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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Siblings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophical_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Philosophical papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>Aesthetic Letters</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Musical settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schiller's_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schiller's_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Schiller's burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schiller's_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%BA%E1%88%88%E1%88%AD" title="ፍሪድርክ ሺለር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍሪድርክ ሺለር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فريدريك شيلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريك شيلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%84_%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A8%D6%80" title="Եոհան Ֆրիտրիք Շիլլըր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եոհան Ֆրիտրիք Շիլլըր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_%C5%9Eiller" title="Fridrix Şiller – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fridrix Şiller" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فریدریش شیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریدریش شیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрыдрых Шылер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдрых Шылер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрыдрых Шылер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрыдрых Шылер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фридрих Шилер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фридрих Шилер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Φρίντριχ Σίλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρίντριχ Σίλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فریدریش شیلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش شیلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EC%8B%A4%EB%9F%AC" title="프리드리히 실러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 실러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%87%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Յոհան Ֆրիդրիխ Շիլլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոհան Ֆրիդրիխ Շիլլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="फ्रेडरिक शिलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रेडरिक शिलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="פרידריך שילר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך שילר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრიდრიხ შილერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდრიხ შილერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фридрих Шиллер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фридрих Шиллер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фридрих Шиллер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фридрих Шиллер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Шиллер, Фридрих – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шиллер, Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Schillerus" title="Fridericus Schillerus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Schillerus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_%C5%A0illers" title="Frīdrihs Šillers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīdrihs Šillers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фридрих Шилер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фридрих Шилер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രെഡറിക് ഷില്ലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രെഡറിക് ഷില്ലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრიდრიხ შილერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრიდრიხ შილერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فريدريك شيلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك شيلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فریدریش شیلر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فریدریش شیلر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фридрих фон Шиллер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фридрих фон Шиллер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဖရီးဒရစ် ရှီးလား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရီးဒရစ် ရှီးလား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="フリードリヒ・フォン・シラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリヒ・フォン・シラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼ ਸ਼ਿੱਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼ ਸ਼ਿੱਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%85_%E1%9E%88%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="ហ្វ្រីឌ្រីច ឈីលល័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វ្រីឌ្រីច ឈីលល័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Schiller" title="Friedrich von Schiller – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Friedrich von Schiller" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Φρίντριχ Σίλερ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Φρίντριχ Σίλερ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_Shiller" title="Fridrix Shiller – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fridrix Shiller" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Шиллер, Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шиллер, Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="فریدریش شیلەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فریدریش شیلەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фридрих Шилер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих Шилер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரெடிரிக் சில்லர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெடிரிக் சில்லர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟรีดริช ชิลเลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟรีดริช ชิลเลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрідріх Шиллер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх Шиллер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%AD%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·席勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗里德里希·席勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פרידריך שילער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרידריך שילער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Friedrich Schiller" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E5%B8%AB%E6%8B%BF" title="腓特烈師拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓特烈師拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%AD%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·席勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里德里希·席勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22670#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian (1759–1805)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Schiller" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Schiller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Schiller (disambiguation)">Schiller (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hofrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofrat">Hofrat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a>)</span></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Friedrich Schiller</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait by Ludovike Simanowiz (1794)"><img alt="Portrait by Ludovike Simanowiz (1794)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Schiller_by_Ludovike_Simanowiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="922" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Ludovike_Simanowiz" title="Ludovike Simanowiz">Ludovike Simanowiz</a> (1794)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1759-11-10</span>)</span>10 November 1759<br /><a href="/wiki/Marbach_am_Neckar" title="Marbach am Neckar">Marbach am Neckar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Duchy of Württemberg</a>, Holy Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">9 May 1805<span style="display:none">(1805-05-09)</span> (aged 45)<br /><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Weimar">Duchy of Saxe-Weimar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Playwright</li><li>poet</li><li>philosopher</li><li>historian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(play)" title="William Tell (play)">William Tell</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">Don Carlos</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)"><i>Wallenstein</i> trilogy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Bell" title="Song of the Bell">Song of the Bell</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Lengefeld" title="Charlotte von Lengefeld">Charlotte von Lengefeld</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1790)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Karl Ludwig Friedrich (1793–1857)</li> <li>Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841)</li> <li>Karoline Luise Friederike (1799–1850)</li> <li>Emilie Henriette Luise (1804–1872)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Schiller" title="Johann Kaspar Schiller">Johann Kaspar Schiller</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabetha_Dorothea_Schiller" title="Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller">Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller</a>, born Kodweiß (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophine_Reinwald" title="Christophine Reinwald">Christophine Reinwald</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg/150px-Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg/225px-Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg/300px-Friedrich_Schiller_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈjoːhan<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʁɪstɔf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfʁiːdʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃɪlɐ]</a></span><small>, short:</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁiːdʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃɪlɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/De-Friedrich_Schiller.ogg\/De-Friedrich_Schiller.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Friedrich Schiller.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/De-Friedrich_Schiller.ogg/De-Friedrich_Schiller.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Friedrich_Schiller.ogg" title="File:De-Friedrich Schiller.