CINXE.COM

<HTML> <HEAD> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <LINK REL=STYLESHEET HREF="lib/elements.css" TYPE="text/css"> <META name= "Author" content= "Peter van der Krogt"> <META NAME="DESCRIPTION" CONTENT="Origin of the names of the chemical elements and multilingual dictionary of element names (72 languages); Periodic table and how the elements got their names; Process of naming the elements on the periodic table"> <META NAME="KEYWORDS" CONTENT="chemical elements, periodical table, multilingual dictionary, etymology, history, discovery, chemists"> <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="INDEX, FOLLOW"> <META NAME="REVISIT-AFTER" CONTENT="3 MONTH"> <SCRIPT language="JavaScript" src="lib/open.js"></script> <div id="overDiv" style="position:absolute; visibility:hidden; z-index:1000;"></div> <script language="JavaScript" src="lib/overlib.js">  </script> <TITLE>39. Yttrium - Elementymology & Elements Multidict</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY onLoad="self.name = 'hheli'" onUnload="self.name = ''"> <table border="1" bordercolor="Black" width="100%"> <tr> <td background="ikon/metal034.jpg" width="10%" align="center"> <INPUT type="button" value="<-- Back" onclick="history.back()"> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle" background="ikon/metal034.jpg"><h1 style="color: Yellow;">Elementymology & Elements Multidict</h1></td> <td background="ikon/metal034.jpg" width="10%" align="center"> <script src="//t1.extreme-dm.com/f.js" id="eXF-krogtele-2" async defer></script> </td> </tr></table> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; color: Maroon;">This site comprises 120 pages of text and photos, one for each element, and several pages for access. – For captions or explanatory texts move your mouse over illustrations, links etc.</div> <div id="hoofdmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="index.php">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="ptable.php">Periodic Table</a></li> <li><a href="list_element.php" id="current">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="multidict.php">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="indexes.php">Indexes</a></li> <li><a href="specials.php">Specials</a></li> <li><a href="rpdt.php">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div>  <table width="100%" border="1" bordercolor="#FFFFFF" bgcolor="White"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EAFEFF" width="200" onmouseover="return overlib('Click arrow for previous or next atomic number',WIDTH,230);" onmouseout="return nd();"> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 44px; color: Maroon;"> <a href="element.php?num=38"><img src="ikon/1_prev.gif" border=0 alt=""></a> 39 <a href="element.php?num=40"><img src="ikon/1_next.gif" border=0 alt=""></a> </div> <td> <td bgcolor="#EAFEFF" bgcolor="White" onmouseover="return overlib('Element name in Latin and - if different - English Dutch - German - French - Spanish - Japanese - Russian - Chinese',WIDTH,250);" onmouseout="return nd();"> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 44px; color: Maroon;"> Yttrium </div> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 20px; color: Maroon;"> Yttrium – Yttrium – Yttrium – Itrio – イットリウム – Иттрий – 釔 </div> <td> <td bgcolor="#EAFEFF" width="200" onmouseover="return overlib('Click arrow for previous or next element in alphabetical order of symbol',WIDTH,230);" onmouseout="return nd();"> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 44px; color: Maroon;"> <a href="element.php?sym=Xe"><img src="ikon/a_prev.gif" border=0 alt=""></a> Y <a href="element.php?sym=Yb"><img src="ikon/a_next.gif" border=0 alt=""></a> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table border="0" bordercolor="Blue" width="100%"> </tr> <td style="padding: 10px; background: #EAFEFF; vertical-align: top; width: 20%;"> <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 22px; color: Maroon;">Multilingual dictionary</div> <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Indo-European</div> Yttrium Latin <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Germanic</div> Ittrium