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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-發展歷程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展歷程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>發展歷程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展歷程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>音系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原始印欧语的重建" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原始印欧语的重建"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>原始印欧语的重建</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原始印欧语的重建-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>主要定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button 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<span>原始印歐語的主要技術手冊M</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原始印歐語的主要技術手冊M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在延續語言等主要技術工程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在延續語言等主要技術工程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>在延續語言等主要技術工程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在延續語言等主要技術工程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其它" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其它"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>其它</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其它-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">原始印歐語</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。82种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europese_taal" title="Proto-Indo-Europese taal – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proto-Indo-Europese taal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanische_Ursprache" title="Indogermanische Ursprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Indogermanische Ursprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protoindoeuropeu" title="Idioma protoindoeuropeu – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma protoindoeuropeu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="मूल-भारोपीय भाषासमूह – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मूल-भारोपीय भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة هندية أوروبية بدائية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة هندية أوروبية بدائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protoindoeurop%C3%A9u" title="Idioma protoindoeuropéu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma protoindoeuropéu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hind-Avropa_dili" title="Proto-Hind-Avropa dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proto-Hind-Avropa dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Праіндаеўрапейская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праіндаеўрапейская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Протоиндоевропейски език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протоиндоевропейски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রত্ন-ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রত্ন-ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indezeuropeg" title="Indezeuropeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Indezeuropeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praindoevropski_jezik" title="Praindoevropski jezik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Praindoevropski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoindoeuropeu" title="Protoindoeuropeu – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protoindoeuropeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C-%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="زمانی بنەڕەتی-ھیندوئەورووپی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی بنەڕەتی-ھیندوئەورووپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praindoevropsk%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Praindoevropský jazyk – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Praindoevropský jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Ewropeg" title="Proto-Indo-Ewropeg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proto-Indo-Ewropeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanische_Ursprache" title="Indogermanische Ursprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indogermanische Ursprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Proto-Hind-Ewropaki" title="Zıwanê Proto-Hind-Ewropaki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Proto-Hind-Ewropaki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Πρωτοϊνδοευρωπαϊκή γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοϊνδοευρωπαϊκή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-Indo-European language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinde%C5%ADropa_pralingvo" title="Hindeŭropa pralingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindeŭropa pralingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_protoindoeuropeo" title="Idioma protoindoeuropeo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma protoindoeuropeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuroopa_algkeel" title="Indoeuroopa algkeel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoeuroopa algkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitzinindoeuropera" title="Aitzinindoeuropera – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aitzinindoeuropera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان نیاهندواروپایی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نیاهندواروپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurooppalainen_kantakieli" title="Indoeurooppalainen kantakieli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indoeurooppalainen kantakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-europ%C3%A9en_commun" title="Indo-européen commun – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indo-européen commun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-indo-e%C3%BBrop%C3%A9in" title="Proto-indo-eûropéin – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Proto-indo-eûropéin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uur-Indogermaans" title="Uur-Indogermaans – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uur-Indogermaans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Yndo-Jeropeesk" title="Proto-Yndo-Jeropeesk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proto-Yndo-Jeropeesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ta-Ind-Eorpais" title="Próta-Ind-Eorpais – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próta-Ind-Eorpais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innd-E%C3%B2rpais" title="Innd-Eòrpais – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Innd-Eòrpais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_protoindoeuropea" title="Lingua protoindoeuropea – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua protoindoeuropea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרוטו-הודו-אירופית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטו-הודו-אירופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आदिम-हिन्द-यूरोपीय भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदिम-हिन्द-यूरोपीय भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropski_prajezik" title="Indoeuropski prajezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indoeuropski prajezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeur%C3%B3pai_alapnyelv" title="Indoeurópai alapnyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indoeurópai alapnyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Հնդեվրոպական նախալեզու – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդեվրոպական նախալեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_proto-indoeuropee" title="Lingua proto-indoeuropee – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua proto-indoeuropee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Indo-Eropa" title="Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumind%C3%B3evr%C3%B3pska" title="Frumindóevrópska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumindóevrópska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_protoindoeuropea" title="Lingua protoindoeuropea – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua protoindoeuropea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E7%A5%96%E8%AA%9E" title="インド・ヨーロッパ祖語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・ヨーロッパ祖語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EC%A1%B0%EC%96%B4" title="인도유럽조어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도유럽조어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_proto-hind_%C3%BB_ewrop%C3%AE" title="Zimanê proto-hind û ewropî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê proto-hind û ewropî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Protoindoeuropaea" title="Lingua Protoindoeuropaea – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Protoindoeuropaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoindoeuropean" title="Protoindoeuropean – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protoindoeuropean" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indogermaans" title="Proto-Indogermaans – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proto-Indogermaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_protoindoeuropea" title="Lengua protoindoeuropea – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua protoindoeuropea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeuropie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_prokalb%C4%97" title="Indoeuropiečių prokalbė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indoeuropiečių prokalbė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeiropie%C5%A1u_pirmvaloda" title="Indoeiropiešu pirmvaloda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indoeiropiešu pirmvaloda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मूल भारोपेली भाषा – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मूल भारोपेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Праиндоевропски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Праиндоевропски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indo-Eropah_Purba" title="Bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Indo-Eropah Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आदिम भारोपेली भाषा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आदिम भारोपेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europees" title="Proto-Indo-Europees – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proto-Indo-Europees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urindoeuropeisk" title="Urindoeuropeisk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urindoeuropeisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urindoeuropeisk" title="Urindoeuropeisk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urindoeuropeisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoindoeurop%C3%A8u" title="Protoindoeuropèu – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Protoindoeuropèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_praindoeuropejski" title="Język praindoeuropejski – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język praindoeuropejski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پیش ہند یورپی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیش ہند یورپی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_protoindo-europeia" title="Língua protoindo-europeia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua protoindo-europeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_protoindo-european%C4%83" title="Limba protoindo-europeană – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba protoindo-europeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Праиндоевропейский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Праиндоевропейский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Индо-Европа былыргы тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Индо-Европа былыргы тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropski_prajezik" title="Indoevropski prajezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indoevropski prajezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proto-Indo-European language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praindoeur%C3%B3p%C4%8Dina" title="Praindoeurópčina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Praindoeurópčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoevropski_prajezik" title="Indoevropski prajezik – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indoevropski prajezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_proto-indo-evropiane" title="Gjuha proto-indo-evropiane – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha proto-indo-evropiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Праиндоевропски језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Праиндоевропски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urindoeuropeiska" title="Urindoeuropeiska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urindoeuropeiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1" title="ภาษาอินโด-ยูโรเปียนดั้งเดิม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอินโด-ยูโรเปียนดั้งเดิม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto_Hint-Avrupa_dili" title="Proto Hint-Avrupa dili – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proto Hint-Avrupa dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Праіндоєвропейська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Праіндоєвропейська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اولی ہند یورپی زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اولی ہند یورپی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%E1%BA%A4n-%C3%82u_nguy%C3%AAn_th%E1%BB%A7y" title="Tiếng Ấn-Âu nguyên thủy – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ấn-Âu nguyên thủy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-uropeyin" title="Indo-uropeyin – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Indo-uropeyin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27louxha_l%27proto-indo-european" title="L'louxha l'proto-indo-european – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="L'louxha l'proto-indo-european" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" title="原始印欧语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原始印欧语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%B3%CD%98_%C3%8Cn-Au_gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Goân-chó͘ Ìn-Au giân-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chó͘ Ìn-Au giân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="原始印歐語 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原始印歐語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" 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scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的祖语</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">–</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>原始印歐語</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Proto-Indo-European</span>, PIE）是後世語言學家根據現時<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>諸語的特色，透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a>的方法而所倒推出來的假想語言。這種假想語言被認為是現時印歐語系諸語的共同祖先，使用這個語言的族群為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印欧人</a>。雖然原始印歐語沒有得到直接證實，但其基本的發音和辭彙都通過<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E6%B3%95_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="比較法 (語言學)">比較法</a>重構了出來。 </p><p>据估测，原始印欧语应于约前4500年至前2500年间作为单种语言通行。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>即新石器时代晚期至青铜时代早期。根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A1%9A%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="墳塚假說">坟冢假说</a>，印欧语的发源地可能是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="東歐大草原">东欧大草原</a>。对原始印欧语的重构也开辟了研究印欧人文化、宗教的道路。