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Yttrium — Wikipédia
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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caractéristiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caractéristiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caractéristiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Caractéristiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caractéristiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Isotopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propriétés" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propriétés"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Propriétés</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propriétés-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_communs_avec_les_lanthanides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_communs_avec_les_lanthanides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Points communs avec les lanthanides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_communs_avec_les_lanthanides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composés_de_l'yttrium_et_réactions_le_mettant_en_jeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composés_de_l'yttrium_et_réactions_le_mettant_en_jeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Composés de l'yttrium et réactions le mettant en jeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composés_de_l'yttrium_et_réactions_le_mettant_en_jeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Occurrence</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abondance,_gisements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abondance,_gisements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abondance, gisements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abondance,_gisements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gisements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gisements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gisements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gisements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Applications</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utilisations_grand_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilisations_grand_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Utilisations grand public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilisations_grand_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Grenats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Additif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Médecine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Médecine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Médecine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Médecine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supraconducteurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supraconducteurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Supraconducteurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supraconducteurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sécurité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sécurité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sécurité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sécurité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yttrium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 139 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ይትሪየም – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ይትሪየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إتريوم – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إتريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إيطريوم – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيطريوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اتريوم – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتريوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriu" title="Itriu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Itriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ttirium" title="İttirium – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İttirium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrium" title="Ittrium – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ittrium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyo" title="Itriyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Itriyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ітрый – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ітрый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ітар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ітар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итрий – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Итрий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्रियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यिट्रियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইট্রিয়াম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইট্রিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ཊི་རིམ། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ཊི་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriom" title="Itriom – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Itriom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrij" title="Itrij – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Itrij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyo" title="Itriyo – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Itriyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئیتیریۆم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتیریۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittriu" title="Ittriu – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ittriu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytriwm" title="Ytriwm – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ytriwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%84%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ύττριο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύττριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctrium" title="Ütrium – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ütrium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایتریم – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recommandé"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctrium" title="Ütrium – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ütrium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriam" title="Itriam – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Itriam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઈટ્રીયમ – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈટ્રીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="איטריום – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इट्रियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इट्रियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrij" title="Itrij – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Itrij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrium" title="Ittrium – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ittrium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իտրիում – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտրիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitrio" title="Yitrio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yitrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttr%C3%ADn" title="Yttrín – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yttrín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrio" title="Ittrio – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ittrio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="イットリウム – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イットリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtitri" title="jinmrtitri – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtitri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იტრიუმი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტრიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%96tr%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɩtrɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɩtrɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಟ್ರಿಯಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟ್ರಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="이트륨 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이트륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Etriy%C3%BBm" title="Îtriyûm – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îtriyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytriom" title="Ytriom – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ytriom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrio" title="Ittrio – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ittrio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itris" title="Itris – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Itris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrijs" title="Itrijs – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itrijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Иттри – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иттри" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итриум – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Итриум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="യിട്രിയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യിട്രിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Иттри – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иттри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इट्रियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इट्रियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အိတ်တြီယမ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိတ်တြီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यितृयम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="यितृयम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrii" title="Ittrii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ittrii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଇଟ୍ରିଅମ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଟ୍ରିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਟਰੀਅਮ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਟਰੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यितृयम – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="यितृयम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itr" title="Itr – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Itr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytrio" title="Ytrio – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ytrio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایتریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایتریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ايتريوم – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايتريوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtrio" title="Ítrio – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ítrio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyu" title="Itriyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Itriyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ytriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriu" title="Itriu – aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Itriu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यितृयम – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यितृयम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ctriu" title="Ìtriu – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìtriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittriu" title="Ittriu – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ittriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrijum" title="Itrijum – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Itrijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytrium" title="Ytrium – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ytrium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrij" title="Itrij – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Itrij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyaam" title="Itriyaam – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Itriyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriumi" title="Itriumi – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Itriumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итријум – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Итријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ytri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இற்றியம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இற்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="యిట్రియం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యిట్రియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อิตเทรียม – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิตเทรียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyo" title="Itriyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Itriyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0triyum" title="İtriyum – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtriyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئىتترىي – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتترىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ітрій – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ітрій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یٹریئم – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یٹریئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittriy" title="Ittriy – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ittriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrii" title="Ittrii – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ittrii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ytri" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itryo" title="Itryo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иттриум – kalmouk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Иттриум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmouk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="איטריום – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איטריום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%94" title="釔 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釔" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%94" title="釔 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmYambi" title="UmYambi – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmYambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q941#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Yttrium" rel="discussion" title="Discussion 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q941" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#FFC0C0;color:black;">Yttrium </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Yttrium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4952" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span> <br />Yttrium <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(physique)" title="Sublimation (physique)">sublimé</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dendrite_(cristal)" title="Dendrite (cristal)">dendritiques</a> pur à 99,99 % placé à côté d'un cube d'un cm d'arête. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table class="nocellpadding" style="border-spacing:0; width:100%; background:#f9f9f9"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> ← <b>Yttrium</b> → <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a></td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a></td><td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate; width:248px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:7px; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empilement_compact_de_sph%C3%A8res_identiques" title="Empilement compact de sphères identiques"><img alt="Structure cristalline hexagonale compacte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/40px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/60px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/80px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none; width:7px; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none; text-align:center; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt; border:none; padding:0; line-height:1em; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> <br />39</td> <td style="font-size:16pt; border:none; padding:0; line-height:1em; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><b>Y</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none; padding:0; background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ryllium" title="Béryllium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Bore" title="Bore"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9on" title="Néon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium"><span 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9px; border: none; background-color: #a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Chlore" title="Chlore"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Titane" title="Titane"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" 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3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9ricium" title="Américium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mend%C3%A9l%C3%A9vium" title="Mendélévium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nob%C3%A9lium" title="Nobélium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Meitn%C3%A9rium" title="Meitnérium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A9rovium" title="Flérovium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Tennesse" title="Tennesse"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" title="Unbiunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbibium" title="Unbibium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" title="Unbitrium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" title="Unbiquadium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" title="Unbipentium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" title="Unbihexium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" title="Unbiseptium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" title="Unbioctium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" title="Unbiennium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" title="Untrinilium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriunium" title="Untriunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untribium" title="Untribium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untritrium" title="Untritrium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" title="Untriquadium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untripentium" title="Untripentium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" title="Untrihexium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" title="Untriseptium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" title="Untrioctium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Untriennium" title="Untriennium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" title="Unquadnilium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" title="Unquadunium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding: 0; width: 7px; height: 9px; border: none; background-color: #ffeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" title="Unquadbium"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;">↑</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>Y</b></td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;">↓</td></tr><tr><td