Afrikaans Yttrium Danish Yttrium German Yttrium English Yttrium Faroese Yttrium Frisian (West) Yttrín Icelandic Yttrium Luxembourgish Yttrium Dutch Yttrium Norwegian Yttrium Swedish <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Italic</div> Itrio Aragonese Itriumu Aromanian Itriu Asturian Itri Catalan Itrio Spanish Yttrium French Itri Friulian Itrio Galician Ittrio Italian Ítri Lombard Ittri Occitan Itrio Portuguese Ytriu Romanian - Moldovan <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Slavic</div> Итрий [Itrij] Bulgarian Itrij[um] Bosnian Iтрый [itryj] Belarusian Yttrium Czech Itrij Croatian Éter Kashubian Итриум [Itrium] Macedonian Itr Polish Иттрий [Ittrij] Russian Ytrium Slovak Itrij Slovenian Итријум [Itrijum] Serbian Iтрій [itrij] Ukrainian <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Baltic</div> Itris Lithuanian Itrijs Latvian Ėtris Samogitian <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Celtic</div> Itriom Breton Ytriwm Welsh Itriam Gaelic (Irish) Itriam Gaelic (Scottish) Yttrium Gaelic (Manx) Ytryum Cornish <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Other Indo-European</div> Υττριο [yttrio] Greek Իտրիում [itrium] Armenian Itrium, ²Yttriumi Albanian <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Indo-Iranian/Iranian</div> Îtriyûm Kurdish Иттрий [Ittrij] Ossetian Иттрий [Ittri'] Tajik <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; color: Maroon;"> Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan</div> ইটরিয়াম [iṭriẏāma] Bengali ایتریم [aytrym] Persian ઇટ્રીયમનો [iṭrīyamano] Gujarati इत्रियम [itriyama] Hindi <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Finno-Ugric</div> ütrium Estonian Yttrium Finnish Ittrium Hungarian Иттрий [Ittrij] Komi Иттрий [Ittrij] Mari Итри [itri] Moksha ütrium Võro <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Altaic</div> İttrium Azerbaijani Иттри [Ittri] Chuvash Иттрий [ittrij] Kazakh Иттрий [Ittrij] Kyrgyz Иттри [ittri] Mongolian İtriyum Turkish ئىتترىي ['ittriy] Uyghur Ittriy Uzbek <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Other (Europe)</div> Itrioa Basque იტრიუმი [itriumi] Georgian <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Afro-Asiatic</div> يتريوم [ītriyūm] Arabic איטריום [itrium] Hebrew Ittrijum, ²Ittrju Maltese <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Sino-Tibetan</div> Yet (釔) Hakka イットリウム [ittoriumu] Japanese 이트륨 [iteuryum] Korean อิตเทรียม [itthriam] Thai Ytri Vietnamese 釔 [yi1 / yuet9] Chinese <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Malayo-Polynesian</div> Itriyo Cebuano Itrium Indonesian Yttrium Māori Ytrium Malay <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Other Asiatic</div> യിട്രിയം [yiṭriyam] Malayalam யிற்றியம் [yiṟṟţiyam] Tamil <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Africa</div> Yetibu (Yb?) Lingala Yttriamo Sesotho Yitri Swahili <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">North-America</div> Itrio Nahuatl <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">South-America</div> Itriyu Quechua <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Creole</div> Itrimi Sranan Tongo <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">Artificial</div> Itrio Esperanto <div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: Maroon;">New names</div> Itrion Atomic Elements Electronica Dorseyville </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-indent: 20px; padding: 10px;"> <table style="font-family : 'Arial'; font-size : 16; font-weight : bold; text-align : center; background-color : White; width : 100%; border : 4px Blue; border-style : double;" border="1"> <tr> <td width="10%" valign="top" align="center" onMouseOver="return overlib('Periodic Table Memory PegA Tree. Y-shaped, with a "39" carved in it. Sounds like yttrium.