CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gravity of Earth - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bccda916-2c42-4528-93e7-06efaff571b1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gravity_of_Earth","wgTitle":"Gravity of Earth","wgCurRevisionId":1254761689,"wgRevisionId":1254761689,"wgArticleId":4387132,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from September 2024","All articles needing additional references","Articles with excerpts","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link","Gravimetry of objects","Gravity","Earth","Geodesy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gravity_of_Earth","wgRelevantArticleId":4387132,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Earth's_gravity","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId" :"Q673166","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="742"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="495"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="396"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gravity of Earth - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gravity_of_Earth rootpage-Gravity_of_Earth skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gravity+of+Earth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gravity+of+Earth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gravity+of+Earth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gravity+of+Earth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_in_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Variation in magnitude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variation_in_magnitude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variation in magnitude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conventional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Conventional value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Latitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Depth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_topography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_topography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Local topography and geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_topography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Direction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_values_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_values_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparative values worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_values_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mathematical models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimating_g_from_the_law_of_universal_gravitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimating_g_from_the_law_of_universal_gravitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Estimating <i>g</i> from the law of universal gravitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimating_g_from_the_law_of_universal_gravitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Satellite measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravity of Earth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="የመሬት ስበት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የመሬት ስበት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جاذبية أرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاذبية أرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="অভিকর্ষজ বল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিকর্ষজ বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ki%C3%BB_%C3%AA_ti%C5%8Dng-le%CC%8Dk" title="Tē-kiû ê tiōng-le̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-kiû ê tiōng-le̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="पृथिवी के ग्रेविटी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पृथिवी के ग्रेविटी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Земно ускорение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земно ускорение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADhov%C3%A9_zrychlen%C3%AD_na_Zemi" title="Tíhové zrychlení na Zemi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tíhové zrychlení na Zemi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbeschleunigung" title="Erdbeschleunigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdbeschleunigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravedad_de_la_Tierra" title="Gravedad de la Tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gravedad de la Tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گرانش زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرانش زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravidade_da_Terra" title="Gravidade da Terra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gravidade da Terra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="지구의 중력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구의 중력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA" title="Ծանրության ուժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծանրության ուժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="पृथ्वी का गुरुत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी का गुरुत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubrzanje_Zemljine_sile_te%C5%BEe" title="Ubrzanje Zemljine sile teže – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ubrzanje Zemljine sile teže" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi_Bumi" title="Gravitasi Bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gravitasi Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umnyondo_womhlaba" title="Umnyondo womhlaba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umnyondo womhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_gravitazionale_terrestre" title="Campo gravitazionale terrestre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo gravitazionale terrestre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жердин гравитациялык талаасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жердин гравитациялык талаасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldi_neh%C3%A9zs%C3%A9gi_gyorsul%C3%A1s" title="Földi nehézségi gyorsulás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földi nehézségi gyorsulás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂഗുരുത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂഗുരുത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviti_Bumi" title="Graviti Bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Graviti Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E3%81%AE%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="地球の重力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球の重力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordens_gravitasjon" title="Jordens gravitasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordens gravitasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitat" title="Gravitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gravitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerning_tortishish_kuchi" title="Yerning tortishish kuchi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yerning tortishish kuchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97" title="ਗੁਰੂਤਾ-ਪ੍ਰਵੇਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਰੂਤਾ-ਪ੍ਰਵੇਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravidade_da_Terra" title="Gravidade da Terra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gravidade da Terra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гравитационное поле Земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гравитационное поле Земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="පෘථිවියේ ගුරුත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘථිවියේ ගුරුත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia%C5%BEov%C3%A9_zr%C3%BDchlenie" title="Tiažové zrýchlenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tiažové zrýchlenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="تاودانی زەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاودانی زەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Убрзање Земљине теже – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Убрзање Земљине теже" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubrzanje_Zemljine_te%C5%BEe" title="Ubrzanje Zemljine teže – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ubrzanje Zemljine teže" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" title="భూమి గురుత్వాకర్షణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూమి గురుత్వాకర్షణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yer%C3%A7ekimi" title="Yerçekimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yerçekimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Гравітаційне поле Землі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гравітаційне поле Землі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trọng trường Trái Đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trọng trường Trái Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="地球引力 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地球引力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="地球引力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地球引力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q673166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gravity_of_Earth" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gravity_of_Earth" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gravity_of_Earth" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&oldid=1254761689" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gravity_of_Earth&id=1254761689&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGravity_of_Earth"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGravity_of_Earth"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gravity_of_Earth&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gravity_of_Earth" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q673166" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_gravity&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">Earth's gravity</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Gravity of Earth">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gravity+of+Earth%22">"Gravity of Earth"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gravity+of+Earth%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gravity+of+Earth%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gravity+of+Earth%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gravity+of+Earth%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gravity+of+Earth%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/300px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/450px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Earth's gravity measured by NASA <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a> mission, showing deviations from the <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_gravity" title="Theoretical gravity">theoretical gravity</a> of an idealized, smooth Earth, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid" title="Earth ellipsoid">Earth ellipsoid</a>. Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker (<b><a href="/wiki/File:GRACE_globe_animation.gif" title="File:GRACE globe animation.gif">Animated version</a></b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>gravity of Earth</b>, denoted by <b><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g</span></b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Net_force" title="Net force">net</a> <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Mass_distribution" title="Mass distribution">mass distribution</a> within <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Boynton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boynton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> quantity, whose direction coincides with a <a href="/wiki/Plumb_bob" title="Plumb bob">plumb bob</a> and strength or magnitude is given by the <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_norm" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclidean norm">norm</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=\|{\mathit {\mathbf {g} }}\|}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=\|{\mathit {\mathbf {g} }}\|}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23e8340e6d883acc84554f24f9253328286f9b61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.876ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=\|{\mathit {\mathbf {g} }}\|}"></span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a>, this acceleration is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">metres per second squared</a> (in symbols, <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>/<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a><sup>2</sup> or m·s<sup>−2</sup>) or equivalently in <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newtons</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> (N/kg or N·kg<sup>−1</sup>). Near Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity, accurate to 2 <a href="/wiki/Significant_figures" title="Significant figures">significant figures</a>, is 9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup> (32 ft/s<sup>2</sup>). This means that, ignoring the effects of <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">air resistance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> of an object <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">falling freely</a> will increase by about 9.8 metres per second (32 ft/s) every second. This quantity is sometimes referred to informally as <i>little <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g</span></i> (in contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">G</span> is referred to as <i>big <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">G</span></i>). </p><p>The precise strength of Earth's gravity varies with location. The agreed-upon value for <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">standard gravity</a></span> is 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup> (32.1740 ft/s<sup>2</sup>) by definition.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quantity is denoted variously as <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub>n</sub></span>, <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub>e</sub></span> (though this sometimes means the normal gravity at the equator, 9.7803267715 m/s<sup>2</sup> (32.087686258 ft/s<sup>2</sup>)),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub>0</sub></span>, or simply <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g</span> (which is also used for the variable local value). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> of an object on Earth's surface is the downwards force on that object, given by <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton.27s_second_law" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's second law of motion</a>, or <span class="nowrap"><span class="texhtml"><i>F</i> = <i>m</i> <i>a</i></span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><i>force</i> = <i>mass</i> × <i>acceleration</i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">Gravitational acceleration</a> contributes to the total gravity acceleration, but other factors, such as the rotation of Earth, also contribute, and, therefore, affect the weight of the object. Gravity does not normally include the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, which are accounted for in terms of <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal effects</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_in_magnitude">Variation in magnitude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variation in magnitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A non-rotating perfect <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> of uniform mass density, or whose density varies solely with distance from the centre (<a href="/wiki/Spherical_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spherical symmetry">spherical symmetry</a>), would produce a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a> of uniform magnitude at all points on its <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">surface</a>. The Earth is rotating and is also not spherically symmetric; rather, it is slightly flatter at the poles while bulging at the Equator: an <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate spheroid</a>. There are consequently slight deviations in the magnitude of gravity across its surface. </p><p>Gravity on the Earth's surface varies by around 0.7%, from 9.7639 m/s<sup>2</sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Nevado_Huascar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevado Huascarán">Nevado Huascarán</a> mountain in Peru to 9.8337 m/s<sup>2</sup> at the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Comparative_values_worldwide">In large cities, it ranges</a> from 9.7806 m/s<sup>2 </sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram_Alpha_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram_Alpha-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> to 9.825 m/s<sup>2</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventional_value">Conventional value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conventional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, the third <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> defined a standard gravitational acceleration for the surface of the Earth: <i>g</i><sub>n</sub> = 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup>. It was based on measurements at the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Breteuil" title="Pavillon de Breteuil">Pavillon de Breteuil</a> near Paris in 1888, with a theoretical correction applied in order to convert to a latitude of 45° at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is thus not a value of any particular place or carefully worked out average, but an agreement for a value to use if a better actual local value is not known or not important.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to define the units <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilogram force">kilogram force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pound_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound force">pound force</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latitude">Latitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png/310px-Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png/465px-Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png/620px-Southern_ocean_gravity_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>The differences of Earth's gravity around the Antarctic continent.</figcaption></figure> <p>The surface of the Earth is rotating, so it is <a href="/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame" title="Non-inertial reference frame">not an inertial frame of reference</a>. At latitudes nearer the Equator, the outward <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force_(rotating_reference_frame)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifugal force (rotating reference frame)">centrifugal force</a> produced by Earth's rotation is larger than at polar latitudes. This counteracts the Earth's gravity to a small degree – up to a maximum of 0.3% at the Equator – and reduces the apparent downward acceleration of falling objects. </p><p>The second major reason for the difference in gravity at different latitudes is that the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">equatorial bulge</a> (itself also caused by centrifugal force from rotation) causes objects at the Equator to be further from the planet's center than objects at the poles. The force due to gravitational attraction between two masses (a piece of the Earth and the object being weighed) varies inversely with the square of the distance between them. The distribution of mass is also different below someone on the equator and below someone at a pole. The net result is that an object at the Equator experiences a weaker gravitational pull than an object on one of the poles. </p><p>In combination, the equatorial bulge and the effects of the surface centrifugal force due to rotation mean that sea-level gravity increases from about 9.780 m/s<sup>2</sup> at the Equator to about 9.832 m/s<sup>2</sup> at the poles, so an object will weigh approximately 0.5% more at the poles than at the Equator.<sup id="cite_ref-Boynton_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boynton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altitude">Altitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Altitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The gravity of a body is inversely proportional to the distance form that body. This graph displays this relation as the distance changes from the surface (0 km) to 30000 km." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg/300px-Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg/450px-Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg/600px-Earth_gravity_vs._altitude.