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August 2009 - Open Culture archive | Open Culture
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none; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; color: white; padding: 1.0rem 1.2rem; text-align: center; width: 100%; } .postcategory {color:#fc621f} .postcategory a {color:#fc621f} h2.widgettitle {color:#fc621f;} .relatedcontent {color:#75838b;} #headerfirst{ position: absolute ; _top: -30px; _top:4px; width: 100%; } body{ background: white !important ; _font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif; font-size:14px; font-size:1.4rem; /*use dynamic sizing with a fixed width fallback for <ie9*/ color:black; background-color:white; padding:0; _margin:0; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:1700px; margin-right:auto; width:100%; } /*body img {height:initial; width:initial;} */ #header{ width: 100%; overflow: visible!important; position: relative; /* padding: 0px; */ height: 125px !important; /* background: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/header_circles.png) scroll no-repeat; */ top: 0px !important; /*left: 2%;*/ } /*put this back in css */ .contentwrapper{ _width:94%; _margin:0px 5% 0 5% ; margin: 12px 7% 0 7%; padding:0px ; z-index:1; /*display:flex; justify-content:space-between; */ } #wrap{background:transparent; margin:0 auto; padding:0; width:100%; color:#414141; padding:0} .l_sidebar{width:15%} .r_sidebar{ width:22%; _min-width:150px; min-width:160px; max-width:345px; float:left; background-color: white; /*background-color:#bdbec2; */ /*:transparent; */ font-size:1.3rem; _margin-top:0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; padding:0 0 0 10px; overflow:visible ; } .da-third-column{overflow:visible !important ;} .middle_sidebar{font-size: 1.4rem; _width:14%; width:17%; min-width:90px; max-width:180px; float:left; background:transparent; margin:.5% .5%; padding:0px .5% 0 1%; _border-right:1px dotted #d1ccbc; min-width:128px; } div.middle_sidebar{ border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: #d1ccbc ;} .contentmiddle{ width:54% ; min-width:185px; float:left; margin-top:.4rem; font-size:16px; font-size:1.6rem; /* line-height:15px; line-height:150%; */ _margin-right:5px; _padding-right: 20px; _max-width: 700px; padding-right: 3%; } .contentmiddle h1, .contentmiddle h1 a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: normal; color: #373731; /* near black */ line-height: 140%; } #headerW {height:100%; width: 100% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display:block;} .l_sidebar a:link,.l_sidebar a:visited, .middle_sidebar a:link, .middle_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:link{ /*color:#0183B2; old blue*/ color: #394244; font-size: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid lightgrey; /*word-spacing: -.3rem; */ } .new_subscription_block { font-family:"Muli", sans-serif ; background: #daf4fc; border-radius: 0rem; margin:4% 5% 4% 5%; padding: 5% 7% 5% 7%; line-height:150%; } .new_subscription_block p{ Font-Family:Lora; font-style:italic;} .new_subscription_block h3, h4 {font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; } .r_sub_con a:visited, .r_sub_con a:link, .new_subscription_block a:visited, .new_subscription_block a:link{ border-top: 0px ;} /* turn off links */ #clearfixheader { clear: both; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin-top: 0px; padding-top:0px; } .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a, .social_li a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: .2rem .8rem !important /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color:#1e3a4a } .social_li li{display:inline; margin-left:10px ;margin-left:1rem; margin-right:10px; margin-right:1rem;} .centerwrap ul {margin: 0px -1% 0px 0%} #navbar{ font-size: 1.6rem; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 400; _text-transform: uppercase; font-weight:bold; z-index:99; /*margin-top, margin-bottom: 0px !important; */ text-alignment:center; height:auto !important; text-align:justify; -ms-text-justify:distribute-all-lines; text-justify:distribute-all-lines; _letter-spacing:-.5px; color:#39AACF; margin-top: 0px; margin-left:0%; _margin-right:7% ; border-radius:0px; _background-color:rgba(118,154,172,.9); background-color:rgba(57, 170, 207, .85); min-width:245px; _width: 86%; width: 100%; } #navbar a{ _font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding:0 12px; padding:0 1rem; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration:none; letter-spacing: .1px; color: white; _font-family: Helvetica; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.55rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-top: 3px; } .nav ul, .socmedia ul {text-align:center} /*#nav{list-style-type:none;} */ /* #nav li{display:inline;float:left;list-style-type:none} #nav .stretch { display: inline-block; width: 100%; *display: inline; zoom: 1 } */ /*icons by https://www.entypo.com/*/ .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a,.social a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: 0 .8rem !important; /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color: white; /*#1e3a4a */ } /* might work to space out items more nav li:before { margin-left: 3px} */ #search-old2{ display: inline-block!important; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; float: none!important; width: 115px!important; font-family: font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif !important; background-color: #1497c2; text-align: left !important; font-weight: normal!important; } #search-old2 form{background:none!important; width:110px; height:100%; margin-top:2px !important; padding:0px} /* this indents widget */ .contentwrapper ul li li{ text-indent: -1.1rem; } .contentwrapper a, a:visited, a:hover{font-size: inherit; } /* 1.6rem; shouldnt this just inherit */ .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul, .r_sidebar ul li { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*shading boxes around ads + contact info*/ .r_sidebar .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{background: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 0rem; } /*#bdbec2 */ .