style="height:16px; valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lut%C3%A9cium" title="Lutécium">Lu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">Tableau complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_%C3%A9tendu" title="Tableau périodique étendu">Tableau étendu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000">Position dans le <a href="/wiki/Tableau_p%C3%A9riodique_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments" title="Tableau périodique des éléments">tableau périodique</a></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Symbole_chimique" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbole chimique">Symbole</a> </th> <td>Y </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nom_des_%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Nom des éléments chimiques">Nom</a> </th> <td>Yttrium </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique" title="Numéro atomique">Numéro atomique</a> </th> <td>39 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe du tableau périodique">Groupe</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Groupe_3_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 3 du tableau périodique">3</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période du tableau périodique">Période</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_5_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 5 du tableau périodique">5</a><sup>e</sup> période </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Bloc du tableau périodique">Bloc</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloc_d_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Bloc d du tableau périodique">Bloc d</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Famille_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Famille d'éléments chimiques">Famille d'éléments</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_de_transition" title="Métal de transition">Métal de transition</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Configuration_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Configuration électronique">Configuration électronique</a> </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4<a href="/wiki/Orbitale-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitale-d">d</a><sup>1</sup> 5<a href="/wiki/Orbitale-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbitale-s">s</a><sup>2</sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron">Électrons</a> par <a href="/wiki/Niveau_d%27%C3%A9nergie" title="Niveau d'énergie">niveau d’énergie</a> </th> <td>2, 8, 18, 9, 2 </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000">Propriétés atomiques de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">élément</a></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masse_atomique" title="Masse atomique">Masse atomique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">88,905 84</span> ± 0,000 02 <span title="Unité de masse atomique">u</span></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rayon_atomique" title="Rayon atomique">Rayon atomique</a> <small>(calc)</small> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="1,8 Å">180</span> <span title="picomètre">pm</span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="2,12 Å">212</span> <span title="picomètre">pm</span></span>) </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rayon_de_covalence" title="Rayon de covalence">Rayon de covalence</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="1,9 Å">190</span> ± 7 <span title="picomètre">pm</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nombre_d%27oxydation" title="Nombre d'oxydation">État d’oxydation</a> </th> <td><b>3</b> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron%C3%A9gativit%C3%A9" title="Électronégativité">Électronégativité</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Pauling" title="Échelle de Pauling">Pauling</a>)</small> </th> <td>1,22 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oxyde" title="Oxyde">Oxyde</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Base_faible" title="Base faible">Base faible</a> </td> </tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_d%27ionisation" title="Énergie d'ionisation">Énergies d’ionisation</a><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="9,961 212E−19 J ou 599,878 1 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 199,4 nm">6,217 3</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="1,958 500 5E−18 J ou 1 179,436 4 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 101,4 nm">12,224</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="3,287 666 2E−18 J ou 1 979,878 5 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 60,4 nm">20,52</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="9,708 708 9E−18 J ou 5 846,720 1 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 20,5 nm">60,597</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="1,233 675 89E−17 J ou 7 429,368 6 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 16,1 nm">77,0</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Sixième">6<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="1,490 024 13E−17 J ou 8 973,133 6 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 13,3 nm">93,0</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Septième">7<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="1,858 524 72E−17 J ou 11 192,295 6 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 10,7 nm">116</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Huitième">8<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="2,066 807 67E−17 J ou 12 446,604 6 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 9,6 nm">129</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Neuvième">9<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="2,342 382 02E−17 J ou 14 106,151 9 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 8,5 nm">146,2</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Dixième">10<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="3,060 157 09E−17 J ou 18 428,693 6 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 6,5 nm">191</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr><tr><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Onzième">11<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="3,300 483 56E−17 J ou 19 875,973 2 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 6 nm">206</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td><td><abbr class="abbr" title="Douzième">12<sup>e</sup></abbr> : <span class="nowrap"><span title="5,992 140 06E−17 J ou 36 085,504 8 kJ·mol⁻¹ ou 3,3 nm">374,0</span> <span title="Électron-volt">eV</span></span> </td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27yttrium" title="Isotopes de l'yttrium">Isotopes les plus stables</a></th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"><table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Iso</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abondance_naturelle" title="Abondance naturelle">AN</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_radioactive" title="Période radioactive">Période</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mode_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration" title="Mode de désintégration">MD</a></th><th> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration" title="Énergie de désintégration">Ed</a></th><th rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Produit_de_d%C3%A9sint%C3%A9gration" title="Produit de désintégration">PD</a></th></tr><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"><th> <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a></th></tr><tr><td><sup>89</sup>Y</td><td><b><span class="nowrap"><span title="1 000 000 ppm">100</span> <span title="pourcent">%</span></span></b></td><td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Isotope_stable" title="Isotope stable">stable</a> avec 50 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000">Propriétés physiques du <a href="/wiki/Corps_simple" title="Corps simple">corps simple</a></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(thermodynamique)" title="Phase (thermodynamique)">État ordinaire</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide">Solide</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masse_volumique" title="Masse volumique">Masse volumique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="4 469 kg⋅m⁻³ ou 112,55 °Baumé">4,469</span> <span title="Gramme">g</span>·<span title="centimètre">cm</span><sup>-3</sup></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span title="77 °F ou 298,2 K">25</span> <span title="Degré Celsius">°C</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_cristallin" title="Système cristallin">Système cristallin</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Empilement_compact_de_sph%C3%A8res_identiques" title="Empilement compact de sphères identiques">Hexagonal compact</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur">Couleur</a> </th> <td>Blanc argenté </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Point_de_fusion" title="Point de fusion">Point de fusion</a> </th> <td><span title="2 771,6 °F ou 1 795,2 K">1 522 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Point_d%27%C3%A9bullition" title="Point d'ébullition">Point d’ébullition</a> </th> <td><span title="6 053 °F ou 3 618,2 K">3 345 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_de_fusion" class="mw-disambig" title="Énergie de fusion">Énergie de fusion</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="0,118 152 704 846 55 eV ou 2 724,67 cal(th)·mol⁻¹">11,4</span> <span title="kilojoule">kJ</span>·<span title="Mole">mol</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nergie_de_vaporisation" title="Énergie de vaporisation">Énergie de vaporisation</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="3,762 230 864 850 7 eV ou 86 759,08 cal(th)·mol⁻¹">363</span> <span title="kilojoule">kJ</span>·<span title="Mole">mol</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Volume_molaire" title="Volume molaire">Volume molaire</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">19,88</span>×10<sup class="exposant">-6</sup> <span title="mètre">m</span><sup>3</sup>·<span title="Mole">mol</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pression_de_vapeur" title="Pression de vapeur">Pression de vapeur</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="5,31E−5 bar ou 5,240 562 546 262E−5 atm">5,31</span> <span title="pascal">Pa</span></span> <br /> à <span title="2 778,5 °F ou 1 799 K ou 3,725 685 104 4E−20 J">1 525,85 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitesse_du_son" title="Vitesse du son">Vitesse du son</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="11 880 km·h⁻¹ ou 7 381,89 mph">3 300</span> <span title="mètre">m</span>·<span title="Seconde">s</span><sup>-1</sup></span> à <span class="nowrap"><span title="68 °F ou 293,2 K">20</span> <span title="Degré Celsius">°C</span></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique" title="Capacité thermique massique">Chaleur massique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">300</span> <span title="joule">J</span>·<span title="Kilogramme">kg</span><sup>-1</sup>·<span title="Kelvin">K</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Conductivité électrique">Conductivité électrique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">1,66</span>×10<sup class="exposant">6</sup> <span title="Siemens">S</span>·<span title="mètre">m</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Conductivit%C3%A9_thermique" title="Conductivité thermique">Conductivité thermique</a> </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><span title="">17,2</span> <span title="Watt">W</span>·<span title="mètre">m</span><sup>-1</sup>·<span title="Kelvin">K</span><sup>-1</sup></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000">Divers</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CAS" title="Numéro CAS"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr> CAS</a> </th> <td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/magnustools/cas.php?cas=7440-65-5&language=fr&title=Yttrium">7440-65-5</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <a href="/wiki/Agence_europ%C3%A9enne_des_produits_chimiques" title="Agence européenne des produits chimiques"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr> ECHA</a> </th> <td><span class="plainlinks"><span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echa.europa.eu/fr/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.340">100.028.340</a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CE" title="Numéro CE"><abbr class="abbr" title="Numéro">N<sup>o</sup></abbr> CE</a> </th> <td>231-174-8 </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000">Précautions</th></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_harmonis%C3%A9_de_classification_et_d%27%C3%A9tiquetage_des_produits_chimiques" title="Système général harmonisé de classification et d'étiquetage des produits chimiques">SGH</a><sup id="cite_ref-G_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SGH02 : Inflammable"><img alt="SGH02 : Inflammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SGH07 : Toxique, irritant, sensibilisant, narcotique"><img alt="SGH07 : Toxique, irritant, sensibilisant, narcotique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><br />Danger</div><span title="Matière solide inflammable">H228</span>, <span title="S'enflamme spontanément au contact de l'air">H250</span>, <span title="Nocif en cas d'ingestion">H302</span>, <span title="Nocif par contact cutané">H312</span>, <span title="Nocif par inhalation">H332</span>, <span title="Tenir à l’écart de la chaleur/des étincelles/des flammes nues/des surfaces chaudes. — Ne pas fumer.">P210</span>, <span title="Ne pas laisser au contact de l’air.">P222</span>, <span title="Manipuler sous gaz inerte.">P231</span>, <span title="Porter des gants de protection/des vêtements de protection/un équipement de protection des yeux/du visage.">P280</span> et <span title="Stocker le contenu sous …">P422</span><div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[–]" style="border:none; padding : 0;"><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"><b>H228</b> : Matière solide inflammable<br /><b>H250</b> : S'enflamme spontanément au contact de l'air<br /><b>H302</b> : Nocif en cas d'ingestion<br /><b>H312</b> : Nocif par contact cutané<br /><b>H332</b> : Nocif par inhalation<br /><b>P210</b> : Tenir à l’écart de la chaleur/des étincelles/des flammes nues/des surfaces chaudes. — Ne pas fumer.<br /><b>P222</b> : Ne pas laisser au contact de l’air.<br /><b>P231</b> : Manipuler sous gaz inerte.<br /><b>P280</b> : Porter des gants de protection/des vêtements de protection/un équipement de protection des yeux/du visage.<br /><b>P422</b> : Stocker le contenu sous …<br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFC0C0; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27information_sur_les_mati%C3%A8res_dangereuses_utilis%C3%A9es_au_travail" title="Système d'information sur les matières dangereuses utilisées au travail">SIMDUT</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reptox_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reptox-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:WHMIS_Class_B.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="B6 : Matière réactive inflammable"><img alt="B6 : Matière réactive inflammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WHMIS_Class_B.svg/50px-WHMIS_Class_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WHMIS_Class_B.svg/75px-WHMIS_Class_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WHMIS_Class_B.svg/100px-WHMIS_Class_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span title="B6 : Matière réactive inflammable">B6, </span><div class="NavFrame" title="[+]/[–]" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"><b>B6</b> : Matière réactive inflammable<br />spontanément combustible au contact de l'air<br /><br />Divulgation à 1,0% selon la liste de divulgation des ingrédients<br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; background-color:#FFC0C0;" /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><small><i>Unités du <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_international_d%27unit%C3%A9s" title="Système international d'unités">SI</a> & <a href="/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression">CNTP</a>, sauf indication contraire.</i></small></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFC0C0 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_%C3%89l%C3%A9ment/Yttrium" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>L'<b>yttrium</b> est l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">élément chimique</a> de <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a> 39, de symbole Y. C'est un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_de_transition" title="Métal de transition">élément de transition</a> dont le comportement chimique est proche de celui des <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>, et classé historiquement, avec le <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> et les lanthanides, parmi les <a href="/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare">terres rares</a><sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'yttrium possède un seul isotope stable qui est également son seul <a href="/wiki/Isotope_naturel" title="Isotope naturel">isotope naturel</a>, <sup>89</sup>Y, faisant de lui à la fois un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_monoisotopique" title="Élément monoisotopique">élément monoisotopique</a> et un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_mononucl%C3%A9idique" title="Élément mononucléidique">élément mononucléidique</a>. Le <a href="/wiki/Corps_simple" title="Corps simple">corps simple</a> a l'aspect d'un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal" title="Métal">métal</a>. </p><p>Dans la nature, on ne rencontre jamais l'yttrium à l'état <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_natif" title="Élément natif">natif</a>, mais le plus souvent combiné avec des lanthanides dans des <a href="/wiki/Minerai" title="Minerai">minerais</a> de terres rares. L'yttrium a été découvert en 1789, sous forme d'oxyde, par <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> dans un échantillon de <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a> découvert par <a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Arrhenius" title="Carl Axel Arrhenius">Carl Axel Arrhenius</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anders_Gustaf_Ekeberg" title="Anders Gustaf Ekeberg">Anders Gustaf Ekeberg</a> baptisa ce nouvel oxyde <i>yttria</i>. Il a été isolé pour la première fois en 1828 par <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a><sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'utilisation la plus importante de l'yttrium est la fabrication de <a href="/wiki/Luminophore" title="Luminophore">luminophores</a>, tels ceux utilisés dans les téléviseurs à <a href="/wiki/Tube_cathodique" title="Tube cathodique">tube cathodiques</a> ou les <a href="/wiki/Diode_%C3%A9lectroluminescente" title="Diode électroluminescente">LED</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ses autres applications incluent la production d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectrode" title="Électrode">électrodes</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectrolyte" title="Électrolyte">électrolytes</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Filtre_(%C3%A9lectronique)" title="Filtre (électronique)">filtres électroniques</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> et de matériaux <a href="/wiki/Supraconductivit%C3%A9" title="Supraconductivité">supraconducteurs</a>, et des applications médicales variées. L'yttrium ne joue aucun rôle biologique connu, mais une exposition à ce métal peut causer des maladies pulmonaires chez l'homme<sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1787, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Arrhenius" title="Carl Axel Arrhenius">Carl Axel Arrhenius</a>, un lieutenant de l'armée et chimiste amateur, découvre une roche noire lourde dans une ancienne carrière proche du village suédois d'<a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a> (aujourd'hui dans l'<a href="/wiki/Archipel_de_Stockholm" title="Archipel de Stockholm">archipel de Stockholm</a><sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). Pensant qu'il s'agit d'un <a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral">minéral</a> inconnu contenant du <a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8ne" title="Tungstène">tungstène</a>, élément qui vient d'être découvert<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley496_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley496-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, il le baptise <i>ytterbite</i> (d'après le nom du village où il l'a découvert, plus le suffixe -ite pour indiquer qu'il s'agit d'un minéral) et envoie des échantillons à plusieurs chimistes pour des analyses<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Johan_Gadolin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg/150px-Johan_Gadolin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg/225px-Johan_Gadolin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg/300px-Johan_Gadolin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>, découvreur de l'oxyde d'yttrium.