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Earth's gravity vs. distance from it, from the surface to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007300000000000000♠"></span>30<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> km</span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp/300px-Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp/450px-Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp/600px-Earth_vs_Mars_gravity_at_elevation.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Mars</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity of the Moon">Moon</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> at <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gravity decreases with altitude as one rises above the Earth's surface because greater altitude means greater distance from the Earth's centre. All other things being equal, an increase in altitude from sea level to 9,000 metres (30,000 ft) causes a weight decrease of about 0.29%. (An additional factor affecting apparent weight is the decrease in air density at altitude, which lessens an object's buoyancy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would increase a person's apparent weight at an altitude of 9,000 metres by about 0.08%) </p><p>It is a common misconception that astronauts in orbit are weightless because they have flown high enough to escape the Earth's gravity. In fact, at an altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi), equivalent to a typical orbit of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, gravity is still nearly 90% as strong as at the Earth's surface. Weightlessness actually occurs because orbiting objects are in <a href="/wiki/Free-fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-fall">free-fall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effect of ground elevation depends on the density of the ground (see <a href="#Slab_correction">Slab correction</a> section). A person flying at 9,100 m (30,000 ft) above sea level over mountains will feel more gravity than someone at the same elevation but over the sea. However, a person standing on the Earth's surface feels less gravity when the elevation is higher. </p><p>The following formula approximates the Earth's gravity variation with altitude: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{h}=g_{0}\left({\frac {R_{\mathrm {e} }}{R_{\mathrm {e} }+h}}\right)^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{h}=g_{0}\left({\frac {R_{\mathrm {e} }}{R_{\mathrm {e} }+h}}\right)^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b12052199c288fb3dfa455f96adc537d6c14e77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.767ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{h}=g_{0}\left({\frac {R_{\mathrm {e} }}{R_{\mathrm {e} }+h}}\right)^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="texhtml"><i>g<sub>h</sub></i></span> is the gravitational acceleration at height <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">h</span> above sea level.</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>R</i><sub>e</sub></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth's mean radius</a>.</li> <li><span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub>0</sub></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravitational_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gravitational acceleration">standard gravitational acceleration</a>.</li></ul> <p>The formula treats the Earth as a perfect sphere with a radially symmetric distribution of mass; a more accurate mathematical treatment is discussed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depth">Depth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Depth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth-G-force.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-G-force.png/300px-Earth-G-force.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth-G-force.png/450px-Earth-G-force.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Earth-G-force.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gravity at different internal layers of Earth (1 = continental crust, 2 = oceanic crust, 3 = upper mantle, 4 = lower mantle, 5+6 = core, A = crust-mantle boundary)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RadialDensityPREM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RadialDensityPREM.jpg/280px-RadialDensityPREM.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RadialDensityPREM.jpg/420px-RadialDensityPREM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/RadialDensityPREM.jpg/560px-RadialDensityPREM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Earth's radial density distribution according to the <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_Reference_Earth_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary Reference Earth Model">Preliminary Reference Earth Model</a> (PREM).<sup id="cite_ref-prem_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prem-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EarthGravityPREM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/EarthGravityPREM.svg/220px-EarthGravityPREM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/EarthGravityPREM.svg/330px-EarthGravityPREM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/EarthGravityPREM.svg/440px-EarthGravityPREM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Earth's gravity according to the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM).<sup id="cite_ref-prem_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prem-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two models for a spherically symmetric Earth are included for comparison. The dark green straight line is for a constant density equal to the Earth's average density. The light green curved line is for a density that decreases linearly from center to surface. The density at the center is the same as in the PREM, but the surface density is chosen so that the mass of the sphere equals the mass of the real Earth.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shell_theorem" title="Shell theorem">Shell theorem</a></div> <p>An approximate value for gravity at a distance <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">r</span> from the center of the Earth can be obtained by assuming that the Earth's density is spherically symmetric. The gravity depends only on the mass inside the sphere of radius <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">r</span>. All the contributions from outside cancel out as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Inverse-square_law" title="Inverse-square law">inverse-square law</a> of gravitation. Another consequence is that the gravity is the same as if all the mass were concentrated at the center. Thus, the gravitational acceleration at this radius is<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(r)=-{\frac {GM(r)}{r^{2}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(r)=-{\frac {GM(r)}{r^{2}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ea3b4a8068d2d2360b2098f6fc027085dea8768b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.49ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(r)=-{\frac {GM(r)}{r^{2}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">G</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a> and <span class="texhtml"><i>M</i>(<i>r</i>)</span> is the total mass enclosed within radius <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">r</span>. If the Earth had a constant density <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ρ</span>, the mass would be <span class="texhtml"><i>M</i>(<i>r</i>) = (4/3)<i>πρr</i><sup>3</sup></span> and the dependence of gravity on depth would be </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho r.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho r.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/003a5ccc8feda23442845508e453e3e89df076cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.127ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho r.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The gravity <span class="texhtml"><i>g′</i></span> at depth <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">d</span> is given by <span class="texhtml"><i>g′</i> = <i>g</i>(1 − <i>d</i>/<i>R</i>)</span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g</span> is acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">d</span> is depth and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span> is the radius of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. If the density decreased linearly with increasing radius from a density <span class="texhtml"><i>ρ</i><sub>0</sub></span> at the center to <span class="texhtml"><i>ρ</i><sub>1</sub></span> at the surface, then <span class="texhtml"><i>ρ</i>(<i>r</i>) = <i>ρ</i><sub>0</sub> − (<i>ρ</i><sub>0</sub> − <i>ρ</i><sub>1</sub>) <i>r</i> / <i>R</i></span>, and the dependence would be </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho _{0}r-\pi G\left(\rho _{0}-\rho _{1}\right){\frac {r^{2}}{R}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>r</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho _{0}r-\pi G\left(\rho _{0}-\rho _{1}\right){\frac {r^{2}}{R}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08ea2923894757d78cf2ec06db0e6fd4d3d76191" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:35.056ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho _{0}r-\pi G\left(\rho _{0}-\rho _{1}\right){\frac {r^{2}}{R}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The actual depth dependence of density and gravity, inferred from seismic travel times (see <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a>), is shown in the graphs below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_topography_and_geology">Local topography and geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local topography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physical_geodesy" title="Physical geodesy">Physical geodesy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly#Computation" title="Gravity anomaly">Gravity anomaly § Computation</a></div> <p>Local differences in <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> (such as the presence of mountains), <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> (such as the density of rocks in the vicinity), and deeper <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic structure</a> cause local and regional differences in the Earth's gravitational field, known as <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">gravitational anomalies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these anomalies can be very extensive, resulting in bulges in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, and throwing <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> clocks out of synchronisation. </p><p>The study of these anomalies forms the basis of gravitational <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a>. The fluctuations are measured with highly sensitive <a href="/wiki/Gravimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravimeter">gravimeters</a>, the effect of topography and other known factors is subtracted, and from the resulting data conclusions are drawn. Such techniques are now used by <a href="/wiki/Prospectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospectors">prospectors</a> to find <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral deposits">mineral deposits</a>. Denser rocks (often containing mineral <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>) cause higher than normal local gravitational fields on the Earth's surface. Less dense <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> cause the opposite. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/220px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/330px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/440px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>A map of recent volcanic activity and ridge spreading. The areas where NASA GRACE measured gravity to be stronger than the theoretical gravity have a strong correlation with the positions of the volcanic activity and ridge spreading.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a strong correlation between the gravity derivation map of earth from NASA GRACE with positions of recent volcanic activity, ridge spreading and volcanos: these regions have a stronger gravitation than theoretical predictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_factors">Other factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In air or water, objects experience a supporting <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> force which reduces the apparent strength of gravity (as measured by an object's weight). The magnitude of the effect depends on the air density (and hence air pressure) or the water density respectively; see <a href="/wiki/Apparent_weight" title="Apparent weight">Apparent weight</a> for details. </p><p>The gravitational effects of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (also the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>) have a very small effect on the apparent strength of Earth's gravity, depending on their relative positions; typical variations are 2 μm/s<sup>2</sup> (0.2 <a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">mGal</a>) over the course of a day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Direction">Direction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Direction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vertical_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical direction">Vertical direction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumb_bob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plumb_bob.jpg/170px-Plumb_bob.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plumb_bob.jpg/255px-Plumb_bob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plumb_bob.jpg/340px-Plumb_bob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>A plumb bob determines the local vertical direction</figcaption></figure> <p>Gravity acceleration is a <a href="/wiki/Vector_quantity" title="Vector quantity">vector quantity</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Direction_(geometry)" title="Direction (geometry)">direction</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)" title="Magnitude (mathematics)">magnitude</a>. In a spherically symmetric Earth, gravity would point directly towards the sphere's centre. As the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's figure">Earth's figure</a> is slightly flatter, there are consequently significant deviations in the direction of gravity: essentially the difference between <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodetic latitude">geodetic latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric latitude">geocentric latitude</a>. Smaller deviations, called <a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">vertical deflection</a>, are caused by local mass anomalies, such as mountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_values_worldwide">Comparative values worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparative values worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tools exist for calculating the strength of gravity at various cities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-wolfram_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolfram-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of latitude can be clearly seen with gravity in high-latitude cities: Anchorage (9.826 m/s<sup>2</sup>), Helsinki (9.825 m/s<sup>2</sup>), being about 0.5% greater than that in cities near the equator: Kuala Lumpur (9.776 m/s<sup>2</sup>). The effect of altitude can be seen in Mexico City (9.776 m/s<sup>2</sup>; altitude 2,240 metres (7,350 ft)), and by comparing Denver (9.798 m/s<sup>2</sup>; 1,616 metres (5,302 ft)) with Washington, D.C. (9.801 m/s<sup>2</sup>; 30 metres (98 ft)), both of which are near 39° N. Measured values can be obtained from Physical and Mathematical Tables by T.M. Yarwood and F. Castle, Macmillan, revised edition 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption class="nowrap">Acceleration due to gravity in various cities </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location</th> <th>m/s<sup>2</sup></th> <th>ft/s<sup>2</sup> </th> <td rowspan="18"> </td> <th>Location</th> <th>m/s<sup>2</sup></th> <th>ft/s<sup>2</sup> </th> <td rowspan="18"> </td> <th>Location</th> <th>m/s<sup>2</sup></th> <th>ft/s<sup>2</sup> </th> <td rowspan="18"> </td> <th>Location</th> <th>m/s<sup>2</sup></th> <th>ft/s<sup>2</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.826 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.825 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.825 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.821 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.818 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.818 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.817 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotagiri" title="Kotagiri">Kotagiri</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.817 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.817 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.816 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.815 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.814 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.811 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.809 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.809 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.809 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.808 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.807 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.807 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.806 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.804 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.804 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.803 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.803 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.802 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.801 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.801 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.800 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.800 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.800 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.799 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.798 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.798 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.797 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.797 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.797 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.796 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.796 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.794 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.792 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.790 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.788 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.786 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.785 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.785 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.780 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.780 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.09 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.777 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.776 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.776 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.776 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.775 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.07 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_models">Mathematical models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mathematical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_gravity" title="Theoretical gravity">Theoretical gravity</a></div> <p>If the terrain is at sea level, we can estimate, for the Geodetic Reference System 1980, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/169c7a2d4a422d372bca6d3fe917f988e2a51699" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.826ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}}"></span>, the acceleration at latitude <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }"></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g\{\phi \}&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0053024\,\sin ^{2}\phi -0.0000058\,\sin ^{2}2\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0052792\,\sin ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\sin ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0053024-0.0053256\,\cos ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\cos ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0026454-0.0026512\,\cos 2\phi +0.0000058\,\cos ^{2}2\phi \right)\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>g</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.780327</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0053024</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.0000058</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.780327</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0052792</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0000232</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.780327</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1.0053024</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.0053256</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0000232</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.780327</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1.0026454</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.0026512</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.0000058</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>cos</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g\{\phi \}&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0053024\,\sin ^{2}\phi -0.0000058\,\sin ^{2}2\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0052792\,\sin ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\sin ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0053024-0.0053256\,\cos ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\cos ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0026454-0.0026512\,\cos 2\phi +0.0000058\,\cos ^{2}2\phi \right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc4ad848ba798a55b5cdfef494354c7d1bc4cace" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.505ex; width:77.572ex; height:14.