http://www.trai.gov.in/Content/mpci.aspx">"Measures to Protect Consumer Interest – Consumer Info: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India"</a>. www.trai.gov.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trai.gov.in/Content/mpci.aspx">the original</a> on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trai.gov.in&rft.atitle=Measures+to+Protect+Consumer+Interest+%E2%80%93+Consumer+Info%3A+Telecom+Regulatory+Authority+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trai.gov.in%2FContent%2Fmpci.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Harish (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294219016">"Mass Marketing Frauds in the garb of Mobile Towers in India: Evolving a Framework to handle it"</a>. ResearchGate. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.4630.2480">10.13140/RG.2.1.4630.2480</a>. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Mass+Marketing+Frauds+in+the+garb+of+Mobile+Towers+in+India%3A+Evolving+a+Framework+to+handle+it&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.4630.2480&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Harish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F294219016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bona_Vacantia-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Bona_Vacantia_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712102227/http://www.bonavacantia.gov.uk/output/scam-email-warning.aspx">"Scam Email Warnings"</a>. Bona Vacantia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonavacantia.gov.uk/output/scam-email-warning.aspx">the original</a> on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scam+Email+Warnings.&rft.pub=Bona+Vacantia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonavacantia.gov.uk%2Foutput%2Fscam-email-warning.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leamy_Elisabeth-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Leamy_Elisabeth_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeamy2011" class="citation news cs1">Leamy, Elisabeth (16 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/beware-unclaimed-money-scam/story?id=14293877#.T-aW4StYuxI">"Beware of Unclaimed Money Scams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Beware+of+Unclaimed+Money+Scams&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft.aulast=Leamy&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2Fbeware-unclaimed-money-scam%2Fstory%3Fid%3D14293877%23.T-aW4StYuxI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snopes_Hitman-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Snopes_Hitman_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2007" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, Barbara (14 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/crime/fraud/hitman.asp">"Hitman Scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitman+Scam.&rft.pub=Snopes&rft.date=2007-01-14&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fcrime%2Ffraud%2Fhitman.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zak_Paul-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Zak_Paul_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak2008" class="citation news cs1">Zak, Paul J. (13 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-moral-molecule/200811/how-run-con">"How to Run a Con"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=How+to+Run+a+Con&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-moral-molecule%2F200811%2Fhow-run-con&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snopes_Victim_Scam-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Snopes_Victim_Scam_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2004" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, David (11 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/scam-me-twice-shame-on-me/">"Scam Me Twice, Shame On Me, ..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scam+Me+Twice%2C+Shame+On+Me%2C+...&rft.pub=Snopes&rft.date=2004-08-11&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fscam-me-twice-shame-on-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_economy-104"><a href="#cite_ref-UK_economy_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6163700.stm">"Nigeria scams 'cost UK billions'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nigeria+scams+%27cost+UK+billions%27.&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6163700.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_105-1">b</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonhardt_2019-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonhardt_2019_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2019" class="citation web cs1">Leonhardt, Megan (18 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/nigerian-prince-scams-still-rake-in-over-700000-dollars-a-year.html">"'Nigerian prince' email scams still rake in over $700,000 a year—here's how to protect yourself"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=%27Nigerian+prince%27+email+scams+still+rake+in+over+%24700%2C000+a+year%E2%80%94here%27s+how+to+protect+yourself&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F04%2F18%2Fnigerian-prince-scams-still-rake-in-over-700000-dollars-a-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-internet_scam_suicide-107"><a href="#cite_ref-internet_scam_suicide_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/3444307.stm">"Suicide of internet scam victim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 30 January 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Suicide+of+internet+scam+victim.&rft.date=2004-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fcambridgeshire%2F3444307.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaiyue_Wang-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaiyue_Wang_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/nottinghamshire/7380093.stm">"Web scam drove student to suicide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2 May 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Web+scam+drove+student+to+suicide.&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fnottinghamshire%2F7380093.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH_2007-109"><a href="#cite_ref-SMH_2007_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/business/nigerian-scam-victims-maintain-the-faith/2007/05/14/1178995057764.html">"Nigerian scam victims maintain the faith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 14 May 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Nigerian+scam+victims+maintain+the+faith.&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fnigerian-scam-victims-maintain-the-faith%2F2007%2F05%2F14%2F1178995057764.