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. </p><p>He was born in Marbach to a devoutly Protestant family. Initially intended for the priesthood, in 1773 he entered a military academy in Stuttgart and ended up studying medicine. His first play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i>, was written at this time and proved very successful. After a brief stint as a regimental doctor, he left Stuttgart and eventually wound up in Weimar. In 1789, he became professor of History and Philosophy at Jena, where he wrote historical works. </p><p>During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendship with the already famous and influential <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>. They frequently discussed issues concerning <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works that he had left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a>. Together they founded the Weimar Theater. </p><p>They also worked together on <i><a href="/wiki/Xenien" title="Xenien">Xenien</a></i>, a collection of short <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in <a href="/wiki/Marbach_am_Neckar" title="Marbach am Neckar">Marbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, as the only son of military doctor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Schiller" title="Johann Kaspar Schiller">Johann Kaspar Schiller</a> (1723–1796) and <a href="/wiki/Elisabetha_Dorothea_Schiller" title="Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller">Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller</a> (1732–1802). They also had five daughters, including <a href="/wiki/Christophine_Reinwald" title="Christophine Reinwald">Christophine</a>, the eldest. Schiller grew up in a very religious Protestant<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> family and spent much of his youth studying the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, which would later influence his writing for the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was away in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> when Friedrich was born. He was named after king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198418_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198418-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the war, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while. His wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened to be stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a>. The family moved with him. Due to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Lorch_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Lorch (Württemberg)">Lorch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420–21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420–21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found his work unsatisfying. He sometimes took his son with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198423_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198423-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lorch, Schiller received his primary education. The quality of the lessons was fairly bad, and Friedrich regularly cut class with his older sister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198424_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198424-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because his parents wanted Schiller to become a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, they had the priest of the village instruct the boy in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. Father Moser was a good teacher, and later Schiller named the cleric in his first play <i>Die Räuber</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i>) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea of becoming a cleric and often put on black robes and pretended to preach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198425_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198425-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1766, the family left Lorch for the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Württemberg">Duke of Württemberg</a>'s principal residence, <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>. Schiller's father had not been paid for three years, and the family had been living on their savings but could no longer afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to the garrison in Ludwigsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198427_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198427-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/170px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/255px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/340px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Friedrich Schiller by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen" title="Gerhard von Kügelgen">Gerhard von Kügelgen</a> (1808/1809)</figcaption></figure> <p>There the boy Schiller came to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg</a>. He entered the <a href="/wiki/Karlsschule_Stuttgart" title="Karlsschule Stuttgart">Karlsschule Stuttgart</a> (an elite military academy founded by the Duke), in 1773, where he eventually studied medicine. During most of his short life, he suffered from illnesses that he tried to cure himself. </p><p>While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> and Goethe and discussed <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a> ideals with his classmates. At school, he wrote his first play, <i>The Robbers</i>, which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded its original audience. Schiller became an overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary member of the French Republic because of this play. The play was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Leisewitz'</a> earlier play <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_of_Taranto" title="Julius of Taranto">Julius of Taranto</a></i>, a favourite of the young Schiller.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-Leisewitz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-Leisewitz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, a job he disliked. In order to attend the first performance of <i>The Robbers</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, Schiller left his regiment without permission. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He fled Stuttgart in 1782, going via <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Mannheim, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> to <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. During the journey, he had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Kalb" title="Charlotte von Kalb">Charlotte von Kalb</a>, an army officer's wife. At the centre of an intellectual circle, she was known for her cleverness and instability. To extricate himself from a dire financial situation and attachment to a married woman, Schiller eventually sought help from family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1787, he settled in Weimar and in 1789, was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History and Philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, where he wrote only historical works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Schiller,_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Friedrich_Schiller%2C_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Schiller%2C_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Friedrich_Schiller%2C_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905%2C_obverse.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Schiller%2C_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Friedrich_Schiller%2C_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905%2C_obverse.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Schiller%2C_German_Poet_and_Surgeon_100th_Death_Anniversary_Medal_Vienna_1905%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Medal by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Schwartz_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Schwartz (sculptor) (page does not exist)">Stefan Schwartz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Schwartz" class="extiw" title="de:Stefan Schwartz">de</a>]</span> to his 100th Death Anniversary, after a sculpture of 1794 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Dannecker" title="Johann Heinrich von Dannecker">Dannecker</a>, Vienna 1905, obverse</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 February 1790, Schiller married <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Lengefeld" title="Charlotte von Lengefeld">Charlotte von Lengefeld</a> (1766–1826), sister of writer <a href="/wiki/Caroline_von_Wolzogen" title="Caroline von Wolzogen">Caroline von Wolzogen</a> (1763–1847) and daughter of forest administrator of <a href="/wiki/Louis_G%C3%BCnther_II,_Prince_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christoph_von_Lengefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Christoph von Lengefeld (page does not exist)">Carl Christoph von Lengefeld</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Christoph_von_Lengefeld" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Christoph von Lengefeld">de</a>]</span> (1715–1775) and his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_von_Lengefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise von Lengefeld (page does not exist)">Louise von Lengefeld</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_von_Lengefeld" class="extiw" title="de:Louise von Lengefeld">de</a>]</span>, nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were born between 1793 and 1804. The last living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Gleichen-Ru%C3%9Fwurm" title="Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm">Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm</a> (1865–1947), who died at <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, Germany, in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weimar_and_later_career">Weimar and later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weimar and later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schiller returned with his family to Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Nationaltheater_and_Staatskapelle_Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar">Weimar Theater</a>, which became the leading theater in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to a renaissance of drama in Germany. </p><p>For his achievements, Schiller was <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">ennobled</a> in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "<a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a>" to his name.