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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Freiberg: The Mining Academy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freiberg:_The_Mining_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weissenfels:_The_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weissenfels:_The_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Weissenfels: The final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weissenfels:_The_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_romantic_poet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_romantic_poet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 As romantic poet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_romantic_poet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_philosophical_thinker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_philosophical_thinker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 As philosophical thinker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_philosophical_thinker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magical_idealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magical_idealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Magical idealism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magical_idealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unfinished_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unfinished_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Unfinished novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unfinished_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Fragments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Political writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_and_miscellaneous_works_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_and_miscellaneous_works_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Collected and miscellaneous works in English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_and_miscellaneous_works_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collected_works_(in_German)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_works_(in_German)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Collected works (in German) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_works_(in_German)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Novalis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="نوفاليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوفاليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="نووالیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نووالیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6" title="নোভালিশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোভালিশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Наваліс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наваліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Наваліс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наваліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Новалис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Новалис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Νοβάλις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοβάλις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="نووالیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نووالیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="노발리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노발리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Նովալիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նովալիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="नोवालिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोवालिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="נובאליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נובאליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნოვალისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოვალისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Новалис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Новалис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C4%81liss" title="Novāliss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Novāliss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Новалис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Новалис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნოვალისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოვალისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="نوفاليس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوفاليس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ノヴァーリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノヴァーリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Новалис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новалис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Новалис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новалис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="โนวาลิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โนวาลิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Novalis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Новаліс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Новаліс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German poet and writer (1772–1801)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Novalis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Novalis (disambiguation)">Novalis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Novalis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Novalis-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1799 portrait"><img alt="1799 portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Novalis-1.jpg/220px-Novalis-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Novalis-1.jpg/330px-Novalis-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Novalis-1.jpg/440px-Novalis-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="999" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">1799 portrait</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (1772-05-02)2 May 1772 <a href="/wiki/Wiederstedt" title="Wiederstedt">Wiederstedt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">25 March 1801(1801-03-25) (aged 28) <a href="/wiki/Weissenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissenfels">Weissenfels</a>, Electorate of Saxony</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novalis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, philosopher, poet, aristocrat, mystic, mineralogist, civil engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Bergakademie_Freiberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg">Mining Academy of Freiberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1791–1801</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Poetry</li><li>novels</li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_fragment" title="Literary fragment">fragments</a></li><li>speeches</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li>Philosophy</li><li>natural science</li><li>religion</li><li>politics</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena Romanticism</a><a href="#cite_note-Redfield2012-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Novalis_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Novalis_Signature.png/150px-Novalis_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Novalis_Signature.png/225px-Novalis_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Novalis_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="93" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), pen name Novalis (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/noʊˈvɑːlɪs/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[noˈvaːlɪs]</a>), was a <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">German aristocrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, who was a poet, novelist, philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>. He is regarded as an influential figure of <a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena Romanticism</a>. Novalis was born into a minor aristocratic family in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Saxony">Electoral Saxony</a>. He was the second of eleven children; his early household observed a strict <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a> faith. He studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>. While at Jena, he published his first poem and befriended the playwright and fellow poet <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>. In Leipzig, he then met <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>, becoming lifelong friends. Novalis completed his law degree in 1794 at the age of 22. He then worked as a legal assistant in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Tennstedt" title="Bad Tennstedt">Tennstedt</a> immediately after graduating. There, he met <a href="/wiki/Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn" title="Sophie von Kühn">Sophie von Kühn</a>. The following year Novalis and Sophie became secretly engaged. Sophie became severely ill soon after the engagement and died just after her 15th birthday. Sophie's early death had a life-long impact on Novalis and his writing. Novalis enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Bergakademie_Freiberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg">Freiberg University of Mining and Technology</a> in 1797, where he studied a wide number of disciplines including electricity, medicine, chemistry, physics, mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>. He conversed with many of the formative figures of the Early Germanic Romantic period, including <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">August Schlegel</a>. After finishing his studies, Novalis served as a director of salt mines in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. During this time, Novalis wrote major poetic and literary works, including <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_the_Night" title="Hymns to the Night">Hymns to the Night</a>. In 1800, he began showing signs of illness, which is thought to have been either tuberculosis or <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, and died on 25 March 1801 at the age of 28. Novalis's early reputation as a romantic poet was primarily based on his literary works, which were published by his friends Friedrich Schlegel and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a> shortly after his death, in 1802. These works include the collection of poems, Hymns to the Night and Spiritual Hymns, and his unfinished novels, Heinrich von Ofterdingen and The Novices at Sais. Schlegel and Tieck published only a small sample of his philosophical and scientific writings. The depth of Novalis's knowledge in fields like philosophy and natural science came to be more broadly appreciated with the more extensive publication of his notebooks in the twentieth century. Novalis was not only well read in his chosen disciplines; he also sought to integrate his knowledge with his art. This goal can be seen in his use of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_fragment" title="Literary fragment">fragment</a>, a form that he wrote in alongside Friedrich Schlegel, and published in Schlegel's journal <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_(German_magazine)" title="Athenaeum (German magazine)">Athenaeum</a>. The fragment allowed him to synthesize poetry, philosophy, and science into a single art form that could be used to address a wide variety of topics. Just as Novalis's literary works have established his reputation as a poet, the notebooks and fragments have subsequently established his intellectual role in the formation of Early German Romanticism. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_background">Birth and early background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and early background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg/220px-Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg/330px-Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg/440px-Schloss_Oberwiederstedt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Oberwiederstedt" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss Oberwiederstedt">Oberwiederstedt castle</a></figcaption></figure> Novalis, baptized Georg Philipp Friedrich, was the <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> (Baron) von <a href="/wiki/Hardenberg_(surname)#Noble_family" title="Hardenberg (surname)">Hardenberg</a>, born in 1772 at his family estate in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, the Schloss Oberwiederstedt, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Wiederstedt" title="Wiederstedt">Wiederstedt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n32">24</a>  which is now located in the present-day town of <a href="/wiki/Arnstein,_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Arnstein, Saxony-Anhalt">Arnstein</a>. Hardenberg descended from ancient, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxon</a> nobility. Novalis's father was Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg (1738–1814), the estate owner and a salt-mine manager. His mother was Auguste Bernhardine (née von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ltzig" class="extiw" title="de:Böltzig">Böltzig</a>) (1749–1818), who was Heinrich's second wife. Novalis was the second of eleven children.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.5">5–7</a>  Although Novalis had an aristocratic pedigree, his family was not wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-Kermode2009-4">[4]</a> Novalis's early education was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>. His father was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church#Herrnhuter_Brüdergemeine,_18th-century_renewal" title="Moravian Church">Herrnhuter Unity of Brethren</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a><a href="#cite_note-Pick1910-5">[5]</a> and maintained a strict pietist household. Until the age of nine, he was taught by private tutors who were trained in pietist theology; subsequently, he attended a Herrnhut school in <a href="/wiki/Neudietendorf" title="Neudietendorf">Neudietendorf</a> for three years.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.5">6–7</a>  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png/110px-Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png/165px-Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png/220px-Hardenberg-Ns-Wappen.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Coat-of-arms of the Hardenberg family</figcaption></figure> When he was twelve, Novalis was put under the charge of his uncle <a href="/wiki/File:Gottlob_Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Hardenberg.jpg" title="File:Gottlob Friedrich Wilhelm von Hardenberg.jpg">Gottlob Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Hardenberg</a> (1728-1800), Land commander of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, who lived at his rural estate in <a href="/wiki/File:Rittergut_Lucklum_Einfahrt_junge_Alleeb%C3%A4ume.jpg" title="File:Rittergut Lucklum Einfahrt junge Alleebäume.jpg">Lucklum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n34">26</a>  Novalis's uncle introduced him to the late <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> world, where Novalis was exposed to <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> ideas as well as the contemporary literature of his time, including the works of the French <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopedists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.6">8</a>  At seventeen, Novalis attended the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Weissenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissenfels">Weissenfels</a> where his family had moved in 1785. At the gymnasium, he learned rhetoric and ancient literature.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n34">26</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jena,_Leipzig,_Wittenberg:_Legal_Studies">Jena, Leipzig, Wittenberg: Legal Studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jena, Leipzig, Wittenberg: Legal Studies">edit</a>]</div> Between 1790 and 1794, Novalis went to university to study law. He first attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>. While there, he studied <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s philosophy under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard_Reinhold" title="Karl Leonhard Reinhold">Karl Reinhold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Redfield2012-1">[1]</a> and it was there that he first became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte's</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n35">27</a>  He also developed a close relationship with playwright and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>. Novalis attended Schiller's lectures on history<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.7">11</a>  and tended to Schiller when he was suffering from a particularly severe flare-up of his chronic <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snell2012-6">[6]</a> In 1791, he published his first work, a poem dedicated to Schiller, "Klagen eines Jünglings" ("Lament of a Youth"), in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Teutsche_Merkur" title="Der Teutsche Merkur">Neue Teutsche Merkur</a>, an act that was partly responsible for Novalis's father withdrawing him from Jena and looking into another university where Novalis would attend more carefully to his studies.<a href="#cite_note-Saul1982-7">[7]</a> In the following year, Novalis's younger brother, Erasmus enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>, and Novalis went with him to continue his legal studies. In 1792, he met the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Friedrich Schlegel</a>, the younger brother of August.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.8">13</a>  Friedrich became one of Novalis's closest lifetime friends.