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interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EA%B4%91%EC%84%A0" title="양광선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양광선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Guangxian" title="Yang Guangxian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yang Guangxian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Guangxian" title="Yang Guangxian – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yang Guangxian" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms 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searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese writer and astronomer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yang_Guangxian" title="Special:EditPage/Yang Guangxian">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22">"Yang Guangxian"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yang+Guangxian%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Yang_(surname)" title="Yang (surname)">Yang</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Yang Guangxian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">楊光先</span>, 1597–1669) was a <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> writer and astronomer who was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Astronomy">Bureau of Astronomy</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:欽天監">欽天監</a>) from 1665 to 1669. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Guangxian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yang Guangxian was an assistant guard commander (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">副千戶</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fu qianhu</span></i>) of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinanwei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinanwei (page does not exist)">Xinanwei</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:新安卫">新安卫</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Zhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Zhili">Southern Zhili</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1637, he went to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and then tried to advance himself by charging other people with criminal acts, or blackmailing them. When he tried this against <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Secretary">Grand Secretary</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Tiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Tiren (page does not exist)">Wen Tiren</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E9%AB%94%E4%BB%81" class="extiw" title="zh:溫體仁">溫體仁</a>), he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Liaoxi" title="Liaoxi">Liaoxi</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="zh:遼西省">遼西</a>), where he stayed until the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644. In Liaoxi, he learned <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortunetelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortunetelling">fortunetelling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his return to Beijing, his new skills in astrology made it possible for him to pose as an <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, which gave him entrance into the higher circles. But the highest positions for astronomers were all taken by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>. In 1659, he wrote <i>On Collecting Errors</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">摘謬論</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>Zhaimiu Lun</i></span></i>), a criticism of the Western <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>. He also wrote his first attack on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <i>On Exposing Heterodoxy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">辟邪論</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>Bixie Lun</i></span></i>). But his first direct attack on the leading Jesuit astronomer of the court, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a>, appeared in 1660, when he sent <i>A Call to Rectify the Country</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">正國體呈稿</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>Zheng guoti cheng gao</i></span></i>) to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Rites">Board of Rites</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:禮部">禮部</a>), claiming that they wanted to Westernize the Chinese calendar. It was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More writings followed over the next few years. These were collected in 1665 as <i>I Cannot Do Otherwise</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">不得已</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>Budeyi</i></span></i>). The most important of these articles appeared in September 1664: <i>A Complaint Requesting Punishment for the Evil Religion</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">請誅邪教狀</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn"><i>Qing zhu xiejiao zhuang</i></span></i>). This time, it was accepted by the Board of Rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, he claimed that Schall was responsible for the death of <a href="/wiki/Consort_Donggo" title="Consort Donggo">Consort Donggo</a> in 1660 by choosing an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auspicious" class="extiw" title="wikt:auspicious">inauspicious</a> day for the <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> of her son in 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-Encounter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encounter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schall suffered a stroke during the investigations and had to be supported by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>. </p><p>In April 1665, Schall and seven of his Chinese assistants were found guilty and <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">sentenced</a> to death. Eventually, only five Christian Chinese were executed: all Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> instead, with only the four Jesuits remaining in Beijing. Adam Schall, who died in 1666, would not live long enough to see the ban lifted in 1671.<sup id="cite_ref-Encounter_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encounter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yang Guangxian became the head of the Chinese Bureau of Astronomy (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%A4%A9%E7%9B%A3%E7%9B%A3%E6%AD%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:欽天監監正">欽天監監正</a>). He took possession of the Jesuit compound in <a href="/wiki/Xuanwumen_(Beijing)" title="Xuanwumen (Beijing)">Xuanwumen</a>, ordering the Chinese translations of western science books to be burned along with religious statues, and turning the church into a hall with his own picture hung over the main altar.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Nantang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Nantang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1668, however, he was removed from the post and replaced again by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>, because he could not produce a valid calendar during a competition with the Jesuit astronomers. The previous case against the Jesuits was reinvestigated and all findings were reversed. Yang was sentenced to death, only to be exiled to his native village due to his old age. He died the next year during his journey home.<sup id="cite_ref-Encounter_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encounter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Guangxian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Coming-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWei-ChengHayhoe1990" class="citation book cs1">Wei-Cheng, Chu; Hayhoe, Ruth (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPpTCC9LFGIC&q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22&pg=PA81">"Johann Adam Schall von Bell and Yang Guangxian"</a>. <i>Coming out of the Middle Ages: comparative reflections on China and the West</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-638-4"><bdi>978-0-87332-638-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Adam+Schall+von+Bell+and+Yang+Guangxian&rft.btitle=Coming+out+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+comparative+reflections+on+China+and+the+West&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-638-4&rft.aulast=Wei-Cheng&rft.aufirst=Chu&rft.au=Hayhoe%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPpTCC9LFGIC%26q%3D%2522Yang%2BGuangxian%2522%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYang+Guangxian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encounter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encounter_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encounter_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encounter_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungello2005" class="citation book cs1">Mungello, David E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fksz-0NQgEEC&q=%22Yang+Guangxian%22&pg=PA57">"Chinese Rejection of Western Culture and Christianity"</a>. <i>The great encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3815-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3815-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Rejection+of+Western+Culture+and+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+great+encounter+of+China+and+the+West%2C+1500-1800&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3815-3&rft.aulast=Mungello&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfksz-0NQgEEC%26q%3D%2522Yang%2BGuangxian%2522%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYang+Guangxian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Nantang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Nantang_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeb" class="citation book cs1">Leeb, Leopold. <i>One Church, Ten Generations, A Hundred Lives, Thousand Books - History of the Nantang in Beijing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Church%2C+Ten+Generations%2C+A+Hundred+Lives%2C+Thousand+Books+-+History+of+the+Nantang+in+Beijing&rft.aulast=Leeb&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYang+Guangxian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Chu, Pingyi. 1997. “Scientific Dispute in the Imperial Court: The 1664 Calendar Case”. Chinese Science, no. 14. International Society for the History of East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine: 7–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43290406">https://www.jstor.org/stable/43290406</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yang Kuang-hsien"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Yang_Kuang-hsien">"Yang Kuang-hsien" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yang+Kuang-hsien&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYang+Guangxian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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