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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音变换与元音等级" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音变换与元音等级"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>元音变换与元音等级</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音变换与元音等级-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音變換等级" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音變換等级"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>元音變換等级</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音變換等级-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-零等級" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#零等級"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>零等級</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-零等級-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a-等級" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a-等級"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>a-等級</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a-等級-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音變換的後來發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音變換的後來發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>元音變換的後來發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音變換的後來發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音變換和文法功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音變換和文法功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>元音變換和文法功能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音變換和文法功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">印歐語元音變換</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。20种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut" title="Ablaut – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ablaut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut_indoeurop%C3%A9u" title="Ablaut indoeuropéu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ablaut indoeuropéu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut" title="Ablaut – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ablaut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82" title="Аблаўт – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аблаўт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%82" title="Абляўт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абляўт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflyd" title="Aflyd – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aflyd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanischer_Ablaut" title="Indogermanischer Ablaut – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indogermanischer Ablaut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Μετάπτωση (γλωσσολογία) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετάπτωση (γλωσσολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Indo-European ablaut" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut_indoeuropeo" title="Ablaut indoeuropeo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ablaut indoeuropeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut" title="Ablaut – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ablaut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternance_vocalique" title="Alternance vocalique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alternance vocalique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablawt" title="Ablawt – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ablawt" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut" title="Ablaut – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ablaut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlyd" title="Avlyd – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avlyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlyd" title="Avlyd – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avlyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Аблаут в праиндоевропейском языке – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аблаут в праиндоевропейском языке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaut" title="Ablaut – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ablaut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avljud" title="Avljud – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avljud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Аблаут – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аблаут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5125709#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&oldid=53557375" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&id=53557375&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258D%25B0%25E6%25AD%2590%25E8%25AA%259E%25E5%2585%2583%25E9%259F%25B3%25E8%25AE%258A%25E6%258F%259B"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258D%25B0%25E6%25AD%2590%25E8%25AA%259E%25E5%2585%2583%25E9%259F%25B3%25E8%25AE%258A%25E6%258F%259B"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5125709" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merge-arrows.