<a href="#cite_note-vonHardenberg1802-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wulf2022-9">[9]</a> : 97  A year later, Novalis matriculated to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a> where he completed his law degree.<a href="#cite_note-Kneller2003-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennstedt:_Relationship_with_Sophie_von_Kühn">Tennstedt: Relationship with Sophie von Kühn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tennstedt: Relationship with Sophie von Kühn">edit</a>]</div> After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, Novalis moved to <a href="/wiki/Bad_Tennstedt" title="Bad Tennstedt">Tennstedt</a> to work as an <a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">actuary</a> for a district administrator,<a href="#cite_note-Kneller2003-10">[10]</a> Cölestin August Just, who became both his friend and biographer.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a> While working for Just in 1795, Novalis met the 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn" title="Sophie von Kühn">Sophie von Kühn</a>, who at that time was considered old enough to receive suitors.<a href="#cite_note-Donehower2007-11">[11]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA17">17</a>  He became infatuated with her on their first meeting, and the effect of this infatuation appeared to transform his personality.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.10">19</a>  In 1795, two days before Sophie turned thirteen they got secretly engaged. Later that year Sophie's parents gave their consent for the two to become engaged:<a href="#cite_note-Tieck1815-12">[12]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA128">128 </a>  Novalis's brother Erasmus supported the couple, but the rest of Novalis's family resisted agreeing to the engagement due to Sophie's unclear aristocratic pedigree.<a href="#cite_note-Donehower2007-11">[11]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA25">25</a>  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn.jpg/220px-Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn.jpg/330px-Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sophie_von_K%C3%BChn" title="Sophie von Kühn">Sophie von Kühn</a></figcaption></figure> Novalis remained intellectually active during his employment at Tennstedt. It is possible that Novalis met Fichte, as well as the poet <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a>, in person while visiting Jena in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-Gjesdal2020-13">[13]</a> Between 1795 and 1796, he created six sets of manuscripts, posthumously collected under the title Fichte Studies, that primarily address Fichte's work but cover a range of philosophical topics.<a href="#cite_note-Waibel2004-14">[14]</a> Novalis continued his philosophical studies in 1797, writing notebooks responding to the works of Kant, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemsterhuis" title="François Hemsterhuis">Frans Hemsterhuis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Karl_August_von_Eschenmayer" title="Adam Karl August von Eschenmayer">Adolph Eschenmayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mason1967-15">[15]</a> Novalis's ongoing reflections upon Fichte's ideas, particularly those in the Wissenschaftslehre (<a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_the_Science_of_Knowledge" title="Foundations of the Science of Knowledge">Foundations of the Science of Knowledge</a>) formed part of the foundation for his later philosophical and literary works:<a href="#cite_note-Newman1989-16">[16]</a> Novalis focused on Fichte's argument that the concept of identity assumes a tension between self (i.e., "I") and object (i.e., "not-I").<a href="#cite_note-Seyhan1992-17">[17]</a> Novalis's critique of Fichte arose from Novalis's literary commitments:<a href="#cite_note-Laman2004-18">[18]</a> Novalis suggests that the tension between self and object that Fichte asserts is actually a tension between language and imagination.<a href="#cite_note-Aldouri2019-19">[19]</a> Later, Novalis would take his critique further, suggesting that identity is not the separation of subject and object, but a dynamic process of equal partners in mutual communication. Novalis's viewpoint is summarized in his aphorism "Statt Nicht-Ich -- Du!" ("Instead of 'not-I', you").<a href="#cite_note-Seyhan1992-17">[17]</a> In the final months of 1795, Sophie began to suffer declining health due to a liver tumor<a href="#cite_note-Mason1961-20">[20]</a> that was thought to be caused by tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-Barroso2019-21">[21]</a> As a result, she underwent liver surgery in Jena, which was performed without anesthesia.<a href="#cite_note-Donehower2007-11">[11]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA24">24</a>  In January 1797, Novalis was appointed <a href="/wiki/Auditor" title="Auditor">auditor</a> to the salt works at Weissenfels. To earn a stable income for his intended marriage, he accepted the position and moved to Weissenfels to assume his duties. Sophie, on the other hand, stayed with her family.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n38">31</a>  Sophie once more became extremely ill, during which time Novalis's parents finally relented and agreed to the couple's engagement. However, two days after her fifteenth birthday, Sophie died, while Novalis was still in Weissenfels. Four months later, Novalis's brother Erasmus, who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis, also died.<a href="#cite_note-Barroso2019-21">[21]</a> The death of Sophie, as well as his younger brother, affected Novalis deeply. Their deaths catalyzed his more intensive commitment to poetic expression.<a href="#cite_note-Donehower2007-11">[11]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA1">1–2</a>  Sophie's death also became the central inspiration for one of the few works Novalis published in his lifetime, Hymnen an die Nacht (Hymns to the Night).<a href="#cite_note-Wessell1975-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wulf2022-9">[9]</a>: 143  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freiberg:_The_Mining_Academy">Freiberg: The Mining Academy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freiberg: The Mining Academy">edit</a>]</div> At the end of 1797, Novalis entered the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Bergakademie_Freiberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg">Mining Academy of Freiberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> to become qualified as a member of the staff for the salt works at Weissenfels. His principle mentor at the academy was the geologist, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Gottlob_Werner" title="Abraham Gottlob Werner">Abraham Werner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n41">49</a>  While at the academy, Novalis immersed himself in a wide range of studies, including electricity, galvanism, alchemy, medicine, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and natural philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson1998-23">[23]</a> He was also able to expand his intellectual social circle. On his way to Freiberg, he met <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a>, and they later went on an art tour of <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> together. He visited <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and Friedrich Schlegel's older brother, August, in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> and met the writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a> in Leipzig.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.11">27</a>  <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novalisplaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Novalisplaque.jpg/240px-Novalisplaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Novalisplaque.jpg/360px-Novalisplaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Novalisplaque.jpg/480px-Novalisplaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>Novalis house plaque, <a href="/wiki/Freiberg,_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiberg, Saxony">Freiberg</a></figcaption></figure> In December 1798, Novalis became engaged for the second time. His fiancée was Julie von Charpentier, a daughter of Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Toussaint von Charpentier, the chair of mining studies at the University of Leipzig.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n48">41</a>  Unlike his relationship with Sophie, Novalis's affection for Julie developed more gradually. He initially saw his affection for Julie as a more "earthly" passion compared to his "heavenly" passion for Sophie, though he gradually softened this distinction with time. Eventually his feelings for Julie became the subject of some of his poetry, including the Spiritual Songs written in the last years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien1995-24">[24]</a> Novalis and Julie remained engaged until Novalis's death in 1801, and she tended him during his final illness.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n51">43</a>  In Freiberg, he remained active with his literary work. It was at this time that he began a collection of notes for a project to unite the separate sciences into a universal whole.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25">[25]</a> In this collection, Das allgemeine Brouillon (Notes for a General Encyclopedia), Novalis began integrating his knowledge of natural science into his literary work. This integration can be seen in an unfinished novel he composed during this time, Die Lehrlinge zu Sais (The Novices at Sais), which incorporated natural history from his studies as well as ideas from his Fichte studies into a meditation on poetry and love as keys to understanding nature.<a href="#cite_note-Mahoney1992-26">[26]</a> More specifically, he began thinking about how to incorporate his recently acquired knowledge of mining to his philosophical and poetic worldview. In this respect, he shared a commonality with other German authors of the Romantic age by connecting his studies in the mining industry, which was undergoing then the first steps to industrialization, with his literary work.<a href="#cite_note-Ziolkowski1992-27">[27]</a> This connection between his scientific interest in mining, philosophy and literature came to fruition later when he began composing his second unfinished novel, Heinrich von Ofterdingen.<a href="#cite_note-Erlin2014-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg/170px-Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg/255px-Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg/340px-Weissenfels_Hardenberg_Novalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Novalis's grave in Weissenfels</figcaption></figure> Novalis also began to be noticed as a published author at this time. In 1798, Novalis's fragments appeared in the Schlegel brother's magazine, Athenaeum.<a href="#cite_note-Wulf2022-9">[9]</a>: 163  These works included Blüthenstaub (Pollen), Glauben und Liebe oder der König und die Königin (Faith and Love or the King and the Queen), and Blumen (Flowers).<a href="#cite_note-Pick1910-5">[5]</a> The publication of Pollen saw the first appearance of his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a>, "Novalis". His choice of pen name was taken from his 12th-century ancestors who named themselves de Novali, after their settlement <a href="/wiki/Grossenrode" title="Grossenrode">Grossenrode</a>, which is called magna Novalis in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-Mahoney2004-29">[29]</a> Novalis can also be interpreted as "one who cultivates new land", which connotes the metaphoric role that Novalis saw for himself.<a href="#cite_note-Donehower2007-11">[11]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA7">7</a>  This metaphoric sense of his pen name can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> of Pollen, the first work he published as Novalis: "Friends, the soil is poor, we must scatter seed abundantly for even a moderate harvest".<a href="#cite_note-Gelley1991b-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weissenfels:_The_final_years">Weissenfels: The final years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Weissenfels: The final years">edit</a>]</div> In early 1799, Novalis had completed his studies at Leipzig and returned to the management of salt mines in Weissenfels.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.12">29–30</a>  By December, he became an assessor of the salt mines and a director, and at the end of 1800, the 28-year-old Novalis was appointed an <a href="/wiki/Amtmann" title="Amtmann">Amtmann</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">district of Thuringia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n50">42</a>  a position comparable to a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>. While on a trip to Jena in the summer of 1799, Novalis met <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a>, who became one of his closest friends and greatest intellectual influences in the last two years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.13">30–34</a>  They became part of an informal social circle that formed around the Schlegel brothers, which has been come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena Romantics</a> or Frühromantiker ("early romantics").<a href="#cite_note-Redding2009-31">[31]</a> The interests of the Jena Romantics extended to philosophy as well as literature and aesthetics,<a href="#cite_note-Rush2005-32">[32]</a> and has been considered as a philosophical movement in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-Beiser2003-33">[33]</a> Under the influence of Tieck, Novalis studied the works of the seventeenth-century mystic, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a>, with whom he felt a strong affinity.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer1993-34">[34]</a> He also became deeply engaged with the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> of Hemsterhuis,<a href="#cite_note-Stoljar1997-35">[35]</a> as well as the writings of the theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.13">32</a>  Schleiermacher's work inspired Novalis to write his essay, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_or_Europe_(Novalis)" title="Christianity or Europe (Novalis)">Christenheit oder Europa</a> (Christianity or Europe),<a href="#cite_note-Smith2011-36">[36]</a> a call to return Europe to a cultural and social unity whose interpretation continues to be a source of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> During this time, he also wrote his poems known as Geistliche Lieder (Spiritual Songs)<a href="#cite_note-Pick1910-5">[5]</a> and began his novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen.<a href="#cite_note-Tieck1815-12">[12]</a> From August 1800, Novalis began to cough up blood. At the time, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. However, recent research suggests that he may have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, a genetic disorder that may have been responsible for the early death of many of his siblings, including his brother Erasmus.<a href="#cite_note-Barroso2019-21">[21]</a> After a severe hemorrhage in November, he was temporarily moved to Dresden for medical reasons. In January, he requested to be with his parents in Weissenfels. He died there on 25 March 1801 at the age of twenty-eight.<a href="#cite_note-Tieck1815-12">[12]</a> He was buried in Weissenfels's Alter Friedhof (Old Cemetery). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_(Die_Nacht)_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_%28Die_Nacht%29_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_%28Die_Nacht%29_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_%28Die_Nacht%29_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_%28Die_Nacht%29_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_%28Die_Nacht%29_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Night_%28Die_Nacht%29_-_Philipp_Otto_Runge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Philipp Otto Runge</a>'s pen-and-ink drawing Night (1803). Runge's Romantic use of allegorical symbolism was influenced by his reading of Novalis.<a href="#cite_note-Littlejohns2003-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_romantic_poet">As romantic poet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As romantic poet">edit</a>]</div> When he died, Novalis had only published Pollen, Faith and Love, Blumen, and Hymns to the Night. Most of Novalis's writings, including his novels and philosophical works, were neither completed nor published in his lifetime. This problem continues to obscure a full appreciation of his work.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2002-39">[39]</a> His unfinished novels Heinrich von Ofterdingen and The Novices at Sais and numerous other poems and fragments were published posthumously by Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel. However, their publication of Novalis's more philosophical fragments was disorganized and incomplete. A systematic and more comprehensive collection of Novalis's fragments from his notebooks was not available until the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-Mason1961-20">[20]</a> During the nineteenth century, Novalis was primarily seen as a passionate love-struck poet who mourned the death of his beloved and yearned for the hereafter.<a href="#cite_note-Haase1979-40">[40]</a> He was known as the poet of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">blue flower</a>, a symbol of romantic yearning from Novalis's unfinished Novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen that became an key emblem for German Romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-Robles2020-41">[41]</a> His fellow Jena Romantics, such as Friedrich Schlegel, Tieck, and Schleiermacher, also describe him as a poet who dreamt of a spiritual world beyond this one.