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained in Weimar, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Saxe-Weimar</a> until his death at 45 from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in 1805. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiller_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schiller_edit1.jpg/170px-Schiller_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schiller_edit1.jpg/255px-Schiller_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schiller_edit1.jpg/340px-Schiller_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3311" data-file-height="4717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithograph</a> portrait from 1905, captioned "Friedrich von Schiller" in recognition of his 1802 ennoblement</figcaption></figure> <p>The first authoritative biography of Schiller was by his sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Caroline_von_Wolzogen" title="Caroline von Wolzogen">Caroline von Wolzogen</a> in 1830, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schillers Leben</i></span></i> (Schiller's Life).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in 1827 into the <a href="/wiki/Weimarer_F%C3%BCrstengruft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimarer Fürstengruft">Weimarer Fürstengruft</a> (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of the house of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Klassik_Stiftung_Weimar" title="Klassik Stiftung Weimar">Historical Cemetery of Weimar</a> and later also Goethe's resting place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller%27s_skull" title="Friedrich Schiller's skull">skull of this skeleton</a> is not Schiller's, and his tomb is now vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical resemblance between this skull and the extant <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to portraits of Schiller, had led many experts to believe that the skull was Schiller's. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg/170px-Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg/255px-Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg/340px-Stuttgart-schillerplatz-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Germany's oldest Schiller memorial (1839) on Schillerplatz, Stuttgart</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Stuttgart erected in 1839 a statue in his memory on a square renamed <a href="/wiki/Schillerplatz_(Stuttgart)" title="Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)">Schillerplatz</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Schiller_Monument_(Berlin)" title="Schiller Monument (Berlin)">Schiller monument</a> was unveiled on Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Gendarmenmarkt" title="Gendarmenmarkt">Gendarmenmarkt</a> in 1871. </p><p>The German-American community of New York City donated a bronze sculpture of Schiller to <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in 1859. It was Central Park's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptures_in_Central_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sculptures in Central Park">first installed sculpture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chicago <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Friedrich_Schiller_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Friedrich Schiller (Chicago)">dedicated a statue to Schiller</a> in its Lincoln Park. </p><p>Schiller Park in Columbus, Ohio is named for Schiller, and has been centered on a statue of his likeness since it was donated in 1891. During the First World War, the name of the park was changed to Washington Park in response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed back several years later. It is the primary park for the South Side neighborhood of German Village.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on <a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_Park" title="Belle Isle Park">Belle Isle</a> in Detroit, Michigan. This statue of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American community in 1908 at a cost of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen. </p><p>An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, MN. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated by U.S. German Societies of Saint Paul and private citizens of German descent to commemorate the renowned Johann von Schiller. </p><p>His image has appeared on several coins and banknotes in Germany, including the 1964 <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> 10 Mark banknotes,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Mark commemorative coins,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1934 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a> 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2008, the German-French TV channel <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> conducted a poll among its viewers to determine the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was voted in second place after <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> celebrated his 260th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siblings">Siblings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siblings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedrich Schiller had five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and three of whom lived to adulthood: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophine_Reinwald" title="Christophine Reinwald">Elizabeth Christophine Friederike Schiller</a> (1757–1847) – painter, was married librarian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hermann_Reinwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Friedrich Hermann Reinwald (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Friedrich Hermann Reinwald</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hermann_Reinwald" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Friedrich Hermann Reinwald">de</a>]</span> (1737–1815), no children.</li> <li>Louisa Dorothea Catharina Schiller (1766–1836) – married the pastor Johann Gottlieb Franckh (1760–1834).</li> <li>Marie Charlotte Schiller (1768–1774)</li> <li>Beata Friederike Schiller (1773)</li> <li>Caroline Christiane Schiller (1777–1796)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiller,_Friedrich_%E2%80%93_Kleinere_prosaische_Schriften_vol_1,_1792_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3285369.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Schiller%2C_Friedrich_%E2%80%93_Kleinere_prosaische_Schriften_vol_1%2C_1792_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3285369.jpg/220px-Schiller%2C_Friedrich_%E2%80%93_Kleinere_prosaische_Schriften_vol_1%2C_1792_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3285369.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Schiller%2C_Friedrich_%E2%80%93_Kleinere_prosaische_Schriften_vol_1%2C_1792_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3285369.jpg/330px-Schiller%2C_Friedrich_%E2%80%93_Kleinere_prosaische_Schriften_vol_1%2C_1792_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3285369.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Schiller%2C_Friedrich_%E2%80%93_Kleinere_prosaische_Schriften_vol_1%2C_1792_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3285369.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><i>Kleinere prosaische Schriften. 1</i> (1792)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_papers">Philosophical papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophical papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a large bronze statue of two men standing hand-in-hand, side by side and facing forward. The statue is on a stone pedestal, which has a plaque that reads "Dem Dichterpaar/Goethe und Schiller/das Vaterland"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg/170px-GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg/255px-GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg/340px-GoetheAndSchillerMonumentAtWeimar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument" title="Goethe–Schiller Monument">Goethe–Schiller Monument</a></i> (1857), <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on ethics and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. He synthesized the thought of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> with the thought of the <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealist</a> philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard_Reinhold" title="Karl Leonhard Reinhold">Karl Leonhard Reinhold</a>. He elaborated upon <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a>'s concept of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die schöne Seele</i></span></i> (the beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so that <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pflicht und Neigung</i></span></i> (duty and inclination) are no longer in conflict with one another; thus beauty, for Schiller, is not merely an aesthetic experience, but a moral one as well: the Good is the Beautiful. The link between morality and aesthetics also occurs in Schiller's controversial poem, "<a href="/wiki/Die_G%C3%B6tter_Griechenlandes" title="Die Götter Griechenlandes">Die Götter Griechenlandes</a>" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are thought by modern scholars to represent moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> and an idea of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">enchanted nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201782–83_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201782–83-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, Schiller's aesthetic doctrine shows the influence of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201781_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201781-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is general consensus among scholars that it makes sense to think of Schiller as a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he is frequently cited as a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schiller's philosophical work was particularly concerned with the question of human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided his historical research, such as on the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, and then found its way as well into his dramas: the <a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)"><i>Wallenstein</i> trilogy</a> concerns the Thirty Years' War, while <i>Don Carlos</i> addresses the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain. Schiller wrote two important essays on the question of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Erhabene</i></span></i>), entitled "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vom Erhabenen</i></span>" and "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Über das Erhabene</i></span>"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Auerbach" title="Erich Auerbach">Erich Auerbach</a> have noted his innovative use of dramatic structure and his creation of new forms, such as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> What follows is a brief chronological description of the plays. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i> (<i>Die Räuber</i>): The language of <i>The Robbers</i> is highly emotional, and the depiction of physical violence in the play marks it as a quintessential work of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i> movement. <i>The Robbers</i> is considered by critics like <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)" title="Peter Brooks (writer)">Peter Brooks</a> to be the first European <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>. The play pits two brothers against each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while the other attempts to create revolutionary anarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest" title="Bohemian Forest">Bohemian Forest</a>. The play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, and the economic inequities of German society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry into the nature of evil. Schiller was inspired by the play <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_of_Taranto" title="Julius of Taranto">Julius of Taranto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Anton_Leisewitz" title="Johann Anton Leisewitz">Johann Anton Leisewitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-Leisewitz_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-Leisewitz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiesco_(play)" title="Fiesco (play)">Fiesco</a></i> (<i>Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua</i>):</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrigue_and_Love" title="Intrigue and Love">Intrigue and Love</a></i> (<i>Kabale und Liebe</i>): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter of the city's music instructor. Court politics involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father create a disastrous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>. Schiller develops his criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois hypocrisy in this <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_tragedy" title="Bourgeois tragedy">bourgeois tragedy</a>. Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> that depicts a firing-squad massacre. Young Germans who refused to join the <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessians</a> and British to quash the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> are fired upon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ode_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ode-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">Don Carlos</a></i>: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very loosely based on the events surrounding the real <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Don Carlos</a> of Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another republican figure—he attempts to free Flanders from the despotic grip of his father, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Phillip</a>. The Marquis Posa's famous speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom and democracy.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)"><i>Wallenstein</i> trilogy</a>: Consisting of <i>Wallenstein's Camp</i>, <i>The Piccolomini</i>, and <i>Wallenstein's Death</i>, these plays tell the story of the last days and assassination of the treasonous commander <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart</a></i> (<i>Maria Stuart</i>): This history of the Scottish queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Mary Stuart as a tragic heroine, misunderstood and used by ruthless politicians, including and especially, Elizabeth.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg/170px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg/255px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg/340px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img49_Schiller_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3106" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>), Russia</figcaption></figure></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(play)" title="The Maid of Orleans (play)">The Maid of Orleans</a></i> (<i>Die Jungfrau von Orleans</i>): about <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_Messina" title="The Bride of Messina">The Bride of Messina</a></i> (<i>Die Braut von Messina</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(play)" title="William Tell (play)">William Tell</a></i> (<i>Wilhelm Tell</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(play)" title="Demetrius (play)">Demetrius</a></i> (unfinished)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_Letters"><i>Aesthetic Letters</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aesthetic Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Play_drive" title="Play drive">Play drive</a></div> <p>A pivotal work by Schiller was <i>On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen</i>), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; he wrote the <i>Letters</i> as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. In the <i>Letters</i> he asserts that it is possible to elevate the moral character of a people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an idea that is also found in his poem <i>Die Künstler</i> (<i>The Artists</i>): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land of knowledge." </p><p>On the philosophical side, <i>Letters</i> put forth the notion of <i>der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb</i> ("the sensuous drive") and <i>Formtrieb</i> ("the formal drive"). In a comment to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between <i>Formtrieb</i> and <i>Sinnestrieb</i> with the notion of <i>Spieltrieb</i> ("the <a href="/wiki/Play_drive" title="Play drive">play drive</a>"), derived from, as are a number of other terms, Kant's <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" title="Critique of Judgment">Critique of the Faculty of Judgment</a></i>. The conflict between man's material, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason (<i>Formtrieb</i> being the drive to impose conceptual and moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union of <i>Formtrieb</i> and <i>Sinnestrieb</i>, the "play drive", which for him is synonymous with artistic beauty, or "living form". On the basis of <i>Spieltrieb</i>, Schiller sketches in <i>Letters</i> a future <i>ideal state</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">eutopia</a>), where everyone will be content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to the free play of <i>Spieltrieb</i>. Schiller's focus on the dialectical interplay between <i>Formtrieb</i> and <i>Sinnestrieb</i> has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory, including notably <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a>'s conception of the "aesthetic regime of art", as well as social philosophy in <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>. In the second part of his important work <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i>, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of <i>Spieltrieb</i> useful in thinking a social situation without the condition of modern <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a>. He writes, "Schiller's <i>Letters</i> ... aim at remaking of civilization by virtue of the liberating force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility of a new reality principle."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>, but this has not been proven.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1787, in his tenth letter about <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">Don Carlos</a></i>, Schiller wrote: "I am neither <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminatus</a> nor Mason, but if the fraternization has a moral purpose in common with one another, and if this purpose for human society is the most important, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-IFL_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFL-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter from 1829, two Freemasons from <a href="/wiki/Rudolstadt" title="Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a> complain about the dissolving of their Lodge <i>Günther zum stehenden Löwen</i> that was honoured by the initiation of Schiller. According to Schiller's great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Gleichen-Ru%C3%9Fwurm" title="Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm">Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm</a>, Schiller was brought to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-IFL_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFL-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_settings">Musical settings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Musical settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> said that a great poem is more difficult to set to music than a merely good one because the composer must rise higher than the poet – "who can do that in the case of Schiller? In this respect Goethe is much easier," wrote Beethoven.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are relatively few famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Ode_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ode-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the final movement of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>' choral setting of "<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4nie" title="Nänie">Nänie</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Des_M%C3%A4dchens_Klage" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Mädchens Klage">Des Mädchens Klage</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, who set 44 of Schiller's poems<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lieder</a>, mostly for voice and piano, also including "<a href="/wiki/Die_B%C3%BCrgschaft" title="Die Bürgschaft">Die Bürgschaft</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg/170px-Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg/255px-Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg/340px-Ferdinand_Carl_Christian_Jagemann_Schiller_auf_dem_Totenbette_1805.