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/50px-Merge-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/75px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Merge-arrows.svg/100px-Merge-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">建議此條目或章節與<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="元音變換">元音變換</a></b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2#方法" title="Wikipedia:合并页面">合并</a>。（<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="Talk:元音變換">討論</a>）<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目已<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:列明來源">列出參考文獻</a>，但<b>因為沒有<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="Help:脚注">文內引註</a>而使來源仍然不明</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2015年3月11日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请加上合适的文內引註来<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學">語言學</a>中，<b>印欧语元音變換</b>（Indo-European ablaut）指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印歐語">原始印歐語</a>(PIE)中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="元音變換">元音变换</a>系統，它在現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>語言中有深遠影響。 </p><p>英語中元音變換的例子是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="日耳曼語強變化動詞">強動詞</a> s<b>i</b>ng, s<b>a</b>ng, s<b>u</b>ng 和它相關的名詞 s<b>o</b>ng，这个模式直接继承自原始印欧语。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>術語<b>ablaut</b>（來自德語 ab- “下降，減輕，逐级变化” + Laut“聲音”）是在十九世紀早期由語言學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97" title="雅各布·格林">雅各布·格林</a>提出的。但是，該現象在2000多年前已被<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="梵語語法">梵語語法學家</a>所觀察到，並為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E4%BD%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="波你尼">波你尼</a>整理到《八篇書（Aṣṭādhyāyī）》中，其中的术语“guṇa”及“vṛddhi”，分别相当于现在的“完全等级”和“加长等级”。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>最先描述該現象的是18世紀初的荷蘭語言學家 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_ten_Kate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert ten Kate（页面不存在）">Lambert ten Kate</a>，于他的著作《Gemeenschap tussen de Gottische spraeke en de Nederduytsche》(《<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a>之間的共性》，1710年)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元音变换与元音等级"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E5.8F.98.E6.8D.A2.E4.B8.8E.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E7.AD.89.E7.BA.A7"></span>元音变换与元音等级</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：元音变换与元音等级"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>元音等級是在兩個相關的詞(比如m<b>a</b>n和wom<b>a</b>n)或同一個詞的兩個不同形式(比如m<b>a</b>n和m<b>e</b>n)之間的元音差異。這種差異不必須在拼寫中指示出來。有许多种元音等级，一般的討論請參見條目<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="元音變換">元音變換</a>。一些涉及元音長度的變化，另一些涉及元音音色(音質等級: m<b>a</b>n/m<b>e</b>n)，而其他情況有元音的完全消失(could n<b>o</b>t → couldn't)。 </p><p>對於歐洲語言的研究而言，印欧语元音变换是元音等级最重要的的例子之一，它還殘存於英語中動詞中，如 r<b>i</b>de, r<b>o</b>de, r<b>i</b>dden，和 fl<b>y</b>, fl<b>ew</b>, fl<b>ow</b>n。對於很多用途而言，說這些動詞是不規則的就足夠了，但是理解它們為什么不規則（事實上在另一種意義上它們是非常規則的），就需要了解原始語言的语法了。 </p><p>印欧语元音变换是印欧语系語言中元音等级的最古老和最廣泛的來源，必須明確地區別於后來出现的其他形式，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="日耳曼語元音變音">日耳曼语元音变换</a>(m<b>a</b>n/m<b>e</b>n, g<b>oo</b>se/g<b>ee</b>se, l<b>o</b>ng/l<b>e</b>ngth, th<b>i</b>nk/th<b>ou</b>ght)或现代英語的詞重音模式 (m<b>a</b>n/wom<b>a</b>n, phot<b>o</b>graph/phot<b>o</b>graphy)等。在某些语境中，術語元音变换、元音等級、元音變換、元音交替和元音階可能會混淆起來作為同義詞來用，特別是在不考慮歷史演進的共时比較中，但是歷史語言學家偏好把 ablaut 保留給印歐語言現象，這也是提出這個詞的語言學家的意愿。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元音變換等级"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E8.AE.8A.E6.8F.9B.E7.AD.89.E7.BA.A7"></span>元音變換等级</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：元音變換等级"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>原始印歐語(PIE)有正規的 ablaut 序列構成自五個元音 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">e/ē/o/ō/Ø</span>。這意味著在同一個詞的不同形式，或不同但相關的詞中，基本元音短 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">/e/</span>，可以被替代為長 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">/ē/</span>，短 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">/o/</span> 或長 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">/ō/</span>，或者省略(表示為 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">Ø</span>)。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>零 </td> <td>短 </td> <td>长 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">∅ </td> <td>e </td> <td>ē </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>ō </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在一個音節有短 e 的時候，它被稱為處於“e-等級”中，當它沒有元音的時候，它被稱為“零等級”，以此類推。注意當我們簡單的提及 e-等級或 o-等級的時候，我們指的是短元音形式，除非指出為加長等級。(短) e-等級有時叫做完全等級。 </p><p>在單一詞根中五個等級的 ablaut 的經典例子是兩個密切關聯的希臘詞的不同格形式: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>元音变换等级 </td> <td>PIE (重构) </td> <td>希腊语 </td> <td>转写 </td> <td>翻译 </td></tr> <tr> <td>e等级或完全等级 </td> <td>*ph<sub>2</sub>-<b>tér</b>-m̥ </td> <td>πα-<b>τέρ</b>-α </td> <td>pa-<b>tér</b>-a </td> <td>"父亲" (名词, 宾格) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ē等级 </td> <td>*ph<sub>2</sub>-<b>tḗr</b> </td> <td>πα-<b>τήρ</b> </td> <td>pa-<b>tḗr</b> </td> <td>"父亲" (名词, 主格) </td></tr> <tr> <td>零等级 </td> <td>*ph<sub>2</sub>-<b>tr</b>-és </td> <td>πα-<b>τρ</b>-ός </td> <td>pa-<b>tr</b>-ós </td> <td>"父亲的" (名词, 属格) </td></tr> <tr> <td>o等级 </td> <td>*n̥-péh<sub>2</sub>-<b>tor</b>-m̥ </td> <td>ἀ-πά-<b>τορ</b>-α </td> <td>a-pá-<b>tor</b>-a </td> <td>"没有父亲的" (形容词, 宾格) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ō等级 </td> <td>*n̥-péh<sub>2</sub>-<b>tōr</b> </td> <td>ἀ-πά-<b>τωρ</b> </td> <td>a-pá-<b>tōr</b> </td> <td>"没有父亲的" (形容词, 主格) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>我們感興趣的是粗體表示的音節。還要注意哪個音節承載詞重音是關鍵性的 - 這里用斜體表示，在希臘語中用變音符號表示。在這個非典型的純潔的例子中，我們看到當詞重音轉移到隨后音節的時候出現了到零等級的切換，在詞重音轉移到前面音節的時候出現了到 o-等級的切換，當粗體表示的音節出現在詞尾位置的時候出現了元音加長。 </p><p>直到最近仍經常推測在原始印歐語中的最初 e-等級在某種音韻環境下經歷兩項變更的歷史發展: 在特定條件下改變音色為(長或短) o (o-等級)，而在其他條件下它完全消失(零-等級)。但是由於控制 ablaut 的這種音韻條件仍未確定，詞重音的位置可能是也可能根本不是關鍵因素。因為還有很多反例存在如 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*deywó-</span> 和 NPl. <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*-es</span>，分別展示了重音前和重音后 e-等級，我們無法找到這種規則。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="零等級"><span id=".E9.9B.B6.E7.AD.89.E7.B4.9A"></span>零等級</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：零等級"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ablaut 的零等級帶給大多數人極大的困難。在 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*ph₂trós</span> 的情況下，它在 PIE 中已經被發音得像 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pət-'ros/</span>，不難想像它是更古老的 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*ph₂terós</span> 的緊縮，它可能發音為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/pət-er-'os/</span>，因為這種輔音和元音的組合在英語中也是可能的。但是在其他情況下，元音的缺失由於不可發音而打擊了說現代西方語言的人。 </p><p>要理解它，必須知道 PIE 有一些在原則上是輔音的音素，卻可以用類似元音的方式來操作。我們認定有四個音節主音響音，三個<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="喉音理論">喉音</a>和兩個半元音: </p> <ul><li>音節主音響音是 m, n, r 和 l，它們可以是像在英語中那樣的輔音，但也可以持續為連續音并承載完整的音節重音；當這種情況出現的時候，我們用在其下加小圓圈來表示(r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥)。</li></ul> <ul><li>喉音可以被發音為輔音，在這種情況下它們可能是 h 音素的變體，因此正常的表示為 h₁, h₂ 和 h₃。但是它們也可以承載音節重音，在這種情況下它們更像元音，因此某些語言學家偏好表示它們為 ə₁, ə₂ 和 ə₃。元音式發音最初涉及到在前或在其后有輕微的 schwa 的輔音。</li></ul> <ul><li>在元音前的位置上，音素 u 和 i 是半元音，可能發音類似英語的 w 和 y，但是在隨后的 ablaut 元音縮減為零等級的時候，它們也可以變為純元音。在 u 和 i 出現在元音后的位置上的時候，結果是雙元音。</li></ul> <p>Ablaut 仍然是規則的，如下: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <td>e-等級 </td> <td>o-等級 </td> <td>零-等級 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ey </td> <td>oy </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>ew </td> <td>ow </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>er </td> <td>or </td> <td>r̥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>el </td> <td>ol </td> <td>l̥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>em </td> <td>om </td> <td>m̥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>en </td> <td>on </td> <td>n̥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eh₁ </td> <td>oh₁ </td> <td>h₁ <small>或</small> ə₁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eh₂ (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ah₂/</span>) </td> <td>oh₂ </td> <td>h₂ <small>或</small> ə₂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>eh₃ (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oh₃/</span>) </td> <td>oh₃ </td> <td>h₃ <small>或</small> ə₃ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>因此其中任何一個都可以替代 ablaut 元音，在它被減縮到零等級的時候: 模式 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">CVrC</span> (比如 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*bʰergʰ-</span>) 可以變為 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">CrC</span> (<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*bʰrgʰ-</span>)。 </p><p>但是，不是所有 PIE 音節有能力形成零等級，某些輔音結構在特定情況下將會完全的抑制它。例如，儘管日耳曼語強動詞的過去時複數是從零等級演化來的，第 4 和 5 類有表示加長 e-等級的替代元音，因為這些動詞的詞幹不能在這個位置維持零等級。 </p><p>零等級據說是由前-PIE 元音省略導致的，但是由於有在重音前位置上的也有在重音后位置上的 e-等級(比如 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*deywó-</span>, NPl. *-es 等)，所以不能指出其中的規則。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="a-等級"><span id="a-.E7.AD.89.E7.B4.9A"></span>a-等級</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：a-等級"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對 PIE 是否有起初的 a-元音是有爭議的。在后來的 PIE 中，喉音 h₂ 的消失可能留下的 a-音色的聲音，這可以解釋在后來的 PIE 中所有的 a 出現。但是有些人爭論說 e-等級有時可以被替代為 a-等級而不受喉音的影響。這是有爭議的，但對解釋第 6 類<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼語強動詞（页面不存在）">日耳曼語強動詞</a>是有幫助的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元音變換的後來發展"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E8.AE.8A.E6.8F.9B.E7.9A.84.E5.BE.8C.E4.BE.86.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>元音變換的後來發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：元音變換的後來發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>儘管 PIE 只有這麼一種基本上規則的 ablaut 序列，在後代語言中的發展經常是非常的複雜，而且很少反映出如希臘語那樣整潔的系統。