<a href="#cite_note-Haussmann1912-42">[42]</a> Novalis's diagnosis of tuberculosis, which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis#Society_and_culture" title="Tuberculosis">white plague</a>, contributed to his romantic reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Robles2020-41">[41]</a> Because Sophie von Kühn was also thought to have died from tuberculosis, Novalis became the poet of the blue flower who was reunited with his beloved through the death of the white plague.<a href="#cite_note-Barroso2019-21">[21]</a> The image of Novalis as romantic poet became enormously popular. When Novalis's biography by his long-time friend August Cölestin Just was published in 1815, Just was criticized for misrepresenting Novalis's poetic nature because he had written that Novalis was also a hard-working mine inspector and magistrate.<a href="#cite_note-Donehower2007-11">[11]</a> Even the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, whose essay on Novalis played a major role in introducing him to the English-speaking world and took Novalis's philosophical relationship to Fichte and Kant seriously,<a href="#cite_note-Harrold1930-43">[43]</a> emphasized Novalis as a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic poet</a> in the style of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlyle1829-44">[44]</a> The author and theologian <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>, who translated Novalis's Hymns to the Night in 1897 into English,<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald1897-45">[45]</a> also understood him as a mystic poet.<a href="#cite_note-Partridge2014-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_philosophical_thinker">As philosophical thinker</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As philosophical thinker">edit</a>]</div> In the twentieth century, Novalis's writings were more thoroughly and systematically collected than previously. The availability of these works provide further evidence that his interests went beyond poetry and novels and has led to a reassessment of Novalis's literary and intellectual goals.<a href="#cite_note-Ziolkowski1996-47">[47]</a> He was deeply read in science, law, philosophy, politics and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> and left an abundance of notes on these topics. His early work displays his ease and familiarity with these diverse fields. His later works also include topics from his professional duties. In his notebooks, Novalis also reflected on the scientific, aesthetic, and philosophical significance of his interests. In his Notes for a Romantic Encyclopaedia, he worked out connections between the different fields he studied as he sought to integrate them into a unified worldview.<a href="#cite_note-Kneller2008-48">[48]</a> Novalis's philosophical writings are often grounded in nature. His works explore how personal freedom and creativity emerge in the affective understanding of the world and others. He suggests that this can only be accomplished if people are not estranged from the earth.<a href="#cite_note-Nassar2013-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw9JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">55</a>  In Pollen, Novalis writes "We are on a mission: Our calling is the cultivation of the earth",<a href="#cite_note-Gelley1991b-30">[30]</a> arguing that human beings come to know themselves through experiencing and enlivening nature.<a href="#cite_note-Nassar2013-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw9JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">55</a>  Novalis's personal commitment to understanding one's self and the world through nature can be seen in Novalis's unfinished novel, Heinrich von Ofterdingen, in which he uses his knowledge of natural science derived from his work overseeing salt mining to understand the human condition.<a href="#cite_note-Erlin2014-28">[28]</a> Novalis's commitment to cultivating nature has even been considered as a potential source of insight for a deeper understanding of the environmental crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Becker&Manstetten2004-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magical_idealism">Magical idealism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Magical idealism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg/220px-Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg/330px-Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg/440px-Philipp_Otto_Runge_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Philipp Otto Runge</a>'s Der kleine Morgen (Little Morning) (1808) was also inspired by Novalis's ideas.<a href="#cite_note-GHDI2003-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> Novalis's personal worldview—informed by his education, philosophy, professional knowledge, and pietistic background—has become known as magical idealism, a name derived from Novalis's reference in his 1798 notebooks to a type of literary prophet, the magischer Idealist (magical idealist).<a href="#cite_note-Warnes2006-52">[52]</a> In this worldview, philosophy and poetry are united.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25">[25]</a> Magical idealism is Novalis's synthesis of the <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a> of Fichte and Schelling with the creative imagination.<a href="#cite_note-Cahen-Maurel2019-53">[53]</a> The goal of the creative imagination is to break down the barriers between language and world, as well as the subject and object.<a href="#cite_note-Warnes2006-52">[52]</a> The magic is the enlivening of nature as it responds to our will.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25">[25]</a> Another element of Novalis's magical idealism is his concept of love. In Novalis's view, love is a sense of relationship and sympathy between all beings in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Cahen-Maurel2019-53">[53]</a> which is considered both the basis of magic and its goal.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25">[25]</a> From one perspective, Novalis's emphasis on the term magic represents a challenge to what he perceived as the <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a> that came with modern rationalistic thinking.<a href="#cite_note-Josephson-Storm2017-54">[54]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88 </a> From another perspective, however, Novalis's use of magic and love in his writing is a <a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">performative act</a> that enacts a key aspect of his philosophical and literary goals. These words are meant to startle readers into attentiveness, making them aware of his use of the arts, particularly poetry with its metaphor and symbolism, to explore and unify various understandings of nature in his all-embracing investigations.<a href="#cite_note-Kneller2010-55">[55]</a> Magical idealism also addresses the idea of health.<a href="#cite_note-Cahen-Maurel2019-53">[53]</a> Novalis derived his theory of health from the Scottish physician <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(physician,_born_1735)" title="John Brown (physician, born 1735)">John Brown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brunonian_system_of_medicine" title="Brunonian system of medicine">system of medicine</a>, which sees illness as a mismatch between sensory stimulation and internal state.<a href="#cite_note-Warnes2009-56">[56]</a> Novalis extends this idea by suggesting that illness arises from a disharmony between the self and the world of nature.<a href="#cite_note-Cahen-Maurel2019-53">[53]</a> This understanding of health is immanent: the "magic" is not otherworldly, it is based on the body and mind's relationship to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Neubauer1971-57">[57]</a> According to Novalis, health is maintained when we use our bodies as means to sensitively perceive the world rather than to control the world: the ideal is where the individual and the world interplay harmoniously.<a href="#cite_note-Beiser2003-33">[33]</a> It has been argued that there is an anxiety in Novalis's sense of magical idealism that denies actual touch, which leads inevitably to death, and replaces it with an idea of "distant touch".<a href="#cite_note-Krell1998-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/495px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/660px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Der_M%C3%B6nch_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>'s Monk by the Sea (ca. 1808). Friedrich was also influenced by Novalis's and the <a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena Romantics</a>' aesthetic theories.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1974-59">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> Novalis's religious perspective remains a subject of debate. Novalis's early rearing in a Pietist household affected him through this life.<a href="#cite_note-Just1805-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n32">25</a>  The impact of his religious background on his writings are particularly clear in his two major poetic works. Hymns to the Night contains many Christian symbols and themes.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.20">68–78</a>  And, Novalis's Spiritual Songs, which were posthumously published in 1802 were incorporated into Lutheran hymnals; Novalis called the poems "Christian Songs", and they were intended to be published in the Athenaeum under the title Specimens From a New Devotional Hymn Book.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.21">78</a>  One of his final works, which was posthumously named Die Christenheit oder Europa (Christianity or Europe) when it was first published in full in 1826, has generated a great deal of controversy regarding Novalis's religious views.<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> This essay, which Novalis himself had simply entitled Europa, called for European unity in Novalis's time by poetically referencing a mythical Medieval golden age when Europe was unified under the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-Littlejohns2007-60">[60]</a> One view of Novalis's work is that it maintains a traditional Christian outlook. Novalis's brother Karl writes that during his final illness, Novalis would read the works of the theologians <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zinzendorf" title="Nicolaus Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Zinzendorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Lavater" title="Johann Kaspar Lavater">Johann Kaspar Lavater</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vonHardenberg1802-8">[8]</a> On the other hand, during the decades following Novalis's death, German intellectuals, such as the author <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hillebrand" title="Karl Hillebrand">Karl Hillebrand</a> and the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Theodor_Hettner" title="Hermann Theodor Hettner">Hermann Theodor Hettner</a> thought that Novalis was essentially a Catholic in his thinking.<a href="#cite_note-Haussmann1912-42">[42]</a> In the twentieth century, this view of Novalis has sometimes led to negative assessments of his work. Hymns to the Night has been described as an attempt by Novalis to use religion to avoid the challenges of modernity,<a href="#cite_note-Monroe1983-61">[61]</a> and Christianity or Europe has been described variously as desperate prayer, a reactionary manifesto or a theocratic dream.<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> Another view of Novalis's work is that it reflects a Christian mysticism.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a> After Novalis died, the Jena Romantics wrote of him as a seer who would bring forth a new gospel:<a href="#cite_note-Haussmann1912-42">[42]</a> one who lived his life as one aiming toward the spiritual while looking at death as a means of overcoming human limitation<a href="#cite_note-Wernaer1910-62">[62]</a> in a revolutionary movement toward God.<a href="#cite_note-Wessell1975-22">[22]</a> In this more romantic view, Novalis was a visionary who saw contemporary Christianity as a stage to an even higher expression of religion<a href="#cite_note-Willoughby1934-63">[63]</a> where earthly love rises to a heavenly love<a href="#cite_note-Toy1918-64">[64]</a> as death itself is defeated by that love.<a href="#cite_note-Rehder1948-65">[65]</a> At the end of the nineteenth century, the playwright and poet <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a> also described Novalis as a mystic. However, Maeterlinck acknowledged the impact of Novalis's intellectual interests on his religious views, describing Novalis as a "scientific mystic" and comparing him to the physicist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maeterlinck1912-66">[66]</a> More recently, Novalis's religious outlook has been analysed from the point of view of his philosophical and aesthetic commitments.<a href="#cite_note-Beiser2002-67">[67]</a> In this view, Novalis's religious thought was based on his attempts to reconcile Fichte's idealism, in which the sense of self arises in the distinction of subject and object, with <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Baruch_Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Baruch Spinoza">naturalistic philosophy</a>, in which all being is one substance. Novalis sought a single principle through which the division between ego and nature becomes mere appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Beiser2002-67">[67]</a> As Novalis's philosophical thinking on religion developed, it became influenced by the Platonism of Hemsterhuis, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>. Accordingly, Novalis aimed to synthesize naturalism and theism into a "religion of the visible cosmos".<a href="#cite_note-Crowe2008-68">[68]</a> Novalis believed that individuals could obtain mystic insight, but religion can remain rational: God could be a Neoplatonic object of intellectual intuition and rational perception, the <a href="/wiki/Logos#Neoplatonism" title="Logos">logos</a> that structures the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Beiser2002-67">[67]</a> In Novalis's view, this vision of the logos is not merely intellectual, but moral too, as Novalis states "god is virtue itself".<a href="#cite_note-Nassar2013-49">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw9JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">78</a>  This vision includes Novalis's idea of love, in which self and nature united in a mutually supportive existence.<a href="#cite_note-O'Meara2014-69">[69]</a> This understanding of Novalis's religious project is illustrated by a quote from one of his notes in his Fichte-Studien (Fichte Studies): "Spinoza ascended as far as nature- Fichte to the 'I', or the person, I ascend to the thesis of God".<a href="#cite_note-Crowe2008-68">[68]</a> According to this Neoplatonic reading of Novalis, his religious language can be understood using the "magic wand of analogy",<a href="#cite_note-Dieckmann1955-70">[70]</a> a phrase Novalis used in Europe and Christianity to clarify how he meant to use history in that essay.<a href="#cite_note-Novalis1799-71">[71]</a> This use of analogy was partly inspired by Schiller, who argued that analogy allows facts to be connected into a harmonious whole,<a href="#cite_note-Cahen-Maurel2019-53">[53]</a> and by his relationship with Friedrich Schlegel, who sought to explore the revelations of religion through the union of philosophy and poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Weltman1936-72">[72]</a> The "magic wand of analogy" allowed Novalis to use metaphor, analogy and symbolism to bring together the arts, science, and philosophy in his search for truth.<a href="#cite_note-Kneller2010-55">[55]</a> This view of Novalis's writing suggests that his literary language must be read carefully. His metaphors and images- even in works like Hymns to the Night- are not only mystical utterances,<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2000-73">[73]</a> they also express philosophical arguments.<a href="#cite_note-Gwee2011-74">[74]</a> Read in this perspective, a work like Novalis's Christianity or Europe is not a call to return to a lost golden age. Rather, it is an argument in poetic language, phrased in the mode of a myth,<a href="#cite_note-Littlejohns2007-60">[60]</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> vision of a unity<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> that brings together past and future, ideal and real, to engage the listener in an unfinished historical process.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2011-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Novalis.jpg/200px-Novalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Novalis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> portrait of Novalis from 1845 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Eduard_Eichens" title="Friedrich Eduard Eichens">Friedrich Eduard Eichens</a> (based on Franz Gareis's 1799 painting)</figcaption></figure> Novalis is best known as a German Romantic poet.<a href="#cite_note-Wood2007-25">[25]</a> His two sets of poems, <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_the_Night" title="Hymns to the Night">Hymns to the Night</a> and Spiritual Songs, are considered his major lyrical achievements.<a href="#cite_note-Mason1961-20">[20]</a> Hymns to the Night were begun in 1797 after the death of Sophie von Kühn. About eight months after they were completed, a revised edition of the poems was published in the Athenaeum. The Spiritual Songs, which were written in 1799, were posthumously published in 1802. Novalis called the poems Christian Songs, and they were intended to be entitled Specimens From a New Devotional Hymn Book. After his death many of the poems were incorporated into Lutheran hymn-books.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.21">78–87</a>  Novalis also wrote a number of other occasional poems, which can be found in his collected works.