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>, de l'<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_d%27%C3%85bo" title="Académie royale d'Åbo">université d'Åbo</a>, identifie un nouvel <a href="/wiki/Oxyde" title="Oxyde">oxyde</a> ou "terre" dans l'échantillon d'Arrhenius en 1789 et publie son analyse complète en 1794<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces travaux sont confirmés en 1797 par <a href="/wiki/Anders_Gustaf_Ekeberg" title="Anders Gustaf Ekeberg">Anders Gustaf Ekeberg</a> qui baptise le nouvel oxyde <i>yttria</i><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p944_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p944-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les décennies qui suivent les travaux de <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>, qui a développé la première définition moderne des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique" title="Élément chimique">éléments chimiques</a>, on pense que les terres peuvent être <a href="/wiki/Oxydo-r%C3%A9duction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxydo-réduction">réduites</a> pour obtenir les éléments purs, ce qui signifie que la découverte d'une nouvelle terre était équivalente à la découverte d'un nouvel élément, qui aurait alors été dans ce cas l'yttrium (on donnait aux oxydes une terminaison en -a et aux éléments en -ium). </p><p>En 1843, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">Carl Gustav Mosander</a> découvre que les échantillons d'yttria de Gadolin contiennent trois oxydes différents : de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyde d'yttrium">oxyde d'yttrium</a> blanc (yttria), de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_de_terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyde de terbium">oxyde de terbium</a> jaune (baptisé à l'époque "erbia" ce qui peut prêter à confusion), et de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyde d'erbium">oxyde d'erbium</a> rose (baptisé à l'époque "terbia" ce qui peut là encore prêter à confusion)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1878, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a> isole un quatrième oxyde, l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyde d'ytterbium">oxyde d'ytterbium</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les nouveaux éléments seront ensuite isolés à partir de chacun de leurs oxydes, et baptisés d'une manière qui rappelle le nom du village "Ytterby" (yttrium, <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka115_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka115-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au cours des décennies suivantes, sept autres métaux seront découverts dans l'<i>yttria</i> de Gadolin<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Comme finalement cet yttria n'était pas une terre mais un minéral, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> le renomme <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a> en hommage à Gadolin<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'yttrium métal a été isolé pour la première fois en 1828 par <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> en chauffant du <a href="/wiki/Chlorure_d%27yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorure d'yttrium">chlorure d'yttrium</a> <a href="/wiki/Anhydre" title="Anhydre">anhydre</a> avec du <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> selon la réaction : </p> <dl><dd>YCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 K → 3 KCl + Y</dd></dl> <p>Jusqu'aux années 1920, le symbole chimique utilisé pour l'yttrium était Yt, puis le Y s'est imposé dans les usages<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques"></span>Caractéristiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg/220px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg/330px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg/440px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5548" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Yttrium, sublimé dendritiques</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Isotopes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Isotopes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_de_l%27yttrium" title="Isotopes de l'yttrium">Isotopes de l'yttrium</a>.</div></div> <p>L'yttrium possède 33 <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> connus, de nombre de masse variant entre 76 et 108, et 29 <a href="/wiki/Isom%C3%A9rie_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Isomérie nucléaire">isomères nucléaires</a>. Parmi ces isotopes, un seul est <a href="/wiki/Isotope_stable" title="Isotope stable">stable</a>, <sup>89</sup>Y, et constitue l'intégralité de l'yttrium naturellement présent, faisant de l'yttrium un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_monoisotopique" title="Élément monoisotopique">élément monoisotopique</a> et aussi un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_mononucl%C3%A9idique" title="Élément mononucléidique">élément mononucléidique</a>. Sa masse atomique standard est donc la masse isotopique de <sup>89</sup>Y, soit 88,905 85(2) <abbr class="abbr" title="unité de masse atomique"><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_de_masse_atomique_unifi%C3%A9e" title="Unité de masse atomique unifiée">u</a></abbr>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propriétés"><span id="Propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s"></span>Propriétés</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Propriétés"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'yttrium est un métal mou, d'apparence métallique, appartenant aux éléments du groupe 3 de la <a href="/wiki/Classification_p%C3%A9riodique" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification périodique">classification périodique</a>. Comme attendu de par la périodicité des propriétés, il est moins <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron%C3%A9gatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Électronégatif">électronégatif</a> que le <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, mais plus électronégatif que le <a href="/wiki/Lanthane" title="Lanthane">lanthane</a><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p946_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p946-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'est le premier élément du groupe d de la cinquième période de la classification. </p><p>L'yttrium pur est relativement stable à l'air sous forme massive du fait de la formation d'une couche de <a href="/wiki/Passivation" title="Passivation">passivation</a> d'oxyde d'yttrium à sa surface. Ce film peut atteindre une épaisseur de 10 micromètres lorsqu'il est chauffé à <span title="1 382 °F ou 1 023,2 K">750 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> en présence de vapeur d'eau<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Réduit en poudre ou copeaux, l'yttrium n'est pas stable à l'air, et peut s'enflammer spontanément si la température dépasse <span title="752 °F ou 673,2 K">400 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Lorsqu'il est chauffé à <span title="1 832 °F ou 1 273,2 K">1 000 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> sous <a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote">azote</a>, il se forme du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrure_d%27yttrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrure d'yttrium (page inexistante)">nitrure d'yttrium</a> YN<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Points_communs_avec_les_lanthanides">Points communs avec les lanthanides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Points communs avec les lanthanides" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Points communs avec les lanthanides"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'yttrium partage tellement de points communs avec les <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> qu'historiquement il a été regroupé avec ces éléments parmi les <a href="/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare">terres rares</a><sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et se rencontre toujours dans des minerais de terres-rares dans la nature<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley498_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley498-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Chimiquement, l'yttrium ressemble plus aux lanthanides que son voisin dans la classification périodique le scandium<sup id="cite_ref-ECE810_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE810-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Si ces propriétés physiques étaient tracées en fonction du <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_atomique" title="Numéro atomique">numéro atomique</a>, il aurait alors un numéro apparent entre 64,5 et 67,5, qui le placerait entre le <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> dans la classification<sup id="cite_ref-ECE815_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE815-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sa réactivité chimique ressemble à celle du <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Son <a href="/wiki/Rayon_atomique" title="Rayon atomique">rayon atomique</a> est si proche de ceux des terres-rares lourdes qu'en <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chimie)" title="Solution (chimie)">solution</a> il se comporte comme l'une d'entre elles<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p945_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p945-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Bien que les lanthanides soient situés une ligne en dessous de l'yttrium dans la classification périodique, cette similitude de rayons ioniques s'explique par la <a href="/wiki/Contraction_des_lanthanides" title="Contraction des lanthanides">contraction des lanthanides</a><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p1234_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1234-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'une des quelques différences notables entre la chimie des lanthanides et celle de l'yttrium c'est que ce dernier ne se rencontre quasiment qu'à l'état <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chimie)" title="Valence (chimie)">trivalent</a>, alors qu'à peu près la moitié des terres rares peuvent posséder des états de valence différents<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composés_de_l'yttrium_et_réactions_le_mettant_en_jeu"><span id="Compos.C3.A9s_de_l.27yttrium_et_r.C3.A9actions_le_mettant_en_jeu"></span>Composés de l'yttrium et réactions le mettant en jeu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Composés de l'yttrium et réactions le mettant en jeu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Composés de l'yttrium et réactions le mettant en jeu"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En tant que métal de transition trivalent, l'yttrium forme de nombreux composés inorganiques, généralement à l'état d'oxydation +3, en mettant en jeu ses trois <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectron_de_valence" title="Électron de valence">électrons de valence</a> dans des <a href="/wiki/Liaison_chimique" title="Liaison chimique">liaisons</a><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p948_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p948-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'est le cas par exemple de l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyde d'yttrium">oxyde d'yttrium</a> (Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub>). </p><p>L'yttrium se rencontre sous forme de <a href="/wiki/Fluorure" title="Fluorure">fluorure</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Hydroxyde" title="Hydroxyde">hydroxyde</a> ou d'<a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> insolubles dans l'eau. En revanche, le <a href="/wiki/Bromure" title="Bromure">bromure</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Chlorure" title="Chlorure">chlorure</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Iodure" title="Iodure">iodure</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> sont solubles dans l'eau<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> Y<sup>3+</sup> en solution est incolore du fait de l'absence d'électrons <a href="/wiki/Orbitale_atomique" title="Orbitale atomique">électron d ou f</a> dans sa <a href="/wiki/Structure_%C3%A9lectronique" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure électronique">structure électronique</a><sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'yttrium réagit vivement avec l'eau pour former de l'oxyde d'yttrium<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley498_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley498-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il n'est pas attaqué rapidement par l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_nitrique" title="Acide nitrique">acide nitrique</a> concentré ou l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_fluorhydrique" title="Acide fluorhydrique">acide fluorhydrique</a>, mais l'est par d'autres acides forts<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Avec les <a href="/wiki/Halog%C3%A8ne" title="Halogène">halogènes</a>, il forme des trihalogénures à des températures de l'ordre de <span title="392 °F ou 473,2 K">200 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il forme également des <a href="/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_binaire" title="Composé binaire">composés binaires</a> avec le carbone, le phosphore, le sélénium, le silicium et le soufre à températures élevées. </p><p>L'yttrium est également présent dans des composés organométalliques. Un petit nombre sont connus avec l'yttrium au degré d'oxydation 0<sup id="cite_ref-Cloke1993_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schumann_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumann-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (le degré +2 a été observé dans des chlorures fondus<sup id="cite_ref-Mikheev1992_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikheev1992-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et l'état +1 dans des clusters d'oxyde en phase gazeuse<sup id="cite_ref-Kang2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang2005-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). Des réactions de trimérisation ont été observées mettant en jeu des organo-yttriens comme <a href="/wiki/Catalyse" title="Catalyse">catalyseurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schumann_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumann-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces composés ont été obtenus à partir de chlorure d'yttrium, lui-même formé par réaction d'oxyde d'yttrium, d'acide chlorhydrique concentré et de chlorure d'ammonium<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Complexe_(chimie)" title="Complexe (chimie)">complexes</a> d'yttrium furent le premier exemple de complexes où des <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(chimie)" title="Ligand (chimie)">ligands</a> <a href="/wiki/Carborane" title="Carborane">carboranyl</a> sont liés à un ion central en d<sup>0</sup> avec une <a href="/wiki/Hapticit%C3%A9" title="Hapticité">hapticité</a> η<sup>7</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schumann_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumann-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Occurrence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Occurrence"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abondance,_gisements"><span id="Abondance.2C_gisements"></span>Abondance, gisements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Abondance, gisements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Abondance, gisements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'yttrium est présent dans la plupart des minéraux contenant des terres-rares<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ainsi que dans certains minerais d'<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, mais ne se rencontre jamais à l'état natif dans la nature<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>On trouve l'yttrium dans les sables de <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> <span class="nowrap">((Ce, La,Th, Nd,Y)PO<sub>4</sub>)</span> et <a href="/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site" title="Bastnäsite">bastnäsite</a> <span class="nowrap">((Ce, La,Th, Nd,Y)(CO<sub>3</sub>)F)</span>. Il est très difficile à séparer des autres métaux de la même famille auxquels il est toujours associé. L'yttrium apparaît dans un grand nombre de minéraux, toujours associé aux autres terres rares : </p> <ul><li>l'<a href="/wiki/Allanite" title="Allanite">allanite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sorosilicate" title="Sorosilicate">sorosilicate</a>), ou <i>orthite</i>, la <a href="/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site" title="Bastnäsite">bastnäsite</a> ;</li> <li>la <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9tafite" title="Bétafite">bétafite</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> où il est associé à l'<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ;</li> <li>et encore l'<a href="/wiki/Eux%C3%A9nite" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxénite">euxénite</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fergusonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fergusonite (page inexistante)">fergusonite</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a>, le <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9notime" title="Xénotime">xénotime</a>.