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song_Anna-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Song_Anna_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2008" class="citation web cs1">Song, Anna (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618153107/http://www.katu.com/news/34292654.html">"Woman out $400K to 'Nigerian scam' con artists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KATU" class="mw-redirect" title="KATU">KATU</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katu.com/news/34292654.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman+out+%24400K+to+%27Nigerian+scam%27+con+artists&rft.pub=KATU&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katu.com%2Fnews%2F34292654.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBI_Seniors-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FBI_Seniors_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/fraud/seniors">"FBI — Seniors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+%E2%80%94+Seniors&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fscams-safety%2Ffraud%2Fseniors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harzog_Beverly-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Harzog_Beverly_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarzog2012" class="citation news cs1">Harzog, Beverly Blair (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/protect-elderly-relative-credit-card-fraud/story?id=16429891#.T-YtvStYuxI">"Protect Elderly Relatives from Credit Card Fraud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Protect+Elderly+Relatives+from+Credit+Card+Fraud.&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.aulast=Harzog&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2Fprotect-elderly-relative-credit-card-fraud%2Fstory%3Fid%3D16429891%23.T-YtvStYuxI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan_embezzlement-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_embezzlement_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills,_RustyFrendewey,_Matt2007" class="citation news cs1">Hills, Rusty; Frendewey, Matt (12 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214074724/http://mi.gov/ag/0%2C1607%2C7-164-34739-170122--%2C00.html">"Former Alcona County Treasurer Sentenced to 9-14 Years in Nigerian Scam Case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Michigan">State of Michigan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mi.gov/ag/0,1607,7-164-34739-170122--,00.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+of+Michigan&rft.atitle=Former+Alcona+County+Treasurer+Sentenced+to+9-14+Years+in+Nigerian+Scam+Case.&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.au=Hills%2C+Rusty&rft.au=Frendewey%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmi.gov%2Fag%2F0%2C1607%2C7-164-34739-170122--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_Winker_check_kiting-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Winker_check_kiting_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajicek" class="citation news cs1">Krajicek, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125063747/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/mary_winkler/4.html">"A "Perfect" Life: Mary Winkler Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TruTV" title="TruTV">TruTV</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/family/mary_winkler/4.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TruTV&rft.atitle=A+%22Perfect%22+Life%3A+Mary+Winkler+Story&rft.aulast=Krajicek&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trutv.com%2Flibrary%2Fcrime%2Fnotorious_murders%2Ffamily%2Fmary_winkler%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liewer_Steve-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Liewer_Steve_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiewer2007" class="citation news cs1">Liewer, Steve (5 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/military/20070705-9999-1m5theft.html">"Navy officer gets prison for stealing from ship safe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Union_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Union Tribune">San Diego Union Tribune</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Navy+officer+gets+prison+for+stealing+from+ship+safe&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.aulast=Liewer&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Fmilitary%2F20070705-9999-1m5theft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anylaw.com/case/adler-v-federal-republic-of-nigeria/ninth-circuit/05-17-2000/vIgYQGYBTlTomsSBdfEK">"Adler v. Federal Republic of Nigeria | Ninth Circuit"</a>. anylaw.com. 17 May 2000. Retrieved 6 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anylaw.com&rft.atitle=Adler+v.+Federal+Republic+of+Nigeria+%7C+Ninth+Circuit&rft.date=2000-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anylaw.com%2Fcase%2Fadler-v-federal-republic-of-nigeria%2Fninth-circuit%2F05-17-2000%2FvIgYQGYBTlTomsSBdfEK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soto_Onell-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Soto_Onell_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoto2004" class="citation news cs1">Soto, Onell R. (15 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223614/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040815/news_1m15scamside.html">"Fight to get money back a loss"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Union_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Union Tribune">San Diego Union Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040815/news_1m15scamside.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fight+to+get+money+back+a+loss&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft.aulast=Soto&rft.aufirst=Onell+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsandiego.com%2Funiontrib%2F20040815%2Fnews_1m15scamside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news24_2008_kidnapping-118"><a href="#cite_ref-news24_2008_kidnapping_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Seven-in-court-for-419-kidnap-20080930">"Seven in court for 419 kidnap"</a>. News 24. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+24&rft.atitle=Seven+in+court+for+419+kidnap.&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FAfrica%2FNews%2FSeven-in-court-for-419-kidnap-20080930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raca_kidnapping_2001-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Raca_kidnapping_2001_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1438872.stm">"Kidnapped Briton tells of terror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 July 2001. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kidnapped+Briton+tells+of+terror.&rft.date=2001-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F1438872.