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{text-align:left; padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; margin:12px -4px 0px -4px;} .box { border: .2rem solid black; font-size: 4rem; border-radius:2px;} .lightbox {border: .1rem solid grey ;} _colorcontrast {background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); margin: 0px; border-right: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-left: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-radius: 8px;} .tagline { text-align:left ; font-size:13px; font-size:1.3hw; line-height:100%; margin:0; margin-top: 6px; /* color:white !important; */ margin-left:6px; padding:2px; color:#4a7d96; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } #tagline_container{ max-width:335px; width:100%; margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 21px; } _ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:3.5%; margin-right:4.3%;} #ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:7%; margin-right:4%; margin-top:3px;} #logocontainer{width:auto; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width:40%; } #big_logo { /* margin-left: 25%; max-width: 7%; transform: scale(8); float: left; width:100%; max-height: 10%; */ } #big_logo{ transform: scale(8); max-height:10%; max-width:325px; float: left !important; text-align: left; width: 100%; } #logo_container { width: 100%; float: left; z-index: -40; /* overflow: visible; */ max-width: 600px; max-height: 200px; min-width: 140px; margin-left: 20px; height: auto; min-height: 40px; margin-top: 0px; _background-image: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-width:80vw;; /*css3 viewport setting */ } .left { /* border: 2px dashed #f0f; */ text-align:left; _min-height:40px; height:auto; _margin-top: 45px; margin-left: 0px; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-with-stacked-tagline.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat; background-size: contain; max-width:600px; min-width:90px; overflow:hidden; _background-position-y:0px; _background-position-x:0px; background-position-x: center !important; background-position-y: center !important; z-index:200; } .right { float: right; _width: 740px; /*min-height: 25px;*/ margin-left: 2.5%; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px ; padding-right:0px; /* border: 2px dashed #00f; */ position:relative; z-index:200; } .top{} .bottom{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background-size: contain; background-size: revert-layer; min-height:80px; /* border: 2px dashed green; */ clear:both; padding-top:8px; _margin: 4px 10px 0 10px; _background-position-y: 0px; /* min-height: 65px; */ clear: both; background-position-x: center; background-position-y:center; padding-top: 0px; margin: 2px 1rem 0px 1rem; /* height: 90px; */ _min-height: 110px; } #footerW{ right: 0; left: 0; position: relative; padding: 0; overflow:hidden;} .clear {clear:both;} .logo_clickable { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left: 0; z-index: 50; _position:absolute; /* fixes overlap error in IE7/8, make sure you have an empty gif */ _background-image: url('empty.gif'); } .socialblock li {top: 2px;} .social-mail a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .social-mail-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-black.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-facebook-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-rss-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-mail a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a:hover { background: url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search :hover {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} /* override images that we dont want to go to margin */ .contentmiddle img.noexpand, .contentmiddle p img.noexpand, .contentmiddle img[src$="feed-icon16x16139.png"],img[title|="noexpand"], .contentmiddle div.noexpand img, .contentmiddle div.noexpand p img , .begbox img, .ct_comment_info img, ct_this_is_spam img, ct_comment_info div{ width:initial !important; display: block !important; line-height: 100%; } .noexpand img {width:initial !important;} /*this seems to work more reliably than above */ .contentmiddle img.oneXone {width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important;} .contentmiddle img.noexpand.center{display:block !important; } #footer { color: white; width: 100%; /*margin:0 auto; */ margin-bottom:100px; padding:28px 0 0 0px; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; font-weight:400; clear:both; display:inline-block; } .framearound_ad_in_post{margin: .6rem 0px 2.4rem 0px; height:auto;max-height:120px; width:100%;padding:0px; border: 2px solid #D3D3D3; border-radius:8px;min-height:3rem; } .advertisement_notice{text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant:small caps; color: #0183b2;} .begbox{color:white;width:100%;display:inline-block; background: #36b0d8; margin-left: -4px; padding: 0; font-family: Lora, "Lora", Times, serif;font-style:normal} .begbox img { width:250px ; margin: 8px auto} .begbox p, .begbox div {margin: 1em 0px 0 12px} .da_bottom {line-height:10%} .no-framearound_ad_in_post {padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top:15px; width: 100%} img.no-framearound_ad_in_post {width:100%} .responsive_belowheadline_ad{ height: 100%; display:inline-block; width:98%; min-height:70px; max-height:200px; margin-right:4px; padding-bottom: 10px; } /*comment box */ div.cbInner {background: #eaebe8; border-radius:8px ;} div.cbInner h5 {color: #000;} .comments {color:#000:;} /*bullets*/ /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars*/ /*.contentwrapper ul li li, */ .r_sidebar a:link,.r_sidebar a:visited,.r_sidebar a:hover,.middle_sidebar a:link,.middle_sidebar a:visited,.middle_sidebar a:hover{ font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: inherit; } .contentmiddle a:link, .contentwrapper a {text-decoration:none; } .l_sidebar ul li a:hover, .middle_sidebar ul li a:hover, .r_sidebar ul li a:hover, .contentmiddle a:hover { text-decoration:underline} #footer ul li {line-height:130%; list-style:none;} #footer ul