<a href="#cite_note-Mason1961-20">[20]</a> Translations of poems into English include: <ul><li>Hymns to the Night <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymnsthr00nova/page/n69">"Hymns to the Night"</a>. Hymns and Thoughts on Religion by Novalis. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Hastie" title="William Hastie">W. Hastie</a>. Edinburgh, Scotland: T. & T. Clark. 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hymns+to+the+Night&rft.btitle=Hymns+and+Thoughts+on+Religion+by+Novalis&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymnsthr00nova%2Fpage%2Fn69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n246/">"Hymns to the Night"</a>. Novalis: His Life, Thoughts and Works. Translated by Hope, M. J. Chicago: McClurg. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hymns+to+the+Night&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+His+Life%2C+Thoughts+and+Works&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=McClurg&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovalishislifet00hopegoog%2Fpage%2Fn246%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/8949/8949-h/8949-h.htm#link2H_4_0003">"Hymns to the Night"</a>. Rampolli. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">MacDonald, George</a>. 2005 [1897] – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hymns+to+the+Night&rft.btitle=Rampolli&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F8949%2F8949-h%2F8949-h.htm%23link2H_4_0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hymns to the Night. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Higgins" title="Dick Higgins">Higgins, Dick</a>. Kingston, NY: McPherson & Company. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymns+to+the+Night&rft.place=Kingston%2C+NY&rft.pub=McPherson+%26+Company&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This modern translation includes the German text (with variants) en face.</li></ul></li> <li>Spiritual Songs <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymnsthr00nova/page/30">"Spiritual Songs"</a>. Hymns and Thoughts on Religion by Novalis. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Hastie" title="William Hastie">Hastie, W.</a> Edinburg, Scotland: T. & T. Clark. 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Songs&rft.btitle=Hymns+and+Thoughts+on+Religion+by+Novalis&rft.place=Edinburg%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymnsthr00nova%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disciplesatsais00nova/page/52">"Spiritual Hymns"</a>. The Disciples at Saïs and Other Fragments. Translated by F. V. M. T; <a href="/wiki/Una_Pope-Hennessy" title="Una Pope-Hennessy">U. C. B.</a> London: Methuen. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Hymns&rft.btitle=The+Disciples+at+Sa%C3%AFs+and+Other+Fragments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisciplesatsais00nova%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/8949/8949-h/8949-h.htm#link2H_4_0003a">"Spiritual Songs"</a>. Rampolli. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">MacDonald, George</a>. Chicago: T. & T. Clark. 2005 [1897] – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Songs&rft.btitle=Rampolli&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F8949%2F8949-h%2F8949-h.htm%23link2H_4_0003a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hymns to the Night/Spiritual Songs. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">MacDonald, George</a>. with foreword by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_O._Prokofieff" title="Sergei O. Prokofieff">Prokofieff, Sergei O.</a> London: Temple Lodge Publishing. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904693416" title="Special:BookSources/9780904693416"><bdi>9780904693416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymns+to+the+Night%2FSpiritual+Songs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Temple+Lodge+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780904693416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfinished_novels">Unfinished novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unfinished novels">edit</a>]</div> Novalis wrote two unfinished novel fragments, Heinrich von Ofterdingen and Die Lehrlinge zu Sais (The Novices at Sais), both of which were published posthumously by Tieck and Schlegel in 1802. The novels both aim to describe a universal world harmony with the help of poetry. The Novices at Sais contains the fairy tale "Hyacinth and Rose Petal". <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Ofterdingen" title="Heinrich von Ofterdingen">Heinrich von Ofterdingen</a> is the work in which Novalis introduced the image of the blue flower. Heinrich von Ofterdingen was conceived as a response to Goethe's <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Meister%27s_Apprenticeship" title="Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship">Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship</a>, a work that Novalis had read with enthusiasm but judged as being highly unpoetical.<a href="#cite_note-Maeterlinck1912-66">[66]</a> He disliked Goethe making the economical victorious over the poetic in the narrative, so Novalis focused on making Heinrich von Ofterdingen triumphantly poetic.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn2004-75">[75]</a> Both of Novalis's novels also reflect human experience through metaphors related to his studies in natural history from Freiburg.<a href="#cite_note-Mahoney1992-26">[26]</a> Translations of Novels into English include: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novalis_ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Novalis_ms.jpg/220px-Novalis_ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Novalis_ms.jpg/330px-Novalis_ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Novalis_ms.jpg/440px-Novalis_ms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Novalis's handwriting (excerpt from Heinrich von Ofterdingen)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Heinrich von Ofterdingen <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryofterdinge00schlgoog/page/n4/mode/2up">Henry von Ofterdingen: A Romance</a>. Cambridge, England: John Owens. 1842.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+von+Ofterdingen%3A+A+Romance&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=John+Owens&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryofterdinge00schlgoog%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (Translated by Frederick S. Stallknecht and Edward C. Sprague.) <a href="#cite_note-Crocker1873-76">[76]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n58">"Heinrich von Ofterdingen"</a>. Novalis: His Life, Thoughts and Works. Translated by Hope, M. J. Chicago: McClurg. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heinrich+von+Ofterdingen&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+His+Life%2C+Thoughts+and+Works&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=McClurg&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovalishislifet00hopegoog%2Fpage%2Fn58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rto3zQEACAAJ">Henry von Ofterdingen</a>. Translated by Hilty, Palmer. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+von+Ofterdingen&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRto3zQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>The Novices at Sais <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disciplesatsais00nova/page/90/">"The Disciples at Saïs"</a>. The Disciples at Saïs and Other Fragments. Translated by F. V. M. T; <a href="/wiki/Una_Pope-Hennessy" title="Una Pope-Hennessy">U. C. B.</a> London: Methuen. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Disciples+at+Sa%C3%AFs&rft.btitle=The+Disciples+at+Sa%C3%AFs+and+Other+Fragments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisciplesatsais00nova%2Fpage%2F90%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Novices of Sais. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Manheim, Ralph</a>. Brooklyn, NY: <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Books" title="Archipelago Books">Archipelago Books</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Novices+of+Sais&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=Archipelago+Books&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This translation was originally published in 1949 and includes illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragments">Fragments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fragments">edit</a>]</div> Together with Friedrich Schlegel, Novalis developed the fragment as a literary artform in German. For Schlegel, the fragment served as a literary vehicle that mediated apparent oppositions. Its model was the fragment from classical sculpture, whose part evoked the whole, or whose finitude evoked infinite possibility, via the imagination.<a href="#cite_note-Tanehisa2009-77">[77]</a> The use of the fragment allowed Novalis to easily express himself on any issue of intellectual life he wanted to address,<a href="#cite_note-Stoljar1997-35">[35]</a> and it served as a means of expressing Schlegel's ideal of a universal "progressive universal poesy", that fused "poetry and prose into an art that expressed the totality of both art and nature".<a href="#cite_note-Schlegel1798-78">[78]</a> This genre particularly suited Novalis as it allowed him to express himself in a way that kept both philosophy and poetry in a continuous relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Kneller2010-55">[55]</a> His first major use of the fragment as a literary form, Pollen, was published in the Athenaeum in 1798.<a href="#cite_note-Stoljar1997-35">[35]</a> English translations include: <ul><li>Pollen <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Writings_of_Novalis/Pollen">"Pollen" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Writings_of_Novalis">Writings of Novalis, Volume 2 </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pollen&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Novalis%2C+Volume+2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This and subsequent wikisource references are translations from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minor, Jakob (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalisschrifte00minogoog/page/n9">Novalis Schriften, Volume 2</a> [Writings of Novalis, Volume 2] (in German). Jena, Germany: Eugene Diederichs. pp. 110–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novalis+Schriften%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pages=110-139&rft.pub=Eugene+Diederichs&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovalisschrifte00minogoog%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This version of Pollen is the one published in the Athenaeum in 1798, which was edited by Schlegel.<a href="#cite_note-Gelley1991a-79">[79]</a> and includes four of Schlegel's fragments in fine print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gelley, Alexander (1991). "Miscellaneous Remarks (Original Version of Pollen)". New Literary History. 22 (2): 383–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F469045">10.2307/469045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/469045">469045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+Remarks+%28Original+Version+of+Pollen%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-406&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F469045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F469045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gelley%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) This version is translated from Novalis's unpublished original manuscript.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Pollen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQsMWQEMslQC">Novalis: Philosophical Writings</a>. Translated by Stoljar, Margaret Mahoney. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pollen&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+Philosophical+Writings&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQsMWQEMslQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This version is also translated from Novalis's unpublished original manuscript.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_writings">Political writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political writings">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism in Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018">Erklärung 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Hülsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_System_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The National System of Political Economy">The National System</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> (1918, 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a> (2017)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">von Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Ritter von Kahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">von Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> (BP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> (BD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> (CSU)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> (REP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> (WU)</li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (BVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> (FKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> (DkP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> (DVP)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> During his lifetime, Novalis wrote two works on political themes, Faith and Love or the King and the Queen and his speech Europa, which was posthumously named Christianity or Europe. In addition to their political focus, both works share a common theme of poetically arguing for the importance of "faith and love" to achieve human and communal unification.<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> Because these works poetically address political concerns, their meaning continues to be the subject of disagreement. Their interpretations have ranged from being seen as reactionary manifestos celebrating hierarchies to utopian dreams of human solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-Rosellini2000-80">[80]</a> Faith and Love or the King and the Queen was published in Yearbooks of the Prussian Monarchy in 1798 just after King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Wilhelm Frederick III</a> and his popular wife <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Louise</a> ascended to the throne of Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-Stoljar1997-35">[35]</a> In this work, Novalis addresses the king and queen, emphasizing their importance as role models for creating an enduring state of interconnectedness both on the individual and collective level.<a href="#cite_note-MataladeMazza2009-81">[81]</a> Though a substantial portion of the essay was published, Frederick Wilhelm III censored the publication of additional installments as he felt it held the monarchy to impossibly high standards. The work is also notable in that Novalis extensively used the literary fragment to make his points.<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> Europa was written and originally delivered to a private group of friends in 1799. It was intended for the Athenaeum; after it was presented, Schlegel decided not to publish it. It was not published in full until 1826.<a href="#cite_note-Kleingeld2008-37">[37]</a> It is a poetical, cultural-historical speech with a focus on a political utopia with regard to the Middle Ages. In this text Novalis tries to develop a new Europe which is based on a new poetical Christendom which shall lead to unity and freedom. He got the inspiration for this text from a book written by Schleiermacher, Über die Religion (<a href="/wiki/On_Religion" title="On Religion">On Religion</a>). The work was a response to the French Revolution and its implications for the French enlightenment, which Novalis saw as catastrophic. It anticipated the growing German and Romantic critiques of the then-current enlightenment ideologies in the search for a new European spirituality and unity.<a href="#cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">[3]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel.22">87–98</a>  Below are some available English translations, as well as two excerpts that illustrate how Europa has variously been interpreted. <ul><li>Faith and Love or the King and the Queen <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Writings_of_Novalis/Faith_and_Love_or_the_King_and_the_Queen">"Faith and Love or the King and the Queen" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Writings_of_Novalis">Writings of Novalis, Volume 2 </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Faith+and+Love+or+the+King+and+the+Queen&rft.btitle=Writings+of+Novalis%2C+Volume+2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This version follows the published version in that it treats the first six fragments as part of a prelude, so it is numbered differently than later versions. Page links in wikisource document can be used to compare the English translation to German original.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Faith and Love or the King and the Queen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQsMWQEMslQC">Novalis: Philosophical Writings</a>. Translated by Stoljar, Margaret Mahoney. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Faith+and+Love+or+the+King+and+the+Queen&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+Philosophical+Writings&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQsMWQEMslQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Novalis, Faith and Love". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUr3gXNLuK0C">The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics</a>. Translated by Beiser, Frederick C. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis%2C+Faith+and+Love&rft.btitle=The+Early+Political+Writings+of+the+German+Romantics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUr3gXNLuK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li>Europa (posthumously named Christianity or Europe) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104185623/http://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/13_Class.Romanticism_Doc.3_English.pdf">"Novalis, "Christendom or Europe" [Die Christenheit oder Europa] (1799)"</a> (PDF). German History in Documents and Images (GHDI). Translated by Passage, Charles E. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/13_Class.Romanticism_Doc.3_English.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+History+in+Documents+and+Images+%28GHDI%29&rft.atitle=Novalis%2C+%22Christendom+or+Europe%22+%26%2391%3BDie+Christenheit+oder+Europa%26%2393%3B+%281799%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghdi.ghi-dc.org%2Fpdf%2Feng%2F13_Class.Romanticism_Doc.3_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymnsthr00nova/page/132">"The Future of Christendom [excerpt from Europa]"</a>. Hymns and Thoughts on Religion by Novalis. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Hastie" title="William Hastie">Hastie, W.</a> Edinburg, Scotland: T. & T. Clark. 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Christendom+%26%2391%3Bexcerpt+from+Europa%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=Hymns+and+Thoughts+on+Religion+by+Novalis&rft.place=Edinburg%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymnsthr00nova%2Fpage%2F132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Seth, Catriona; von Kulessa, Rotrand (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1sq5v84.50">"Spiritual Advent [excerpt from Europa]"</a>. The Idea of Europe: Enlightenment Perspectives. Translated by Seth, Catriona. Cambridge, England: Open Book Press, 2017. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1sq5v84.50">j.ctt1sq5v84.50</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Advent+%26%2391%3Bexcerpt+from+Europa%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Europe%3A+Enlightenment+Perspectives&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%3A+Open+Book+Press%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1sq5v84.50%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1sq5v84.50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_and_miscellaneous_works_in_English">Collected and miscellaneous works in English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Collected and miscellaneous works in English">edit</a>]</div> Additional works that have been translated into English are listed below. Most of the works reflect Novalis's more philosophical and scientific sides, most of which were not systematically collected, published, and translated until the 20th century. Their publication has called for a reassessment of Novalis and his role as a thinker as well as an artist.<a href="#cite_note-Gelley1991a-79">[79]</a> <ul><li>Philosophical and political works <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129195845/http://legacy.earlham.edu/~guvenfe/monolog.html">"Monologue"</a>. Earlham College. Translated by Güven, Fervit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.earlham.edu/~guvenfe/monolog.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earlham+College&rft.atitle=Monologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.earlham.edu%2F~guvenfe%2Fmonolog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> In Monologue, Novalis discuss the limits and nature of language.<a href="#cite_note-Schaber1974-82">[82]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Writings_of_Novalis">Writings of Novalis, Volume 2 </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite> This translation of Jacob Minor's version of Novalis's collected works includes Pollen, Faith and Love or the King and Queen, and Monologue. It also includes Klarisse, Novalis's brief description Sophie von Kühn.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Jay, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fq-izHLZwnYC">Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics</a>. Translated by Crick, Joyce P. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+and+Romantic+German+Aesthetics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfq-izHLZwnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This collection contains a selection of Novalis's fragments, as well as his work Dialogues. This volume also has collections of fragments by Friedrich Schlegel and Hölderlin.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stoljar, Margaret Mahoney, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQsMWQEMslQC">Novalis: Philosophical Writings</a>. Translated by Stoljar, Margaret Mahoney. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+Philosophical+Writings&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQsMWQEMslQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This volume contains several of Novalis' works, including Pollen or Miscellaneous Observations, one of the few complete works published in his lifetime (though it was altered for publication by Friedrich Schlegel); Logological Fragments I and II; Monologue, a long fragment on language; Faith and Love or The King and Queen, a collection of political fragments also published during his lifetime; On Goethe; extracts from Das allgemeine Broullion or General Draft; and his essay Christendom or Europe.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Beiser, Frederick C., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUr3gXNLuK0C">The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics</a>. Translated by Beiser, Frederick C. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Political+Writings+of+the+German+Romantics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUr3gXNLuK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This volume includes Pollen, Faith and Love or the King and Queen, Political Aphorisms, Christianity or Europe: A Fragment. It also has works by Friedrich Schlegel and Schleiermacher.</li></ul></li> <li>Notebooks <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kellner, Jane, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fq-izHLZwnYC">Fichte Studies</a>. Translated by Kellner, Jane. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fichte+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfq-izHLZwnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This book is in the same series as the Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics. Contains Novalis's notes as he read and responded to Fichte's The Science of Knowledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wood, David W., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvhLwgMw7XAC">Novalis: Notes for a Romantic Encyclopaedia (Das Allgemeine Brouillon)</a>. Translated by Wood, David W. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+Notes+for+a+Romantic+Encyclopaedia+%28Das+Allgemeine+Brouillon%29&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvhLwgMw7XAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novalis.autorenverzeichnis.de/notes/0001-0010.html">The first 50</a> of the 1151 entries are available online <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>.) This is an English translation of Novalis's unfinished project for a "universal science". It contains his thoughts on philosophy, the arts, religion, literature and poetry, and his theory of "Magical Idealism". The Appendix contains substantial extracts from Novalis' Freiberg Natural Scientific Studies 1798/1799.</li></ul></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Donehower, Bruce., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C">The Birth of Novalis: Friedrich von Hardenberg's Journal of 1797, with Selected Letters and Documents</a>. Translated by Donehower, Bruce. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Novalis%3A+Friedrich+von+Hardenberg%27s+Journal+of+1797%2C+with+Selected+Letters+and+Documents&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYpkY-G1f84C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> This book includes Novalis's letters and journals around the time of Sophie's illness, as well as early biographies on Novalis.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei%C3%9Fenfels,_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fenfels%2C_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg/220px-Wei%C3%9Fenfels%2C_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fenfels%2C_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg/330px-Wei%C3%9Fenfels%2C_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fenfels%2C_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg/440px-Wei%C3%9Fenfels%2C_Klosterstra%C3%9Fe_24-20151105-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6033" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>Novalis Museum at <a href="/wiki/Weissenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissenfels">Weissenfels</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_works_(in_German)">Collected works (in German)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Collected works (in German)">edit</a>]</div> Novalis's works were originally issued in two volumes by his friends Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel (2 vols. 1802; a third volume was added in 1846). Editions of Novalis's collected works have since been compiled by C. Meisner and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Wille" title="Bruno Wille">Bruno Wille</a> (1898), by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heilborn" title="Ernst Heilborn">Ernst Heilborn</a> (3 vols., 1901), and by J. Minor (4 vols., 1907). Heinrich von Ofterdingen was published separately by J. Schmidt in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-83">[83]</a> The most current version of Novalis's collected works, a German-language, six-volume edition of Novalis works Historische-Kritische Ausgabe - Novalis Schriften (HKA), is edited by Richard Samuel, Hans-Joachim Mähl & Gerhard Schulz. It is published by <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, Stuttgart, 1960–2006. <ul><li>Novalis's Collected Works (Available online.) <ul><li>Novalis Schriften (Novalis's Writings) (edited by Ludwig Tieck and Friedrich Schlegel; in German with <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> font), Berlin, Germany: G. Reimer, 1837 (fifth edition). This is the collection that originally established Novalis's reputation. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_2905AAAAMAAJ/page/n3">Volume I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1d45AAAAMAAJ/page/n1/mode/2up">Volume II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Novalis Schriften (edited by <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Minor" title="Jakob Minor">Jakob Minor</a>; in German with <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> font) Jena, Germany: Eugene Diederiche, 1907. This a more comprehensive and better organized collection than Tieck and Schlegel's. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tRdEAAAAIAAJ">Volume I: Poetry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalisschrifte00minogoog">Volume II: Longer prose pieces, includes Europa and Faith and Love or the King and Queen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ok3iAAAAMAAJ">Volume III: Various fragments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EE7iAAAAMAAJ/page/n5/mode/2up">Volume IV: Includes the unfinished novels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Novalis's Correspondence was edited by <a href="/wiki/J._M._Raich" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Raich">J. M. Raich</a> in 1880. See <a href="/wiki/R._Haym" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Haym">R. Haym</a> Die romantische Schule (Berlin, 1870); A. Schubart, Novalis' Leben, Dichten und Denken (1887); C. Busse, Novalis' Lyrik (1898); J. Bing, Friedrich von Hardenberg (Hamburg, 1899), E. Heilborn, Friedrich von Hardenberg (Berlin, 1901).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s metaphorical argument that religion was the <a href="/wiki/Opium_of_the_people" title="Opium of the people">opium of the people</a> was prefigured by Novalis's statement in Pollen where he describes "<a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">philistines</a>" with the following analogy, "Their so-called religion works just like an opiate: stimulating, sedating, stilling pain through innervation".<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien1995-24">[24]</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-eh94Z7opAC&pg=PA154">145</a>  Hungarian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> derived his concept of philosophy as <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_homelessness" title="Transcendental homelessness">transcendental homelessness</a> from Novalis. In his 1914–15 essay Theory of the Novel quotes Novalis at the top of the essay, "Philosophy is really homesickness—the desire to be everywhere at home."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The essay unfolds closely related to this notion of Novalis—that modern philosophy "mourns the absence of a pre-subjective, pre-reflexive anchoring of reason"<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and is searching to be grounded but cannot achieve this aim due to philosophy's modern discursive nature. Later, however, Lukács repudiated Romanticism, writing that Novalis's "cult of the immediate and the unconscious necessarily leads to a cult of night and death, of sickness and decay."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The musical composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s libretto for the opera <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> contains strong allusions to Novalis's symbolic language,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1998-87">[87]</a> especially the dichotomy between the Night and the Day that animates his Hymns to the Night.<a href="#cite_note-Hutcheon&Hutcheon1999-88">[88]</a> The literary critic <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> includes Novalis's quote, "Philosophiren ist dephlegmatisiren, vivificiren" ("to philosophize is to throw off apathy, to become revived")<a href="#cite_note-Laman2004-18">[18]</a> in his conclusion to Studies in the History of the Renaissance. The <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esotericist</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> spoke in various lectures (now published) about Novalis and his influence on <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steiner1908-89">[89]</a> The literary critic, philosopher and photographer's <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roh" title="Franz Roh">Franz Roh</a> term magischer Realismus that he coined in his 1925 book Nach-Expressionismus, Magischer Realismus: Probleme der neuesten europäischen Malerei (Post-expressionism, Magic Realism: Problems in Recent European Painting) may have been inspired by Novalis's term magischer Realist.<a href="#cite_note-Warnes2009-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealists">Surrealists</a> were greatly influenced by Novalis.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Breton cited Novalis extensively in his study of art history, L'Art Magique, as well. The 20th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> uses a Novalis fragment, "Philosophy is really homesickness, an urge to be at home everywhere" in the opening pages of The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics.<a href="#cite_note-Heidegger1929-91">[91]</a> The UK Charity "Novalis Trust" which provides care and education for individuals with additional needs <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://novalis-trust.org.uk/">[1]</a>. The author <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>'s writing was influenced by Novalis's poetry,<a href="#cite_note-Mileck1983-92">[92]</a> and Hesse's last full-length novel Glasperlenspiel (<a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Bead_Game" title="The Glass Bead Game">The Glass Bead Game</a>) contains a passage that appears to restate one of the fragments in Novalis's Pollen.<a href="#cite_note-Ziolkowski1961-93">[93]</a> The artist and activist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>'s aphorism "Everyone is an artist" was inspired by Novalis,<a href="#cite_note-Adamopoulos2015-94">[94]</a> who wrote "Every person should be an artist" in Faith and Love or the King and the Queen. The author <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> refers often to Novalis in his work.<a href="#cite_note-Warnes2006-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Novalis_(band)" title="Novalis (band)">Novalis</a> took their name from Novalis and used his poems for lyrics on their albums. Novalis records, which are produced by AVC Audio Visual Communications AG, Switzerland, was named in tribute to Novalis's writings. The avant-garde filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Stan_Brakhage" title="Stan Brakhage">Stan Brakhage</a> made the short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/films/23953-by-brakhage-an-anthology-volume-two">First Hymn to the Night – Novalis</a> in 1994. The film, which visually incorporates the text of Novalis's poem, was issued on Blu-ray and DVD in an anthology of Brakhage's films by <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">Criterion Collection</a>. The artist and animator Chris Powell created the award-winning animated film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chrisvpowell.carbonmade.com/projects/6546251">Novalis</a>. The title character is a robot named after Novalis. Novalis has also influenced <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a>, who employs various elements of German Idealism and Romanticism in his philosophical work on critical philosophy and the regimes of art.