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmafia-120"><a href="#cite_ref-mcmafia_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisha_Glenny2009" class="citation book cs1">Misha Glenny (2009). McMafia. Vintage Books. pp. 138–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-948125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-948125-6"><bdi>978-0-09-948125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McMafia&rft.pages=138-141&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-948125-6&rft.au=Misha+Glenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan_Bob-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_Bob_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2003" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Bob (5 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3078489">"Nigerian scam continues to thrive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Nigerian+scam+continues+to+thrive&rft.date=2003-03-05&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna3078489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delio_Michelle-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Delio_Michelle_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelio2003" class="citation news cs1">Delio, Michelle (21 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/02/57760">"Nigerian Slain Over E-Mail Scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Slain+Over+E-Mail+Scam&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.aulast=Delio&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fnews%2F2003%2F02%2F57760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sine_Richard-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Sine_Richard_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSine1996" class="citation news cs1">Sine, Richard (2–8 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.02.96/nigeria-9618.html">"Just Deposit $28 Million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_Silicon_Valley" title="Metro Silicon Valley">Metroactive</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metroactive&rft.atitle=Just+Deposit+%2428+Million&rft.date=1996-05-02%2F1996-05-08&rft.aulast=Sine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Fpapers%2Fmetro%2F05.02.96%2Fnigeria-9618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oluwarotimi_Abiodun-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Oluwarotimi_Abiodun_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOluwarotimi2012" class="citation news cs1">Oluwarotimi, Abiodun (26 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201205270236.html">"Nigeria: Police Force Is Corrupt, EFCC Not Sincere – U.S."</a> <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AllAfrica.com">AllAfrica.com</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AllAfrica.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Police+Force+Is+Corrupt%2C+EFCC+Not+Sincere+%E2%80%93+U.S.&rft.date=2012-05-26&rft.aulast=Oluwarotimi&rft.aufirst=Abiodun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201205270236.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libbenga_Jan-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Libbenga_Jan_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibbenga2004" class="citation news cs1">Libbenga, Jan (5 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/07/05/dutch_419_inside_job/">"Cableco 'inside job' aided Dutch 419ers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Cableco+%27inside+job%27+aided+Dutch+419ers.&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.aulast=Libbenga&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2004%2F07%2F05%2Fdutch_419_inside_job%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines_Lester-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Haines_Lester_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2012" class="citation news cs1">Haines, Lester (8 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/11/08/aussie_419er_jailed/">"Aussie 419 ringleader jailed for four years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Aussie+419+ringleader+jailed+for+four+years.&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2004%2F11%2F08%2Faussie_419er_jailed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edna_Fiedler-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Edna_Fiedler_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/06/26/Woman_gets_prison_for_Nigerian_scam/UPI-73791214521169/">"Woman gets prison for 'Nigerian' scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Woman+gets+prison+for+%27Nigerian%27+scam.&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2F2008%2F06%2F26%2FWoman_gets_prison_for_Nigerian_scam%2FUPI-73791214521169%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazarus_Okolorie_2019_pp._14–26-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazarus_Okolorie_2019_pp._14–26_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarusOkolorie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). "The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents". Telematics and Informatics. 40. Elsevier BV: 14–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009">10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-5853">0736-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150113120">150113120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telematics+and+Informatics&rft.atitle=The+bifurcation+of+the+Nigerian+cybercriminals%3A+Narratives+of+the+Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission+%28EFCC%29+agents&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=14-26&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150113120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0736-5853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft.au=Okolorie%2C+Geoffrey+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libbenga_Owoh-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Libbenga_Owoh_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibbenga2007" class="citation news cs1">Libbenga, Jan (2 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/07/02/419_singer_caught/">"'I Go Chop Your Dollar' star arrested"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=%27I+Go+Chop+Your+Dollar%27+star+arrested&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.aulast=Libbenga&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2007%2F07%2F02%2F419_singer_caught%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker,_L._Toshua2016" class="citation book cs1">Parker, L. Toshua (2016). The Nigerian Prince – When The Scammer Becomes The Scammed. Greyscale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68489-233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68489-233-4"><bdi>978-1-68489-233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nigerian+Prince+%E2%80%93+When+The+Scammer+Becomes+The+Scammed&rft.pub=Greyscale&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-68489-233-4&rft.au=Parker%2C+L.+Toshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Asimovs_v05n13_1981-12-21">"Asimov's v05n13 (1981 12 21)"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asimov%27s+v05n13+%281981+12+21%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAsimovs_v05n13_1981-12-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwaubani,_Adaobi_Tricia2009" class="citation book cs1">Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (2009). I Do Not Come to You by Chance. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85872-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85872-0"><bdi>978-0-297-85872-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Do+Not+Come+to+You+by+Chance&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85872-0&rft.au=Nwaubani%2C+Adaobi+Tricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ezmoney-133"><a href="#cite_ref-ezmoney_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation web cs1">Carter, R.J. (26 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130205112133/http://www.the-trades.com/article.php?id=4708">"DVD Review: EZ Money"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-trades.com/article.php?id=4708">the original</a> on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVD+Review%3A+EZ+Money&rft.date=2006-08-26&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-trades.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D4708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_RealHustle-134"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_RealHustle_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f3mzv">"Episode 3 of 10, Series 6: High Stakes"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+3+of+10%2C+Series+6%3A+High+Stakes.&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00f3mzv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaLonda_Michelle-135"><a href="#cite_ref-LaLonda_Michelle_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherlock2012" class="citation news cs1">Sherlock, Tracy (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/life/truth+internet+scam+really+story/6493662/story.html">"Truth of 419 Internet scam really 'a sad story'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620154210/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/truth+internet+scam+really+story/6493662/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Truth+of+419+Internet+scam+really+%27a+sad+story%27&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.aulast=Sherlock&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Flife%2Ftruth%2Binternet%2Bscam%2Breally%2Bstory%2F6493662%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuill,_Greg2012" class="citation news cs1">Quill, Greg (30 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905224555/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2012/10/31/will_ferguson_takes_giller_prize_for_novel_419.html">"Will Ferguson takes Giller Prize for novel 419"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/article/1280103--will-ferguson-takes-giller-prize-for-novel-419">the original</a> on 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Will+Ferguson+takes+Giller+Prize+for+novel+419&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.au=Quill%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Farticle%2F1280103--will-ferguson-takes-giller-prize-for-novel-419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontalot.com/lyrics/MC-Frontalot-Lyric-Message-No-419.html">"MC Frontalot | Lyric | Message No. 419"</a>. frontalot.com. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frontalot.com&rft.atitle=MC+Frontalot+%7C+Lyric+%7C+Message+No.+419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontalot.com%2Flyrics%2FMC-Frontalot-Lyric-Message-No-419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Suleman (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002">"Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals"</a>. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 47. Elsevier BV: 44–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002">10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-0616">1756-0616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152002608">152002608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Crime+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Social+and+contextual+taxonomy+of+cybercrime%3A+Socioeconomic+theory+of+Nigerian+cybercriminals&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=44-57&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152002608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1756-0616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ijlcj.2016.07.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarusOkolorie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman; Okolorie, Geoffrey U. (2019). "The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents". Telematics and Informatics. 40. Elsevier BV: 14–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009">10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-5853">0736-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150113120">150113120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telematics+and+Informatics&rft.atitle=The+bifurcation+of+the+Nigerian+cybercriminals%3A+Narratives+of+the+Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission+%28EFCC%29+agents&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=14-26&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150113120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0736-5853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tele.2019.04.009&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft.au=Okolorie%2C+Geoffrey+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Suleman (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030146">"Where Is the Money? The Intersectionality of the Spirit World and the Acquisition of Wealth"</a>. Religions. 10 (3). MDPI AG: 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030146">10.3390/rel10030146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Where+Is+the+Money%3F+The+Intersectionality+of+the+Spirit+World+and+the+Acquisition+of+Wealth&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10030146&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10030146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvance-fee+scam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:419_scams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:419 scams">419 scams</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic3.gov/default.aspx">US FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205004546/https://www.ic3.gov/default.aspx">Archived</a> 2020-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/policing/police/crime-and-crime-prevention/cybercrime.html">Canadian Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/report-a-crime/report-cybercrime-online">Europol Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/WhyFromNigeria.pdf">Why do Nigerian Scammers Say They are from Nigeria?