li a:link {color:white; font-size:1.6rem; text-decoration:none;} #footer ul li a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .l_sidebar li a, .r_sidebar li a, .middle_sidebar li a{ /*display:block; */ /*OC-typography.png */ text-decoration:none; padding-left: 1em; /*font-style:italic;*/ font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; _font-style:bold; font-weight:400; color:#394244; } .widgettitle{ _border-top-width: 1px; _border-top-style: dotted; _border-top-color: gray; font-family:"Lora", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 600; _font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 19px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px ; margin: 8px 2px 2px 1px !important; /*color: #898477; */ letter-spacing: -.5px; } .widgetbox ul,.widget_categories ul, .widget_archive ul { border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc ; padding-bottom: 30px !important; display:block;} .widgetbox li a, .widget_categories li a, .widget_archive li a {display:block;} .recent_post{ border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc; padding: 0 0 30px 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height:150%; overflow:hidden; } .noborder, .middle_sidebar.noborder:link, div.noborder a {border-top: 0px white !important;} .contentmiddle ul li a{} /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars* .contentwrapper ul li li,*/ .contentmiddle li, .r_sidebar li, .l_sidebar li, .middle_sidebar li { /* background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAFALMJANTPvq2ok8rGs8C8qMXBrrKtmLeynufj0+Pezvby4wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAAFAAUAQAQQcByCkqQpCQPCKYiBfCESAQA7) no-repeat 0 10px; */ list-style-type:none; zoom:1; margin-left: .8em; zoom: 1; padding-left: .2em; margin-bottom: .3em; line-height:1.9rem; } .contentmiddle ul li li :before , .r_sidebar ul li li :before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, .l_sidebar ul li li :before { /*content: "\25B8"; */ float:left; padding-right:1rem; font-style:normal;} .contentmiddle ul li li li :before {content:none;} .contentmiddle ul li {list-style-type: none; padding-right:.8rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; font-style:normal;} /*set general padding for Ul lists */ .contentwrapper ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 0; background:none; } .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*titles in widgets*/ .widgettitle, ul.l_sidebar li h2, ul.r_sidebar li h2, ul.middle_sidebar li h2, .middle_sidebar li h2 { font-weight:normal; padding:3px; margin:2px 2px 2px 1px; _font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-family:Lora; color:#fc621f letter-spacing:-.5px; list-style-type:none; background: none !important; font-size: 1.9rem; } .r_sidebar ul {margin-left:-.6rem;} .middle_sidebar ul{ margin-top:1.2rem; margin-left:-1.1rem;} .middle_sidebar ul li {background:none } .contentmiddle li {background: none no-repeat 0 10px; list-style-type:none; zoom:1; /*margin-left: .8rem; */ zoom: 1; padding-left: .2rem; margin-bottom: 0rem; } /* turn off bullets on headers */ .contentwrapper ul {background:none;} /*lists inside lists */ .contentmiddle ul li li {margin-bottom:0rem; margin-left:5rem; list-style-type: none; } .contentwrapper ul {content:"";} .contentmiddle ul li li:before, .contentmiddle ul li:before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, /*put right triangle before bullets */ .middle_sidebar ul li li, .r_sidebar ul li li, .l_sidebar ul li li {line-height:inherit;} // Variables @colorBase: #394244; .transition (@prop: all, @time: 1s, @ease: linear) { -webkit-transition: @prop @time @ease; -moz-transition: @prop @time @ease; -o-transition: @prop @time @ease; -ms-transition: @prop @time @ease; transition: @prop @time @ease; } .universal-inline-block { display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline; } /* horizontal buttons */ div .social-icons2 { text-align: center; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-weight: 300; font-size: 1.5em; color: @colorBase; _margin: -2% -8% -2% -14%; } .social-icons2 ul { margin: 0; _padding: 0; list-style-type: none; text-align: center; } .social-icons2 ul li { _padding: 0px 8px 0px 6px; display:inline-block; text-indent:0; margin: 0px -4px 0px -4px;} .social-icons2 ul li a { text-decoration: none; _padding: .1rem .8rem; color: #fff; } .social-icons2-altmargin ul li {padding: 0 20px;} .social-icons2 ul li a:hover{ color: #1497c2; } .margin_left_10 {margin-left:-10px;} .white_background {background-color:white;} .oc-center, .oc-center img { width:100% ; max-width:100% !important; margin:0 auto; display:block; text-align:center;} .oc-center-da, .oc-center-da img, .oc-center-da object, .oc-center-da img { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; margin:0 auto; display: block; text-align:center;} /*fix expanding captcha refresh */ #fscf_captcha_refresh1 {width: 24px;height: 24px;} .oc-video-container { position: relative; _padding-bottom: 63.25%; padding-bottom:54%; padding-top: 10px; height: 0; } a.mashicon-reddit{background-color: darkred;} /* allow for override of img resizer */ .contentmiddle div.oc-no-resize-center img{ width: inherit !important; margin 0 auto; float:left} /*#footer img{width:inherit!important ;} */ /*footer stuff */ #flexcanvas{ width: 100%; max-width:100%; _height: 600px !important; margin-left: 3px; } .rowParent, .columnParent{ display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap; -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap; flex-wrap: nowrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -webkit-align-content: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; -webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; } .columnParent{ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .flexChild{ -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; -webkit-align-self: auto; -ms-flex-item-align: auto; align-self: auto; margin:1px; font-size:1.3rem; /*border: 1px dotted #d1ccbc */ } .flexChild ul, .flexChild ul li {margin-left:-1.2rem;} .rowChild85696 {padding:1.8rem; margin-bottom:1.4rem} .rowChild9255 {margin:0px;} .minustopbottommargin20{margin-top:-20px !important; margin-bottom:-20px !important;} .minustopbottommargin40{margin-top:-40px !important; margin-bottom:-40px !important;} .minustopmargin20{margin-top:-20px !important;} .minustopmargin40{margin-top:-40px !important;} .curatedcategory ul li { text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin-left:1.0rem; line-height: 140%;} .curatedcategory ul {margin-left: 1.2rem;} .curatedcategory h2 {margin-left:1.0rem;} .curatedcategory h2 a {font-variant:small-caps;} .contentmiddle ol {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;} .contentmiddle ol li {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;line-spacing:120%;margin-bottom:.8rem;} input[type=search] { -moz-appearance:none; -webkit-appearance:none; } .sb-search { position: relative; color:#fff; border:none; width: 20px; width: 0%; min-width: 24px; min-height: 2.4rem; float: right; height:100%; overflow: hidden; -webkit-transition: width 0.3s; -moz-transition: width 0.3s; transition: width 0.6s; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .sb-search-input, input[type="search"] { position: absolute; top: -6px; right: 0px; border: none; outline: none; margin-right:24px; width: 100%; height: 88%; min-height:2.5rem; _margin: 8px 2px 8px 2px; z-index: 25; _padding: 4px 65px 4px 20px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8rem; color: white; background-color:#1497c2; } input[type="search"] {background-color:#1497c2;} .sb-icon-search, .sb-search-submit { display:block; position: absolute; border:none; right: 0; top: 0; float: right; padding: 0; _margin: 0; _line-height: 24px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; background-color:#fff; _background-color:#1497c2; _height:1.9rem; color:white; width: 1.6rem; height: 2.3rem; _margin-top: 6px; } .sb-search-submit { background: #fff; /* IE needs this */ -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=0)"; /* IE 8 */ filter: alpha(opacity=0); /* IE 5-7 */ opacity: 0; color: transparent; border: none; outline: none; z-index: -1; width: 100%; } /*.sb-icon-search{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} */ .sb-icon-search{ color:white; background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat; background-position-y:center; background-margin-y:4px;} li.search-popout {_display:none; top:.8rem;} .sb-search form {min-height:20px;} input[type=text].sb-search-input,textarea.sb-search-input {background-color:#1497c2; color:#FFF;} #navbar :after {clear:both;} /* fix placeholder color */ ::-webkit-input-placeholder { /* WebKit, Blink, Edge */ color: #fff; } :-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 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(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4716" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_future_of_the_internet--and_how_to_stop_it.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Future of the Internet–And How to Stop It"> The Future of the Internet–And How to Stop It </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/books" rel="category tag">Books</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/e-books" rel="category tag">e-books</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | August 31st, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4716" class="post-4716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-books category-e-books category-technology"> <p><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-4717 native-lazyload-js-fallback" title="zittraincover2" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt="zittraincover2" width="175" height="253" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/zittraincover2.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/zittraincover2.jpg 175w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/zittraincover2-104x150.jpg 104w" data-sizes="(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-4717" title="zittraincover2" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/zittraincover2.jpg" alt="zittraincover2" width="175" height="253" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/zittraincover2.jpg 175w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/zittraincover2-104x150.jpg 104w" sizes="(max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px"></noscript>Lawrence Lessig calls Jonathan Zittrain’s book “Absolutely required reading.” Cass Sunstein says it’s “Absolutely essential reading.” And Lawrence Tribe declares that it is “The most compelling book ever written on why a transformative technology’s trajectory threatens to stifle that technology’s greatest promise for society.”</p> <p>The book is <em>The Future of the Internet–And How to Stop It</em>. You can <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0300151241?ie=UTF8&tag=openculture-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=0300151241">buy it on Amazon for $11.56</a>, or, even better, you can download it for free from Zittrain’s web site. Visit <a href="http://futureoftheinternet.org/download">the web site</a>, and find the <a href="http://futureoftheinternet.org/static/ZittrainTheFutureoftheInternet.pdf">PDF here</a>. Thanks for this tip goes to Tony Yet, who guest blogged <a href="http://www.openculture.com/2009/06/ted_to_china_an_inside_view.html">TED to China: An Inside View</a> earlier this summer.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2009/07/download_free_audiobook_of_chris_andersons_free.html">Download Free Audiobook of Chris Anderson’s “Free”</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2007/07/the_future_of_the_internet_a_new_stanford_course_on_itunes.html">The Future of the Internet: A Free Stanford Course</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2007/01/lawrence_lessig.html">Lawrence Lessig’s Free Culture: Available in Text or Audio (For Free)</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_future_of_the_internet--and_how_to_stop_it.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_future_of_the_internet--and_how_to_stop_it.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_future_of_the_internet--and_how_to_stop_it.