</li></ul> <p>Ces minerais sont plus ou moins <a href="/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Radioactivité">radioactifs</a>. </p><p>Les échantillons lunaires collectés au cours du <a href="/wiki/Programme_Apollo" title="Programme Apollo">programme Apollo</a> contiennent une quantité notable d'yttrium<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka115_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka115-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'yttrium est présent dans la <a href="/wiki/Croute_terrestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Croute terrestre">croute terrestre</a> à hauteur de 31 <abbr class="abbr" title="partie par million">ppm</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ce qui en fait le <abbr class="abbr" title="Vingt-huitième">28<sup>e</sup></abbr> élément le plus abondant, avec une abondance 400 fois plus élevée que celle de l'argent<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On le trouve dans les sols à une concentration de <span class="nowrap"><span title="0,001 %">10</span>  à  <span title="0,015 %">150</span> <span title="Partie par million">ppm</span></span> (moyenne dans les masses à sec de 23 <abbr class="abbr" title="partie par million">ppm</abbr>) et dans l'eau de mer à une concentration de 9 <abbr class="abbr" title="partie par billion">ppt</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'yttrium ne joue aucun rôle biologique connu, mais on le rencontre dans la plupart (si ce n'est tous) des organismes, et il se concentre chez l'homme dans le foie, les reins, les poumons, la rate et les os<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il n'y a normalement pas plus de 0,5 <abbr class="abbr" title="milligramme">mg</abbr> d'yttrium dans le corps humain. On le trouve à hauteur de 4 <abbr class="abbr" title="partie par million">ppm</abbr> dans le lait maternel<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les plantes comestibles en contiennent à des concentrations comprises entre <span class="nowrap"><span title="0,002 %">20</span>  et  <span title="0,01 %">100</span> <span title="Partie par million">ppm</span></span>, les concentrations les plus élevées se rencontrant dans le chou<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les plantes ligneuses possèdent les concentrations d'yttrium les plus élevées connues avec 700 <abbr class="abbr" title="partie par million">ppm</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gisements">Gisements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Gisements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Gisements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En avril <a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a>, alors que la Chine et l'Australie sont les premiers producteurs de terres rares, dans la revue <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> des chercheurs japonais estiment que les gisements nouveaux détectés à l'Est du Japon représentent sur 2 500 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr> environ 16 millions de tonnes de <a href="/wiki/Terres_rares" class="mw-redirect" title="Terres rares">terres rares</a>, situées dans le <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9diment_marin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sédiment marin">sédiment marin</a>, à plus de 5 000 mètres de profondeur ; sur 2499 km2, le fond contiendrait là plus de 16 millions de tonnes d'oxydes de terres rares, soit 780 ans d'approvisionnement mondial en yttrium (et aussi 730 ans de réserve de <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>, 620 ans pour l'<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>, 420 ans pour le <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a>, selon une publication d'avril 2018 dans <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nat2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat2018-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Formation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Formation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dans le <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Système solaire">système solaire</a>, l'yttrium s'est formé par <a href="/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9osynth%C3%A8se_stellaire" title="Nucléosynthèse stellaire">nucléosynthèse stellaire</a>, majoritairement par <a href="/wiki/Processus_s" title="Processus s">processus s</a> (≈72 %) et minoritairement par <a href="/wiki/Processus_r" title="Processus r">processus r</a> (≈28 %)<sup id="cite_ref-Pack_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pack-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tous les éléments du groupe 3 possèdent un nombre impair de <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> et ont donc peu d'isotopes stables<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p946_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p946-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'yttrium n'en possède qu'un, <sup>89</sup>Y, qui est également le seul qui se rencontre dans la nature. L'abondance de l'yttrium 89 est plus élevée que ce qu'elle devrait être au premier abord. Ceci s'explique par le fait que son processus de formation, lent, tend à favoriser les isotopes de nombre de masse voisin de 90, 138 ou 208, qui possède un <a href="/wiki/Noyau_atomique" title="Noyau atomique">noyau atomique</a> inhabituellement stable avec 50, 82 et 126 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> respectivement<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p12-13_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p12-13-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <sup>89</sup>Y possède un nombre de masse de 89 et 50 neutrons dans son noyau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Production"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les similitudes de propriétés chimiques de l'yttrium et des lanthanides font qu'il est concentré dans la nature selon les mêmes procédés et qu'on le retrouve dans des minerais au sein de minéraux contenant des terres rares. On peut observer une séparation partielle entre les terres rares légères (début de la <a href="/wiki/Famille_d%27%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments_chimiques" title="Famille d'éléments chimiques">famille</a>) et les terres rares lourdes (fin de la famille), mais cette séparation n'est jamais complète. Bien qu'il possède une masse atomique plus faible, l'yttrium se concentre du côté des terres rares lourdes<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kanazawaa_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanazawaa-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Yttrium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg/200px-Yttrium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg/300px-Yttrium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Un morceau d'yttrium. L'yttrium est difficile à séparer des terres-rares.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il y a quatre sources principales d'yttrium<sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>Les minerais contenant des carbonates ou des fluorures de terres rares légères, comme la <a href="/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site" title="Bastnäsite">bastnäsite</a> ([(Ce, La, etc.)(CO<sub>3</sub>)F]), contiennent en moyenne 0,1 % d'yttrium<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ainsi que des terres rares lourdes. Entre les années 1960 et 1990, la principale source de bastnäsite était la mine de terres rares de <a href="/wiki/Mine_de_Mountain_Pass" title="Mine de Mountain Pass">Mountain Pass</a> en Californie, ce qui a fait des États-Unis le plus gros fournisseur de terres rares lourdes de cette période<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> ([(<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9rium" title="Cérium">Ce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthane" title="Lanthane">La</a>, etc.)<a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">PO<sub>4</sub></a>]), qui est principalement un phosphate, est un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisement_alluvionnaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisement alluvionnaire (page inexistante)">gisement alluvionnaire</a> créé par l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89rosion" title="Érosion">érosion</a> du <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granit</a>. C'est un minerai de terres rares légères contenant 2 %<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (ou 3 %)<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka116_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka116-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> d'yttrium. Les gisements les plus importants ont été découverts en Inde et au Brésil au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, ce qui a fait de ces deux pays les premiers producteurs d'yttrium durant la première moitié de ce siècle<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9notime" title="Xénotime">xénotime</a>, un phosphate de terres rares lourdes, est le principal minerai de ces dernières et contient jusqu'à 60 % de phosphate d'yttrium (YPO<sub>4</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les plus grandes mines pour ce minéral sont le gisement de <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Obo" title="Bayan Obo">Bayan Obo</a> en Chine, ce qui fait de ce pays le plus gros exportateur de terres-rares lourdes depuis la fin de l'exploitation de la mine de Mountain Pass au cours des années 1990<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Les <a href="/wiki/Argile" title="Argile">argiles</a> absorbeuses d'ions ou argiles de Lognan sont produits par la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orisation_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Météorisation (géologie)">météorisation</a> du granit, et contiennent 1 % de terres rares lourdes<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le minerai concentré peut contenir jusqu'à 8 % d'yttrium. Ces argiles sont principalement exploités dans le sud de la Chine<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On trouve également de l'yttrium dans la <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> et la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fergusonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fergusonite (page inexistante)">fergusonite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p>L'yttrium est difficile à séparer des autres terres rares. Une méthode pour l'obtenir pur à partir du mélange d'oxyde contenu dans le minerai est de dissoudre l'oxyde dans l'<a href="/wiki/Acide_sulfurique" title="Acide sulfurique">acide sulfurique</a> puis d'utiliser la <a href="/wiki/Chromatographie_%C3%A0_%C3%A9change_d%27ions" title="Chromatographie à échange d'ions">chromatographie à échange d'ions</a>. L'ajout d'<a href="/wiki/Acide_oxalique" title="Acide oxalique">acide oxalique</a> permet de faire <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9cipitation_chimique" class="mw-redirect" title="Précipitation chimique">précipiter</a> l'oxalate d'yttrium. Cet oxalate est ensuite transformé en oxyde par chauffage sous oxygène. On obtient ensuite du fluorure d'yttrium par réaction avec le <a href="/wiki/Fluorure_d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Fluorure d'hydrogène">fluorure d'hydrogène</a><sup id="cite_ref-Holleman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La production mondiale annuelle d'oxyde d'yttrium a atteint 600 tonnes en 2001, avec des réserves estimées de 9 millions de tonnes<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Seules quelques tonnes d'yttrium métal sont produites chaque année par réduction du fluorure d'yttrium en une éponge métallique par réaction avec un alliage de calcium et magnésium. L'yttrium peut être fondu à <span title="2 912 °F ou 1 873,2 K">1 600 </span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> au four à arc<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holleman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Applications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Applications"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilisations_grand_public">Utilisations grand public</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Utilisations grand public" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Utilisations grand public"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Aperture_Grille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg/220px-Aperture_Grille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg/330px-Aperture_Grille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>L'yttrium est l'un des éléments utilisés pour produire les luminophores rouges pour les téléviseurs à écran cathodique.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27yttrium(III)" title="Oxyde d'yttrium(III)">oxyde d'yttrium</a> peut être <a href="/wiki/Dopage_(semi-conducteur)" title="Dopage (semi-conducteur)">dopé</a> par des ions <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu<sup>3+</sup></a> et servir de réactif pour obtenir de l'<a href="/wiki/Orthovanadate_d%27yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthovanadate d'yttrium">orthovanadate d'yttrium</a> Y<a href="/wiki/Vanadate" title="Vanadate">VO<sub>4</sub></a>:Eu<sup>3+</sup> ou de l'oxysulfure d'yttrium Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub>:Eu<sup>3+</sup>, qui sont des <a href="/wiki/Luminophore" title="Luminophore">luminophores</a> utilisés pour obtenir la couleur rouge dans les téléviseurs à <a href="/wiki/Tube_cathodique" title="Tube cathodique">tube cathodique</a><sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La couleur rouge en elle-même est produite par la désexcitation des atomes d'europium<sup id="cite_ref-ECE818_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE818-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les composés d'yttrium peuvent être dopés par différents <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cations</a> lanthanides. L'ion <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb<sup>3+</sup></a> peut être utilisé pour obtenir une luminescence verte. L'oxyde d'yttrium est également utilisé comme additif de <a href="/wiki/Frittage" title="Frittage">frittage</a> pour la production de <a href="/wiki/Nitrure_de_silicium" title="Nitrure de silicium">nitrure de silicium</a> poreux<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Des composés de l'yttrium sont utilisés comme <a href="/wiki/Catalyse" title="Catalyse">catalyseur</a> pour la <a href="/wiki/Polym%C3%A9risation" title="Polymérisation">polymérisation</a> de l'éthylène<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Sous forme métallique, il est utilisé dans les électrodes de certaines <a href="/wiki/Bougie_d%27allumage" title="Bougie d'allumage">bougies d'allumage</a> à hautes performances<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'yttrium est également utilisé dans la fabrication de <a href="/wiki/Manchon_%C3%A0_incandescence" title="Manchon à incandescence">manchons à incandescence</a> pour les lampes au <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, en remplacement du <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> radioactif<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'utilisation de <a href="/wiki/Zircone_Y-TZP" title="Zircone Y-TZP">zircone</a> stabilisé à l'yttrium est en plein développement, notamment comme électrolyte solide (conducteur d'oxygène) et comme capteur d'oxygène dans les systèmes d'échappement automobile<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenats">Grenats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Grenats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Grenats"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Yag-rod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yag-rod.jpg/220px-Yag-rod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yag-rod.jpg/330px-Yag-rod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Yag-rod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Laser Nd:YAG.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'yttrium est utilisé dans la production d'une grande variété de <a href="/wiki/Grenat" title="Grenat">grenats</a> synthétiques<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et l'oxyde d'yttrium est utilisé pour produire des YIG (<a href="/wiki/Grenat_de_fer_et_d%27yttrium" title="Grenat de fer et d'yttrium">grenat de fer et d'yttrium</a>) qui sont utilisés pour fabriquer des filtres micro-ondes très efficaces<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les grenats d'yttrium, fer, aluminium et gadolinium (par ex. Y<sub>3</sub>(Fe, Al)<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> et Y<sub>3</sub>(Fe, Ga)<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>) possèdent des propriétés magnétiques importantes<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les YIG sont également très performants en tant que transmetteur d'énergie acoustique et comme <a href="/wiki/Transducteur" title="Transducteur">transducteur</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Grenat_d%27yttrium_et_d%27aluminium" title="Grenat d'yttrium et d'aluminium">grenats d'aluminium et d'yttrium</a> (Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub> ou YAG) possèdent une <a href="/wiki/Duret%C3%A9" title="Dureté">dureté</a> de 8,5 (échelle de Mohs) et sont utilisés en <a href="/wiki/Joaillerie" title="Joaillerie">joaillerie</a> pour imiter le diamant<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dopé par du <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9rium" title="Cérium">cérium</a>, les cristaux de YAG:Ce sont utilisés comme <a href="/wiki/Luminophore" title="Luminophore">luminophores</a> dans des LEDs blanches<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les YAG, l'<a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27yttrium(III)" title="Oxyde d'yttrium(III)">oxyde d'yttrium</a>, le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorure_d%27yttrium-lithium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorure d'yttrium-lithium (page inexistante)">fluorure d'yttrium-lithium</a>, et l'<a href="/wiki/Vanadate_d%27yttrium" title="Vanadate d'yttrium">orthovanadate d'yttrium</a> sont utilisés dopés notamment par le néodyme, l'erbium ou l'ytterbium dans les <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> proches <a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a><sup id="cite_ref-cw_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les lasers YAG peuvent être utilisés à haute puissance et sont utilisés pour la découpe de métaux<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka116_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka116-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="/wiki/Monocristal" title="Monocristal">monocristaux</a> de YAG dopés sont généralement fabriqués par la méthode <a href="/wiki/Czochralski" class="mw-redirect" title="Czochralski">Czochralski</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additif">Additif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Additif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Additif"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De petites quantités d'yttrium (0,1 à 0,2 %) ont été utilisés pour réduire la taille des grains du chrome, du molybdène, du