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>標準慣例是將未證實的形式用星號標記岀來：*<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>wódr̥</i></span>（“水”，比較英語的 <i>water</i>）、*<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ḱwṓ</i></span>（“狗”，比較英語的 <i>hound</i>）、*<span title="Proto-Indo-European language" class="Unicode" lang="ine" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>tréyes</i></span>（“三”，陽性，比較今日英語沒有詞性的 <i>three</i>）等。現代印歐語的很多詞都是從這些“原始詞”經過有規律的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="語音變化">語音變化</a>發展而來（比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a>）。 </p><p>所有的印歐語都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AF%AD" title="屈折语">屈折語</a>，不過很多現代印歐語（包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="近代英語">近代英語</a>），都已經失去了大多數<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="屈折變化">屈折變化</a>。通過比較重建法，有很大可能後期的原始印歐語是屈折語（後綴比前綴多）。然而，經過詞內重建和分析那些重建後看起來最古老詞的各種形態，最近語言學者發現早期原始印歐語很有可能是詞根屈折語，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E9%97%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="原始闪米特语">原始閃米特語</a>一樣。另外早期原始印歐語很有可能是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E9%80%9A%E5%9E%8B%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="作通型配列">作通型配列</a>混合<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E9%9D%99%E5%9E%8B%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="动静型配列">动静型配列</a>的語言，類似<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="格鲁吉亚语">格鲁吉亚语</a>一樣的高加索語言。 </p><p>其他一些學者認為，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="高加索語系">高加索語系</a>和印歐語系是最近的近親，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="格魯吉亞">格鲁吉亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>使用的西北高加索語言。雖然列出一些事實證據，但這種假設並沒有得到廣泛的認同。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展歷程"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E6.AD.B7.E7.A8.8B"></span>發展歷程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：發展歷程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从17世纪至18世纪末，印欧语系的概念逐渐成型。最早提出这个假设的是荷兰人 <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Zuerius_van_Boxhorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn（页面不存在）">Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Zuerius_van_Boxhorn" class="extiw" title="de:Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>. 当时的学者发现欧洲的语言虽然跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="希伯来语">希伯来语</a>有明显区别，却和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的语言很相近。他们设想印度和欧洲的语言源于同一个的原始语。这种原始语随着年代的变迁，演变成古典语言<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>和现代的语言。很多人认为19世纪<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>最显赫的成绩是印欧语的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="重建 (語言學)">重建</a>。 </p><p>19世纪初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗兰茨·博普">葆扑</a>是第一个对印欧语进行深入研究的学者，他针对几个主要语言的名词和动词形态进行比较，并且试图探测原始语的形态，但是他始终没有提出语音重建的标准。后来涌现了一批出色的学者，他们依次对印欧语的语音演变进行了精确的研究。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音系"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>音系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：音系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="原始印歐音系">原始印歐音系</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>原始印歐輔音</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠音</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E8%83%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="舌背音">舌背音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="喉音">喉音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="顎音化">硬腭化</a></small> </th> <th><small>正常</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="唇音化">唇音化</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ḱ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʷ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ǵ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">g</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">gʷ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣音</a></small> </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">bʰ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dʰ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ǵʰ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">gʰ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">gʷʰ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h₁, h₂, h₃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="流音">流音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">r, l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半元音">半元音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>短<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a, e, i, o, u</span>。</li> <li><b>長元音</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ā, ē, ō</span>; 有時用冒號 (:) 替代長音號來指示<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="元音長度">元音長度</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a:, e:, o:</span>)。</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙元音">雙元音</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai, au, āi, āu, ei, eu, ēi, ēu, oi, ou, ōi, ōu</span></li> <li>輔音音位的元音同位異音: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u, i, r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥</span>。</li> <li>其他長元音可能已經通過<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E5%84%9F%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="補償延長">補償延長</a>出現在原始語言中: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ī, ū, r̥̄, l̥̄, m̥̄, n̥̄</span>。</li> <li>音位 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h₁, h₂, h₃</span> 和普適符號 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">H</span>(或 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ə₁, ə₂, ə₃</span> 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ə</span>) 表示了三個“<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="喉音理論">喉音</a>”音位：中性喉音、a-音色喉音和 o-音色喉音。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="原始印欧语的重建"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.A7.8B.E5.8D.B0.E6.AC.A7.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8D.E5.BB.BA"></span>原始印欧语的重建</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：原始印欧语的重建"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>用<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E6%B3%95_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="比較法 (語言學)">比較法</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内部重建（页面不存在）">内部重建</a>只能重建出语言的一部分特征，主要是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语音系统（页面不存在）">语音系统</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87" title="词汇">词汇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%84%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="构词法">构词法</a>。最近也有人试图发现印欧语系古语言在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%99%E8%AF%97%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="写诗技巧（页面不存在）">写诗技巧</a>上的共同点，但是曾未获得理想的结果。 </p><p>因为重建形式只是一种假设，不能确定其实际的发音，必须在所有重建形式之前加个*符号，来和实际的语言形式区分开来。例如，在原始印欧语中，“太阳”被重建成 <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*sắṷel-</span></i> 或者 <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*sāṷol-</span></i>、 <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*suṷél-</span></i>、<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*sṷel-</span></i>、<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">*sūl-</span></i>、等等。 </p><p>在不同的语言中，这个原始形式演变成许多迥然不同的形式： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="阿維斯陀語">阿維斯陀語</a> (Avestan)：<i>huuarǝ</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>： <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="吠陀经">吠陀经</a>》：<i>svàr</i> स्व॑र्, <i>súvar</i> सुव॑र्, <i>sū́rya-</i> सूर्य॑</li> <li>古典：<i>sū́ra-</i> सूर॑</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="哥特语">哥特语</a>：<i>sauil</i> 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻, <i>sunnō</i> 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语">古英语</a>：<i>sunne</i>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>：<i>sun</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古德语</a>：<i>sunna</i>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>：<i>Sonne</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a>：<i>zon</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a>：<i>sól</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a>：<i>sol</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马">荷马</a>史诗：ἡέλιος <i>hēélios</i> 和 ἠέλιος <i>ēélios</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特">克里特</a>方言、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="旁非利亚">旁非利亞</a>方言: ἀβέλιος <i>abélios</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1" title="阿提卡">阿提卡</a>方言：ἥλιος <i>hḗlios</i></li> <li>书面<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多利安（页面不存在）">多利安</a>方言：ἀέλιος <i>haélios</i> 和 ἅλιος <i>hálios</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="阿卡迪亚">阿卡迪亚</a>方言：ἀέλιος <i>aélios</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列斯堡（页面不存在）">列斯堡</a>方言：ἀϝέλιος <i>awélios</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="立陶宛语">立陶宛语</a>：<i>sáulė</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古斯拉夫语">古斯拉夫语</a>：<i>slǔnǐce</i> слъньце</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>：<i>solnce</i> солнце</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a>：<i>słońce</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语">捷克语</a>：<i>slunce</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南斯拉夫语">南斯拉夫语</a>：<i>sunce</i> сунце</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古爱尔兰语">古爱尔兰语</a>：<i>súil</i> “眼睛”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="威尔士语">威尔士语</a>：<i>haul</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="布列塔尼语">布列塔尼语</a>：<i>heol</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>：<i>sōl</i>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="加泰罗尼亚语">加泰罗尼亚语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a>：<i>sol</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>：<i>sole</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="奥克语">奥克语</a> (奥弗涅方言 Auvergne)：<i>solèlh</i>, <i>soleu</i> (郎多克语), <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>：<i>soleil</i> (来自拉丁文 <i>soliculum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚语">罗马尼亚语</a>：<i>soare</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢维亚语（页面不存在）">卢维亚语</a> (Luwian)：<i>seḫuu̯al(a)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要定律"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>主要定律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：主要定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>通用： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格拉斯曼定律">格拉斯曼定律</a></li></ul> <p>日耳曼語族： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="格里姆定律">格里姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">维尔纳定律</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Powell, Eric A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/exclusives/articles/1302-proto-indo-european-schleichers-fable">Telling Tales in Proto-Indo-European</a>. Archaeology. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-07-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212024010/https://www.archaeology.org/exclusives/articles/1302-proto-indo-european-schleichers-fable">存档</a>于2021-02-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Telling+Tales+in+Proto-Indo-European&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fexclusives%2Farticles%2F1302-proto-indo-european-schleichers-fable&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book">Fortson, Benjamin W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe">Indo-European language and culture: an introduction</a>. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1405103159" title="Special:网络书源/1405103159"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1405103159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54529041"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 54529041</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.btitle=Indo-European+language+and+culture%3A+an+introduction&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1405103159&rft.pages=16&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findoeuropeanlang00ivbe&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54529041&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="導引工作"><span id=".E5.B0.8E.E5.BC.95.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C"></span>導引工作</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：導引工作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeekes1995" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._P._Beekes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. P. Beekes（页面不存在）">Beekes, Robert SP</a>, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: John Benjamins, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-272-2150-2" title="Special:网络书源/90-272-2150-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 90-272-2150-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Robert+SP&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-272-2150-2&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (Europe), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781556195044" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-55619-504-4</a> (US)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFClackson2007" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Clackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Clackson（页面不存在）">Clackson, James</a>, Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-65313-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-65313-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-65313-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-65313-4&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Cambridge+Textbooks+in+Linguistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_W._Fortson,_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin W. Fortson, IV（页面不存在）">Fortson, Benjamin W., IV</a>, Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4051-0316-7" title="Special:网络书源/1-4051-0316-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-4051-0316-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.%2C+IV&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4051-0316-7&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1996" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfred_Lehmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winfred Lehmann（页面不存在）">Lehmann, Winfred</a>, Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics new, Routledge, 1996 [1993], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-13850-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-13850-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-13850-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Winfred&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.btitle=Theoretical+Bases+of+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=new&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-13850-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Mallory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. P. Mallory（页面不存在）">Mallory, JP</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Q._Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Q. Adams（页面不存在）">Adams, DQ</a>, The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199296682" title="Special:网络书源/9780199296682"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199296682</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Adams%2C+DQ&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199296682&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMeier-Brügger2003" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meier-Brügger（页面不存在）">Meier-Brügger, Michael</a>, Indo-European Linguistics, New York: de Gruyter, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-11-017433-2" title="Special:网络书源/3-11-017433-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-11-017433-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-11-017433-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényi1996" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Szemer%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Szemerényi（页面不存在）">Szemerényi, Oswald</a>, Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics, Oxford, 1996</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原始印歐語的主要技術手冊M"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.A7.8B.E5.8D.B0.E6.AD.90.E8.AA.9E.