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (2) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4683" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/socrates_bombs_his_academic_interview.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Socrates Flubs His Academic Interview"> Socrates Flubs His Academic Interview </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy" rel="category tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/random" rel="category tag">Random</a> </em> | August 31st, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4683" class="post-4683 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-philosophy category-random"> <p>What happens when Socrates tries to land a job at a university? It doesn’t go so well. Below, we have the comments returned by the interview committee, as imagined by <a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=407819&c=1">THE (Times Higher Education)</a>. In this <a href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=407819&c=1">piece</a>, you’ll also find Tolstoy, Kafka, Jane Austen and other geniuses coming up short with the search committees. Now to Socrates…</p> <blockquote><p>“At first the candidate’s own list of questions felt refreshing, but soon became counter-productive to the interview process. His spirit of inquiry masked an indifference to time constraints and a passive-aggressive need to dominate the conversation. As another candidate cooled his heels, the request for him to conclude his thoughts on the ideal society scarcely registered as we wondered if, then began to wish that, someone would spike his drink.”</p></blockquote> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/socrates_bombs_his_academic_interview.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/socrates_bombs_his_academic_interview.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/socrates_bombs_his_academic_interview.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (2) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4702" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/malcolm_x_at_oxford_1964.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Watch Malcolm X Debate at Oxford, Quoting Lines from Shakespeare’s <i>Hamlet</i> (1964)"> Watch Malcolm X Debate at Oxford, Quoting Lines from Shakespeare’s <i>Hamlet</i> (1964) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a> </em> | August 30th, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4702" class="post-4702 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/S3H2eul-50k?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>I enjoy replaying this vintage gem every now and then — Malcolm X debating at Oxford University in 1964. In this classic video, you get a good feel for Malcolm X’s presence and message, not to mention the social issues that were alive during the day. You’ll hear X’s trademark claim that liberty can be attained by “whatever means necessary,” including force, if the government won’t guarantee it, and that “intelligently directed extremism” will achieve liberty far more effectively than pacifist strategies. (He’s clearly alluding to Martin Luther King.) You can listen to the speech in its <a href="http://www.brothermalcolm.net/mxwords/mxspeeches/1964_Oxford_Union.ra">entirety here</a> (Real Audio), something that is well worth doing. But I’d also encourage you to watch the dramatic closing minutes and pay some attention to the nice rhetorical slide, where X takes lines from Shakespeare’s <em>Hamlet</em> and uses them to justify his “by whatever means necessary” position. You’d probably never expect to see <em>Hamlet</em> getting invoked that way, let alone Malcolm X speaking at Oxford. A wonderful set of contrasts.</p> <blockquote><p>“I read once, passingly, about a man named Shakespeare. I only read about him passingly, but I remember one thing he wrote that kind of moved me. He put it in the mouth of Hamlet, I think, it was, who said, ‘To be or not to be.’ He was in doubt about something—whether it was nobler in the mind of man to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune—moderation—or to take up arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them. And I go for that. If you take up arms, you’ll end it, but if you sit around and wait for the one who’s in power to make up his mind that he should end it, you’ll be waiting a long time. And in my opinion, the young generation of whites, blacks, browns, whatever else there is, you’re living at a time of extremism, a time of revolution, a time when there’s got to be a change. People in power have misused it, and now there has to be a change and a better world has to be built, and the only way it’s going to be built—is with extreme methods. And I, for one, will join in with anyone—I don’t care what color you are—as long as you want to change this miserable condition that exists on this earth.”</p></blockquote> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p class="p1"><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/04/free-online-shakespeare-courses.html">Free Online Shakespeare Courses: Primers on the Bard from Oxford, Harvard, Berkeley & More</a></p> <p class="p1"><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/03/hear-allen-ginsbergs-short-free-course-on-shakespeares-play-the-tempest-1980.html">Hear Allen Ginsberg’s Short Free Course on Shakespeare’s Play, <i>The Tempest</i> (1980)</a></p> <p class="p1"><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/07/james_baldwin_bests_william_f_buckley_in_1965_debate_at_cambridge_university.html">James Baldwin Bests William F. Buckley in 1965 Debate at Cambridge University</a></p> <p class="p1"><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/08/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist.html">Albert Einstein Called Racism “A Disease of White People” in His Little-Known Fight for Civil Rights</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/malcolm_x_at_oxford_1964.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/malcolm_x_at_oxford_1964.