titane et du zirconium<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est également utilisé pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques d'<a href="/wiki/Alliage" title="Alliage">alliages</a> d'aluminium et de magnésium<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'ajout d'yttrium à des alliages facilite généralement leur mise en forme, réduit la recristallisation à haute température et augmente de manière significative la résistance à l'oxydation à hautes températures<sup id="cite_ref-ECE818_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE818-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'yttrium peut être utilisé pour désoxyder le vanadium et d'autres métaux non ferreux<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'oxyde d'yttrium est utilisé pour stabiliser la <a href="/wiki/Zircone" class="mw-redirect" title="Zircone">zircone</a> cubique, utilisée notamment en joaillerie<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'oxyde d'yttrium peut également être utilisé dans la formulation de céramiques et de verres, auxquels il confère une meilleure résistance aux <a href="/wiki/Choc_m%C3%A9canique" title="Choc mécanique">chocs</a> ainsi qu'un <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_de_dilatation" title="Coefficient de dilatation">coefficient de dilatation</a> thermique plus faible<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est donc notamment utilisé pour les objectifs photographiques<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Médecine"><span id="M.C3.A9decine"></span>Médecine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Médecine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Médecine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> radioactif <sup>90</sup>Y est utilisé dans des médicaments comme l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_Y_90-DOTA-tyr3-octreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium Y 90-DOTA-tyr3-octreotide (page inexistante)">Yttrium Y 90-DOTA-tyr3-octreotide</a> et l'<a href="/wiki/Ibritumomab_tiux%C3%A9tan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibritumomab tiuxétan">ibritumomab tiuxétan</a>, utilisés dans le traitement de plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> dont les lymphomes, les leucémies, les cancers des ovaires, du pancréas, des os et le cancer colorectal<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il agit en se fixant aux <a href="/wiki/Anticorps_monoclonal" title="Anticorps monoclonal">anticorps monoclonaux</a>, qui à leur tour se lient aux cellules cancéreuses et les détruisent du fait des émissions β liées aux désintégrations de l'yttrium 90<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Des aiguilles en yttrium-90, qui peuvent couper de manière plus précises que des scalpels, ont été utilisées pour agir sur les nerfs qui transmettent la douleur dans la <a href="/wiki/Moelle_%C3%A9pini%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Moelle épinière">moelle épinière</a><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley496_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley496-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et l'yttrium 90-est également utilisé pour pratiquer des synoviorthèses isotopiques dans le traitement d'inflammations articulaires, particulièrement des genoux, pour des patients atteints par exemple de polyarthrite rhumatoïde<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supraconducteurs">Supraconducteurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Supraconducteurs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Supraconducteurs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:YBCO-modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/YBCO-modified.jpg/220px-YBCO-modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/YBCO-modified.jpg/330px-YBCO-modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/YBCO-modified.jpg/440px-YBCO-modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Supraconducteur YBaCuO.</figcaption></figure> <p>En 1987, de la <a href="/wiki/Supraconductivit%C3%A9" title="Supraconductivité">supraconductivité</a> à haute température critique a été observé dans un matériau contenant de l'yttrium, <a href="/wiki/Oxyde_mixte_de_baryum,_de_cuivre_et_d%27yttrium" title="Oxyde mixte de baryum, de cuivre et d'yttrium">YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il ne s'agissait que du deuxième matériau à posséder cette propriété<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et le premier pour lequel la température critique (Tc = 93K) était supérieure à la <a href="/wiki/Temp%C3%A9rature_d%27%C3%A9bullition" class="mw-redirect" title="Température d'ébullition">température d'ébullition</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Azote_liquide" title="Azote liquide">azote liquide</a> (77K). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sécurité"><span id="S.C3.A9curit.C3.A9"></span>Sécurité</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifier la section : Sécurité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Sécurité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les composés de l'yttrium solubles dans l'eau sont considérés comme modérément toxiques, ceux insolubles dans l'eau comme non toxiques<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au cours d'expériences sur des animaux, l'yttrium et ses composés ont entraîné des dommages au foie et aux poumons, mais la toxicité est variable suivant le composé considéré. Chez le rat, l'inhalation de citrate d'yttrium cause des œdèmes pulmonaires et des dyspnées, tandis que l'inhalation de chlorure d'yttrium occasionne des œdèmes du foie, des épanchements pleuraux et des hyperémies pulmonaires<sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une exposition à des composés yttriés peut entraîner chez l'homme des maladies des poumons<sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des travailleurs exposés à des poussières de vanadate d'europium et d'yttrium en suspension ont ressenti des irritations légères des yeux, de la peau et des voies respiratoires, mais qui peuvent avoir été causées par le vanadium plutôt que par l'yttrium<sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une exposition intense à des composés yttriés peut entraîner des essoufflements, de la toux, des douleurs à la poitrine et une cyanose<sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> recommande de ne pas dépasser une exposition limite de 1 mg/m<sup>3</sup> et un <a href="/wiki/DIVS" class="mw-redirect" title="DIVS">DIVS</a> de 500 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les poussières d'yttrium sont inflammables<sup id="cite_ref-osha_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:85%; padding-left:1.6em; margin:0.3em 0;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium?oldid=374936022">Yttrium</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Beatriz_Cordero,_Verónica_Gómez,_Ana_E._Platero-Prats,_Marc_Revés,_Jorge_Echeverría,_Eduard_Cremades,_Flavia_Barragán_et_Santiago_Alvarez2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Beatriz Cordero, Verónica Gómez, Ana E. Platero-Prats, Marc Revés, Jorge Echeverría, Eduard Cremades, Flavia Barragán et Santiago Alvarez</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Covalent radii revisited</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dalton Transactions</span></i>,‎ <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">2832 - 2838</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b801115j">10.1039/b801115j</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Covalent+radii+revisited&rft.jtitle=Dalton+Transactions&rft.aulast=Beatriz+Cordero%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica+G%C3%B3mez%2C+Ana+E.+Platero-Prats%2C+Marc+Rev%C3%A9s%2C+Jorge+Echeverr%C3%ADa%2C+Eduard+Cremades%2C+Flavia+Barrag%C3%A1n+et+Santiago+Alvarez&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=2832+-+2838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fb801115j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HandbookChemPhys90-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-HandbookChemPhys90_2-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lide2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_R._Lide2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David R. Lide, <cite class="italique" lang="en">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</cite>, CRC Press Inc, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatre-vingt-dixième">90<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 2804 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, Relié <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-420-09084-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-420-09084-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-420-09084-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pub=CRC+Press+Inc&rft.edition=90&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=2804&rft.isbn=978-1-420-09084-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Base de données Chemical Abstracts interrogée via SciFinder Web le 15 décembre 2009 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SciFinder_elements_fin.pdf">résultats de la recherche</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-G_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="noarchive">Entrée « Yttrium, Powder » dans la base de données de produits chimiques <i>GESTIS</i> de la IFA (organisme allemand responsable de la sécurité et de la santé au travail) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=007390">allemand</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=007390&lang=en">anglais</a>) <small>(JavaScript nécessaire)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-sa_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?lang=en&N4=261327%7CALDRICH&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO%7CBRAND_KEY&F=SPEC">SIGMA-ALDRICH</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reptox-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Reptox_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptox.csst.qc.ca/DetailSimdut.asp?no_produit=1198&langue=F">Yttrium</a> » dans la base de données de produits chimiques <i>Reptox</i> de la <a href="/wiki/Commission_de_la_sant%C3%A9_et_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_du_travail" title="Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail">CSST</a> (organisme québécois responsable de la sécurité et de la santé au travail), consulté le 25 avril 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_7-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="contributors2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="IUPAC_contributors2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> IUPAC contributors, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, RSC Publishing, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-85404-438-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-85404-438-8"><span class="nowrap">0-85404-438-8</span></a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12-17" data-sort-value="2007-12-17">17 décembre 2007</time>)</small></span></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krogt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_8-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_8-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Krogt">Van der Krogt 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-10">k</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_9-11">l</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="contributors2007–2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="CRC_contributors2007–2008">CRC contributors, <cite class="italique">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, New York, <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>, 2007–2008 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8493-0488-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8493-0488-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8493-0488-0</span></a>)</small>, « Yttrium », <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 41<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.aulast=contributors&rft.aufirst=CRC&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=41&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_10-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_10-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cotton2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simon_A._Cotton2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Simon A. <span class="nom_auteur">Cotton</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Scandium, Yttrium & the Lanthanides: Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry</span></span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-03-15" data-sort-value="2006-03-15">15 mars 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470862106.ia211">10.1002/0470862106.ia211</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scandium%2C+Yttrium+%26+the+Lanthanides%3A+Inorganic+%26+Coordination+Chemistry&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Simon+A.&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0470862106.ia211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osha-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-5">f</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-osha_11-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="contributors2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="OSHA_contributors2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> OSHA contributors, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/yttriumandcompounds/recognition.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Yttrium and Compounds</cite></a> », United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-01-11" data-sort-value="2007-01-11">11 janvier 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-03" data-sort-value="2008-08-03">3 août 2008</time>)</small></span></span> (<i>public domain text</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley496-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley496_12-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley496_12-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gadolin1794">Gadolin 1794</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p944-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p944_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carl_Gustav1843"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mosander_Carl_Gustav1843"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Mosander" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Mosander">Mosander <span class="nom_auteur">Carl Gustav</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Ueber die das Cerium begleitenden neuen Metalle Lathanium und Didymium, so wie über die mit der Yttererde vorkommen-den neuen Metalle Erbium und Terbium</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 60, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>1843</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">297–315</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.18431361008">10.1002/andp.18431361008</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ueber+die+das+Cerium+begleitenden+neuen+Metalle+Lathanium+und+Didymium%2C+so+wie+%C3%BCber+die+mit+der+Yttererde+vorkommen-den+neuen+Metalle+Erbium+und+Terbium&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Carl+Gustav&rft.aufirst=Mosander&rft.date=1843&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=297%E2%80%93315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18431361008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Britannica_contributors2005"><span class="nom_auteur">Britannica contributors</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal">« Ytterbium" »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Encyclopaedia Britannica</cite>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, <time>2005</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ytterbium%22&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.aulast=Britannica+contributors&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka115-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka115_17-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka115_17-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stwertka1998">Stwertka 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Heiserman1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_L._Heiserman1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David L. <span class="nom_auteur">Heiserman</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds</cite>, New York, TAB Books, <time>1992</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 376 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8306-3018-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8306-3018-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8306-3018-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91017687">91017687</a></span>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Element 39: Yttrium »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">150–152</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&rft.atitle=Element+39%3A+Yttrium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=TAB+Books&rft.edition=1&rft.aulast=Heiserman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.date=1992&rft.pages=150%E2%80%93152&rft.tpages=376&rft.isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wöhler1828"><span class="ouvrage" id="Friedrich_Wöhler1828"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich <span class="nom_auteur">Wöhler</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Ueber das Beryllium und Yttrium</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Annalen der Physik</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 89, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 8,‎ <time>1828</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">577–582</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.18280890805">10.1002/andp.18280890805</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Beryllium+und+Yttrium&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.issue=8&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.date=1828&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=577%E2%80%93582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18280890805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CoplenPeiser1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tyler_B._CoplenH._S._Peiser1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tyler B. <span class="nom_auteur">Coplen</span> et H. S. <span class="nom_auteur">Peiser</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">History of the Recommended Atomic-Weight Values from 1882 to 1997: A Comparison of Differences from Current Values to the Estimated Uncertainties of Earlier Values (Technical Report)</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Pure Appl. Chem.</span></i>, IUPAC's Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 70, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">237–257</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010237">10.1351/pac199870010237</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Recommended+Atomic-Weight+Values+from+1882+to+1997%3A+A+Comparison+of+Differences+from+Current+Values+to+the+Estimated+Uncertainties+of+Earlier+Values+%28Technical+Report%29&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Coplen&rft.aufirst=Tyler+B.&rft.au=Peiser%2C+H.+S.