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The composer, guitarist, and electronic music artist <a href="/wiki/Erik_W%C3%B8llo" title="Erik Wøllo">Erik Wøllo</a> titled one of his songs "Novalis". Penelope Fitzgerald based her historical novel The Blue Flower on Novalis's love affair with Sophie and her influence on his art. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Redfield2012-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redfield2012_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redfield2012_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfield,_Marc2012" class="citation book cs1">Redfield, Marc (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTzad2nPZtwC&pg=PA334">"Philosophy- Early German Romanticism: Schlegel, Novalis, Hölderlin"</a>. In Faflak, Joel; Wright, Julia M. (eds.). A Handbook of Romanticism Studies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy-+Early+German+Romanticism%3A+Schlegel%2C+Novalis%2C+H%C3%B6lderlin&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Romanticism+Studies&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=New+York%3A+John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Redfield%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTzad2nPZtwC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Just1805-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just1805_2-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJust,Cölestin_August1891" class="citation book cs1">Just,Cölestin August (1891) [1805]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novalishislifet00hopegoog/page/n30/mode/2up">"Life of Novalis"</a>. Novalis: His Life, Thoughts, and Works. Translated by Hope, Margaret Jane. Chicago: A. C. McClurg. pp. 23–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Novalis&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+His+Life%2C+Thoughts%2C+and+Works&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=23-50&rft.pub=A.+C.+McClurg&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Just%2CC%C3%B6lestin+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovalishislifet00hopegoog%2Fpage%2Fn30%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiebel1954-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiebel1954_3-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebel1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hiebel" title="Friedrich Hiebel">Hiebel, Frederick</a> (1954). Novalis:German Poet—European Thinker—Christian Mystic. Vol. 10. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5149%2F9781469657554_hiebel">10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469657554" title="Special:BookSources/9781469657554"><bdi>9781469657554</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel">10.5149/9781469657554_hiebel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novalis%3AGerman+Poet%E2%80%94European+Thinker%E2%80%94Christian+Mystic&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5149%2F9781469657554_hiebel%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5149%2F9781469657554_hiebel&rft.isbn=9781469657554&rft.aulast=Hiebel&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kermode2009-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Kermode2009_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermode,_Frank2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Kermode, Frank</a> (2009) [5 October 1995]. "Dark Fates [Review of The Blue Flower by Penelope Fitzgerald]". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v17/n19/frank-kermode/dark-fates">Bury Place Papers:Essays from the London Review of Books</a>. London: London Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873092040" title="Special:BookSources/9781873092040"><bdi>9781873092040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dark+Fates+%5BReview+of+The+Blue+Flower+by+Penelope+Fitzgerald%5D&rft.btitle=Bury+Place+Papers%3AEssays+from+the+London+Review+of+Books&rft.pub=London%3A+London+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781873092040&rft.au=Kermode%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv17%2Fn19%2Ffrank-kermode%2Fdark-fates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pick1910-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pick1910_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pick1910_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pick1910_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPick,_Bernhard1910" class="citation book cs1">Pick, Bernhard (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devotionalsongso01nova/page/3/mode/2up1">Introduction</a>. Devotional Songs of Novalis. By <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Pick" title="Bernhard Pick">Novalis</a>. Pick, Bernard (ed.). Chicago: Open Court. pp. 3–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Devotional+Songs+of+Novalis&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Chicago%3A+Open+Court&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Pick%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevotionalsongso01nova%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F2up1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snell2012-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Snell2012_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell,_Robert2012" class="citation book cs1">Snell, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPy-2-NNDe0C&pg=PAPA31">"Psychoanalysis and Mysticism"</a>. Uncertainties, Mysteries, Doubts: Romanticism and the Analytic Attitude. New York: Routledge. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychoanalysis+and+Mysticism&rft.btitle=Uncertainties%2C+Mysteries%2C+Doubts%3A+Romanticism+and+the+Analytic+Attitude&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Snell%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPy-2-NNDe0C%26pg%3DPAPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saul1982-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Saul1982_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul1982" class="citation journal cs1">Saul, Nicholas (1982). "Novalis's "Geistige Gegenwart" and His Essay "Die Christenheit Oder Europa"". The Modern Language Review. 77 (2): 361–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3726818">10.2307/3726818</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3726818">3726818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Novalis%27s+%22Geistige+Gegenwart%22+and+His+Essay+%22Die+Christenheit+Oder+Europa%22&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=361-377&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3726818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3726818%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-vonHardenberg1802-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vonHardenberg1802_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vonHardenberg1802_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hardenberg,_Karl2007" class="citation book cs1">von Hardenberg, Karl (2007) [1802]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA106">"Karl von Hardenberg: Biography of His Brother Novalis"</a>. In Donehower, Bruce (ed.). The Birth of Novalis: Friedrich Von Hardenberg's Journal of 1797, with Selected Letters and Documents. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791480687" title="Special:BookSources/9780791480687"><bdi>9780791480687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+von+Hardenberg%3A+Biography+of+His+Brother+Novalis&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Novalis%3A+Friedrich+Von+Hardenberg%27s+Journal+of+1797%2C+with+Selected+Letters+and+Documents&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Albany%2C+NY%3A+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780791480687&rft.au=von+Hardenberg%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYpkY-G1f84C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wulf2022-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wulf2022_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wulf2022_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wulf2022_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulf2022" class="citation book cs1">Wulf, Andrea (2022). Magnificent Rebels: The First Romantics and the Invention of Self. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525657118" title="Special:BookSources/9780525657118"><bdi>9780525657118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnificent+Rebels%3A+The+First+Romantics+and+the+Invention+of+Self&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780525657118&rft.aulast=Wulf&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kneller2003-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kneller2003_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneller2003_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneller,_Jane2003" class="citation book cs1">Kneller, Jane (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aG44AB1yw4IC&pg=PR36">"Chronology"</a>. Fichte Studies. By Novalis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521643924" title="Special:BookSources/9780521643924"><bdi>9780521643924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Fichte+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521643924&rft.au=Kneller%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaG44AB1yw4IC%26pg%3DPR36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donehower2007-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donehower2007_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donehower2007_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donehower2007_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donehower2007_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donehower2007_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donehower2007_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonehower,_Bruce2007" class="citation book cs1">Donehower, Bruce (2007) [1802]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpkY-G1f84C&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. In Donehower, Bruce (ed.). The Birth of Novalis: Friedrich von Hardenberg's Journal of 1797, with Selected Letters and Documents. 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In Donehower, Bruce (ed.). The Birth of Novalis: Friedrich Von Hardenberg's Journal of 1797, with Selected Letters and Documents. 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Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Philosophical+Reviews%3A+An+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Jane+Kneller+%28Ed.%29+Novalis+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Waibel%2C+Violetta+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Fnews%2Fnovalis-fichte-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason1967-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Mason1967_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Eudo_C.1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eudo_Mason" title="Eudo Mason">Mason, Eudo C.</a> (1967). 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Studies in Romanticism. 14 (4): 425–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25599987">10.2307/25599987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25599987">25599987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Romanticism&rft.atitle=Novalis%27+Revolutionary+Religion+of+Death&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-452&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25599987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25599987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wessell%2C+Leonard+P.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson1998-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1998_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Laurie1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Laurie (1998). 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Colloquia Germanica. 31 (1): 33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23981057">23981057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquia+Germanica&rft.atitle=%22Wozu+%C3%BCberhaupt+ein+Anfang%3F%22+Memory+and+History+in+%22Heinrich+von+Ofterdingen%22&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23981057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Brien1995-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien1995_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien1995_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_William_Arctander1995" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, William Arctander (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-eh94Z7opAC&pg=PA66">"After Sophie: Julie von Charpentier"</a>. 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Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. ix–xxx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791469736" title="Special:BookSources/9780791469736"><bdi>9780791469736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Unknown+Novalis&rft.btitle=Notes+for+a+Romantic+Encyclopaedia%3A+Die+Allgemeine+Brouillon&rft.pages=ix-xxx&rft.pub=Albany%2C+NY%3A+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780791469736&rft.au=Wood%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fpdf%2F61378.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney1992-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney1992_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney1992_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney,_Dennis_F.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mahoney, Dennis F. (1992). "Human History as Natural History in "The Novices of Sais" and "Heinrich von Ofterdingen"". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 18 (3): 111–124. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41292842">41292842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections+%2F+R%C3%A9flexions+Historiques&rft.atitle=Human+History+as+Natural+History+in+%22The+Novices+of+Sais%22+and+%22Heinrich+von+Ofterdingen%22&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=111-124&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41292842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mahoney%2C+Dennis+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziolkowski1992-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziolkowski1992_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski,_Theodore1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Ziolkowski" title="Theodore Ziolkowski">Ziolkowski, Theodore</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxzGab52gZ4C&pg=PA18">"The Mind: Image of the Soul"</a>. German Romanticism And Its Institutions. 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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 175–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801453045" title="Special:BookSources/9780801453045"><bdi>9780801453045</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt5hh26b.11">10.7591/j.ctt5hh26b.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Products+of+the+Imagination%3A+Mining%2C+Luxury%2C+and+the+Romantic+Artist+in+Novalis%E2%80%99s+Heinrich+von+Ofterdingen&rft.btitle=Necessary+Luxuries%3A+Books%2C+Literature%2C+and+the+Culture+of+Consumption+in+Germany%2C+1770%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=175-202&rft.pub=Ithaca%2C+NY%3A+Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt5hh26b.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780801453045&rft.au=Erlin%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt5hh26b.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney2004-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney2004_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney,_Dennis_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, Dennis F. 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New Literary History. 22 (2): 383–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F469045">10.2307/469045</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/469045">469045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Novalis%2C+Miscellaneous+Remarks+%5BOriginal+Version+of+Pollen%5D&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-406&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F469045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F469045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gelley%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Redding2009-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Redding2009_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedding,_Paul2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Redding" title="Paul Redding">Redding, Paul</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023233218if_/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203876954/chapters/10.4324/9780203876954-13">"The Jena Romanticism of Friedrich Schlegel and Friedrich Schelling"</a>. Continental Idealism: Leibniz to Nietzsche. New York: Routledge. pp. 116–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203876954">10.4324/9780203876954</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134068432" title="Special:BookSources/9781134068432"><bdi>9781134068432</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203876954-13/jena-romanticism-friedrich-schlegel-friedrich-schelling-schelling">the original</a> on 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jena+Romanticism+of+Friedrich+Schlegel+and+Friedrich+Schelling&rft.btitle=Continental+Idealism%3A+Leibniz+to+Nietzsche&rft.pages=116-134&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203876954&rft.isbn=9781134068432&rft.au=Redding%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203876954-13%2Fjena-romanticism-friedrich-schlegel-friedrich-schelling-schelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rush2005-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Rush2005_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRush2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rush, Fred (2005). 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The Modern Language Review. 