各種因素如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="元音和諧">元音和諧</a>，與鼻音的同化，或在印歐詞根中<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="喉音理論">喉音</a>的存在和它們在多數後代語言中消失的效果，意味著一個語言可以有多個不同的元音表示在父輩語言中的一個單一元音。因此儘管 ablaut 以某種形式存活於所有印歐語言中，它隨著時間而日益缺少系統性了。 </p><p>Ablaut 解釋了在同一語言中相關詞之間的元音差異。例如: </p> <ul><li>英語 fetch 和 foot 都來自同一 IE 詞根 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*ped-</span>，共同觀念是“going”。前者來自 e-等級，而後者來自加長 o-等級。</li> <li>德語的 Berg(hill) 和 Burg(walled city) 都來自詞根 <span class="Unicode">*bʰergʰ-</span>，根據推測意味著“high”。前者來自 e-等級，而後者來自零等級。(德語中在其後跟隨一個 r 的零等級變為 ur)。</li></ul> <p>Ablaut 還解釋了不同語言間的同源詞之間元音差異。 </p> <ul><li>英語的 tooth 來自日耳曼語 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*tanþ-uz</span>，它明顯有關於拉丁語 dens, dentis 和希臘語 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="Polytonic">ὀδούς</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><span class="Polytonic">ὀδόντος</span> (相同意義)，對應於英語中的詞 dentist 和 orthodontic。重構的 IE 詞根同一於拉丁語的: <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*dent-</span>。輔音的差異可以由原始日耳曼語中的有規則音聲轉移來解釋，但元音差異不能: 通過聲音變更的規則定律，日耳曼語的 a 可回溯到 PIE o。解釋是日耳曼語和希臘語詞發展自 o-等級，而拉丁語詞發展自 e-等級。</li> <li>英語的 foot，如上所述，來自加長 o-等級的 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*ped-</span>。希臘語 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><span class="Polytonic">πούς</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><span class="Polytonic">ποδός</span> 和拉丁語 pes, pedis (比較於英語的 octopus 和 pedestrian)，分別來自(短) o-等級和 e-等級。</li></ul> <p>對於說英語的非專家，關於 IE 詞根，包括在有關的詞位(lexeme)背后的 ablaut 等級差異，最好的信息參考是 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvert_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvert Watkins（页面不存在）">Calvert Watkins</a>的《The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots》，第二版，Boston & New York 2000。 </p><p>(注意在詞匯的談論中，我們通常提及 e-等級的 IE 詞根不帶任何屈折。) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元音變換和文法功能"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E8.AE.8A.E6.8F.9B.E5.92.8C.E6.96.87.E6.B3.95.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>元音變換和文法功能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：元音變換和文法功能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在 PIE 中，在動詞和名詞的變形范例內已經有了 ablaut 差異。它們不是文法形式的主要標記，因為屈折系統完成這項功能，但它們是重要的次級標記。 </p><p>作為 PIE 中名詞變形范例中 ablaut 的例子，我們看 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*pértus</span>，它產生了英語詞 ford 和(通過拉丁語) port。 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>詞根 (p-r) </td> <td>後綴 (t-u) </td></tr> <tr> <td>主格 </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>per</i>-tu-s</span> </td> <td>e-等級 </td> <td>零-等級 </td></tr> <tr> <td>賓格 </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>per</i>-tu-m</span> </td> <td>e-等級 </td> <td>零-等級 </td></tr> <tr> <td>屬格 </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*pr̥-<i>teu</i>-s</span> </td> <td>零-等級 </td> <td>e-等級 </td></tr> <tr> <td>與格 </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*pr̥-<i>teu</i>-ei</span> </td> <td>零-等級 </td> <td>e-等級 </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>動詞例子: <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*bʰeidʰonom</span>“to wait”(比較於“bide”)。 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <td>不定式 </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*<i>bʰeidʰ</i>-ono-m</span> </td> <td>e-等級 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>完成式 (第三人稱單數) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*bʰe-<i>bʰoidʰ</i>-e</span> </td> <td>o-等級 </td> <td>(注意<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D" title="重复">重複</a>前綴) </td></tr> <tr> <td>完成式(第三人稱複數) </td> <td><span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*bʰe-bʰidʰ-<i>nt</i></span> </td> <td>零-等級 </td> <td>(注意重複前綴) </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>在後代語言中，它們變成文法區別的重要標記。例如在日耳曼語強動詞中的元音變換是印歐動詞變形范例的直接派生。例如在現代英語中: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="不定式">不定式</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="過去式">過去式</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%8E%BB%E5%88%86%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="过去分词">過去分詞</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sing </td> <td>sang </td> <td>sung </td></tr> <tr> <td>give </td> <td>gave </td> <td>given </td></tr> <tr> <td>strive </td> <td>strove </td> <td>striven </td></tr> <tr> <td>eat </td> <td>ate </td> <td>eaten </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>ablaut 的首次描述是在針對日耳曼語動詞的討論中，並且多數人仍然將日耳曼語動詞主要關聯於這種現象。在英語、德語和荷蘭語中的 ablaut 操作的更詳細描述和支配它的歷史因素可參見<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%BC%BA%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="德语强变化动词">德語強變化動詞</a>。 </p><p>同樣現象出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>的動詞表中。拉丁語中 ablaut 作為文法標記的例子是動詞的完成時詞幹中元音變更。 