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=237%E2%80%93257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac199870010237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p946-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p946_21-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p946_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_22-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_22-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hammond"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._R._Hammond"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> C. R. <span class="nom_auteur">Hammond</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Elements</cite>, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory <small style="line-height:1em;">(<span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <small class="cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626181434/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-06-26" data-sort-value="2008-06-26">26 juin 2008</time></a>]</small></span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Yttrium »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">4–33</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements&rft.atitle=Yttrium&rft.pub=Fermi+National+Accelerator+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.pages=4%E2%80%9333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE817-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-5">f</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ECE817_23-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daane1968">Daane 1968</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 817</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley498-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley498_24-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley498_24-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE810-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ECE810_25-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daane1968">Daane 1968</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 810</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE815-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-ECE815_26-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daane1968">Daane 1968</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 815</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p945-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p945_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p1234-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p1234_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 1234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p948-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p948_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_30-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cloke1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="F._Geoffrey_N._Cloke1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> F. Geoffrey N. <span class="nom_auteur">Cloke</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Chem. Soc. Rev.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 22,‎ <time>1993</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">17–24</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17%E2%80%9324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumann-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Schumann_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumann_31-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Schumann_31-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Schumann2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Herbert_Schumann2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Herbert <span class="nom_auteur">Schumann</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Scandium, Yttrium & The Lanthanides: Organometallic Chemistry</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry</span></i>,‎ <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470862106.ia212">10.1002/0470862106.ia212</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scandium%2C+Yttrium+%26+The+Lanthanides%3A+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0470862106.ia212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikheev1992-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Mikheev1992_32-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nikolai_B.AuermanRumerKamenskaya1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mikheev_Nikolai_B.L_N_AuermanIgor_A_RumerAlla_N_Kamenskaya1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Mikheev <span class="nom_auteur">Nikolai B.</span>, L N <span class="nom_auteur">Auerman</span>, Igor A <span class="nom_auteur">Rumer</span>, Alla N <span class="nom_auteur">Kamenskaya</span> et M Z <span class="nom_auteur">Kazakevich</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The anomalous stabilisation of the oxidation state 2+ of lanthanides and actinides</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Russian Chemical Reviews</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 61, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 10,‎ <time>1992</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">990–998</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1070/RC1992v061n10ABEH001011">10.1070/RC1992v061n10ABEH001011</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+anomalous+stabilisation+of+the+oxidation+state+2%2B+of+lanthanides+and+actinides&rft.jtitle=Russian+Chemical+Reviews&rft.issue=10&rft.aulast=Nikolai+B.&rft.aufirst=Mikheev&rft.au=Auerman%2C+L+N&rft.au=Rumer%2C+Igor+A&rft.au=Kamenskaya%2C+Alla+N&rft.au=Kazakevich%2C+M+Z&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=990%E2%80%93998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1070%2FRC1992v061n10ABEH001011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kang2005-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kang2005_33-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kang2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Weekyung_Kang2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Weekyung <span class="nom_auteur">Kang</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Formation of Yttrium Oxide Clusters Using Pulsed Laser Vaporization</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">345–348</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.2.345">10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.2.345</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newjournal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_download.htm?code=B050237">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Formation+of+Yttrium+Oxide+Clusters+Using+Pulsed+Laser+Vaporization&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Korean+Chem.+Soc.&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Weekyung&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=345%E2%80%93348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5012%2Fbkcs.2005.26.2.345&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewjournal.kcsnet.or.kr%2Fmain%2Fj_search%2Fj_download.htm%3Fcode%3DB050237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Turner,_Jr.1920"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francis_M._Turner,_Jr.1920"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Francis M. <span class="nom_auteur">Turner, Jr.</span>, Berolzheimer, Daniel D.; Cutter, William P.; Helfrich, John, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Condensed Chemical Dictionary</cite>, New York, Chemical Catalog Company, <time>1920</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8y0XE0nsYEC&pg=PA492&dq=%22Yttrium+chloride%22">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 492<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condensed+Chemical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chemical+Catalog+Company&rft.aulast=Turner%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Francis+M.&rft.date=1920&rft.pages=492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Spencer1919"><span class="ouvrage" id="James_F._Spencer1919"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> James F. <span class="nom_auteur">Spencer</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Metals of the Rare Earths</cite>, New York, Longmans, Green, and Co, <time>1919</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2zxN_FLQm8C&pg=PA135&dq=%22Yttrium+chloride%22">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 135<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metals+of+the+Rare+Earths&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.date=1919&rft.pages=135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="class="lang-en"_lang="en">Lenntech_contributors"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lenntech_contributors"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Lenntech contributors</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart-elements/y-en.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">yttrium</cite></a> », Lenntech <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-26" data-sort-value="2008-08-26">26 août 2008</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley497-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley497_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley497_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley497_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley497_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley497_37-4">e</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley497_37-5">f</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MacDonald1952"><span class="ouvrage" id="N._S._MacDonald1952"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> N. S. <span class="nom_auteur">MacDonald</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Skeletal Deposition of Yttrium</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Biological Chemistry</span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 195, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>1952</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">837–841</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14946195">14946195</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/195/2/837.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Skeletal+Deposition+of+Yttrium&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft.date=1952&rft.volume=195&rft.pages=837%E2%80%93841&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14946195&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F195%2F2%2F837.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley495-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_39-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_39-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nat2018-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Nat2018_40-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23948-5"><i>The tremendous potential of deep-sea mud as a source of rare-earth elements</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>, 10 avril 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Science (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/global-trove-rare-earth-metals-found-japans-deep-sea-mud"><i>Global trove of rare earth metals found in Japan’s deep-sea mud</i></a> par Roni Dengler | 13 avril 2018 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pack-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Pack_42-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pack2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Andreas_Pack2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Andreas <span class="nom_auteur">Pack</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Geo- and cosmochemistry of the twin elements yttrium and holmium</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 71, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 18,‎ <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">4592–4608</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.07.010">10.1016/j.gca.2007.07.010</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geo-+and+cosmochemistry+of+the+twin+elements+yttrium+and+holmium&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.issue=18&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=4592%E2%80%934608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gca.2007.07.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p12-13-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p12-13_43-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Greenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morteani-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-7">h</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Morteani_44-8">i</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Morteani1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Giulio_Morteani1991"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Giulio <span class="nom_auteur">Morteani</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The rare earths; their minerals, production and technical use</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Mineralogy" title="European Journal of Mineralogy">European Journal of Mineralogy</a>; August; v.; no.; p.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time>1991</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">641–650</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurjmin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/3/4/641">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+rare+earths%3B+their+minerals%2C+production+and+technical+use&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Mineralogy%3B+August%3B+v.%3B+no.%3B+p.&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Morteani&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=641%E2%80%93650&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurjmin.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F3%2F4%2F641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanazawaa-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanazawaa_45-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kanazawa2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yasuo_Kanazawa2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Yasuo <span class="nom_auteur">Kanazawa</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Rare earth minerals and resources in the world</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Alloys and Compounds</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 408–412,‎ <time>2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1339–1343</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.033">10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.033</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rare+earth+minerals+and+resources+in+the+world&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.aulast=Kanazawa&rft.aufirst=Yasuo&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=408%E2%80%93412&rft.pages=1339%E2%80%931343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2005.04.033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naumov-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Naumov_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naumov_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naumov_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naumov_46-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Naumov_46-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Naumov2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="A._V._Naumov2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. V. <span class="nom_auteur">Naumov</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Review of the World Market of Rare-Earth Metals</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 49, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">14–22</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11981-008-1004-6">10.1007/s11981-008-1004-6</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+World+Market+of+Rare-Earth+Metals&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Non-Ferrous+Metals&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Naumov&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=14%E2%80%9322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11981-008-1004-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka116-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka116_47-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka116_47-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stwertka1998">Stwertka 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zheng1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zuoping_Zheng1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Zuoping <span class="nom_auteur">Zheng</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The behaviour of rare-earth elements (REE) during weathering of granites in southern Guangxi, China</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Chinese Journal of Geochemistry</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 15, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time>1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">344–352</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02867008">10.1007/BF02867008</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+behaviour+of+rare-earth+elements+%28REE%29+during+weathering+of+granites+in+southern+Guangxi%2C+China&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Geochemistry&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Zuoping&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=344%E2%80%93352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02867008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holleman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Holleman_49-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Holleman_49-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HollemanWibergWiberg1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arnold_F._HollemanEgon_WibergNils_Wiberg1985"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Arnold F. <span class="nom_auteur">Holleman</span>, Egon <span class="nom_auteur">Wiberg</span> et Nils <span class="nom_auteur">Wiberg</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</cite>, Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <time>1985</time>, 1451 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-007511-3"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-007511-3</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1056–1057</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.date=1985&rft.pages=1056%E2%80%931057&rft.tpages=1451&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE818-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE818_50-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ECE818_50-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daane1968">Daane 1968</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 818</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Brevet US <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5935888, "<i>Porous silicon nitride with rodlike grains oriented</i>", 1999-08-10, Agency Ind Science Techn (JP)et Fine Ceramics Research Ass</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carley2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Larry_Carley2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Larry <span class="nom_auteur">Carley</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Spark Plugs: What's Next After Platinum?