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g\{\phi \}&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0053024\,\sin ^{2}\phi -0.0000058\,\sin ^{2}2\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0052792\,\sin ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\sin ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0053024-0.0053256\,\cos ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\cos ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} {\cdot }\mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0026454-0.0026512\,\cos 2\phi +0.0000058\,\cos ^{2}2\phi \right)\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This is the <a href="/wiki/International_Gravity_Formula" class="mw-redirect" title="International Gravity Formula">International Gravity Formula</a> 1967, the 1967 Geodetic Reference System Formula, Helmert's equation or <a href="/wiki/Clairaut%27s_theorem_(gravity)#Formula" title="Clairaut's theorem (gravity)">Clairaut's formula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IGF_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGF-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative formula for <i>g</i> as a function of latitude is the WGS (<a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a>) 84 Ellipsoidal <a href="/wiki/Gravity_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity formula">Gravity Formula</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-DoD-WGS84_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoD-WGS84-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=\mathbb {G} _{e}\left[{\frac {1+k\sin ^{2}\phi }{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}\right],}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=\mathbb {G} _{e}\left[{\frac {1+k\sin ^{2}\phi }{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}\right],}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0115813798a7239388a4a33b05ab7c6079a3411" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:30.623ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=\mathbb {G} _{e}\left[{\frac {1+k\sin ^{2}\phi }{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}\right],}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,\,b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,\,b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c12ceaff955e1a98e48db7fa8fa43121630fa209" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.648ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,\,b}"></span> are the equatorial and polar semi-axes, respectively;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{2}=1-(b/a)^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{2}=1-(b/a)^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf5b223287bf32574d837f31da22c369dbdfa431" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.492ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{2}=1-(b/a)^{2}}"></span> is the spheroid's <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(mathematics)" title="Eccentricity (mathematics)">eccentricity</a>, squared;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{e},\,\mathbb {G} _{p}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{e},\,\mathbb {G} _{p}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2f0b3c73869b41412ce498f9979637c193c30f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.482ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{e},\,\mathbb {G} _{p}\,}"></span> is the defined gravity at the equator and poles, respectively;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k={\frac {b\,\mathbb {G} _{p}-a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}{a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k={\frac {b\,\mathbb {G} _{p}-a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}{a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a83163b686f51c7d2911b082eb76f6caa1dc0b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.662ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k={\frac {b\,\mathbb {G} _{p}-a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}{a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}}}"></span> (formula constant);</li></ul> <p>then, where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{p}=9.8321849378\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">G</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.8321849378</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{p}=9.8321849378\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/397af7a6024d085642342aebd7c2bbdc70022aea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.038ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{p}=9.8321849378\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}}"></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-DoD-WGS84_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoD-WGS84-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=9.7803253359\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\left[{\frac {1+0.001931852652\,\sin ^{2}\phi }{\sqrt {1-0.0066943799901\,\sin ^{2}\phi }}}\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.7803253359</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.001931852652</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.0066943799901</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=9.7803253359\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\left[{\frac {1+0.001931852652\,\sin ^{2}\phi }{\sqrt {1-0.0066943799901\,\sin ^{2}\phi }}}\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f2dc705fdbd2daffda3980f1284916c93351347" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:63.025ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=9.7803253359\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\left[{\frac {1+0.001931852652\,\sin ^{2}\phi }{\sqrt {1-0.0066943799901\,\sin ^{2}\phi }}}\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where the semi-axes of the earth are: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=6378137.0\,\,\mathrm {m} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6378137.0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=6378137.0\,\,\mathrm {m} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faa8126434ff68d103497869ba98e073aca9ef7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:16.985ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=6378137.0\,\,\mathrm {m} }"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=6356752.314245\,\,\mathrm {m} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6356752.314245</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=6356752.314245\,\,\mathrm {m} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0185bb5bb5c8013bb6a51d1db8c429feb2712e9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.565ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=6356752.314245\,\,\mathrm {m} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>The difference between the WGS-84 formula and Helmert's equation is less than 0.68 μm·s<sup>−2</sup>. </p><p>Further reductions are applied to obtain gravity anomalies (see: <a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly#Computation" title="Gravity anomaly">Gravity anomaly#Computation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estimating_g_from_the_law_of_universal_gravitation">Estimating <i>g</i> from the law of universal gravitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Estimating g from the law of universal gravitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_universal_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of universal gravitation">law of universal gravitation</a>, the force on a body acted upon by Earth's gravitational force is given by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}=\left(G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}\right)m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊕</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}=\left(G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}\right)m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a5c55274d43d60b85cd4ae3cb844a1ab5b37b10" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.066ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}=\left(G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}\right)m}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>r</i> is the distance between the centre of the Earth and the body (see below), and here we take <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊕</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9906feba28f014cadc2a28208b27197c4a6cad17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.765ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }}"></span> to be the mass of the Earth and <i>m</i> to be the mass of the body. </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's second law">Newton's second law</a>, <i>F</i> = <i>ma</i>, where <i>m</i> is mass and <i>a</i> is acceleration, here tells us that </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=mg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=mg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f7b20a4e286bff05ecae34cb5c3b87fc884e7af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.996ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=mg}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Comparing the two formulas it is seen that: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊕</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6768e6f9b3f667dbd8c9289a5ecda386d5b5b67b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:10.642ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>So, to