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="現在式">現在式</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="完成式">完成式</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ago </td> <td>egi </td> <td>“to do” </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>video </td> <td>vīdi </td> <td>“to see” </td> <td>(元音加長) </td></tr> <tr> <td>sedeo </td> <td>sēdi </td> <td>“to sit” </td> <td>(元音加長) </td></tr> <tr> <td>cado </td> <td>cecidi </td> <td>“to fall” </td> <td>(注意重複前綴) </td></tr> </tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>ablaut 經常可以明顯解釋隨機不規則性。例如，動詞“to be”在拉丁語中有形式 est(he is) 和 sunt(they are)。德語中的等價形式非常類似: ist 和 sind。在單數和複數之間的差異在兩種語言中都是容易解釋的: 后期 PIE 詞根是 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*es-</span> (還可回到更早的 <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">h₁es-</span>，它的喉音後來消失了)。在單數中，詞幹加重音，所以保持 e-等級，並加曲折 -t。但在複數中，屈折 -nt 加重音，導致詞幹減縮到零等級: <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*es-n̥t</span> → <span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;">*s-n̥t</span>。在更後來的時候，後代語言不適應這種鼻塞音，它們在 /s/ 後介入了補償性的元音。參見: <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐系詞">印歐系詞</a>。 </p><p>各種等級的一些構詞功能如下: </p><p>e-等級: </p> <ul><li>thematic 動詞的現在時；詞根重音。</li> <li>athematic 動詞的現在時單數；詞根重音。</li> <li>名詞的賓格和呼格單數、主格/賓格/呼格雙數、主格複數。</li></ul> <p>o-等級: </p> <ul><li>動詞性名詞，帶有詞尾重音。</li> <li>使役動詞的現在時，詞幹(非詞根)重音。</li> <li>完成單數時態。</li></ul> <p>零-等級: </p> <ul><li>athematic 動詞的現在雙數和複數時態；詞尾重音。</li> <li>完成雙數和複數時態；詞尾重音。</li> <li>過去分詞；詞尾重音。</li> <li>某些不定過去時的動詞(希臘語 thematic“第二不定過去時”)。</li> <li>名詞的間接(oblique)單數/雙數/複數，賓格複數。</li></ul> <p>加長等級: </p> <ul><li>很多名詞的主格單數。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="元音變換">元音變換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AF%AD" title="屈折语">屈折語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%A9%9E%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="原始印歐詞根">原始印歐詞根</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. P. Beekes（页面不存在）">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: John Benjamins. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9027221502" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-272-2150-2</a> (Europe), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1556195044" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55619-504-4</a> (U.S.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Coetsem, Frans van. Ablaut and Reduplication in the Germanic Verb (=Indogermanische Bibliothek. vol 3). Heidelberg: Winter Verlag. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3825342670" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8253-4267-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&rft.aufirst=Frans+van&rft.aulast=Coetsem&rft.btitle=Ablaut+and+Reduplication+in+the+Germanic+Verb+%28%3DIndogermanische+Bibliothek.+vol+3%29&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Winter+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Kury%C5%82owicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Kuryłowicz（页面不存在）">Kuryłowicz, Jerzy</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Mayrhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Mayrhofer（页面不存在）">Manfred Mayrhofer</a>. Indogermanische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Winter Verlag. 1968/9. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3533034879" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-533-03487-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.aulast=Kury%C5%82owicz&rft.btitle=Indogermanische+Grammatik&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Winter+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Meier-Brügger, Michael. Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft. de Gruyter. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3110172437" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-017243-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft.btitle=Indogermanische+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Szemerenyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Szemerenyi（页面不存在）">Szemerenyi, Oswald J. L.</a> Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics. Clarendon: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0198240155" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-824015-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&rft.aufirst=Oswald+J.+L.&rft.aulast=Szemerenyi&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Clarendon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvert_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvert Watkins（页面不存在）">Watkins, Calvert</a>. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots 2nd edition. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0618082506" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-618-08250-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Roots&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=2nd+edition&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boston+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="印欧语语音定律概览">概览</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E7%89%9B%E4%BA%BA%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99" title="牧牛人规则">牧牛人规则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格拉斯曼定律">格拉斯曼定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%B7etw%C3%B3res%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99" title="Kʷetwóres规则">kʷetwóres规则</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥斯特霍夫定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Osthoff's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯特霍夫定律（页面不存在）">奥斯特霍夫定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osthoff%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Osthoff's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Osthoff's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%AF%BA%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="皮诺定律">皮诺定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ruki音變定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ruki sound law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruki%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruki音變定律（页面不存在）">Ruki音變定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" class="extiw" title="en:Ruki sound law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ruki sound law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="西布斯定律">西布斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%94%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="斯唐定律">斯唐定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%88%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="塞迈雷尼定律">塞迈雷尼定律</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">词态学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">元音變換</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Caland系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caland system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caland%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caland系统（页面不存在）">Caland系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caland_system" class="extiw" title="en:Caland system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caland system</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="h₂e-共轭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="h₂e-conjugation theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E2%82%82e-%E5%85%B1%E8%BD%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H₂e-共轭（页面不存在）">h₂e-共轭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/h%E2%82%82e-conjugation_theory" class="extiw" title="en:h₂e-conjugation theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">h₂e-conjugation theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Narten present" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narten present"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narten_present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narten present（页面不存在）">Narten present</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narten_present" class="extiw" title="en:Narten present"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narten present</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nasal infix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nasal infix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_infix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasal infix（页面不存在）">Nasal infix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_infix" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal infix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nasal infix</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E6%A0%B9" title="原始印歐語詞根">词根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="元音詞幹">元音詞幹</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vṛddhi-derivation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vṛddhi-derivation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%E1%B9%9Bddhi-derivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vṛddhi-derivation（页面不存在）">Vṛddhi-derivation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi-derivation" class="extiw" title="en:Vṛddhi-derivation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vṛddhi-derivation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">词性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語名詞">名词性词</a>（包括名词和形容词）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%B8%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語數詞">數詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語小品詞">小品詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語代詞">代詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語動詞">動詞</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E8%A9%9E" title="印歐語系詞">系詞</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印歐語系词汇表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-European vocabulary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印歐語系词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European vocabulary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-European