</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Counterman</span></i>, Babcox,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-12" data-sort-value="2000-12">décembre 2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babcox.com/editorial/cm/cm120032.htm">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-07" data-sort-value="2008-09-07">7 septembre 2008</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spark+Plugs%3A+What%27s+Next+After+Platinum%3F&rft.jtitle=Counterman&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babcox.com%2Feditorial%2Fcm%2Fcm120032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Brevet US <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4533317, 1985-08-06, "<i>Yttrium oxide mantles for fuel-burning lanterns</i>", Addison, Gilbert J., The Coleman Company, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jaffe1951"><span class="ouvrage" id="H.W._Jaffe1951"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> H.W. <span class="nom_auteur">Jaffe</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The role of yttrium and other minor elements in the garnet group</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Mineralogist</span></i>,‎ <time>1951</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">133–155</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM36/AM36_133.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-26" data-sort-value="2008-08-26">26 août 2008</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+yttrium+and+other+minor+elements+in+the+garnet+group&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft.date=1951&rft.pages=133%E2%80%93155&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fammin%2FAM36%2FAM36_133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="VajargahMadaahhosseiniNemati2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="S._Hosseini_VajargahH_MadaahhosseiniZ_Nemati2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> S. Hosseini <span class="nom_auteur">Vajargah</span>, H <span class="nom_auteur">Madaahhosseini</span> et Z <span class="nom_auteur">Nemati</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Preparation and characterization of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) nanocrystalline powders by auto-combustion of nitrate-citrate gel</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Alloys and Compounds</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 430, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéros">n<sup>os</sup></abbr> 1–2,‎ <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">339–343</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.023">10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.023</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preparation+and+characterization+of+yttrium+iron+garnet+%28YIG%29+nanocrystalline+powders+by+auto-combustion+of+nitrate-citrate+gel&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alloys+and+Compounds&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.aulast=Vajargah&rft.aufirst=S.+Hosseini&rft.au=Madaahhosseini%2C+H&rft.au=Nemati%2C+Z&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=430&rft.pages=339%E2%80%93343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jallcom.2006.05.023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Brevet US <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6409938, "<i>Aluminum fluoride flux synthesis method for producing cerium doped YAG</i>", 2002-06-25, Comanzo Holly Ann, General Electrics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="contributors1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="GIA_contributors1995"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> GIA contributors, <cite class="italique" lang="en">GIA Gem Reference Guide</cite>, Gemological Institute of America, <time>1995</time>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-87311-019-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-87311-019-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-87311-019-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GIA+Gem+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Gemological+Institute+of+America&rft.aulast=contributors&rft.aufirst=GIA&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87311-019-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">Z. J. Kiss, Pressley, R. J. <span class="citation">« Crystalline solid lasers »</span> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="1966-10" data-sort-value="1966-10">octobre 1966</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1447042">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-16" data-sort-value="2008-08-16">16 août 2008</time>)</small><br />— <span class="ouvrage"><cite style="font-style:normal">« <i>(ibid.)</i> »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 54, IEEE (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 10), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1236–1248</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=%27%27%28ibid.%29%27%27&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1236%E2%80%931248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cw-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-cw_59-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kong2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._Kong2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. <span class="nom_auteur">Kong</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">9.2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Letters" title="Applied Physics Letters">Applied Physics Letters</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 86,‎ <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 116 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1914958">10.1063/1.1914958</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=9.2-W+diode-pumped+Yb%3AY2O3+ceramic+laser&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.aulast=Kong&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1914958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tokurakawa2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._Tokurakawa2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M. <span class="nom_auteur">Tokurakawa</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Letters" title="Applied Physics Letters">Applied Physics Letters</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 90,‎ <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 071101 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2476385">10.1063/1.2476385</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diode-pumped+188+fs+mode-locked+Yb3%2B%3AY2O3+ceramic+laser&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.aulast=Tokurakawa&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=071101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2476385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aleksandar_V.;_Nikolić,_Slobodanka_N.;_Gajić,_Radoš;_Đurić,_Stevan;_Valčić,_Andreja2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Golubović,_Aleksandar_V.;_Nikolić,_Slobodanka_N.;_Gajić,_Radoš;_Đurić,_Stevan;_Valčić,_Andreja2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Golubović, Aleksandar V.; Nikolić, Slobodanka N.; Gajić, Radoš; Đurić, Stevan; Valčić, Andreja, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The growth of Nd: YAG single crystals</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4,‎ <time>2002</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">91–300</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2298/JSC0204291G">10.2298/JSC0204291G</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+growth+of+Nd%3A+YAG+single+crystals&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Serbian+Chemical+Society&rft.issue=4&rft.au=Golubovi%C4%87%2C+Aleksandar+V.%3B+Nikoli%C4%87%2C+Slobodanka+N.%3B+Gaji%C4%87%2C+Rado%C5%A1%3B+%C4%90uri%C4%87%2C+Stevan%3B+Val%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Andreja&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=91%E2%80%93300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FJSC0204291G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="contributors"><span class="ouvrage" id="PIDC_contributors"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> PIDC contributors, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pidc.com/products_imaterials_oth.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Rare Earth metals & compounds</cite></a> », Pacific Industrial Development Corporation <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-26" data-sort-value="2008-08-26">26 août 2008</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Berg"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jessica_Berg"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jessica <span class="nom_auteur">Berg</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/go340/students/berg/cz.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Cubic Zirconia</cite></a> », <a href="/wiki/Emporia_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Emporia State University">Emporia State University</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-26" data-sort-value="2008-08-26">26 août 2008</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adams2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gregory_P._Adams2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Gregory P. <span class="nom_auteur">Adams</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A Single Treatment of Yttrium-90-labeled CHX-A–C6.5 Diabody Inhibits the Growth of Established Human Tumor Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Cancer Research</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 64, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 17,‎ <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">6200–6206</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15342405">15342405</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2382">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2382</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Single+Treatment+of+Yttrium-90-labeled+CHX-A%E2%80%93C6.5+Diabody+Inhibits+the+Growth+of+Established+Human+Tumor+Xenografts+in+Immunodeficient+Mice&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.issue=17&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Gregory+P.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=6200%E2%80%936206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-03-2382&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15342405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fischer2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._Fischer2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M. <span class="nom_auteur">Fischer</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Radionuclide therapy of inflammatory joint diseases</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nuclear Medicine Communications</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 23, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 9,‎ <time>2002</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">829–831</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195084">12195084</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200209000-00003">10.1097/00006231-200209000-00003</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radionuclide+therapy+of+inflammatory+joint+diseases&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Medicine+Communications&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=829%E2%80%93831&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006231-200209000-00003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12195084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wu_66-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Wu_66-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wu1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._K._Wu1987"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> M. K. <span class="nom_auteur">Wu</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Superconductivity at 93 K in a New Mixed-Phase Y-Ba-Cu-O Compound System at Ambient Pressure</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 58,‎ <time>1987</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">908–910</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.908">10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.908</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Superconductivity+at+93+K+in+a+New+Mixed-Phase+Y-Ba-Cu-O+Compound+System+at+Ambient+Pressure&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft.date=1987&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=908%E2%80%93910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.58.908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="contributors2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="NIOSH_contributors2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> NIOSH contributors, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0673.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Yttrium</cite></a> », <span class="italique">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</span>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-09" data-sort-value="2005-09">septembre 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-03" data-sort-value="2008-08-03">3 août 2008</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yttrium?uselang=fr">Yttrium</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/yttrium" class="extiw" title="wikt:yttrium">yttrium</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="Daane1968"><span class="ouvrage" id="LCCN_68-29938"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> A. H. <span class="nom_auteur">Daane</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</cite>, New York, Hampel, Clifford A., <time>1968</time>, 810–821 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Yttrium »</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hampel%2C+Clifford+A.&rft.aulast=Daane&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.date=1968&rft.tpages=810%E2%80%93821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="Emsley2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emsley2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Emsley2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John <span class="nom_auteur">Emsley</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Nature's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements</cite>, Oxford, England, UK, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2001</time>, 538 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-850340-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-850340-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&printsec=frontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Yttrium »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">495–498</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.atitle=Yttrium&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.stitle=An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=495%E2%80%93498&rft.tpages=538&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="Gadolin1794"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gadolin1794"><span class="ouvrage" id="Johan_Gadolin1794"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan <span class="nom_auteur">Gadolin</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Undersökning af en svart tung Stenart ifrån Ytterby Stenbrott i Roslagen."</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 15,‎ <time>1794</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">137–155</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unders%C3%B6kning+af+en+svart+tung+Stenart+ifr%C3%A5n+Ytterby+Stenbrott+i+Roslagen.%22&rft.jtitle=Kongl.+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar&rft.aulast=Gadolin&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.date=1794&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=137%E2%80%93155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></cite></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Greenwood1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="N._N._Greenwood1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> N. N. <span class="nom_auteur">Greenwood</span>, Earnshaw, A., <cite class="italique" lang="en">Chemistry of the Elements</cite>, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, <time>1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7506-3365-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7506-3365-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97036336">97036336</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.edition=2&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></li> <li><cite id="Stwertka1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stwertka1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_Stwertka1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Albert <span class="nom_auteur">Stwertka</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Guide to the Elements</cite>, New York, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>1998</time>, 238 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-508083-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-508083-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-508083-4</span></a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Yttrium »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">115–116</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.atitle=Yttrium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=115%E2%80%93116&rft.tpages=238&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508083-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AYttrium"></span></span></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="Krogt"><span class="ouvrage" id="van_der_Krogt2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_van_der_Krogt2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter <span class="nom_auteur">van der Krogt</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Y"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">39 Yttrium</cite></a> », <span class="italique">Elementymology & Elements Multidict</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-05-05" data-sort-value="2005-05-05">5 mai 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-08-06" data-sort-value="2008-08-06">6 août 2008</time>)</small></span></span></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_90" title="Yttrium 90">Yttrium 90</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium&action=edit&section=23" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodictable.com/Elements/039/data.