© John P. Pratt.',WIDTH,230);" onMouseOut="return nd();"> memory peg <a href="http://www.johnpratt.com/atomic/periodic.html" target="_blank"> <img src="pratt/Y.gif" width="32" height="32" border="0"></a> </td> <td onmouseover="return overlib('Physical data',WIDTH,200);" onmouseout="return nd();"> Shiny steel-gray metal melting point 1522 °C; 2772 °F boiling point 3338 °C; 6040 °F density 4.47 g/cc; 278.99 pounds/cubic foot </td> <td width="190" rowspan="3"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="return overlib('Photo elements 1-111 from the Justin Urgitis Element Collection, 112-118 made by Matt von Wenden.',WIDTH,200);" onmouseout="return nd();"> <img src="jdurg/Y.jpg" width="185" height="185" border="0"> </a> </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" onMouseOver="return overlib('Date and discoverer',150);" onmouseout="return nd();"> 1794 Johan Gadolin, Finland </td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" onMouseOver="return overlib('Name origin',150);" onmouseout="return nd();"> Ytterby, village in Sweden (just as Ytterbium, Erbium, and Terbium!) named by Anders Gustaf Ekeberg </td> </tr> </table>  <div class="titel">History & Etymology</div> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="return overlib('Carl Gustav Mosander');" onmouseout="return nd();"> <img src="images/portret/mosander2.jpg" alt="" width="113" height="138" border="0" align="left"></a> <a href="rareearths.php" onmouseover="return overlib('Elements discovered in yttria. Click for the story of the rare earths');" onmouseout="return nd();" > <img src="schema/schema_yttria_klein.gif" alt="" width="265" height="269" border="0" align="right"></a> The chemist Lieutenant Carl Axel Arrhenius (1757-1824), student of the Swedish chemist Berzelius, found in 1787 in the dumps of the Ytterby quarry (for information and illustrations of Ytterby's quarry and a location map see the <a href="rareearths.php">Rare Earths page</a>) an interesting find, an exceptionally heavy piece of black broken rock. He named it ytterbite after the location with the standard suffix -ite added to indicate a mineral. This stone was sent to, among others, Johan Gadolin (1760-1852), professor at Åbo University. <a href="http://www.trinityminerals.com/index.htm" target="_blank" onmouseover="return overlib('<center>Pegmatite with large grains of gadolinite-Y to 2 cm across. Photo courtesy of John Veevaert, © Trinity Mineral Company. Click for their website. (Offsite, so it opens in another window)</center>');" onmouseout="return nd();"> <img src="images/elements/Y_Gadolinite(trinity).jpg" alt="" width="315" height="250" border="0" align="left"></a> Gadolin found that the "black stone of Ytterby" was composed of 38% of a new "earth type" ("earths" are compounds of elements, usually oxides). He concluded his analysis in 1794 and named this new earth ytterbia <a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="return overlib('Johan Gadolin, "Undersökning af en svart tung Stenart ifrån Ytterby Stenbrott i Roslagen." Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar vol. 15, 1794, pp. 137-155.');" onmouseout="return nd();">(note)</a>. His analysis was confirmed three years (1797) later when Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767-1813) analysed a larger sample. Ekeberg shortened the name to yttria. In the decades after Antoine Lavoisier developed the new chemistry built on the concept that earths could be reduced to their elements, the discovery of a new earth (with name ending in "a") was regarded as equivalent to discovering the element within. Thus the element reducible from the earth yttria would be Yttrium. However, yttria was in fact it was a mixture of a number of metal oxides. In 1843, Carl Gustav Mosander (1797-1858) separated yttria into three parts, one of which kept the original name: <ol> <li>Yttria (with a colorless salt and colorless oxide), <li>Erbia (yellow oxide, colorless salt), and <li>Terbia (rose oxide, red salt). (Later Erbia and Terbia were interchanged). </ol> He published the results of his research in an annex dated July 1843 to the German translation of his paper on the metals he found in Cerium: "Ueber die das Cerium begleitenden neuen Metalle Lanthanium und Didymium, so wie über die mit der Yttererde vorkommenden neuen Metalle Erbium und Terbium" (On the new metals Lanthanum and Didymium, accompanying Cerium, and on the metals Erbium and Terbium occuring with yttria) <a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="return overlib('Annalen der Physik N.F. 60 (1843), pp. 297-315.');" onmouseout="return nd();">(note)</a>: <a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="return overlib('Annalen der Physik N.F. 60 (1843), p. 312.');" onmouseout="return nd();"> <img src="images/naming/Y_Er_Tb.jpg" alt="" width="401" height="91" border="0"> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="return overlib('Yttrium.Source: German Wikipedia, original upload 2006 by Tomihahndorf. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License.');" onmouseout="return nd();"> <img src="images/elements/Yttrium_1.jpg" alt="" width="384" height="500" border="0" align="right"> </a> In more than a century of research, ten new elements were found in Gadolin's yttria (see table above). To commemorate Johan Gadolin, the mineral was renamed by Martin Klaproth into gadolinite. Until the 1920s the chemical symbol Yt was used <a href="http://www.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/" target="_blank" onmouseover="return overlib('History of the Recommended Atomic-Weight Values from 1882 to 1997: A Comparison of Differences from Current Values to the Estimated Uncertainties of Earlier Values (Technical Report). Click here for the on-line PDF file. (Offsite: page opens in another window)');" onmouseout="return nd();">(note)</a>. <div class="chemtit">Chemistianity 1873</div> <div class="sellars"> LAYAN YTTRIUM, a metal of great scarceness, Is known only in blackish gray powder; Its Oxide (Yttria) is yellowish white In colour. Yttrium never yields a Spectrum. Yttria is found in Yttrotantalite, In Orthite, (each extremely rare min'rals), And Ytterbite from Ytterby, Sweden. By ignition you can obtain Yttrium From Yttrium Chloride and Potassium. </div> <div align="right"><a href="chemistianity.php" onMouseOver="return overlib(INARRAY,Sellars,WIDTH,200);" onMouseOut="return nd();">J. Carrington Sellars, Chemistianity, 1873</a>, p. 130-131</div> <div class="titel">Ytterby</div> <div align="center"><img src="Ytterby/images/11_20090721_IMG_0022P_kl.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="300" border="0"> Peter van der Krogt in Ytterby, Summer 2009. <a href="Ytterby/index.html" target="_blank"> <img src="Ytterby/thumbs/tn_05_20090721_IMG_0014P.jpg" alt="" width="120" height="90" border="0"> <img src="Ytterby/thumbs/tn_02_20090721_IMG_0017P.jpg" alt="" width="120" height="91" border="0"> <img src="Ytterby/thumbs/tn_07_20090721_IMG_0009P.jpg" alt="" width="120" height="91" border="0"> <img src="Ytterby/thumbs/tn_11_20090721_IMG_0022P.jpg" alt="" width="120" height="91" border="0"> Click here</a> for more photos </div> Ytterby, a village in Sweden on the island of Resarö, close to Vaxholm (east of Stockholm) is a deposit of many unusual minerals, containing rare earth and other elements. A Chronological list of discovery of the rare earths and their names and information and illustrations of Ytterby's quarry and a location map is on the <a href="rareearths.php">Rare Earths page</a>. <div class="titel">Further reading</div> <ul> <li>Mary Elvira Weeks, Discovery of the Elements, comp. rev. by Henry M. Leicester (Easton, Pa.: Journal of Chemical Education, 1968), pp. 667-699. <li>Seltene Erden. Gmelins Handbuch der anorganische Chemie, 8. Aufl.; System-Nummer 39 (1938). <li>Lauri Niinistö, "Discovery and Separation of Rare Earths". In Rare Earths, ed. Regino Sáez Puche & Paul A. Caro, 25-42. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 1997. <li>Peter B. Dean, and Kirsti I. Dean, "Sir Johan Gadolin of Turku: The Grandfather of Gadolinium." <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/dtrapp/people/JGadolin.pdf" target="_blank" onmouseover="return overlib(INARRAY,PDF,WIDTH,200);" onmouseout="return nd();">(on-line PDF file)</a>. </ul> <hr> <table width="100%"><tr> <td width="33%" align="left"> <a href="sources.php">Sources</a> </td><td width="34%" align="center"> <a href="persons.php">Index of Persons</a> </td><td width="33%" align="right"> <a href="didnot.php">Index of Alleged Elements</a> </td></tr></table> </td> </tr> </table> </BODY> </HTML>