vocabulary</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">主要资料</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch（页面不存在）">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" class="extiw" title="en:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</span></a></span>）</span></span> (IEW)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Verben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben（页面不存在）">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Verben" class="extiw" title="en:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</span></a></span>）</span></span> (LIV)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Partikeln_und_Pronominalst%C3%A4mme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme（页面不存在）">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Partikeln_und_Pronominalst%C3%A4mme" class="extiw" title="en:Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</span></a></span>）</span></span> (LIPP)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_im_Indogermanischen_Lexikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon（页面不存在）">Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_im_Indogermanischen_Lexikon" class="extiw" title="en:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon</span></a></span>）</span></span> (NIL)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary（页面不存在）">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</span></a></span>）</span></span> (IEED)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">来源</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印欧人迁移" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-European migrations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印欧人迁移（页面不存在）">印欧人迁移</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European migrations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-European migrations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印欧人发源地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-European homeland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%91%E6%BA%90%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印欧人发源地（页面不存在）">原始印欧人发源地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-European homeland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-European homeland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%91%E9%B1%BC%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="鲑鱼问题">鲑鱼问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="北欧假说">北欧假说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A1%9A%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="墳塚假說">墳塚假說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">艺术作品</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Schleicher's fable" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Schleicher's fable"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleicher%27s_fable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schleicher's fable（页面不存在）">Schleicher's fable</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher%27s_fable" class="extiw" title="en:Schleicher's fable"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Schleicher's fable</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="The king and the god" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The king and the god"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_king_and_the_god&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The king and the god（页面不存在）">The king and the god</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_king_and_the_god" class="extiw" title="en:The king and the god"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The king and the god</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">另见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印欧人</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印欧人宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-European religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印欧人宗教（页面不存在）">原始印欧人宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-European religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-European religion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印欧人社会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-European society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印欧人社会（页面不存在）">原始印欧人社会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-European society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-European society</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="印欧学">印欧学</a></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture（页面不存在）">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" class="extiw" title="en:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</span></a></span>）</span></span> (EIE)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=印歐語元音變換&oldid=53557375">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=印歐語元音變換&oldid=53557375</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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