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id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focal_epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focal_epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Focal epilepsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focal_epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial-complex_epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial-complex_epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Partial-complex epilepsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial-complex_epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalized_epilepsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalized_epilepsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Generalized epilepsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalized_epilepsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_of_seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_of_seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prevention of seizures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_of_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Special groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidney_and_liver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney_and_liver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kidney and liver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney_and_liver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Drug interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacokinetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Excretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Analogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ليفيتيراسيتام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليفيتيراسيتام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ليفي تيرا سيتام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ليفي تيرا سيتام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefetiracetam" title="Lefetiracetam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lefetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Λεβετιρακετάμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεβετιρακετάμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="لوتیراستام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوتیراستام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9v%C3%A9tirac%C3%A9tam" title="Lévétiracétam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lévétiracétam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%ED%8B%B0%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%ED%83%90" title="레비티라세탐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레비티라세탐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetirasetam" title="Levetirasetam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Levetirasetam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%9D" title="לבטיראצטם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבטיראצטם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetamum" title="Levetiracetamum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Levetiracetamum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracet%C3%A1m" title="Levetiracetám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levetiracetám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%99%E3%83%81%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A0" title="レベチラセタム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レベチラセタム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%AE" title="ଲେଭେଟିରାସେଟମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲେଭେଟିରାସେଟମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewetyracetam" title="Lewetyracetam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewetyracetam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Леветирацетам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леветирацетам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Levetiracetam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levetirasetam" title="Levetirasetam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Levetirasetam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Леветирацетам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леветирацетам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E4%B9%99%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%9D%A6" title="左乙拉西坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="左乙拉西坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><table style="width:100%; margin:0;"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levetiracetam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Levetiracetam.svg/125px-Levetiracetam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Levetiracetam.svg/188px-Levetiracetam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Levetiracetam.svg/250px-Levetiracetam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png/120px-Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png/180px-Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png/240px-Levetiracetam_ball-and-stick_model.png 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1138" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Keppra, Elepsia, Spritam, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/levetiracetam.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699059.html">a699059</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> B3<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">Racetam</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03AX14</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AX14">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C1</a> (Other controlled substances)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_SmPC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_SmPC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_XR_FDA_label_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_XR_FDA_label-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_IV_FDA_label_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_IV_FDA_label-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only</li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">≈100%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><10%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetamide group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">6–8 hrs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(<i>S</i>)-2-(2-Oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=102767-28-2">102767-28-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5284583">5284583</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=6826">6826</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01202">DB01202</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4447633.html">4447633</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/44YRR34555">44YRR34555</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00709">D00709</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:6437">CHEBI:6437</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1286">ChEMBL1286</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9023207">DTXSID9023207</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417227#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.121.571">100.121.571</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417227#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>8</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>14</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002170212000000000♠"></span>170.212</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1N%28%5BC%40H%5D%28C%28%3DO%29N%29CC%29CCC1">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C1N([C@H](C(=O)N)CC)CCC1</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C8H14N2O2/c1-2-6(8(9)12)10-5-3-4-7(10)11/h6H,2-5H2,1H3,(H2,9,12)/t6-/m0/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:HPHUVLMMVZITSG-LURJTMIESA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=419931567&page2=Levetiracetam">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Levetiracetam</b>, sold under the brand name <b>Keppra</b> among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> used to treat <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used for <a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">partial-onset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">myoclonic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tonic%E2%80%93clonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic–clonic">tonic–clonic</a> seizures and is taken either <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Immediate_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediate release">immediate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extended_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended release">extended release</a> formulation or by <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">injection into a vein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common side effects of levetiracetam include sleepiness, dizziness, feeling tired, and aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe side effects may include <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reactions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levetiracetam is the S-<a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">etiracetam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acts as a <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle_glycoprotein_2A" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A">synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A</a> (SV2A) <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WuCaoTian2024_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuCaoTian2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levetiracetam was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNF76_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF76-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was the 123rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>million prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO23rd_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focal_epilepsy">Focal epilepsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Focal epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam is effective as single-drug treatment for newly diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Focal_epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal epilepsy">focal epilepsy</a> in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane_2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reduces focal seizures by 50% or more as an add-on medication.<sup id="cite_ref-Mbizvo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbizvo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial-complex_epilepsy">Partial-complex epilepsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Partial-complex epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam is effective as add-on treatment for <a href="/wiki/Seizure_types#Partial_seizures" title="Seizure types">partial (focal)</a> epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalized_epilepsy">Generalized epilepsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Generalized epilepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam is effective for treatment of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane_2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been approved in the United States as add-on treatment for <a href="/wiki/Seizure_types#Generalized_seizures" title="Seizure types">myoclonic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seizure_types#Generalized_seizures" title="Seizure types">tonic-clonic</a> seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levetiracetam has been approved in the European Union as a <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a> treatment for epilepsy in the case of partial seizures or as an <a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">adjunctive therapy</a> for partial, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levetiracetam is sometimes used off label to treat <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention_of_seizures">Prevention of seizures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevention of seizures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on low-quality evidence, levetiracetam is about as effective as phenytoin for prevention of early seizures after traumatic brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be effective for prevention of seizures associated with <a href="/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage" title="Subarachnoid hemorrhage">subarachnoid hemorrhages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">essential tremors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treating all developmental disorders within the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies have only proven to be an effective treatment for partial, myoclonic, or tonic-clonic seizures associated with autism spectrum disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_groups">Special groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Special groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam's efficacy and tolerability in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> is comparable to those without. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies in female pregnant rats have shown minor fetal skeletal abnormalities when given maximum recommended human doses of levetiracetam orally throughout pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2020)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Studies were conducted to look for increased adverse effects in the elderly population as compared to younger patients. One such study published in Epilepsy Research showed no significant increase in incidence of adverse symptoms experienced by young or elderly patients with disorders of the central nervous system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2020)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common adverse effects of levetiracetam treatment include effects on the central nervous system such as somnolence, decreased energy, headache, dizziness, mood swings and coordination difficulties. These adverse effects are most pronounced in the first month of therapy. About 4% of patients dropped out of pre-approval clinical trials due to these side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 13% of people taking levetiracetam experience adverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, which are usually mild. These include agitation, hostility, apathy, anxiety, emotional lability, and depression. Serious psychiatric adverse side effects that are reversed by drug discontinuation occur in about 1%. These include hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, or psychosis. These occurred mostly within the first month of therapy, but they could develop at any time during treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18728811_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18728811-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although rare, <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a> (SJS) and <a href="/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis" title="Toxic epidermal necrolysis">toxic epidermal necrolysis</a> (TEN), which appears as a painful spreading rash with redness and blistering and/or peeling skin, have been reported in patients treated with levetiracetam.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incidence of SJS following exposure to anti-epileptics such as levetiracetam is about 1 in 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levetiracetam should not be used in people who have previously shown hypersensitivity to levetiracetam or any of the inactive ingredients in the tablet or oral solution. Such hypersensitivity reactions include, but are not limited to, unexplained rash with redness or blistered skin, difficulty breathing, and tightness in the chest or airways.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study, the incidence of decreased bone mineral density of patients on levetiracetam was significantly higher than those for other epileptic medications.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22541979_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22541979-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide">Suicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam, along with other anti-epileptic drugs, can increase the risk of suicidal behavior or thoughts. People taking levetiracetam should be monitored closely for signs of worsening depression, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, or any altered emotional or behavioral states.