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Schiller on his deathbed – drawing by the portraitist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Jagemann" title="Ferdinand Jagemann">Ferdinand Jagemann</a>, 1805</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> admired Schiller greatly and adapted several of his stage plays for his operas: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i> is based on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco">Giovanna d'Arco</a></i> is based on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(play)" title="The Maid of Orleans (play)">The Maid of Orleans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> is based on <i><a href="/wiki/Intrigue_and_Love" title="Intrigue and Love">Intrigue and Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></i> is based partly on <i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">Wallenstein</a>'s Camp</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">play of the same title</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Stuarda" title="Maria Stuarda">Maria Stuarda</a></i> is based on <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(opera)" title="William Tell (opera)">Guillaume Tell</a></i> is an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(play)" title="William Tell (play)">William Tell</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Vaccai" title="Nicola Vaccai">Nicola Vaccai</a>'s <i>Giovanna d'Arco</i> (1827) is based on <i>The Maid of Orleans</i>, and his <i>La sposa di Messina</i> (1839) on <i>The Bride of Messina</i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Choral_works_by_Max_Bruch#The_Lay_of_the_Bell" title="Choral works by Max Bruch">The Lay of the Bell</a> is also based on a poem by Schiller.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rep_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rep-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elise_Schmezer" title="Elise Schmezer">Elise Schmezer</a> (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for her <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a> “Das Geheimnis”.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s 1881 opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(opera)" title="The Maid of Orleans (opera)">The Maid of Orleans</a></i> is partly based on Schiller's work. In 1923, German composer <a href="/wiki/Frieda_Schmitt-Lermann" title="Frieda Schmitt-Lermann">Frieda Schmitt-Lermann</a> wrote the music for a theatre production (<i>Das Lied von der Glocke)</i> based on Schiller's text. German-Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Petrovna_Ziberova" title="Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova">Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova</a> created a musical setting for Schiler's <i>William Tell</i> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th-century composer <a href="/wiki/Giselher_Klebe" title="Giselher Klebe">Giselher Klebe</a> adapted <i>The Robbers</i> for his first opera of <a href="/wiki/Die_R%C3%A4uber_(opera)" title="Die Räuber (opera)">the same name</a>, which premiered in 1957. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schiller's_burial"><span id="Schiller.27s_burial"></span>Schiller's burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Schiller's burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A poem written about the poet's burial: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm<br /> And rain at any moment threaten to put out.<br /> A waving pall. A vulgar coffin made of pine<br /> With not a wreath, not e'en the poorest, and no train –<br /> As if a crime were swiftly carried to the grave!<br /> The bearers hastened onward. One unknown alone,<br /> Round whom a mantle waved of wide and noble fold,<br /> Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg/170px-Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg/255px-Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg/340px-Fr._Zone_1945_12_Friedrich_Schiller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Germany#Allied_occupation" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Germany">French-occupied German stamp</a> depicting Schiller</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiller_monument,_Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Schiller_monument%2C_Vienna.jpg/170px-Schiller_monument%2C_Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Schiller_monument%2C_Vienna.jpg/255px-Schiller_monument%2C_Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Schiller_monument%2C_Vienna.jpg/340px-Schiller_monument%2C_Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3846" /></a><figcaption>Monument on Schillerplatz in Vienna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria,_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Austria%2C_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg/220px-Austria%2C_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Austria%2C_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg/330px-Austria%2C_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Austria%2C_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg/440px-Austria%2C_Schiller_Bronze-Plaque-Medal_N.D._by_Hofner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3074" data-file-height="3266" /></a><figcaption>Bronze-Plaque-Medal of Schiller's laureate head by the Austrian artist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hofner" title="Otto Hofner">Otto Hofner</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plays</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">Die Räuber</a></i> (<i>The Robbers</i>), 1781</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiesco_(play)" title="Fiesco (play)">Fiesco</a></i> (<i>Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua</i>), 1783</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrigue_and_Love" title="Intrigue and Love">Kabale und Liebe</a></i> (<i>Intrigue and Love</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Ode_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ode-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1784</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien</a></i> (<i>Don Carlos</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1787</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">Wallenstein</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1800</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Maria Stuart</a></i> (<i>Mary Stuart</i>), 1800</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(play)" title="The Maid of Orleans (play)">Die Jungfrau von Orleans</a></i> (<i>The Maid of Orleans</i>), 1801</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Gozzi)#Friedrich_Schiller" title="Turandot (Gozzi)">Turandot, Prinzessin von China</a></i>, 1801</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_Messina" title="The Bride of Messina">Die Braut von Messina</a></i> (<i>The Bride of Messina</i>), 1803</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(play)" title="William Tell (play)">Wilhelm Tell</a></i> (<i>William Tell</i>), 1804</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(play)" title="Demetrius (play)">Demetrius</a></i> (unfinished at his death)</li></ul> <p><b>Histories</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung</i> or <i>The Revolt of the Netherlands</i></li> <li><i>Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs</i> or <i>A History of the Thirty Years' War</i></li> <li><i>Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter</i> or <i>On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages</i></li></ul> <p><b>Translations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iphigenia_in_Aulis" title="Iphigenia in Aulis">Iphigenia in Aulis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A8dre" title="Phèdre">Phèdre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gozzi" title="Carlo Gozzi">Carlo Gozzi</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Gozzi)" title="Turandot (Gozzi)">Turandot</a></i>, 1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Beno%C3%AEt_Picard" title="Louis-Benoît Picard">Louis-Benoît Picard</a>, <i>Der Neffe als Onkel</i></li></ul> <p><b>Prose</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Der Geisterseher</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost-Seer" title="The Ghost-Seer">The Ghost-Seer</a></i> (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically. Published as book in 1789)</li> <li><i>Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen</i> (<i>On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters</i>), 1795</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Criminal_of_Lost_Honour" title="The Criminal of Lost Honour">Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre</a></i> (<i>Dishonoured Irreclaimable</i>), 1786</li></ul> <p><b>Poems</b> </p> <ul><li><i>An die Freude</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Ode_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ode-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1785) became the basis for the fourth movement of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">ninth symphony</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Taucher" title="Der Taucher">Der Taucher</a></i> (<i>The Diver</i>; set to music by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Kraniche_des_Ibykus" title="Die Kraniche des Ibykus">Die Kraniche des Ibykus</a></i> (<i>The Cranes of Ibykus</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Polykrates_(poem)" title="Der Ring des Polykrates (poem)">Der Ring des Polykrates</a></i> (<i>Polycrates' Ring</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_B%C3%BCrgschaft" title="Die Bürgschaft">Die Bürgschaft</a></i> (<i>The Hostage</i>; set to music by Schubert)</li> <li><i>Das Lied von der Glocke</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Bell" title="Song of the Bell">Song of the Bell</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_verschleierte_Bild_zu_Sais" title="Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais">Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais</a></i> (<i>The Veiled Statue at Sais</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Handschuh" title="Der Handschuh">Der Handschuh</a></i> (<i>The Glove</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4nie" title="Nänie">Nänie</a></i> (set to music by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/The_Theatre_Considered_as_a_Moral_Institution" title="The Theatre Considered as a Moral Institution">The Theatre Considered as a Moral Institution</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_drive" title="Play drive">Play drive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Poulton" title="Mike Poulton">Mike Poulton</a> translated this play in 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">Wallenstein</a></i> was translated from a manuscript copy into English as <i>The Piccolomini</i> and <i>Death of Wallenstein</i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> in 1800.