</a> by Cormac Herley of Microsoft Research</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scams_and_confidence_tricks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scams_and_confidence_tricks" title="Template:Scams and confidence tricks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scams_and_confidence_tricks" title="Template talk:Scams and confidence tricks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scams_and_confidence_tricks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scams and confidence tricks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scams_and_confidence_tricks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scams and confidence tricks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_account" title="Error account">Error account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyster" title="Shyster">Shyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_list" title="Sucker list">Sucker list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advance-fee scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_student_scam" title="Art student scam">Art student scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_game" title="Badger game">Badger game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait-and-switch" title="Bait-and-switch">Bait-and-switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_money_scam" title="Black money scam">Black money scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing_scam" title="Blessing scam">Blessing scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogus_escrow" title="Bogus escrow">Bogus escrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_room_(business)" title="Boiler room (business)">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_scam" title="Bride scam">Bride scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_fraud" title="Charity fraud">Charity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_joint" title="Clip joint">Clip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin-matching_game" title="Coin-matching game">Coin-matching game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_rolling_scams" title="Coin rolling scams">Coin rolling scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_swindle" title="Drop swindle">Drop swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassing_cheque" title="Embarrassing cheque">Embarrassing cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_scam" title="Exit scam">Exit scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddle game">Fiddle game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_print" title="Fine print">Fine print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreclosure_rescue_scheme" title="Foreclosure rescue scheme">Foreclosure rescue scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_fraud" title="Foreign exchange fraud">Foreign exchange fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_telling_fraud" title="Fortune telling fraud">Fortune telling fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem_scam" title="Gem scam">Gem scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme" title="Get-rich-quick scheme">Get-rich-quick scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_goods_scam" title="Green goods scam">Green goods scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustling" title="Hustling">Hustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_coal_allocation_scam" title="Indian coal allocation scam">Indian coal allocation scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS_impersonation_scam" title="IRS impersonation scam">IRS impersonation scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scams_in_intellectual_property" title="Scams in intellectual property">Intellectual property scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Shuffle" title="Kansas City Shuffle">Kansas City Shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmith_scam" title="Locksmith scam">Locksmith scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_firm_fraud" title="Long firm fraud">Long firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mismarking" title="Mismarking">Mismarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_auction" title="Mock auction">Mock auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_scam" title="Moving scam">Moving scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpayment_scam" title="Overpayment scam">Overpayment scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_safe" title="Patent safe">Patent safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_in_a_poke" title="Pig in a poke">Pig in a poke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_drop" title="Pigeon drop">Pigeon drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_and_dump" title="Pump and dump">Pump and dump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption/A4V schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reloading_scam" title="Reloading scam">Reloading scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_fraud" title="Return fraud">Return fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(confidence_trick)" title="Salting (confidence trick)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_game" title="Shell game">Shell game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_baby_hoax" title="Sick baby hoax">Sick baby hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_swap_scam" title="SIM swap scam">SIM swap scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_reparations_scam" title="Slavery reparations scam">Slavery reparations scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Prisoner" title="Spanish Prisoner">Spanish Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSA_impersonation_scam" title="SSA impersonation scam">SSA impersonation scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSC_Scam" title="SSC Scam">SSC Scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_search_phone_call_scam" title="Strip search phone call scam">Strip search phone call scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampland_in_Florida" title="Swampland in Florida">Swampland in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmac_scam" title="Tarmac scam">Tarmac scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_support_scam" title="Technical support scam">Technical support scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_fraud" title="Telemarketing fraud">Telemarketing fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_tailor_scam" title="Thai tailor scam">Thai tailor scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_zig_zag_scam" title="Thai zig zag scam">Thai zig zag scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-card_monte" title="Three-card monte">Three-card monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(business)" title="Trojan horse (business)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash trading">Wash trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_van_speaker_scam" title="White van speaker scam">White van speaker scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet scams</a> and countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(phishing_group)" title="Avalanche (phishing