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E6.89.8B.E5.86.8AM"></span>原始印歐語的主要技術手冊M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：原始印歐語的主要技術手冊M"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMayrhofer1986" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Mayrhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Mayrhofer（页面不存在）">Mayrhofer, Manfred</a>, Indogermanische Grammatik, i/2: Lautlehre, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>: Winter, 1986</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.aulast=Mayrhofer&rft.btitle=Indogermanische+Grammatik%2C+i%2F2%3A+Lautlehre&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Winter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPokorny2005" class="citation">Pokorny, Julius, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 5, Francke, 2005-12-01, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-7720-0947-6" title="Special:网络书源/3-7720-0947-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-7720-0947-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.aulast=Pokorny&rft.btitle=Indogermanisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.edition=5&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-7720-0947-6&rft.pub=Francke&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRix2001" class="citation">Rix, Helmut, Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben 2, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-89500-219-4" title="Special:网络书源/3-89500-219-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-89500-219-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+indogermanischen+Verben&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-89500-219-4&rft.pub=Dr.+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E5.BB.B6.E7.BA.8C.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.92.8C.E5.8E.9F.E5.A7.8B.E5.8D.B0.E6.AD.90.E8.AA.9E.E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C"></span>對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：對延續語言和原始印歐語主要技術工作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRinge2006" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Ringe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Ringe（页面不存在）">Ringe, Don</a>, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-955229-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-955229-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-955229-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955229-0&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSihler1995" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Sihler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Sihler（页面不存在）">Sihler, Andrew L</a>, New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-508345-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-508345-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-508345-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L&rft.aulast=Sihler&rft.btitle=New+Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-508345-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在延續語言等主要技術工程"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.BB.B6.E7.BA.8C.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E7.AD.89.E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B"></span>在延續語言等主要技術工程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：在延續語言等主要技術工程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Darling_Buck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Darling Buck（页面不存在）">Buck, Carl Darling</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-BTV-992">Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1933. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-07931-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-07931-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-07931-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Carl+Darling&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.btitle=Comparative+Grammar+of+Greek+and+Latin&rft.date=1933&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-07931-7&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbwb_P9-BTV-992&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hoffner, Harry A., Jr.; Melchert, H. Craig. A Grammar of the Hittite Language, 1: Reference Grammar. Eisenbrauns. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-57506-119-8" title="Special:网络书源/1-57506-119-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-57506-119-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.au=Melchert%2C+H.+Craig&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Hoffner&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Hittite+Language%2C+1%3A+Reference+Grammar&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-57506-119-8&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Thurneysen, Rudolf. A Grammar of Old Irish Rev Enl Re. Colton Book Imports. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-85500-161-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-85500-161-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-85500-161-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.aulast=Thurneysen&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Irish&rft.date=1990&rft.edition=Rev+Enl+Re&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-85500-161-6&rft.pub=Colton+Book+Imports&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Dwight_Whitney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Dwight Whitney（页面不存在）">Whitney, William Dwight</a>. Sanskrit Grammar. Harvard University Press. 1889. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-486-43136-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-486-43136-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-486-43136-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=William+Dwight&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammar&rft.date=1889&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-486-43136-3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (India <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9788120806214" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-81-208-0621-4</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其它"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E5.AE.83"></span>其它</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：其它"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Bouckaert, Remco; Lemey, Philippe; Dunn, Michael; Greenhill, Simon J.; Alekseyenko, Alexander V.; Drummond, Alexei J.; Gray, Russell D.; Suchard, Marc A.; Atkinson, Quentin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323114402/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1219669">Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="科学 (期刊)">Science</a>. 2012-08-24, <b>337</b> (6097): 957–960 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0036-8075</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112997"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4112997</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22923579"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 22923579</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1219669"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.1219669</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1219669">原始内容</a>存档于2022-03-23） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Origins+and+Expansion+of+the+Indo-European+Language+Family&rft.au=Alekseyenko%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rft.au=Drummond%2C+Alexei+J.