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKerry2007" class="citation book cs1">Kerry, Paul E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GsIBvPIchrQC&q=deeply%20protestant"><i>Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Philosopher, Historian</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039103072" title="Special:BookSources/9783039103072"><bdi>9783039103072</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Schiller%3A+Playwright%2C+Poet%2C+Philosopher%2C+Historian&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783039103072&rft.aulast=Kerry&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGsIBvPIchrQC%26q%3Ddeeply%2520protestant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1990" class="citation journal cs1">Simons, John D (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite00jame_1">"Frederich Schiller"</a></span>. <i>Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 94: German Writers in the Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4574-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4574-4"><bdi>978-0-8103-4574-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Literary+Biography%2C+Volume+94%3A+German+Writers+in+the+Age+of+Goethe%3A+Sturm+und+Drang+to+Classicism&rft.atitle=Frederich+Schiller&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-4574-4&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=John+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflite00jame_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198418-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198418_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420–21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198420–21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198423-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198423_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198424-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198424_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198425-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198425_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahnstein198427-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahnstein198427_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahnstein1984">Lahnstein 1984</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-Leisewitz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-Leisewitz_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica-Leisewitz_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/335498/Johann-Anton-Leisewitz?anchor=ref141414">"Johann Anton Leisewitz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 5 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Anton+Leisewitz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F335498%2FJohann-Anton-Leisewitz%3Fanchor%3Dref141414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studiocleo.com/librarie/schiller/biography.html">"Friedrich Schiller biography"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Schiller+biography&rft.pub=Studiocleo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudiocleo.com%2Flibrarie%2Fschiller%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, retrieved 1 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schillersgeburtshaus.de/seite/315883/schillers-familie.html">"Schillers Familie"</a>, Schiller Birth House Museum, <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Literaturarchiv_Marbach" title="Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach">Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach</a> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nachtkritik.de&rft.atitle=King+of+Drama+gek%C3%BCrt&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft.aulast=Merck&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nachtkritik.de%2Fmeldungen%2Fking-of-drama-gekuert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/friedrich-von-schillers-260th-birthday/">"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=Friedrich+von+Schiller%27s+260th+Birthday&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Ffriedrich-von-schillers-260th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201782–83-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201782–83_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201781-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201781_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Nicholas (2006). <i>Schiller: A Birmingham Symposium</i>. Rodopi. p. 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schiller%3A+A+Birmingham+Symposium&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray, John</a> (1995). <i>Liberalism</i>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954862-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954862-0"><bdi>978-0-19-954862-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+World+Politics&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954862-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavallar2011" class="citation book cs1">Cavallar, Georg (2011). <i>Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies in the history of international legal theory and cosmopolitan ideas</i>. University of Wales Press. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperfect+Cosmopolis%3A+Studies+in+the+history+of+international+legal+theory+and+cosmopolitan+ideas&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cavallar&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe1995" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Lesley (1995). <i>Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Two Centuries of Criticism</i>. Camden House. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schiller%27s+Aesthetic+Essays%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Criticism&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ode-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ode_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ode_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ode_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ode_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Autobiography of Col. John Trumbull</i>, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/schiller-education.html">"Letters Upon The Aesthetic Education of Man"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller, <i>On the Aesthetic Education of Man</i>, ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and <a href="/wiki/L._A._Willoughby" class="mw-redirect" title="L. A. Willoughby">L. A. Willoughby</a>, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse, Herbert</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_and_Civilization" title="Eros and Civilization">Eros and Civilization</a></i>. Beacon Press. 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/schiller_f/schiller_f.html">"Friedrich von Schiller"</a>. Freemasonry.bcy.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+von+Schiller&rft.pub=Freemasonry.bcy.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fbiography%2Fschiller_f%2Fschiller_f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFL-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IFL_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFL_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: <i>Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon</i>. Herbig Publishing, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7766-2478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7766-2478-6">978-3-7766-2478-6</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3528/3528-h/3528-h.htm">"Beethoven: the man and the artist, as revealed by his own words, Project Gutenberg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beethoven%3A+the+man+and+the+artist%2C+as+revealed+by+his+own+words%2C+Project+Gutenberg.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3528%2F3528-h%2F3528-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brittlebooks.library.illinois.edu/brittlebooks_open/Books2010-04/schufr0001fifson/schufr0001fifson.pdf">"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert"</a> by Henry T. Finck. Published in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classical.net/music/recs/reviews/c/cpo77130a.php">"Das Lied von der Glocke"</a>. <i>classical.net</i>. Classical Net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classical.net&rft.atitle=Das+Lied+von+der+Glocke&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical.net%2Fmusic%2Frecs%2Freviews%2Fc%2Fcpo77130a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rep-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rep_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggerking" class="citation web cs1">Eggerking, Wolfgang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de/wp-content/uploads/vorworte_prefaces/449.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45"</a>. <i>repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de&rft.atitle=%22Das+Lied+von+der+Glocke%22+op.45&rft.aulast=Eggerking&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepertoire-explorer.musikmph.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fvorworte_prefaces%2F449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=11480">"Elise Schmezer Song Texts | LiederNet"</a>. <i>www.lieder.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lieder.net&rft.atitle=Elise+Schmezer+Song+Texts+%7C+LiederNet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lieder.net%2Flieder%2Fget_settings.html%3FComposerId%3D11480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). <i>International encyclopedia of women composers</i> (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9617485-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9617485-2-4"><bdi>0-9617485-2-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16714846">16714846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopedia+of+women+composers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second+edition%2C+revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Books+%26+Music&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16714846&rft.isbn=0-9617485-2-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Aaron+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunsterberg1916" class="citation book cs1">Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aharvestgermanv00munsgoog"><i>A Harvest of German Verse</i></a>. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aharvestgermanv00munsgoog/page/n262">242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Harvest+of+German+Verse&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Munsterberg&rft.aufirst=Margarete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faharvestgermanv00munsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Josephson_Storm" title="Jason Josephson Storm">Josephson-Storm, Jason</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahnstein1984" class="citation book cs1">Lahnstein, Peter (January 1984) [1981]. <i>Schillers Leben</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-25621-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-25621-1"><bdi>978-3-596-25621-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schillers+Leben&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Fischer&rft.date=1984-01&rft.isbn=978-3-596-25621-1&rft.aulast=Lahnstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Biographical</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1825). <i>The Life of Friedrich Schiller, Comprehending an Examination of His Works</i>. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXV. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> (published 1904).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Friedrich+Schiller%2C+Comprehending+an+Examination+of+His+Works&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Works+of+Thomas+Carlyle+in+Thirty+Volumes&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Editions</b> </p> <ul><li>Historical-critical edition by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Goedeke" title="Karl Goedeke">K. Goedeke</a> (17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867–76)</li> <li><i>Säkular-Ausgabe</i> edition by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904–05)</li> <li>historical-critical edition by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, 1909–10).</li></ul> <p>Other valuable editions are: </p> <ul><li>the Hempel edition (1868–74)</li> <li>the Boxberger edition, in <i>Kürschners National-Literatur</i> (12 volumes, Berlin, 1882–91)</li> <li>the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Berlin, 1908)</li> <li>the <i>Horenausgabe</i> (16 volumes, Munich, 1910, et. seq.)</li> <li>the edition of the <i>Tempel Klassiker</i> (13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910–11)</li> <li><i>Helios Klassiker</i> (6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911).</li></ul> <p><b>Translations of Schiller's works</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2015). Guthrie, John (ed.). <i>Fiesco's Conspiracy at Genoa</i>. Translated by Flora Kimmich. <a href="/wiki/Open_Book_Publishers" title="Open Book Publishers">Open Book Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0058">10.11647/obp.0058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-042-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-042-0"><bdi>978-1-78374-042-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiesco%27s+Conspiracy+at+Genoa&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0058&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-042-0&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2019). <i>Love and Intrigue</i>. Open Book Classics. Vol. 11. Translated by Flora Kimmich. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0175">10.11647/obp.0175</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-738-2"><bdi>978-1-78374-738-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2054-216X">2054-216X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191793572">191793572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Intrigue&rft.series=Open+Book+Classics&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191793572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2054-216X&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-738-2&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearchlibrary.org/ext/api/media/f1839554-8298-45f0-a151-7a77b5dfa43d/assets/external_content.pdf"><i>Wallenstein: A Dramatic Poem</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Flora Kimmich. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0101">10.11647/obp.0101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-263-9"><bdi>978-1-78374-263-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wallenstein%3A+A+Dramatic+Poem&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0101&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-263-9&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearchlibrary.org%2Fext%2Fapi%2Fmedia%2Ff1839554-8298-45f0-a151-7a77b5dfa43d%2Fassets%2Fexternal_content.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2018). <i>Don Carlos Infante of Spain: A Dramatic Poem</i>. Translated by Flora Kimmich. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2Fobp.0134">10.11647/obp.0134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-446-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-446-6"><bdi>978-1-78374-446-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194128320">194128320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Carlos+Infante+of+Spain%3A+A+Dramatic+Poem&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194128320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2Fobp.0134&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-446-6&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2016" class="citation book cs1">Schiller, Friedrich (2016). <i>On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters</i>. Translated by Alexander Schmidt, Keith Tribe. Pengui Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-139696-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-139696-2"><bdi>0-14-139696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Aesthetic+Education+of+Man+in+a+Series+of+Letters&rft.pub=Pengui+Classics&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=0-14-139696-2&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Documents and other memorials of Schiller are in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goethe_and_Schiller_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goethe and Schiller Archive (page does not exist)">Goethe and Schiller Archive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-_und_Schiller-Archiv" class="extiw" title="de:Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv">de</a>]</span> in Weimar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Friedrich_Schiller" class="extiw" title="s:de:Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_von_Schiller" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Friedrich_Schiller" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Friedrich_Schiller" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/289">Works by Friedrich Schiller</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Schiller%2C%20Johann%20Christoph%20Friedrich%20von">Works by Friedrich Schiller</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schiller%2C%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friedrich%20Schiller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schiller%2C%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friedrich%20Schiller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schiller%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Friedrich%20Schiller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schiller%2C%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friedrich%20Schiller%22%29%20OR%20%28%221759-1805%22%20AND%20Schiller%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Friedrich Schiller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/412">Works by Friedrich Schiller</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0771646/">Friedrich Schiller</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Sime" title="James Sime">Sime, James</a> (1886). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Schiller">"Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XXI (9th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Christoph+Friedrich+Schiller&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Sime&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_George_Robertson" title="John George Robertson">Robertson, John George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schiller,_Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_von">"Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 324–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schiller%2C+Johann+Christoph+Friedrich+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=324-326&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=John+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Schiller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiesco_(play)" title="Fiesco (play)">Fiesco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrigue_and_Love" title="Intrigue and Love">Intrigue and Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rner%27s_Morning" title="Körner's Morning">Körner's Morning</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">Don Carlos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">Wallenstein</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)#Wallenstein's_Camp" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">Wallenstein's Camp</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)#The_Piccolomini" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">The Piccolomini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallenstein_(trilogy_of_plays)#Wallenstein's_Death" title="Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)">Wallenstein's Death</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)">Mary Stuart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(play)" title="The Maid of Orleans (play)">The Maid of Orleans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_Messina" title="The Bride of Messina">The Bride of Messina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tell_(play)" title="William Tell (play)">William Tell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Huldigung_der_K%C3%BCnste" title="Die Huldigung der Künste">Die Huldigung der Künste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(play)" title="Demetrius (play)">Demetrius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libretti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Semele_(Schiller)" title="Semele (Schiller)">Semele</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_(Friedrich_Schiller)" title="Resignation (Friedrich Schiller)">Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_G%C3%B6tter_Griechenlandes" title="Die Götter Griechenlandes">Die Götter Griechenlandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_verschleierte_Bild_zu_Sais" title="Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais">Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Teilung_der_Erde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Teilung der Erde (page does not exist)">Die Teilung der Erde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenien" title="Xenien">Xenien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Handschuh" title="Der Handschuh">Der Handschuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Taucher" title="Der Taucher">Der Taucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Kraniche_des_Ibykus" title="Die Kraniche des Ibykus">Die Kraniche des Ibykus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_Toggenburg" title="Ritter Toggenburg">Ritter Toggenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Gang_nach_dem_Eisenhammer" title="Der Gang nach dem Eisenhammer">Der Gang nach dem Eisenhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Polykrates_(poem)" title="Der Ring des Polykrates (poem)">Der Ring des Polykrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Kampf_mit_dem_Drachen" title="Der Kampf mit dem Drachen">Der Kampf mit dem Drachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_B%C3%BCrgschaft" title="Die Bürgschaft">Die Bürgschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Bell" title="Song of the Bell">Das Lied von der Glocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4nie" title="Nänie">Nänie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Antritt_des_neuen_Jahrhunderts" title="Der Antritt des neuen Jahrhunderts">Der Antritt des neuen Jahrhunderts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Siegesfest" title="Das Siegesfest">Das Siegesfest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected<br />prose works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Criminal_of_Lost_Honour" title="The Criminal of Lost Honour">The Criminal of Lost Honour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost-Seer" title="The Ghost-Seer">The Ghost-Seer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_magnanimous_act" title="A magnanimous act">A magnanimous act</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected<br />philosophical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre_Considered_as_a_Moral_Institution" title="The Theatre Considered as a Moral Institution">The Theatre Considered as a Moral Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cber_den_Grund_des_Vergn%C3%BCgens_an_tragischen_Gegenst%C3%A4nden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Über den Grund des Vergnügens an tragischen Gegenständen (page does not exist)">Über den Grund des Vergnügens an tragischen Gegenständen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustenburger_Briefe" title="Augustenburger Briefe">Augustenburger Briefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Grace_and_Dignity" title="On Grace and Dignity">On Grace and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cber_das_Pathetische&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Über das Pathetische (page does not exist)">Über das Pathetische</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallias-Briefe" title="Kallias-Briefe">Kallias-Briefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Aesthetic_Education_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Aesthetic Education of Man">On the Aesthetic Education of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Na%C3%AFve_and_Sentimental_Poetry" title="On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry">On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cber_das_Erhabene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Über das Erhabene (page does not exist)">Über das Erhabene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/What_is_universal_history_and_why_does_one_study_it%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is universal history and why does one study it?">What is universal history and why does one study it?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wirtembergisches_Repertorium_der_Literatur" title="Wirtembergisches Repertorium der Literatur"><i>Wirtembergisches Repertorium</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(German_magazine)" title="Thalia (German magazine)"><i>Thalia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Horen_(Schiller)" title="Die Horen (Schiller)"><i>Die Horen</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schiller_Monument_(Berlin)" title="Schiller Monument (Berlin)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Friedrich_Schiller_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Friedrich Schiller (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Friedrich_Schiller_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Friedrich Schiller (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Milwaukee)" title="Goethe–Schiller Monument (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a> (with Goethe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Syracuse)" title="Goethe–Schiller Monument (Syracuse)">Syracuse</a> (with Goethe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument" title="Goethe–Schiller Monument">Weimar</a> (with Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Schiller" title="Johann Kaspar Schiller">Johann Kaspar Schiller</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabetha_Dorothea_Schiller" title="Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller">Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Lengefeld" title="Charlotte von Lengefeld">Charlotte von Lengefeld</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christoph_von_Lengefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Christoph von Lengefeld (page does not exist)">Carl Christoph von Lengefeld</a> (father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_von_Lengefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise von Lengefeld (page does not exist)">Louise von Lengefeld</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Schiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Schiller (page does not exist)">Karl von Schiller</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_von_Schiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst von Schiller (page does not exist)">Ernst von Schiller</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilie_von_Gleichen-Ru%C3%9Fwurm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilie von Gleichen-Rußwurm (page does not exist)">Emilie von Gleichen-Rußwurm</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Gleichen-Ru%C3%9Fwurm" title="Ludwig von Gleichen-Rußwurm">Ludwig von Gleichen-Rußwurm</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Gleichen-Ru%C3%9Fwurm" title="Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm">Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophine_Reinwald" title="Christophine Reinwald">Christophine Reinwald</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hermann_Reinwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Friedrich Hermann Reinwald (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Friedrich Hermann Reinwald</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_drive" title="Play drive">Play drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller%27s_skull" title="Friedrich Schiller's skull">Skull</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_(1923_film)" title="Friedrich Schiller (1923 film)">Friedrich Schiller</a></i> (1923 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller_%E2%80%93_The_Triumph_of_a_Genius" title="Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius">Friedrich Schiller – The Triumph of a Genius</a></i> (1940 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_Sisters" title="Beloved Sisters">Beloved Sisters</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Friedrich_Schiller&#039;s_The_Robbers_(1781)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Robbers" title="Template:The Robbers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Robbers" title="Template talk:The Robbers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Robbers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Robbers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Friedrich_Schiller&#039;s_The_Robbers_(1781)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich Schiller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robbers" title="The Robbers">The Robbers</a></i> (1781)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_of_Taranto" title="Julius of Taranto">Julius of Taranto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_briganti_(Mercadante)" title="I briganti (Mercadante)">I briganti</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_R%C3%A4uber_(opera)" title="Die Räuber (opera)">Die Räuber (opera)</a></i> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22670#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22670#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22670#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96994450">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43331/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycRRj6GBBQ8jWvckfDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118607626">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79111538">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887510q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000014093&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1144351">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/62879">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06828151X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051449">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000019716&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0017956X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500228189">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6eea5386-1d69-424c-851c-1236a72db3c2">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/326058">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102549">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/968208">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1158078">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118607626.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118607626">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026670488">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/012255">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67p8zn1">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/127603">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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