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/malcolm_x_at_oxford_1964.html#comments">6</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (6) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4677" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/darwins_dangerous_idea.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Darwin’s Dangerous Idea"> Darwin’s Dangerous Idea </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy" rel="category tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science" rel="category tag">Science</a> </em> | August 27th, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4677" class="post-4677 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-philosophy category-science"> <p><iframe width="480" height="270" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PLSvL9i5v5LaLSd7_z1TSxJrFlrBVcjK-G" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></p> <p>Why did so many find Charles Darwin’s concept of natural selection so subversive and disconcerting straight from the beginning? American philosopher Daniel Dennett explains. To get to the meat of things, you might want to skip to 1:16.</p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/darwins_dangerous_idea.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/darwins_dangerous_idea.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/darwins_dangerous_idea.html#comments">16</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (16) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4673" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/dominick_dunne_looks_at_the_dark_side.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Dominick Dunne Looks at the Dark Side"> Dominick Dunne Looks at the Dark Side </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/law" rel="category tag">Law</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/literature" rel="category tag">Literature</a> </em> | August 27th, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4673" class="post-4673 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-law category-literature"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/DlM6mpBptvU?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>Crime writer Dominick Dunne <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/arts/television/27dunne.html?hp">passed yesterday today at 83</a>, his death overshadowed by that of Ted Kennedy. Above, we feature Dunne remembering his rather unpleasant relationship with Frank Sinatra. It’s a perverse story, though told in a somewhat humorous way.</p> <p>Initially, I considered featuring another video, but it’s entirely too sad, especially for any parents among us. Back in 1982, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Dunne">Dunne’s daughter</a>, an actress, was strangled to death by her boyfriend. And, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gqtksJq3Z8">in this clip</a>, Dunne reflects on his relationship with his daughter. A heartbreaking bit.</p> <p>As a side note, Dunne kept a diary during the trial of his daughter’s murderer. The account was eventually published in Vanity Fair, and <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/archive/1984/03/dunne198403" rel="nofollow">you can find it here</a>, along with <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/dunne">many other major pieces that Dunne wrote for VF</a>. Amazingly, the murderer was convicted and served less than 4 years. Meanwhile, millions who have peddled small amounts of drugs are doing considerably more time across the US.</p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/dominick_dunne_looks_at_the_dark_side.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/dominick_dunne_looks_at_the_dark_side.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/dominick_dunne_looks_at_the_dark_side.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (0) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4669" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/a_bob_dylan_christmas.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to A Bob Dylan Christmas"> A Bob Dylan Christmas </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/music" rel="category tag">Music</a> </em> | August 26th, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4669" class="post-4669 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-music"> <p>Bob Dylan sings your favorite Christmas songs. “Here Comes Santa Claus,” “Winter Wonderland,” “Little Drummer Boy” and “Must Be Santa.”</p> <p>It sounds strange. But it’s very real. All money will go to charity. You can <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002MW50KO?ie=UTF8&tag=openculture-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=1789&creativeASIN=B002MW50KO">pre-order now</a>. And although the album won’t be released until October, it’s already #4 on Amazon.com’s sales chart.</p> <p>If anyone comes across some mp3s from the album, <em>Christmas in the Heart</em>, please send them our way. Get more details on the project <a href="http://www.bobdylan.com/#/news/christmas-heart-be-released-october-13">here</a>.</p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/a_bob_dylan_christmas.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/a_bob_dylan_christmas.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/a_bob_dylan_christmas.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (1) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4665" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/open_books_from_google.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Open Books from Google"> Open Books from Google </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/e-books" rel="category tag">e-books</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/google" rel="category tag">Google</a> </em> | August 26th, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4665" class="post-4665 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-e-books category-google"> <p>New from the Google Books Blog:</p> <blockquote><p>Try doing a search for [<a href="http://books.google.com/books?q=hamlet&btnG=Search+Books" rel="nofollow">Hamlet</a>] on Google Books. The first few results you’ll get are “Full View” books — which means you can read the full text. And, because the book is in the public domain, you can also download a copy of <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VBoVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=hamlet&ei=bFOVSpTIAojMlQSP95WcBw#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Hamlet</a> in PDF form.