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney_and_liver">Kidney and liver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kidney and liver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kidney impairment decreases the rate of elimination of levetiracetam from the body. Individuals with reduced kidney function may require dose adjustments. <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">Kidney function</a> can be estimated from the rate of <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> clearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dose adjustment of levetiracetam is not necessary in liver impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_interactions">Drug interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drug interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between levetiracetam or its major metabolite and concomitant medications.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pharmacokinetic profile of levetiracetam is not influenced by <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">primidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">valproic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">digoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact mechanism by which levetiracetam acts to treat epilepsy is unknown. Levetiracetam does not exhibit pharmacologic actions similar to that of classical anticonvulsants. It does not inhibit voltage-dependent Na+ channels, does not affect GABAergic transmission, and does not bind to GABAergic or glutamatergic receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the drug binds to <a href="/wiki/SV2A" title="SV2A">SV2A</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a>, and inhibits <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic">presynaptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium channels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vogl_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogl-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter release">neurotransmitter release</a> and acting as a <a href="/wiki/Neuromodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromodulator">neuromodulator</a>. This is believed to impede impulse conduction across synapses.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogawski_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogawski-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, this is widely accepted to be its mechanism of action.<sup id="cite_ref-WuCaoTian2024_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuCaoTian2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the molecular basis of this action remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-WuCaoTian2024_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuCaoTian2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption">Absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The absorption of levetiracetam tablets and oral solution is rapid and essentially complete. The bioavailability of levetiracetam is close to 100 percent, and the effect of food on absorption is minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volume of distribution of levetiracetam is similar to total body water. Levetiracetam modestly binds to plasma proteins (less than 10%).<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam does not undergo extensive metabolism, and the metabolites formed are not active and do not exert pharmacological activity. Metabolism of levetiracetam is not by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes, but through other metabolic pathways such as hydrolysis and hydroxylation.<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretion">Excretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Excretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In persons with normal kidney function, levetiracetam is eliminated from the body primarily by the kidneys with about 66 percent of the original drug passed unchanged into urine. The plasma half-life of levetiracetam in adults is about 6 to 8 hours,<sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the mean CSF half life of approx. 24 hours better reflects levels at site of action.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analogues">Analogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Analogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a>, a chemical <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogue</a> to levetiracetam, is a <a href="/wiki/Racetam" title="Racetam">racetam</a> derivative with similar properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam is available as regular and extended release oral formulations and as intravenous formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immediate release tablet has been available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic</a> in the United States since 2008, and in the UK since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mbizvo_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbizvo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patent for the extended release tablet will expire in 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The branded version Keppra is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/UCB_(company)" title="UCB (company)">UCB Pharmaceuticals S.A.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_SmPC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_SmPC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_XR_FDA_label_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_XR_FDA_label-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keppra_IV_FDA_label_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keppra_IV_FDA_label-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Aprecia's <a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">orally disintegrating tablet</a> form of the drug manufactured using <a href="/wiki/3D_printed_medication" title="3D printed medication">pharmaceutical 3D printing techniques</a> was approved by the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>, under the trade name Spritam.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have said that the drug has been improved by 3D printing, as the formula used now has improved disintegration properties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam is a Schedule 4 substance in Australia under the <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">Poisons Standard (February 2020)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poisons_Stanrard_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poisons_Stanrard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Schedule 4 substance is classified as "Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription."<sup id="cite_ref-Poisons_Stanrard_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poisons_Stanrard-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Japanese law, levetiracetam and other racetams cannot be brought into the country except for personal use by a traveler for whom it has been prescribed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelers who plan to bring more than a month's worth must apply for an import certificate, known as a Yakkan Shoumei<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">薬監証明</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yakkan shōmei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levetiracetam has been studied in the past for treating symptoms of neurobiological conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farooq_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooq-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its most serious adverse effects are behavioral, and its benefit-risk ratio in these conditions is not well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Farooq_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooq-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levetiracetam is being tested as a drug to reduce hyperactivity in the hippocampus in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Levetiracetam has been experimentally shown to reduce <a href="/wiki/Levodopa-induced_dyskinesia" title="Levodopa-induced dyskinesia">Levodopa-induced dyskinesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of movement disorder, or <a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a> associated with the use of <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">Levodopa</a>, a medication used to treat <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>. </p><p>Of the ten medications evaluated in a 2023 systematic review of the literature, levetiracetam was found to be the only medication with sufficient evidence showing that it may cause seizure freedom in some infants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, adverse effects from levetiracetam were rarely severe enough for the medication to be discontinued in this age group. Because available research included only 2 published studies reporting seizure freedom rates, however, the strength of the evidence was judged to be low.