group)">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_butchering_scam" title="Pig butchering scam">Pig Butchering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carding_(fraud)" title="Carding (fraud)">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">Catfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">Click fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickjacking" title="Clickjacking">Clickjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramming_(fraud)" title="Cramming (fraud)">Cramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency_scams" title="Category:Cryptocurrency scams">Cryptocurrency scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CyberThrill" title="CyberThrill">CyberThrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DarkMarket" title="DarkMarket">DarkMarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_scams" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain name scams">Domain name scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_authentication" title="Email authentication">Email authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Internet vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_(bot)" title="Lenny (bot)">Lenny anti-scam bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">Lottery scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPaI" title="PayPaI">PayPai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referer_spoofing" title="Referer spoofing">Referer spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripoff_Report" title="Ripoff Report">Ripoff Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Phish" title="Rock Phish">Rock Phish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">Romance scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Business_Network" title="Russian Business Network">Russian Business Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaferNet" title="SaferNet">SaferNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam_baiting" title="Scam baiting">Scam baiting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/419eater.com" title="419eater.com">419eater.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Browning_(YouTuber)" title="Jim Browning (YouTuber)">Jim Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitboga_(streamer)" title="Kitboga (streamer)">Kitboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scammer_Payback" title="Scammer Payback">Scammer Payback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShadowCrew" title="ShadowCrew">ShadowCrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoofed_URL" title="Spoofed URL">Spoofed URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoofing_attack" title="Spoofing attack">Spoofing attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Generation" title="Stock Generation">Stock Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice phishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Website reputation ratings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">Pyramid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi schemes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aman_Futures_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman Futures Group">Aman Futures Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornfeld" title="Bernard Cornfeld">Bernard Cornfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_(Ponzi_scheme)" title="Caritas (Ponzi scheme)">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dona_Branca" title="Dona Branca">Dona Branca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Jones_(investment_advisor)" title="Earl Jones (investment advisor)">Earl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezubao" title="Ezubao">Ezubao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_New_Era_Philanthropy" title="Foundation for New Era Philanthropy">Foundation for New Era Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchise_fraud" title="Franchise fraud">Franchise fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-yield_investment_program" title="High-yield investment program">High-yield investment program (HYIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investors_Overseas_Service" title="Investors Overseas Service">Investors Overseas Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_investment_scam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapa investment scam">Kapa investment scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubus_scheme" title="Kubus scheme">Kubus scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madoff_investment_scandal" title="Madoff investment scandal">Madoff investment scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_scheme" title="Matrix scheme">Matrix scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMM_(Ponzi_scheme_company)" title="MMM (Ponzi scheme company)">MMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petters_Group_Worldwide" title="Petters Group Worldwide">Petters Group Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_schemes_in_Albania" title="Pyramid schemes in Albania">Pyramid schemes in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Slatkin" title="Reed Slatkin">Reed Slatkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saradha_Group_financial_scandal" title="Saradha Group financial scandal">Saradha Group financial scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Sister" title="Secret Sister">Secret Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Rothstein" title="Scott W. Rothstein">Scott W. Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Financial_Group" title="Stanford Financial Group">Stanford Financial Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Thrasher_faith_scam" title="Welsh Thrasher faith scam">Welsh Thrasher faith scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinCapita" title="WinCapita">WinCapita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_con_artists" title="List of con artists">Con artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confidence_tricks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of confidence tricks">Confidence tricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_enterprises,_gangs,_and_syndicates" title="List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates">Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impostors" title="List of impostors">Impostors</a></li> <li>In the media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_tricks_in_film_and_television" title="Confidence tricks in film and television">Film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_tricks_in_literature" title="Confidence tricks in literature">Literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ponzi_schemes" title="List of Ponzi schemes">Ponzi schemes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dishonoured_cheque" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dishonoured_cheque" title="Template:Dishonoured