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gray%2C+Russell+D.&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Lemey%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Suchard%2C+Marc+A.&rft.aufirst=Remco&rft.aulast=Bouckaert&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.issue=6097&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=957-960&rft.volume=337&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4112997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1219669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1219669&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22923579&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, V. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309211326/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-early-history-of-indo-european/">The Early History of Indo-European Languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="科学美国人">Scientific American</a>. 1990-03, <b>262</b> (3): 110–116 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0036-8733</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-early-history-of-indo-european">原始内容</a>存档于2022-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Indo-European+Languages&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+V.+V.&rft.aufirst=Thomas+V.&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.date=1990-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=110-116&rft.volume=262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-early-history-of-indo-european&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0390-110&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Lehmann, Winfred P; Zgusta, L. Schleicher's tale after a century. Brogyanyi, B (编). Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Amsterdam: 455–66. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=Schleicher%27s+tale+after+a+century&rft.au=Zgusta%2C+L&rft.aufirst=Winfred+P&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.btitle=Festschrift+for+Oswald+Szemer%C3%A9nyi+on+the+Occasion+of+his+65th+Birthday&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=455-66&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book">Mallory, JP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma">In Search of the Indo-Europeans</a>. London: Thames & Hudson. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-500-27616-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-500-27616-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-500-27616-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-500-27616-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Remys, Edmund. General distinguishing features of various Indo-European languages and their relationship to Lithuanian. Indogermanische Forschungen <b>112</b>. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.atitle=General+distinguishing+features+of+various+Indo-European+languages+and+their+relationship+to+Lithuanian&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Remys&rft.btitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1987" class="citation book">Renfrew, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologylangu0000renf_b4r6">Archaeology & Language. The Puzzle of the Indo-European Origins</a>. London: Jonathan Cape. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-224-02495-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-224-02495-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-224-02495-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.btitle=Archaeology+%26+Language.+The+Puzzle+of+the+Indo-European+Origins&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-224-02495-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologylangu0000renf_b4r6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/downl.php?lan=en#soft">原始印歐語词典(Julius Pokorny)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210211211906/http://starling.rinet.ru/downl.php?lan=en#soft">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koeblergerhard.de/idgwbhin.html">原始印歐語词典(Gerhard Köbler)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210112132218/http://www.koeblergerhard.de/idgwbhin.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718163413/http://www.ieed.nl/">Indo-European 詞源字典</a>（萊頓大學）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004341/http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html">印歐語言詞根</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614140617/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie.html">印歐文獻中心</a>（德州大學）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213620/http://www.grsampson.net/Q_PIE.html">原始印歐語簡介</a>（傑弗瑞·散普森所著）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027090528/http://geocities.com/caraculiambro/Caraculiambro/List.html">原始印歐語語法</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" title="Template:原始印欧语"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:原始印欧语（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:原始印欧语"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="原始印歐語" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">原始印歐語</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="原始印歐語音系">音韵学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="原始印歐語重音">重音</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%9A%E2%80%94%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%8C%E8%A8%80%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="颚—咝音同言线（页面不存在）">颚—咝音同言线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="声门音理论">声门音理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="喉音理論">喉音理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%84%E5%BF%BDs-" title="飄忽s-">飄忽s-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="印歐語語音定律">语音定律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B%E6%A6%82%E8%A7%88" title="印欧语语音定律概览">概览</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E7%89%9B%E4%BA%BA%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99" title="牧牛人规则">牧牛人规则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格拉斯曼定律">格拉斯曼定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%B7etw%C3%B3res%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99" title="Kʷetwóres规则">kʷetwóres规则</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥斯特霍夫定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Osthoff's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯特霍夫定律（页面不存在）">奥斯特霍夫定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osthoff%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Osthoff's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Osthoff's law</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%AF%BA%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="皮诺定律">皮诺定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ruki音變定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ruki sound law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruki%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruki音變定律（页面不存在）">Ruki音變定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" class="extiw" title="en:Ruki sound law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ruki sound law</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="西布斯定律">西布斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%94%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="斯唐定律">斯唐定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%BF%88%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="塞迈雷尼定律">塞迈雷尼定律</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">词态学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="印歐語元音變換">元音變換</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡兰系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caland