</p> <p>Starting today, you’ll be able to download these and over one million public domain books from <a href="http://books.google.com/">Google Books</a> in an additional format. We’re excited to now offer downloads in EPUB format, a free and open industry standard for electronic books. It’s supported by a wide variety of applications, so once you download a book, you’ll be able to read it on any device or through any reading application that supports the format. That means that people will be able to access public domain works that we’ve digitized from libraries around the world in more ways, including some that haven’t even been built or imagined yet.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/more-books-in-more-places-public-domain.html">The post continues here</a>.</p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/open_books_from_google.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/open_books_from_google.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/open_books_from_google.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (0) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-4652" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_beatles_talk.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Beatles Talk Before the Fall"> The Beatles Talk Before the Fall </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/music" rel="category tag">Music</a> </em> | August 25th, 2009 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- New text links --> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-4652" class="post-4652 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-music"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/-2JLPKlghaI?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p> <!-- /oc-video-embed --> </p></div> <p><!-- /oc-video-wrapper --></p> <p>Flashback to 1966. The Beatles hold a press conference in LA, on the eve of their very last live concert. As you’ll see, the questions range from the frivolous (“What do you think of American women’s legs?”) to the more serious (“Do you really think you’re more popular than God?” Or, “What would happen if you came to an event without an armored truck and without police?”). A brief glimpse into a day in the life of a Beatle. Part 1 is above. <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8YhutvvZ_Q&feature=related" rel="nofollow">Part 2 is here</a>. And <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCE9FtclwnQ&feature=related" rel="nofollow">Part 3, here</a>.</p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_beatles_talk.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_beatles_talk.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/the_beatles_talk.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p> <!-- Comments (0) </p>--> <!-- google_ad_section_end --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cleared"></div> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2009/08/page/2" >More in this category... »</a> </div> <!--contenttitle --> <div class="middle_sidebar"> <ul id="middle_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254483" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Essentials</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-certificate-programs">200 Online Certificate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees">100+ Online Degree & Mini-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1,150 Free Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">1,000 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/great-podcasts">150+ Best Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">800 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freelanguagelessons">300 Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">150 Free Business Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">Free K-12 Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/dailyemail">Get Our Daily Email</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254506" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Support Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox noborder"> <br> We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. 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We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between.</p> <br> <a href="/advertise" style="color: white; font-size:1.2rem;" class="button"">Advertise With Us</a> <br> </br> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254485" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Great Recordings</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/ts_eliot_reads_his_modernist_masterpieces.html">T.S. Eliot Reads Waste Land</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/hear_sylvia_plath_read_fifteen_poems_from_her_final_collection_ariel_in_1962_recording.html">Sylvia Plath - Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/on_bloomsday_hear_james_joyce_read_from_his_epic_iulyssesi_1924.html">Joyce Reads Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/james_joyce_reads_anna_livia_plurabelle_from_ifinnegans_wakei.html">Joyce - Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/watch_patti_smith_read_from_virginia_woolf_and_hear_the_only_surviving_recording_of_woolfs_voice.html">Patti Smith Reads Virginia Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/listen_as_albert_einstein_reads_the_common_language_of_science_1941.html">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/charles-bukowski-poem-read-by-bukowski-tom-waits-and-bono.html">Charles Bukowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/bill-murray-reads-poetry-by-billy-collins-cole-porter-and-sarah-manguso.html">Bill Murray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/ernest_hemingway_reads_in_harrys_bar_in_venice.