find the acceleration due to gravity at sea level, substitute the values of the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a>, <i>G</i>, the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> (in kilograms), <i>m</i><sub>1</sub>, and the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> (in metres), <i>r</i>, to obtain the value of <i>g</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}=6.674\times 10^{-11}\ \mathrm {{m}^{3}{\cdot }{kg}^{-1}{\cdot }{s}^{-2}} \times {\frac {6\times 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{(6.4\times 10^{6}\ \mathrm {m} )^{2}}}=9+{\frac {795}{2^{10}}}\approx 9.77637\ \mathrm {{m}{\cdot }{s}^{-2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊕</mo> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.674</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>24</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>6.4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>795</mn> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>9.77637</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}=6.674\times 10^{-11}\ \mathrm {{m}^{3}{\cdot }{kg}^{-1}{\cdot }{s}^{-2}} \times {\frac {6\times 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{(6.4\times 10^{6}\ \mathrm {m} )^{2}}}=9+{\frac {795}{2^{10}}}\approx 9.77637\ \mathrm {{m}{\cdot }{s}^{-2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef526458f3c5040166885949775d3bff9d776578" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:86.999ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}=6.674\times 10^{-11}\ \mathrm {{m}^{3}{\cdot }{kg}^{-1}{\cdot }{s}^{-2}} \times {\frac {6\times 10^{24}\ \mathrm {kg} }{(6.4\times 10^{6}\ \mathrm {m} )^{2}}}=9+{\frac {795}{2^{10}}}\approx 9.77637\ \mathrm {{m}{\cdot }{s}^{-2}} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>This formula only works because of the mathematical fact that the gravity of a uniform spherical body, as measured on or above its surface, is the same as if all its mass were concentrated at a point at its centre. This is what allows us to use the Earth's radius for <i>r</i>. </p><p>The value obtained agrees approximately with the measured value of <i>g</i>. The difference may be attributed to several factors, mentioned above under "<a href="#Variation_in_magnitude">Variation in magnitude</a>": </p> <ul><li>The Earth is not <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous (chemistry)">homogeneous</a></li> <li>The Earth is not a perfect sphere, and an average value must be used for its radius</li> <li>This calculated value of <i>g</i> only includes true gravity. It does not include the reduction of constraint force that we perceive as a reduction of gravity due to the rotation of Earth, and some of gravity being counteracted by centrifugal force.</li></ul> <p>There are significant uncertainties in the values of <i>r</i> and <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> as used in this calculation, and the value of <i><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">G</a></i> is also rather difficult to measure precisely. </p><p>If <i>G</i>, <i>g</i> and <i>r</i> are known then a reverse calculation will give an estimate of the mass of the Earth. This method was used by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">Gravimetry</a></div> <p>The measurement of Earth's gravity is called <i><a href="/wiki/Gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">gravimetry</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_measurements">Satellite measurements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Satellite measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gravimetry#Satellite_gravimetry" title="Gravimetry">Gravimetry § Satellite gravimetry</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravimetry&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/220px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/330px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg/440px-Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Gravity anomaly map from GRACE</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, the static and time-variable Earth's gravity field parameters are determined using modern satellite missions, such as <a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/CHAMP_(satellite)" title="CHAMP (satellite)">CHAMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO" title="GRACE and GRACE-FO">GRACE and GRACE-FO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest-degree parameters, including the Earth's oblateness and geocenter motion are best determined from <a href="/wiki/Satellite_laser_ranging" title="Satellite laser ranging">satellite laser ranging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale gravity anomalies can be detected from space, as a by-product of satellite gravity missions, e.g., <a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a>. These satellite missions aim at the recovery of a detailed gravity field model of the Earth, typically presented in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Spherical_harmonics" title="Spherical harmonics">spherical-harmonic</a> expansion of the Earth's gravitational potential, but alternative presentations, such as maps of <a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a> undulations or gravity anomalies, are also produced. </p> The <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment</a> (GRACE) consisted of two satellites that detected gravitational changes across the Earth. Also these changes could be presented as gravity anomaly temporal variations. The <a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory</a> (GRAIL) also consisted of two spacecraft orbiting the Moon, which orbited for three years before their deorbit in 2015.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a> – Concept in celestial mechanics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">Atmospheric escape</a> – Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Figure of the Earth</a> – Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopotential" title="Geopotential">Geopotential</a> – Energy related to Earth's gravity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geopotential_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopotential model">Geopotential model</a> – Theoretical description of Earth's gravimetric shape<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouguer_anomaly" title="Bouguer anomaly">Bouguer anomaly</a> – Type of gravity anomaly</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravitation of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration" title="Gravitational acceleration">Gravitational acceleration</a> – Change in speed due only to gravity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a> – Attraction of masses and energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_anomaly" title="Gravity anomaly">Gravity anomaly</a> – Difference between ideal and observed gravitational acceleration at a location</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity of Mars</a> – Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> – Classical statement of gravity as force</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_deflection" title="Vertical deflection">Vertical deflection</a> – Measure of the downward gravitational force's shift due to nearby mass</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNASA/JPL/University_of_Texas_Center_for_Space_Research" class="citation web cs1">NASA/JPL/University of Texas Center for Space Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12146">"PIA12146: GRACE Global Gravity Animation"</a>. <i>Photojournal</i>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photojournal&rft.atitle=PIA12146%3A+GRACE+Global+Gravity+Animation&rft.au=NASA%2FJPL%2FUniversity+of+Texas+Center+for+Space+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2FPIA12146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boynton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boynton_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boynton_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton2001" class="citation conference cs1">Boynton, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227132140/http://www.space-electronics.com/Literature/Precise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF">"<i>Precise Measurement of Mass</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sawe Paper No. 3147</i>. Arlington, Texas: S.A.W.E., Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-electronics.com/Literature/Precise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Precise+Measurement+of+Mass&rft.btitle=Sawe+Paper+No.+3147&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Texas&rft.pub=S.A.W.E.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-electronics.com%2FLiterature%2FPrecise_Measurement_of_Mass.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann-WellenhofMoritz2006" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.; Moritz, H. (2006). <i>Physical Geodesy</i> (2nd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-33544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-33544-4"><bdi>978-3-211-33544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Geodesy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-211-33544-4&rft.aulast=Hofmann-Wellenhof&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Moritz%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span> § 2.1: "The total force acting on a body at rest on the earth's surface is the resultant of gravitational force and the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation and is called gravity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">Bureau International des Poids et Mesures</a> (1901). "Déclaration relative à l'unité de masse et à la définition du poids; valeur conventionnelle de <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub>n</sub></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/fr/committees/cg/cgpm/3-1901/resolution-2"><i>Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Troisième Conférence· Générale des Poids et Mesures</i></a> (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 68. <q>Le nombre adopté dans le Service international des Poids et Mesures pour la valeur de l'accélération normale de la pesanteur est 980,665 cm/sec², nombre sanctionné déjà par quelques législations. Déclaration relative à l'unité de masse et à la définition du poids; valeur conventionnelle de <span