cheque"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dishonoured_cheque" title="Template talk:Dishonoured cheque"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dishonoured_cheque" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dishonoured cheque"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dishonoured_cheque" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dishonoured_cheque" title="Dishonoured cheque">Dishonoured cheque</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advance-fee scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_check_restitution_program" title="Bad check restitution program">Bad check restitution program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_fraud" title="Cheque fraud">Cheque fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_kiting" title="Check kiting">Check kiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChexSystems" title="ChexSystems">ChexSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sufficient_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-sufficient funds">Non-sufficient funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdraft" title="Overdraft">Overdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Check_Authorization_Network" title="Shared Check Authorization Network">Shared Check Authorization Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_fraud" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fraud" title="Template:Fraud"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fraud" title="Template talk:Fraud"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fraud" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fraud"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_fraud" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_billing" title="False billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramming_(fraud)" title="Cramming (fraud)">Cramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_fraud" title="Disability fraud">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_fraud" title="Drug fraud">Drug</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_fraud" title="Pharmaceutical fraud">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_fraud" title="Employment fraud">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Impersonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scams_in_intellectual_property" title="Scams in intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_firm_fraud" title="Long firm fraud">Long firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odometer_fraud" title="Odometer fraud">Odometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_fraud" title="Phone fraud">Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_fraud" title="Health care fraud">Health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_network" title="Ghost network">Ghost network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">Racketeering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_fraud" title="Return fraud">Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_support_scam" title="Technical support scam">Tech support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_slamming" title="Telephone slamming">Slamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_fraud" title="Telemarketing fraud">Telemarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_fraud" title="Weight fraud">Weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advance-fee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">lottery scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_fraud" title="Bank fraud">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankruptcy fraud">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargeback_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Chargeback fraud">Chargeback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_fraud" title="Cheque fraud">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">Credit card</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carding_(fraud)" title="Carding (fraud)">carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_fraud" title="Foreign exchange fraud">Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_fraud" title="Lottery fraud">Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mismarking" title="Mismarking">Mismarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_fraud" title="Mortgage fraud">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpayment_scam" title="Overpayment scam">Overpayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill#Auctions" title="Shill">Shill bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_fraud_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Benefit fraud in the United Kingdom">Benefit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_fraud" title="Medicare fraud">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_fraud" title="Visa fraud">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_fraud" title="Welfare fraud">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_fraud" title="Charity fraud">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeiting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superdollar" title="Superdollar">Superdollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">Faked death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" title="Fraud factory">Fraud factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Impersonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud" title="Mail and wire fraud">Mail and wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">honest services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Scam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_scam" title="Romance scam">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_scam" title="Bride scam">Bride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomit_fraud" title="Vomit fraud">Vomit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_crime" title="White-collar crime">White-collar crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_fraud" title="List of types of fraud">list</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fraud" title="Category:Fraud">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsolicited_digital_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spamming" title="Template:Spamming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spamming" title="Template talk:Spamming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spamming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spamming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsolicited_digital_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Unsolicited digital communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_email_software" title="Bulk email software">Bulk email software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_harvest_attack" title="Directory harvest attack">Directory harvest attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System_blocklist" title="Domain Name System blocklist">DNSBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSWL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSWL">DNSWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_job" title="Joe job">Joe job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_contract" title="Pink contract">Pink contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email-address_harvesting" title="Email-address harvesting">Spambot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_dialer" title="Auto dialer">Auto dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">Flyposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax">Junk fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robocall" title="Robocall">Robocall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spambot" title="Spambot">Spambot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques_(users)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-spam techniques (users)">Client-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge%E2%80%93response_spam_filtering" title="Challenge–response spam filtering">Challenge–response spam filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_filtering" title="Context filtering">Context filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_email_address" title="Disposable email address">Disposable email address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Checksum_Clearinghouse" title="Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse">Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_authentication" title="Email authentication">Email authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greylisting_(email)" title="Greylisting (email)">Greylisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_poisoning" title="List poisoning">List poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_spam_filtering" title="Naive Bayes spam filtering">Naive Bayes spam filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_and_Open_Relay_Blocking_System" title="Spam and Open Relay Blocking System">SORBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpamCop" title="SpamCop">SpamCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spamhaus_Project" title="The Spamhaus Project">Spamhaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">Spamdexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Blog spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking" title="Cloaking">Cloaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorway_page" title="Doorway page">Doorway page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_spam" title="Forum spam">Forum spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyword_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword stuffing">Keyword stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_farm" title="Link farm">Link farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referrer_spam" title="Referrer spam">Referrer spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_site" title="Scraper site">Scraper site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_spam" title="Social spam">Social spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sping" title="Sping">Sping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advance-fee scam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">Lottery scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830193#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006001129">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544598205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&oldid=1259452426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&oldid=1259452426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spamming" title="Category:Spamming">Spamming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confidence_tricks" title="Category:Confidence tricks">Confidence tricks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deception" title="Category:Deception">Deception</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fraud" title="Category:Fraud">Fraud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fraud_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Fraud in Nigeria">Fraud in Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-sufficient_funds" title="Category:Non-sufficient funds">Non-sufficient funds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_crimes" title="Category:Property crimes">Property crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_engineering_(security)" title="Category:Social engineering (security)">Social engineering (security)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2023">Articles needing additional references from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 06:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advance-fee_scam&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zrkgv","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.684","walltime":"1.868","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13847,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":344660,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13175,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":538583,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1651.419 1 -total"," 42.41% 700.407 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.39% 270.630 61 Template:Cite_web"," 13.91% 229.781 53 Template:Cite_news"," 10.68% 176.308 20 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.65% 175.854 10 Template:Cite_book"," 9.92% 163.761 2 Template:Inflation-fn"," 8.79% 145.100 21 Template:Fix"," 7.06% 116.529 5 Template:Navbox"," 5.45% 90.078 1 Template:Scams_and_confidence_tricks"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.052","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7433114,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","22.0"],["?","200","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","6.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","4.0"],["insert","40","4.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","40","4.0"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","4.0"],["[others]","220","22.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gr6xb","timestamp":"20241125064002","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Advance-fee scam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advance-fee_scam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q830193","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q830193","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-29T11:07:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T06:39:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/81\/Scam_letter_posted_within_South_Africa.jpg","headline":"type of fraud where the victim unknowingly engages in one way trade with the perpetrator"}</script> </body> </html>