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/f_scott_fitzgerald_reads_from_shakespeares_iothelloi_and_john_masefields_on_growing_old_c1940.html">Fitzgerald Reads Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/william_faulkner_reads_from_as_i_lay_dying.html">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/rare_1959_audio_flannery_oconnor_reads_a_good_man_is_hard_to_find.html">Flannery O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/j-r-r-tolkien-reads-from-the-two-towers-the-second-book-of-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy.html">Tolkien - The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/allen_ginsberg_reads_his_beat_classic_poem_howl.html">Allen Ginsberg - Howl</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/rare_1930s_audio_wb_yeats_reads_four_of_his_poems.html">W.B Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/10/ezra_pounds_fiery_1939_reading_of_his_early_poem_isestina_altafortei.html">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/dylan_thomas_recites_do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night_and_other_poems.html">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/anne_sexton_confessional_poet_reads_wanting_to_die_in_ominous_1966_video.html">Anne Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/john-cheever-reads-the-swimmer.html">John Cheever</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/hear-david-foster-wallace-read-his-own-essays-and-short-fiction.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254484" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Book Lists By</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_degrasse_tyson_8_books_every_intelligent_person_should_read.html">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/f-scott-fitzgerald-creates-a-list-of-22-essential-books-1936.html">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/patti-smiths-list-of-favorite-books.html">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/brian-eno-book-lists.html">Brian Eno</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/henry-miller-makes-a-list-of-the-100-books-that-influenced-me-most.html">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/christopher_hitchens_creates_a_reading_list_for_eight-year-old_girl.html">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/joseph-brodskys-reading-list-for-having-an-intelligent-conversation.html">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">W.H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/carl_sagans_undergrad_reading_list_from_plato_and_shakespeare_to_huxley_and_gide.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/david-bowies-list-of-top-100-books.html">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/the-books-samuel-beckett-really-liked.html">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/art-garfunkel-lists-1195-books.html">Art Garfunkel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/the-430-books-in-marilyn-monroes-library.html">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/jorge-luis-borges-personal-library.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/74-books-curated-by-female-creatives.html">Picks by Female Creatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254513" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254490" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Syllabi</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">WH Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/david_foster_wallaces_1994_syllabus.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/zadie-smith-and-gary-shteyngarts-syllabi-from-columbia-university.html">Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/spike-lee-shares-his-nyu-teaching-list-of-87-essential-films-every-aspiring-director-should-see.html">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/11/lynda-barrys-wonderfully-illustrated-syllabus-homework-assignments-from-her-uw-madison-class-the-unthinkable-mind.html">Lynda Barry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/02/junot-diazs-syllabi-for-his-mit-writing-classes.html">Junot Diaz</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254491" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Favorite Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/stanley-kubricks-list-of-top-ten-films.html">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html">Kurosawa's 100</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/quentin-tarantino-lists-the-12-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/martin-scorsese-reveals-his-10-favorite-movies.html">Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/08/andrei-tarkovsky-creates-a-list-of-his-10-favorite-films-1972.html">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/david-lynch-on-his-favorite-directors-including-fellini-wilder-tati-and-hitchcock.html">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/werner-herzog-picks-his-5-favorite-films.html">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/woody-allen-lists-the-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Woody Allen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/wes-andersons-favorite-films.html">Wes Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/the-10-favorite-films-of-avant-garde-surrealist-filmmaker-luis-bunuel-including-his-own-collaboration-with-salvador-dali.html">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/roger-eberts-final-list-of-his-top-10-favorite-films-2012.html">Roger Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/susan-sontags-50-favorite-films.html">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/scorseses-list-of-39-essential-foreign-films.html">Scorsese Foreign Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/44-essential-movies-for-the-student-of-philosophy.html">Philosophy Films</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="archives-3" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03'>March 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02'>February 2025</a></li> <li><a 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