101 (2): 488–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20466796">10.2307/20466796</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20466796">20466796</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170406207">170406207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=Magical+Realism+and+the+Legacy+of+German+Idealism&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=488-498&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170406207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20466796%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20466796&rft.au=Warnes%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahen-Maurel2019-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cahen-Maurel2019_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cahen-Maurel2019_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cahen-Maurel2019_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cahen-Maurel2019_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cahen-Maurel2019_53-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen-Maurel,_Laure2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cahen-Maurel, Laure (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026035833/https://symphilosophie.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/7-symphilosophie-1-2019-cahen-maurel-17-dec-2019.pdf">"Novalis's Magical Idealism: A Threefold Philosophy of the Imagination, Love and Medicine"</a> (PDF). Symphilosophie: International Journal of Philosophical Romanticism. 1: 129–165. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ">The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.au=Josephson-Storm%2C+Jason+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kneller2010-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kneller2010_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneller2010_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kneller2010_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneller,_Jane2010" class="citation book cs1">Kneller, Jane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqKLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311">"Early German romanticism: The Challenge of Philosophizing"</a>. In Moyar, Dean (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Nineteenth Century Philosophy. London: Routledge. pp. 295–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135151119" title="Special:BookSources/9781135151119"><bdi>9781135151119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+German+romanticism%3A+The+Challenge+of+Philosophizing&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Nineteenth+Century+Philosophy&rft.pages=295-327&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781135151119&rft.au=Kneller%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqKLAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warnes2009-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warnes2009_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warnes2009_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnes,_Christopher2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Warnes" title="Christopher Warnes">Warnes, Christopher</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780230545281">Magical Realism and the Postcolonial Novel: Between Faith and Irreverence</a>. 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Bifocal Vision: Novalis' Philosophy of Nature and Disease. Vol. 68. 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Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State University. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contagion%3A+Sexuality%2C+Disease+and+Death+in+German+Idealism+and+Romanticism&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Indianapolis%2C+IN%3A+Indiana+State+University&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Krell%2C+David+Farrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOh5W40KlqqUC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1974-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1974_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Phillip_B.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Phillip B. (1974). "Anxiety and Abstraction: Kleist and Brentano on Caspar David Friedrich". Art Journal. 33 (3): 205–210. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/775783">775783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Anxiety+and+Abstraction%3A+Kleist+and+Brentano+on+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-210&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F775783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Miller%2C+Phillip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Littlejohns2007-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Littlejohns2007_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Littlejohns2007_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlejohns,_Richard2007" class="citation book cs1">Littlejohns, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42ACxuCP82oC&pg=PA171">"Everlasting Peace and Medieval Europe: Romantic Myth-Making in Novalis's Europa"</a>. Myths of Europe. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 176–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Everlasting+Peace+and+Medieval+Europe%3A+Romantic+Myth-Making+in+Novalis%27s+Europa&rft.btitle=Myths+of+Europe&rft.pages=176-182&rft.pub=Leiden%2C+Netherlands%3A+Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Littlejohns%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42ACxuCP82oC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monroe1983-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Monroe1983_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe,_Jonathan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, Jonathan (1983). "Novalis' "Hymnen an die Nacht" and the Prose Poem "avant la lettre"". Studies in Romanticism. 22 (1): 93–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25600414">10.2307/25600414</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25600414">25600414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Romanticism&rft.atitle=Novalis%27+%22Hymnen+an+die+Nacht%22+and+the+Prose+Poem+%22avant+la+lettre%22&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-110&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25600414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25600414%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Monroe%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernaer1910-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Wernaer1910_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernaer,_Robert_M.1910" class="citation book cs1">Wernaer, Robert M. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanticismandr00werngoog/page/n240">"Novalis and His Hymns to the Night"</a>. Romanticism and the Romantic School in Germany. New York: D. Appleton. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis+and+His+Hymns+to+the+Night&rft.btitle=Romanticism+and+the+Romantic+School+in+Germany&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=New+York%3A+D.+Appleton&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Wernaer%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanticismandr00werngoog%2Fpage%2Fn240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willoughby1934-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby1934_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloughby,_L._A.1938" class="citation journal cs1">Willoughby, L. A. (1938). "German Affinities with the Oxford Movement". The Modern Language Review. 29 (1): 52–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3716061">10.2307/3716061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3716061">3716061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=German+Affinities+with+the+Oxford+Movement&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-56&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3716061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3716061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Willoughby%2C+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Toy1918-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Toy1918_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToy1918" class="citation journal cs1">Toy, Walter D. 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Studies in Philology. 15 (1): 14–22. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171721">4171721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Mysticism+of+Novalis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-22&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4171721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Toy&rft.aufirst=Walter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehder1948-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Rehder1948_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehder1948" class="citation journal cs1">Rehder, Helmut (1948). "Novalis and Shakespeare". 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On Emerson and Other Essays. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Montrose_Jonas_Moses" title="Montrose Jonas Moses">Moses, Montrose J.</a> New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. pp. 51–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis&rft.btitle=On+Emerson+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=51-88&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Maeterlinck%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonemersonandoth01mosegoog%2Fpage%2Fn55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beiser2002-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beiser2002_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beiser2002_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beiser2002_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Beiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Beiser">Beiser, Frederick C.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKlL6pzQ14sC&pg=PA417">"Novalis' Magic Idealism"</a>. German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781–1801. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674007697" title="Special:BookSources/0674007697"><bdi>0674007697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis%27+Magic+Idealism&rft.btitle=German+Idealism%3A+The+Struggle+Against+Subjectivism%2C+1781%E2%80%931801&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0674007697&rft.aulast=Beiser&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKlL6pzQ14sC%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe2008-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe2008_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe2008_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe,_Benjamin_D.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Crowe, Benjamin D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029221625/https://www.benjamindcrowe.com/uploads/6/1/7/9/61796147/novalis_bjhp.pdf">"On 'The Religion of the Visible Universe': Novalis and the Pantheism Controversy"</a> (PDF). British Journal for the History of Philosophy. 16 (1): 125–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09608780701789335">10.1080/09608780701789335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170382946">170382946</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benjamindcrowe.com/uploads/6/1/7/9/61796147/novalis_bjhp.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=On+%27The+Religion+of+the+Visible+Universe%27%3A+Novalis+and+the+Pantheism+Controversy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-146&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09608780701789335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170382946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Crowe%2C+Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benjamindcrowe.com%2Fuploads%2F6%2F1%2F7%2F9%2F61796147%2Fnovalis_bjhp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Meara2014-69"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Meara2014_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Meara,_John2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Meara, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARMDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">The Way of Novalis: An Exposition on the Process of His Achievement</a>. Ottawa, Canada: HcP. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+Novalis%3A+An+Exposition+on+the+Process+of+His+Achievement&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Ottawa%2C+Canada%3A+HcP&rft.date=2014&rft.au=O%27Meara%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARMDAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieckmann1955-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Dieckmann1955_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieckmann1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liselotte_Dieckmann" title="Liselotte Dieckmann">Dieckmann, Liselotte</a> (1955). "The Metaphor of Hieroglyphics in German Romanticism". Compariative Literature. 7 (4): 306–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1769042">10.2307/1769042</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1769042">1769042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compariative+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Metaphor+of+Hieroglyphics+in+German+Romanticism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=306-312&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1769042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1769042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dieckmann&rft.aufirst=Liselotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Novalis1799-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Novalis1799_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovalis1799" class="citation web cs1">Novalis (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/13_Class.Romanticism_Doc.3_English.pdf">""Christendom or Europe"[Die Christenheit oder Europa]"</a> (PDF). German History in Documents and Images.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+History+in+Documents+and+Images&rft.atitle=%22Christendom+or+Europe%22%5BDie+Christenheit+oder+Europa%5D&rft.date=1799&rft.au=Novalis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fpdf%2Feng%2F13_Class.Romanticism_Doc.3_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weltman1936-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Weltman1936_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeltman,_J.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Weltman, J. 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Modern Language Review. 31 (4): 539–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3716141">10.2307/3716141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3716141">3716141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+Friedrich+Schlegel&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=539-544&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3716141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3716141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Weltman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman2000-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman2000_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman,_Veronica" class="citation thesis cs1">Freeman, Veronica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poetizationofmys00free">The Poetization of Mystical Constructs in the Work of Novalis</a> (PhD). 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"Death Drive: Eros and Thanatos in Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde"". Cambridge Opera Journal. 11 (3): 267–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954586700005073">10.1017/S0954586700005073</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/823612">823612</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194063366">194063366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Opera+Journal&rft.atitle=Death+Drive%3A+Eros+and+Thanatos+in+Wagner%27s+%22Tristan+und+Isolde%22&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-293&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194063366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F823612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954586700005073&rft.au=Hutcheon%2C+Linda&rft.au=Hutcheon%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner1908-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Steiner1908_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner,_Rudolf2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner, Rudolf</a> (2015) [1908-1909], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718023539/https://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/NV1851_index.html">Novalis: On his Hymns to the Night</a>, translated by von Maltitz, Hannah, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/NV1851_index.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2019, retrieved 29 November 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novalis%3A+On+his+Hymns+to+the+Night&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwn.rsarchive.org%2FLectures%2FNV1851_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Wallace Fowlie, "Surrealism in 1960: A Backward Glance", Poetry, Vol. 95, No. 6 (Mar., 1960), p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidegger1929-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Heidegger1929_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidegger2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger, Martin</a> (2001) [1929]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYU9tyb4K2wC&pg=PA5">The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude</a>. Translated by McNeill, William; Walker, Nicholas (Reprint ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253214294" title="Special:BookSources/9780253214294"><bdi>9780253214294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamental+Concepts+of+Metaphysics%3A+World%2C+Finitude%2C+Solitude&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780253214294&rft.aulast=Heidegger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYU9tyb4K2wC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mileck1983-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Mileck1983_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMileck,_Joseph1983" class="citation journal cs1">Mileck, Joseph (1983). "Hermann Hesse and German Romanticism: An Evolving Relationship". 