system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%B0%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡兰系统（页面不存在）">卡兰系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caland_system" class="extiw" title="en:Caland system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caland system</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="h₂e-共轭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="h₂e-conjugation theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E2%82%82e-%E5%85%B1%E8%BD%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H₂e-共轭（页面不存在）">h₂e-共轭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/h%E2%82%82e-conjugation_theory" class="extiw" title="en:h₂e-conjugation theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">h₂e-conjugation theory</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Narten present" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narten present"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narten_present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narten present（页面不存在）">Narten present</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narten_present" class="extiw" title="en:Narten present"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narten present</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nasal infix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nasal infix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_infix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasal infix（页面不存在）">Nasal infix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_infix" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal infix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nasal infix</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E6%A0%B9" title="原始印歐語詞根">词根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="元音詞幹">元音詞幹</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Vṛddhi-derivation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vṛddhi-derivation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%E1%B9%9Bddhi-derivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vṛddhi-derivation（页面不存在）">Vṛddhi-derivation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%B9%9Bddhi-derivation" class="extiw" title="en:Vṛddhi-derivation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vṛddhi-derivation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">词性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語名詞">名词性词</a>（包括名词和形容词）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%B8%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語數詞">數詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語小品詞">小品詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語代詞">代詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="原始印歐語動詞">動詞</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E8%A9%9E" title="印歐語系詞">系詞</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印歐語系词汇表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-European vocabulary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印歐語系词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European vocabulary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-European vocabulary</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">主要资料</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch（页面不存在）">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" class="extiw" title="en:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (IEW)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Verben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben（页面不存在）">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Verben" class="extiw" title="en:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (LIV)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Partikeln_und_Pronominalst%C3%A4mme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme（页面不存在）">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexikon_der_indogermanischen_Partikeln_und_Pronominalst%C3%A4mme" class="extiw" title="en:Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (LIPP)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomina_im_Indogermanischen_Lexikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon（页面不存在）">Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomina_im_Indogermanischen_Lexikon" class="extiw" title="en:Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (NIL)</i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary（页面不存在）">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (IEED)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">来源</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印欧人迁移" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-European migrations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印欧人迁移（页面不存在）">印欧人迁移</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-European migrations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-European migrations</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印欧人发源地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-European homeland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%91%E6%BA%90%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印欧人发源地（页面不存在）">原始印欧人发源地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-European homeland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-European homeland</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%91%E9%B1%BC%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="鲑鱼问题">鲑鱼问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="北欧假说">北欧假说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A1%9A%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="墳塚假說">墳塚假說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">艺术作品</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Schleicher's fable" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Schleicher's fable"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleicher%27s_fable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schleicher's fable（页面不存在）">Schleicher's fable</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleicher%27s_fable" class="extiw" title="en:Schleicher's fable"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Schleicher's fable</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="The king and the god" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The king and the god"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_king_and_the_god&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The king and the god（页面不存在）">The king and the god</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_king_and_the_god" class="extiw" title="en:The king and the god"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The king and the god</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lawngreen">另见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印欧人</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印欧人宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-European religion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印欧人宗教（页面不存在）">原始印欧人宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-European religion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-European religion</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始印欧人社会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Indo-European society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始印欧人社会（页面不存在）">原始印欧人社会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Indo-European society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Indo-European society</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="印欧学">印欧学</a></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture（页面不存在）">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" class="extiw" title="en:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (EIE)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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