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Technical data for Yttrium</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-08-12" data-sort-value="2016-08-12">12 août 2016</time>)</small></span>, avec en sous-pages les données connues pour chaque isotope</li></ul> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div><p><br /> </p><table style="background:none; padding:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td width="15">  </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_1_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 1 du tableau périodique">1</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_2_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 2 du tableau périodique">2</a> </td> <td width="10">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23">  </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_3_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 3 du tableau périodique">3</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_4_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 4 du tableau périodique">4</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_5_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 5 du tableau périodique">5</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_6_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 6 du tableau périodique">6</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_7_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 7 du tableau périodique">7</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_8_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 8 du tableau périodique">8</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_9_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 9 du tableau périodique">9</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_10_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 10 du tableau périodique">10</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_11_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 11 du tableau périodique">11</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_12_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 12 du tableau périodique">12</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_13_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 13 du tableau périodique">13</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_14_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 14 du tableau périodique">14</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Pnictog%C3%A8ne" title="Pnictogène">15</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Chalcog%C3%A8ne" title="Chalcogène">16</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_17_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 17 du tableau périodique">17</a> </td> <td width="23"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_18_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 18 du tableau périodique">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_1_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 1 du tableau périodique">1</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène"> H </a> </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="30">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lium" title="Hélium"> He </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_2_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 2 du tableau périodique">2</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"> Li </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ryllium" title="Béryllium"> Be </a> </td> <td colspan="25">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Bore" title="Bore"> B </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone"> C </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Azote" title="Azote"> N </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène"> O </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor"> F </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9on" title="Néon"> Ne </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_3_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 3 du tableau périodique">3</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"> Na </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium"> Mg </a> </td> <td colspan="25">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"> Al </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Silicium" title="Silicium"> Si </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphore" title="Phosphore"> P </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Soufre" title="Soufre"> S </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Chlore" title="Chlore"> Cl </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"> Ar </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_4_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 4 du tableau périodique">4</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"> K </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"> Ca </a> </td> <td colspan="15">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"> Sc </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Titane" title="Titane"> Ti </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"> V </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Chrome" title="Chrome"> Cr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8se" title="Manganèse"> Mn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fer" title="Fer"> Fe </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"> Co </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"> Ni </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre"> Cu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"> Zn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"> Ga </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"> Ge </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"> As </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#A0FFA0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9l%C3%A9nium" title="Sélénium"> Se </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Brome" title="Brome"> Br </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"> Kr </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_5_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 5 du tableau périodique">5</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"> Rb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"> Sr </a> </td> <td colspan="15">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:2px solid dimgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Y </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"> Zr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"> Nb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Molybd%C3%A8ne" title="Molybdène"> Mo </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Techn%C3%A9tium" title="Technétium"> Tc </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Ruth%C3%A9nium" title="Ruthénium"> Ru </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"> Rh </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"> Pd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent"> Ag </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"> Cd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"> In </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tain" title="Étain"> Sn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Antimoine" title="Antimoine"> Sb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tellure" title="Tellure"> Te </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FF9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Iode" title="Iode"> I </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9non" title="Xénon"> Xe </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_6_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 6 du tableau périodique">6</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sium" title="Césium"> Cs </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Baryum" title="Baryum"> Ba </a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lanthane" title="Lanthane"> La </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9rium" title="Cérium"> Ce </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Pras%C3%A9odyme" title="Praséodyme"> Pr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9odyme" title="Néodyme"> Nd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Prom%C3%A9thium" title="Prométhium"> Pm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"> Sm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"> Eu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"> Gd </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"> Tb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"> Dy </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"> Ho </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"> Er </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"> Tm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"> Yb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lut%C3%A9cium" title="Lutécium"> Lu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"> Hf </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tantale_(chimie)" title="Tantale (chimie)"> Ta </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tungst%C3%A8ne" title="Tungstène"> W </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9nium" title="Rhénium"> Re </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"> Os </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"> Ir </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Platine" title="Platine"> Pt </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Or" title="Or"> Au </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Mercure_(chimie)" title="Mercure (chimie)"> Hg </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"> Tl </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb"> Pb </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"> Bi </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CCC;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"> Po </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#CC9;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Astate" title="Astate"> At </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#C0E8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"> Rn </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_7_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 7 du tableau périodique">7</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F66;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"> Fr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F6CFA1;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"> Ra </a> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"> Ac </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"> Th </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"> Pa </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"> U </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"> Np </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"> Pu </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9ricium" title="Américium"> Am </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"> Cm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Berk%C3%A9lium" title="Berkélium"> Bk </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"> Cf </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"> Es </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"> Fm </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Mend%C3%A9l%C3%A9vium" title="Mendélévium"> Md </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Nob%C3%A9lium" title="Nobélium"> No </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F9C;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"> Lr </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"> Rf </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"> Db </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"> Sg </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"> Bh </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"> Hs </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Meitn%C3%A9rium" title="Meitnérium"> Mt </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"> Ds </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"> Rg </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FFC0C0;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"> Cn </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"> Nh </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A9rovium" title="Flérovium"> Fl </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"> Mc </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"> Lv </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Tennesse" title="Tennesse"> Ts </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:{{{4}}}%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"> Og </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_8_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 8 du tableau périodique">8</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium"> 119 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#F7F8FF;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium"> 120 </a> </td> <td>* </td> <td colspan="22">  </td> <td colspan="8">  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>* </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" title="Unbiunium"> 121 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbibium" title="Unbibium"> 122 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" title="Unbitrium"> 123 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" title="Unbiquadium"> 124 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" title="Unbipentium"> 125 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" title="Unbihexium"> 126 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" title="Unbiseptium"> 127 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" title="Unbioctium"> 128 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" title="Unbiennium"> 129 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" title="Untrinilium"> 130 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriunium" title="Untriunium"> 131 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untribium" title="Untribium"> 132 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untritrium" title="Untritrium"> 133 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" title="Untriquadium"> 134 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untripentium" title="Untripentium"> 135 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" title="Untrihexium"> 136 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" title="Untriseptium"> 137 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" title="Untrioctium"> 138 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Untriennium" title="Untriennium"> 139 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" title="Unquadnilium"> 140 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" title="Unquadunium"> 141 </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FEE;font-size:85%;" width="{{{width}}}%"><a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" title="Unquadbium"> 142 </a> </td> <td colspan="8">  </td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /> </p><table border="0" cellpadding="1" style="margin:2px auto;font-size:85%;line-heignt:normal;background:none;border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#F66"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_alcalin" title="Métal alcalin">Métaux alcalins</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#F6CFA1"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_alcalino-terreux" title="Métal alcalino-terreux">Métaux alcalino-terreux</a> </td> <td style="padding:1px .25em;width:72px;text-align:center;border:1px solid darkgrey;background-color:#FBF"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#FFC0C0"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_de_transition" title="Métal de transition">Métaux de transition</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#CCC"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_pauvre" title="Métal pauvre">Métaux pauvres</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#CC9"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tallo%C3%AFde" title="Métalloïde">Métalloïdes</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#A0FFA0"><a href="/wiki/Non-m%C3%A9tal" title="Non-métal">Non-métaux</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#FF9"><a href="/wiki/Halog%C3%A8ne" title="Halogène">Halogènes</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#C0E8FF"><a href="/wiki/Gaz_noble" title="Gaz noble">Gaz nobles</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#F7F8FF">Éléments non classés </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #AAA;background-color:#F9C"><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1px .25em;width:74px;text-align:center;border:1px dashed #AAA;background-color:#FEE"><a href="/wiki/Superactinide" title="Superactinide">Superactinides</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Compos%C3%A9s_de_l%27yttrium" title="Modèle:Palette Composés de l'yttrium"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Compos%C3%A9s_de_l%27yttrium&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_compos%C3%A9s_inorganiques_Y#Yttrium" title="Liste de composés inorganiques Y">Composés</a> de l'<a class="mw-selflink selflink">yttrium</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Y(III)</th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grenat_d%27yttrium_et_d%27aluminium" title="Grenat d'yttrium et d'aluminium">Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ars%C3%A9niure_d%27yttrium(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arséniure d'yttrium(III) (page inexistante)">YAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborure_d%27yttrium" title="Hexaborure d'yttrium">YB<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromure_d%27yttrium(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromure d'yttrium(III) (page inexistante)">YBr<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorure_d%27yttrium(III)" title="Chlorure d'yttrium(III)">YCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenat_de_fer_et_d%27yttrium" title="Grenat de fer et d'yttrium">Y<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorure_d%27yttrium(III)" title="Fluorure d'yttrium(III)">YF<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodure_d%27yttrium(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodure d'yttrium(III) (page inexistante)">YI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrure_d%27yttrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrure d'yttrium (page inexistante)">YN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_d%27yttrium" title="Nitrate d'yttrium">Y(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphate_d%27yttrium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphate d'yttrium (page inexistante)">YPO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimoniure_d%27yttrium(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimoniure d'yttrium(III) (page inexistante)">YSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyde_d%27yttrium(III)" title="Oxyde d'yttrium(III)">Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfure_d%27yttrium(III)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfure d'yttrium(III) (page inexistante)">Y<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadate_d%27yttrium" title="Vanadate d'yttrium">YVO<sub>4</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail de la chimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail:Chimie">Portail de la chimie</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐drn78 Cached time: 20241124131739 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.381 seconds Real time usage: 1.627 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 34066/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 577315/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 148819/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 98752/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.331/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7589940/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1357.862 1 -total 40.41% 548.706 1 Modèle:Infobox_Élément/Yttrium 40.04% 543.647 1 Modèle:Infobox_Élément 27.87% 378.430 10 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