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levetiracetam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/levetiracetam.html">"Levetiracetam Use During Pregnancy"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044746/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/levetiracetam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Levetiracetam+Use+During+Pregnancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Flevetiracetam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevetiracetam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnvisa2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency" title="Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency">Anvisa</a> (31 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"</a> [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o" title="Diário Oficial da União">Diário Oficial da União</a> (published 4 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RDC+N%C2%BA+784+-+Listas+de+Subst%C3%A2ncias+Entorpecentes%2C+Psicotr%C3%B3picas%2C+Precursoras+e+Outras+sob+Controle+Especial&rft.pub=Di%C3%A1rio+Oficial+da+Uni%C3%A3o&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.au=Anvisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov.br%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fdou%2F-%2Fresolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevetiracetam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keppra_SmPC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_SmPC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_SmPC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2296/smpc">"Keppra 100 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i>(emc)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024210008/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2296/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28emc%29&rft.atitle=Keppra+100+mg%2Fml+concentrate+for+solution+for+infusion+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F2296%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevetiracetam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_tablet_FDA_label_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ca9df05-a506-4ec8-a4fe-320f1219ab21">"Keppra- levetiracetam tablet, film coated Keppra- levetiracetam solution"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 5 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807190008/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3ca9df05-a506-4ec8-a4fe-320f1219ab21">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Keppra-+levetiracetam+tablet%2C+film+coated+Keppra-+levetiracetam+solution&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D3ca9df05-a506-4ec8-a4fe-320f1219ab21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevetiracetam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keppra_XR_FDA_label-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_XR_FDA_label_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_XR_FDA_label_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2919e43b-69a8-434c-a2d2-1f3ecd7554c0">"Keppra XR- levetiracetam tablet, film coated, extended release"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 4 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729182424/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2919e43b-69a8-434c-a2d2-1f3ecd7554c0">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Keppra+XR-+levetiracetam+tablet%2C+film+coated%2C+extended+release&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D2919e43b-69a8-434c-a2d2-1f3ecd7554c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevetiracetam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keppra_IV_FDA_label-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_IV_FDA_label_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keppra_IV_FDA_label_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c6d5784d-abf9-45fe-ac5a-d5c53bd50f7e">"Keppra- levetiracetam injection, solution, concentrate"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 4 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121102754/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c6d5784d-abf9-45fe-ac5a-d5c53bd50f7e">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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AHFS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324134138/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/levetiracetam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Doliracetam">Doliracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupracetam" title="Dupracetam">Dupracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasoracetam" title="Fasoracetam">Fasoracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imuracetam" title="Imuracetam">Imuracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebracetam" title="Nebracetam">Nebracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefiracetam" title="Nefiracetam">Nefiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicoracetam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicoracetam (page does not exist)">Nicoracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperacetam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperacetam (page does not exist)">Piperacetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolipram" title="Rolipram">Rolipram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolziracetam" title="Rolziracetam">Rolziracetam</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Levetiracetam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seletracetam" title="Seletracetam">Seletracetam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam" title="Phenylpiracetam">Phenylpiracetams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Nootropics and/or stimulants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cebaracetam" title="Cebaracetam">Cebaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenylpiracetam" title="Methylphenylpiracetam">Methylphenylpiracetam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E1R" class="mw-redirect" title="E1R">E1R ((4<i>R</i>,5<i>S</i>)-methylphenylpiracetam)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam" title="Phenylpiracetam">Phenylpiracetam (phenotropil; fonturacetam)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MRZ-9547" title="MRZ-9547">MRZ-9547 ((<i>R</i>)-phenylpiracetam)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-Phenylpiracetam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-Phenylpiracetam (page does not exist)">(<i>S</i>)-Phenylpiracetam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGPU-95" title="RGPU-95">RGPU-95 (chlorophenylpiracetam)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Phenylpiracetam_hydrazide" title="Phenylpiracetam hydrazide">Phenylpiracetam hydrazide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racetam-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Nootropics:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aloracetam" title="Aloracetam">Aloracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molracetam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molracetam (page does not exist)">Molracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omberacetam" class="mw-redirect" title="Omberacetam">Omberacetam (Noopept)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenilsetam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenilsetam (page does not exist)">Tenilsetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traneurocin" title="Traneurocin">Traneurocin (cycloprolylglycine; NA-831)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padsevonil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padsevonil (page does not exist)">Padsevonil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anticonvulsants_(N03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anticonvulsants" title="Template talk:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anticonvulsants_(N03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>R</a> <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">PAMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related):</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a><sup>#</sup>; <b><a href="/wiki/Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2,4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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