class="texhtml"><i>g</i><sub>n</sub></span>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9claration+relative+%C3%A0+l%27unit%C3%A9+de+masse+et+%C3%A0+la+d%C3%A9finition+du+poids%3B+valeur+conventionnelle+de+%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+%22+%3Eg%3Csub%3En%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=Comptes+Rendus+des+S%C3%A9ances+de+la+Troisi%C3%A8me+Conf%C3%A9rence%C2%B7+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Gauthier-Villars&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Ffr%2Fcommittees%2Fcg%2Fcgpm%2F3-1901%2Fresolution-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz2000" class="citation journal cs1">Moritz, Helmut (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001900050278">"Geodetic Reference System 1980"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geodesy" title="Journal of Geodesy">Journal of Geodesy</a></i>. <b>74</b> (1): 128–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001900050278">10.1007/s001900050278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195290884">195290884</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-26</span></span>. <q>γe = 9.780 326 7715 m/s² normal gravity at equator</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geodesy&rft.atitle=Geodetic+Reference+System+1980&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=128-133&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001900050278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195290884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moritz&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs001900050278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirtClaessensFecherKuhn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hirt, Christian; Claessens, Sten; Fecher, Thomas; Kuhn, Michael; Pail, Roland; Rexer, Moritz (August 28, 2013). "New ultrahigh-resolution picture of Earth's gravity field". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>40</b> (16): 4279–4283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.4279H">2013GeoRL..40.4279H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50838">10.1002/grl.50838</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F46786">20.500.11937/46786</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54867946">54867946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=New+ultrahigh-resolution+picture+of+Earth%27s+gravity+field&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4279-4283&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11937%2F46786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54867946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50838&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.4279H&rft.aulast=Hirt&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Claessens%2C+Sten&rft.au=Fecher%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Pail%2C+Roland&rft.au=Rexer%2C+Moritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram_Alpha-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram_Alpha_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=gravity+in+kuala+lampur">"Wolfram|Alpha Gravity in Kuala Lumpur", Wolfram Alpha, accessed November 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Quinn2011" class="citation book cs1">Terry Quinn (2011). <i>From Artefacts to Atoms: The BIPM and the Search for Ultimate Measurement Standards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530786-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Artefacts+to+Atoms%3A+The+BIPM+and+the+Search+for+Ultimate+Measurement+Standards&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530786-3&rft.au=Terry+Quinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901), page 70 (in cm/s<sup>2</sup>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/3/2/">BIPM – Resolution of the 3rd CGPM</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728125707/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=310">"Curious About Astronomy?"</a>. <i>Cornell University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=310">the original</a> on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University&rft.atitle=Curious+About+Astronomy%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurious.astro.cornell.edu%2Fquestion.php%3Fnumber%3D310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/i-feel-'lighter'-when-up-a-mountain-but-am-i-(faq-mass-and-density)">"I feel 'lighter' when up a mountain but am I?"</a>, National Physical Laboratory FAQ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/24jan_micro-g/">"The G's in the Machine"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921171228/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/24jan_micro-g/">Archived</a> 2020-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, see "Editor's note #2"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prem-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prem_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prem_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._M._Dziewonski,_D._L._Anderson1981" class="citation journal cs1">A. M. Dziewonski, D. L. Anderson (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openseismo.org/contributors/Lee/MoWorking_Backups/Mo2012_0414backup/MoWorking/Paper_Pending/Dziewonski-Anderson_PEPI1981_p297.pdf">"Preliminary reference Earth model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 297–356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PEPI...25..297D">1981PEPI...25..297D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9201%2881%2990046-7">10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9201">0031-9201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+the+Earth+and+Planetary+Interiors&rft.atitle=Preliminary+reference+Earth+model&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-356&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0031-9201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-9201%2881%2990046-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981PEPI...25..297D&rft.au=A.+M.+Dziewonski%2C+D.+L.+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openseismo.org%2Fcontributors%2FLee%2FMoWorking_Backups%2FMo2012_0414backup%2FMoWorking%2FPaper_Pending%2FDziewonski-Anderson_PEPI1981_p297.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipler1999" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, Paul A. (1999). <i>Physics for scientists and engineers</i> (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman/Worth Publishers. pp. 336–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572594913" title="Special:BookSources/9781572594913"><bdi>9781572594913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+for+scientists+and+engineers.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=336-337&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman%2FWorth+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781572594913&rft.aulast=Tipler&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsDaly1981" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, A. B.; Daly, S. F. (May 1981). "Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>9</b>: 415–418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981AREPS...9..415W">1981AREPS...9..415W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.09.050181.002215">10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Long+wavelength+gravity+and+topography+anomalies&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=415-418&rft.date=1981-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.09.050181.002215&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981AREPS...9..415W&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft.au=Daly%2C+S.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolfram-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolfram_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/widgets/view.jsp?id=d34e8683df527e3555153d979bcda9cf">Gravitational Fields Widget as of Oct 25th, 2012</a> – <a href="/wiki/WolframAlpha" title="WolframAlpha">WolframAlpha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.M. Yarwood and F. Castle, <i>Physical and Mathematical Tables</i>, revised edition, Macmillan and Co LTD, London and Basingstoke, Printed in Great Britain by The University Press, Glasgow, 1970, pp. 22 & 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGF-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGF_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/potential/igf.htm">International Gravity formula</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820093812/http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/notes/potential/igf.htm">Archived</a> 2008-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoD-WGS84-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoD-WGS84_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoD-WGS84_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411101805/http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf">"<i>Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984 – Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems</i>,NIMA TR8350.2, 3rd ed., Tbl. 3.4, Eq. 4-1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Defense+World+Geodetic+System+1984+%E2%80%93+Its+Definition+and+Relationships+with+Local+Geodetic+Systems%2CNIMA+TR8350.2%2C+3rd+ed.%2C+Tbl.+3.4%2C+Eq.+4-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth-info.nga.mil%2FGandG%2Fpublications%2Ftr8350.2%2Fwgs84fin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/iesc110.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjd5Ifcss31AhX6S2wGHen0CFwQFnoECAgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0td_Cs5UkX7ggc5yu-ms12">"Gravitation"</a>. <i>www.ncert.nic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncert.nic&rft.atitle=Gravitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncert.nic.in%2Fncerts%2Fl%2Fiesc110.