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"Hermann Hesse's Chiliastic Vision". Monateshefte. 53 (4): 199–210. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30161816">30161816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monateshefte&rft.atitle=Hermann+Hesse%27s+Chiliastic+Vision&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=199-210&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30161816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ziolkowski%2C+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="limited access publication – restrictions apply"><img alt="Limited access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Adamopoulos2015-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Adamopoulos2015_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamopoulos,_Konstantin2015" class="citation web cs1">Adamopoulos, Konstantin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315162453/http://www.goethe.de/ges/phi/prj/ffs/the/104/en15051259.htm">"Everyone is an Artist: The Participative Anthroposophy of the Artist Joseph Bueys"</a>. Fikrun Wa Fann: A Publication of the Goethe-Institut. Translated by Collins, Charlotte. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/ges/phi/prj/ffs/the/104/en15051259.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fikrun+Wa+Fann%3A+A+Publication+of+the+Goethe-Institut&rft.atitle=Everyone+is+an+Artist%3A+The+Participative+Anthroposophy+of+the+Artist+Joseph+Bueys&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Adamopoulos%2C+Konstantin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fges%2Fphi%2Fprj%2Fffs%2Fthe%2F104%2Fen15051259.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Kitchen, Will. (2023) Film, Negation and Freedom: Capitalism and Romantic Critique. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 47-76 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Novalis">"Novalis" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=829&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ameriks, Karl (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000</li> <li>Arena, Leonardo Vittorio, La filosofia di Novalis, Milano: Franco Angeli, 1987 (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</li> <li>Behler, Ernst. German Romantic Literary Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993</li> <li>Beiser, Frederick. German Idealism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. Argues that the early romantics should be understood as serious philosophical thinkers. Novalis's philosophical commitments are discussed in detail.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Berman" title="Antoine Berman">Berman, Antoine</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%A9preuve_de_l%27%C3%A9tranger._Culture_et_traduction_dans_l%27Allemagne_romantique:_Herder,_Goethe,_Schlegel,_Novalis,_Humboldt,_Schleiermacher,_H%C3%B6lderlin" class="mw-redirect" title="L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin">L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin</a>., Paris, Gallimard, Essais, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-070076-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-070076-9">978-2-07-070076-9</a> (in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofthomascar27carliala/page/vi/mode/2up">"Novalis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Critical and Miscellaneous Essays</a>: Volume II. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXVII. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> (published 1904). pp. 1–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis&rft.btitle=Critical+and+Miscellaneous+Essays%3A+Volume+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Works+of+Thomas+Carlyle+in+Thirty+Volumes&rft.pages=1-55&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofthomascar27carliala%2Fpage%2Fvi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Fitzgerald" title="Penelope Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald, Penelope</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Flower" title="The Blue Flower">The Blue Flower</a>. Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 1995. A novelization of Novalis' early life, development and relationship with Sophie von Kühn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Haywood" title="Bruce Haywood">Haywood, Bruce</a>. Novalis, the veil of imagery; a study of the poetic works of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hardenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hardenberg">Friedrich von Hardenberg</a>, 1772–1801, 's-Gravenhage, Mouton, 1959; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.</li> <li>Krell, David Farrell. Contagion: Sexuality, Disease, and Death in German Idealism and Romanticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. First part addresses what Krell calls Novalis's "Thaumaturgic Idealism".</li> <li>Kuzniar, Alice. Delayed Endings. Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1987. Explores Novalis's and Hölderlin's use of nonclosure to create a new Romantic sense of narrative time.</li> <li>Lacoue-Labarthe, Phillipe and Jean-Luc Nancy. The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism.. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.</li> <li>Molnár, Geza von. Novalis' "Fichte Studies".</li> <li>O’Brien, William Arctander. Novalis: Signs of Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1519-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1519-X">0-8223-1519-X</a></li> <li>Pfefferkorn, Kristin. Novalis: A Romantic's Theory of Language and Poetry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_O._Prokofieff" title="Sergei O. Prokofieff">Prokofieff, Sergei O.</a> Eternal Individuality. Towards a Karmic Biography of Novalis. Temple Lodge Publishing, London 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novalis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://librivox.org/author/309">Works by Novalis</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/novalis/">Novalis</a> by Anna Ezekiel, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/novalis/">Novalis</a> by Kristin Gjesdal, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logopoeia.com/novalis/index.html">Novalis: Hymns to The Night</a> – a translation of the work by George MacDonald</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schloss-oberwiederstedt.de">Oberwiederstedt Manor</a>, birthplace of Novalis and home to the International Novalis Society and the Novalis Foundation (in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novalis.autorenverzeichnis.de/english/index.html">Aquarium: Friedrich von Hardenberg im Internet</a> – a multi-lingual website for information on Novalis, including translations, reviews, general discussions, odd trivia and scholarly articles. (Last updated in 2007.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Novalis">"Novalis" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Novalis">"Novalis" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novalis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovalis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novalis70.webnode.hu/english-version">Excerpts from Henry of Ofterdingen with illustrations (mostly paintings by Caspar David Friedrich)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Idealism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Idealism" title="Template:Idealism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_idealism" title="Italian idealism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monistic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monistic idealism">Monistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">Epistemological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic idealism">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Monistic (Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magical (thaumaturgic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist (consciousness-only)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_idealism" title="Practical idealism">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political idealism">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Plato's Theory of Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness-only" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness-only">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealistic_pluralism" title="Idealistic pluralism">Idealistic pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealistic_Studies" title="Idealistic Studies">Idealistic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121441284">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95155102">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29323/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVY6Rkv46XHV6HFW8wG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118588893">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78096916">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11917917z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11917917z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451513">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV054619">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35200865">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006176&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1010094">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/38726">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068347839">Netherlands</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072893621">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052748">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042984&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000072622&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038429">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=191094">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000045861">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199611488">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx0v3t406qrlqj">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546215005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/32978">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266030905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000053728">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518639806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14135918">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00337456?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:von-hardenberg.friedrich">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/74bfae64-2ea3-479f-9cb1-1eda2a24e103">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102268">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/862244">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118588893.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118588893">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027384101">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69c8srt">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/107617">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novalis&oldid=1250823832">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novalis&oldid=1250823832</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1772_births" title="Category:1772 births">1772 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1801_deaths" title="Category:1801 deaths">1801 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novalis" title="Category:Novalis">Novalis</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFFreeman,_Veronica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelley,_Alexander1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGjesdal,_Kristin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjesdal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwee,_S._L.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaase,_Donald1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn,_Hans-Joachim2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrold,_F.1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaussmann,_J._F.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidegger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiebel1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutcheon,_LindaHutcheon,_Michael1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson,_Laurie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson-Storm,_Jason_A.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJust,Cölestin_August1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKermode,_Frank2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleingeld,_Paula2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKneller,_Jane2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKneller,_Jane2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKneller,_Jane2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrell,_David_Farrell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaman,_Barbara2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlejohns,_Richard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlejohns,_Richard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukacs1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaeterlinck,_Maurice1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney,_Dennis_F.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney,_Dennis_F.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason,_Eudo_C.1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason,_Eudo_C.1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatala_de_Mazza,_Ethel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer,_Paola1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMileck,_Joseph1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller,_Phillip_B.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonroe,_Jonathan1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNassar,_Dalia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeubauer,_John1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman,_Gail1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovalis,_1772-1801.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovalis1799\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovalis1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien,_William_Arctander1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Meara,_John2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge,_Michael2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPick,_Bernhard1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedding,_Paul2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedfield,_Marc2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehder1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRines1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosellini,_Jay_Julian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRush2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaul1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaber,_Steven_C.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlegel,_Friedrich1798\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott,_Jill1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyhan,_Azade2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnell,_Robert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner,_Rudolf2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoljar,_Margaret_Mahoney1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanehisa1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTieck,_Ludwig2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToy1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaibel,_Violetta_L.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnes,_Christopher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnes,_Christopher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeltman,_J.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernaer,_Robert_M.1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWessell,_Leonard_P._Jr.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilloughby,_L._A.1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_David_D.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood,_David_D.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulf2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiolkowski,_Theodore1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiolkowski,_Theodore1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Hardenberg,_Karl2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite Americana\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 3,\n [\"Closed access\"] = 3,\n [\"Conservatism in Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Cslist\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Novalis\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 42,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google Books\"] = 13,\n [\"Google book\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 27,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Idealism\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Limited access\"] = 31,\n [\"Open access\"] = 3,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain link\"] = 4,\n [\"Plainlink\"] = 31,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Registration required\"] = 31,\n [\"Romanticism\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 38,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.9"],["type","100","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.2"],["dataWrapper 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