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjd5Ifcss31AhX6S2wGHen0CFwQFnoECAgQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0td_Cs5UkX7ggc5yu-ms12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerSosnicaArnoldDahle2019" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Ulrich; Sosnica, Krzysztof; Arnold, Daniel; Dahle, Christoph; Thaller, Daniela; Dach, Rolf; Jäggi, Adrian (22 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs11080956">"SLR, GRACE and Swarm Gravity Field Determination and Combination"</a>. <i>Remote Sensing</i>. <b>11</b> (8): 956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RemS...11..956M">2019RemS...11..956M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs11080956">10.3390/rs11080956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10281%2F240694">10281/240694</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=SLR%2C+GRACE+and+Swarm+Gravity+Field+Determination+and+Combination&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=956&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10281%2F240694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frs11080956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019RemS...11..956M&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Sosnica%2C+Krzysztof&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Dahle%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Thaller%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Dach%2C+Rolf&rft.au=J%C3%A4ggi%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frs11080956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapleyWatkinsFlechtnerReigber2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tapley, Byron D.; Watkins, Michael M.; Flechtner, Frank; Reigber, Christoph; Bettadpur, Srinivas; Rodell, Matthew; Sasgen, Ingo; Famiglietti, James S.; Landerer, Felix W.; Chambers, Don P.; Reager, John T.; Gardner, Alex S.; Save, Himanshu; Ivins, Erik R.; Swenson, Sean C.; Boening, Carmen; Dahle, Christoph; Wiese, David N.; Dobslaw, Henryk; Tamisiea, Mark E.; <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Velicogna" title="Isabella Velicogna">Velicogna, Isabella</a> (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6750016">"Contributions of GRACE to understanding climate change"</a>. <i>Nature Climate Change</i>. <b>9</b> (5): 358–369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCC...9..358T">2019NatCC...9..358T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-019-0456-2">10.1038/s41558-019-0456-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6750016">6750016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534490">31534490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+GRACE+to+understanding+climate+change&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=358-369&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6750016%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31534490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-019-0456-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCC...9..358T&rft.aulast=Tapley&rft.aufirst=Byron+D.&rft.au=Watkins%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=Flechtner%2C+Frank&rft.au=Reigber%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Bettadpur%2C+Srinivas&rft.au=Rodell%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Sasgen%2C+Ingo&rft.au=Famiglietti%2C+James+S.&rft.au=Landerer%2C+Felix+W.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Don+P.&rft.au=Reager%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Alex+S.&rft.au=Save%2C+Himanshu&rft.au=Ivins%2C+Erik+R.&rft.au=Swenson%2C+Sean+C.&rft.au=Boening%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Dahle%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Wiese%2C+David+N.&rft.au=Dobslaw%2C+Henryk&rft.au=Tamisiea%2C+Mark+E.&rft.au=Velicogna%2C+Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6750016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSośnicaJäggiMeyerThaller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian; Meyer, Ulrich; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Dach, Rolf (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00190-015-0825-1">"Time variable Earth's gravity field from SLR satellites"</a>. <i>Journal of Geodesy</i>. <b>89</b> (10): 945–960. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JGeod..89..945S">2015JGeod..89..945S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00190-015-0825-1">10.1007/s00190-015-0825-1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geodesy&rft.atitle=Time+variable+Earth%27s+gravity+field+from+SLR+satellites&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=945-960&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00190-015-0825-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JGeod..89..945S&rft.aulast=So%C5%9Bnica&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft.au=J%C3%A4ggi%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Thaller%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Beutler%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Dach%2C+Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00190-015-0825-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravity+of+Earth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/orbv.html">Altitude gravity calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/">GRACE – Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201022216/http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/">Archived</a> 2009-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210113408/http://geodesy.curtin.edu.au/research/models/GGMplus/">GGMplus high resolution data (2013)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/116801/the-potsdam-gravity-potato-shows-earths-gravity-variations/">Geoid 2011 model</a> Potsdam Gravity Potato</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geodesy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geodesy_navbox" title="Template:Geodesy navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geodesy_navbox" title="Template talk:Geodesy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geodesy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geodesy" title="History of geodesy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geodesists" title="List of geodesists">Geodesists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical <br />phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_wobble" title="Chandler wobble">Chandler wobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_gravity_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity field">Earth's gravity field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">Geodynamo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Precession of the equinoxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg/16px-Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg/24px-Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg/32px-Latitude_and_longitude_graticule_on_an_ellipsoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geodesy" title="Portal:Geodesy">Geodesy portal</a> </b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geodesy" title="Category:Geodesy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geodesy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geodesy">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geophysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geophysics_navbox" title="Template:Geophysics navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geophysics_navbox" title="Template talk:Geophysics navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geophysics_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geophysics navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geophysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geophysics" title="Outline of geophysics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geophysicists" title="List of geophysicists">Geophysicists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">Geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Geophysical fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-surface_geophysics" title="Near-surface geophysics">Near-surface geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonophysics" title="Tectonophysics">Tectonophysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical <br />phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_wobble" title="Chandler wobble">Chandler wobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">Geodynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">Geothermal gradient</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravity of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">Mantle convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Precession of the equinoxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif/15px-Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif/22px-Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif/29px-Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="787" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geophysics" title="Portal:Geophysics">Geophysics portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geophysics" title="Category:Geophysics">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geophysics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geophysics">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&oldid=1254761689">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&oldid=1254761689</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gravimetry_of_objects" title="Category:Gravimetry of objects">Gravimetry of objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gravity" title="Category:Gravity">Gravity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geodesy" title="Category:Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2024">Articles needing additional references from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 15:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity_of_Earth&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-2c9tn","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.897","walltime":"1.271","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5698,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":108221,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2136,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":98480,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1037.082 1 -total"," 19.28% 199.941 13 Template:Annotated_link"," 17.87% 185.350 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.13% 146.523 61 Template:Convert"," 10.78% 111.754 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.22% 95.633 1 Template:Geodesy_navbox"," 7.77% 80.608 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.41% 76.898 4 Template:Cite_web"," 6.47% 67.140 1 Template:Refimprove"," 5.90% 61.219 1 Template:Excerpt"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.583","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17344340,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-5j4dg","timestamp":"20241203070640","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gravity of Earth","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gravity_of_Earth","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q673166","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q673166","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-14T07:37:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T15:15:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Gravity_anomalies_on_Earth.jpg","headline":"acceleration that the Earth imparts to objects on or near its surface"}</script> </body> </html>