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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anhydrous_carbonic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anhydrous carbonic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anhydrous_carbonic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_aqueous_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_aqueous_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In aqueous solution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_aqueous_solution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In aqueous solution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_aqueous_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_biological_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_biological_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In biological solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_biological_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_water_pH_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_water_pH_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In water pH control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_water_pH_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_high_CO2_partial_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_high_CO2_partial_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Under high CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_high_CO2_partial_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_bicarbonate_and_carbonate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_bicarbonate_and_carbonate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship to bicarbonate and carbonate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_bicarbonate_and_carbonate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship to bicarbonate and carbonate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_bicarbonate_and_carbonate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ocean acidification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbonic acid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolsuur" title="Koolsuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolsuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الكربونيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الكربونيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat_tur%C5%9Fusu" title="Karbonat turşusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbonat turşusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربونیک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربونیک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="কার্বনিক অ্যাসিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বনিক অ্যাসিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-sng" title="Thòaⁿ-sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thòaⁿ-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Вугальная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугальная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Въглеродна киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглеродна киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglji%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Ugljična kiselina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_garbonek" title="Trenkenn garbonek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn garbonek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_carb%C3%B2nic" title="Àcid carbònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid carbònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%A1" title="Kyselina uhličitá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina uhličitá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulsyre" title="Kulsyre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlens%C3%A4ure" title="Kohlensäure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlensäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsihape" title="Süsihape – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsihape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Ανθρακικό οξύ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρακικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carb%C3%B3nico" title="Ácido carbónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido carbónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonata_acido" title="Karbonata acido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_karboniko" title="Azido karboniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido karboniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کربنیک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربنیک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_carbonique" title="Acide carbonique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide carbonique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_carb%C3%B3nach" title="Aigéad carbónach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad carbónach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carb%C3%B3nico" title="Ácido carbónico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido carbónico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0" title="탄산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ածխաթթու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="कार्बनिक अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बनिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlikowa_kisalina" title="Wuhlikowa kisalina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlikowa kisalina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglji%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Ugljična kiselina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_karbonat" title="Asam karbonat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam karbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kols%C3%BDra" title="Kolsýra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolsýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_carbonico" title="Acido carbonico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido carbonico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חומצה פחמתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומצה פחמתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ნახშირმჟავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირმჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_carbonicum" title="Acidum carbonicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum carbonicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C4%BCsk%C4%81be" title="Ogļskābe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogļskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelesaier" title="Kuelesaier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelesaier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglies_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Anglies rūgštis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglies rūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9nsav" title="Szénsav – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szénsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Јаглеродна киселина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглеродна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബോണിക് ആസിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബോണിക് ആസിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="कार्बोनिक आम्ल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बोनिक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_karbonik" title="Asid karbonik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid karbonik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng-s%C5%8Fng" title="Táng-sŏng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Táng-sŏng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန်နစ်အက်ဆစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်နစ်အက်ဆစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwaterstofcarbonaat" title="Diwaterstofcarbonaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diwaterstofcarbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%85%B8" title="炭酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonsyre" title="Karbonsyre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbonsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolsyre" title="Kolsyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kolsyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat_kislota" title="Karbonat kislota – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karbonat kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlens%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Kohlensüür – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlensüür" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_w%C4%99glowy" title="Kwas węglowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas węglowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carb%C3%B4nico" title="Ácido carbônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido carbônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_carbonic" title="Acid carbonic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid carbonic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Угольная кислота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Угольная кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbonic acid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_uhli%C4%8Dit%C3%A1" title="Kyselina uhličitá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina uhličitá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikova_kislina" title="Ogljikova kislina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikova kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljena_kiselina" title="Ugljena kiselina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ugljena kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljena_kiselina" title="Ugljena kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljena kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilihappo" title="Hiilihappo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiilihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolsyra" title="Kolsyra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolsyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்போனிக் அமிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்போனிக் அமிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดคาร์บอนิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดคาร์บอนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonik_asit" title="Karbonik asit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbonik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карбонатна кислота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карбонатна кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کاربونک تیزاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربونک تیزاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27muiktuz" title="Hil'muiktuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'muiktuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_carbonic" title="Acid carbonic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid carbonic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8" title="碳酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8" title="碳酸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8" title="碳酸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8" title="碳酸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">carbolic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carbonyl hydroxide" redirects here. For the chemical compound with formula COOH (carbonyl group linked to hydroxyl group), see <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">Carboxylic acid</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Carbonic acid </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structural formula"><img alt="Structural formula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Carbonic-acid-2D.svg/220px-Carbonic-acid-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Carbonic-acid-2D.svg/330px-Carbonic-acid-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Carbonic-acid-2D.svg/440px-Carbonic-acid-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Structural formula</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png/250px-Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png/330px-Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png/500px-Carbonic-acid-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Carbonic acid<sup id="cite_ref-iupac2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Oxidocarboxylic acid</li><li>Hydroxyformic acid</li><li>Hydroxymethanoic acid</li><li>Carbonylic acid</li><li>Hydroxycarboxylic acid</li><li>Dihydroxycarbonyl</li><li>Carbon dioxide solution</li><li>Aerial acid</li><li>Metacarbonic acid</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=463-79-6">463-79-6</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28O%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=28976">CHEBI:28976</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1161632">ChEMBL1161632</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.747.html">747</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB14531">DB14531</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.133.015">100.133.015</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104334#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>610-295-3</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>25554 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01353">C01353</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/767">767</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/142M471B3J">142M471B3J</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9043801">DTXSID9043801</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104334#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/H2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYAU</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(O)O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless gas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−53 °C (−63 °F; 220 K)<sup id="cite_ref-sublime_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sublime-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sublimes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>127 °C (261 °F; 400 K) (decomposes) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>Reacts to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>p<i>K</i><sub>a1</sub> = 3.75 (25 °C; anhydrous)<sup id="cite_ref-P82db_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P82db-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>p<i>K</i><sub>a1</sub> = 6.35 (hydrous)<sup id="cite_ref-P82db_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P82db-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>p<i>K</i><sub>a2</sub> = 10.33<sup id="cite_ref-P82db_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P82db-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_ead7ba2f89635cb7" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ead7ba2f89635cb7"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td>monoclinic </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>p21/c, No. 14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">Point group</a></div> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></div> </td> <td><div><i>a</i> = 5.392 Å, <i>b</i> = 6.661 Å, <i>c</i> = 5.690 Å</div><div>α = 90°, β = 92.66°, γ = 90°<sup id="cite_ref-neutron_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neutron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div>(<span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> at 1.85 GPa, 298 K)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant#Volume" title="Lattice constant">Lattice volume</a> (<i>V</i>)</div> </td> <td>204.12 Å<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Formula_unit" title="Formula unit">Formula units</a> (<i>Z</i>)</div> </td> <td>4 formula per cell </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477313558&page2=Carbonic+acid">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Carbonic acid</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> with the chemical formula <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> rapidly converts to <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the presence of water. However, in the absence of water, it is quite stable at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interconversion of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is related to the breathing cycle of animals and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification of natural waters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neutron_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neutron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In biochemistry and physiology, the name "carbonic acid" is sometimes applied to <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">aqueous solutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">chemical species</a> play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system" title="Bicarbonate buffer system">bicarbonate buffer system</a>, used to maintain <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">acid–base homeostasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_in_biochemical_literature">Terminology in biochemical literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology in biochemical literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, the term "carbonic acid" strictly refers to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> with the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>. Some <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> literature effaces the distinction between carbonic acid and carbon dioxide dissolved in extracellular fluid. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, carbon dioxide excreted by the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a> may be called <i>volatile acid</i> or <i>respiratory acid</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anhydrous_carbonic_acid">Anhydrous carbonic acid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anhydrous carbonic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At ambient temperatures, pure carbonic acid is a stable gas.<sup id="cite_ref-lo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two main methods to produce <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> carbonic acid: reaction of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">potassium bicarbonate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(temperature)" title="Orders of magnitude (temperature)">100 K</a> in <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proton_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton beam">proton irradiation</a> of pure <a href="/wiki/Solid_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid carbon dioxide">solid carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sublime_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sublime-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemically, it behaves as a <a href="/wiki/Diprotic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diprotic acid">diprotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted acid">Brønsted acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peroxide_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peroxide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carbonic acid <a href="/wiki/Monomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomers">monomers</a> exhibit three <a href="/wiki/Conformational_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformational isomerism">conformational isomers</a>: cis–cis, cis–trans, and trans–trans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At low temperatures and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, solid carbonic acid is <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a> and lacks <a href="/wiki/Bragg_peak" title="Bragg peak">Bragg peaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But at high pressure, carbonic acid crystallizes, and modern analytical spectroscopy can measure its geometry. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">dideuterated</a> carbonic acid (<span class="chemf nowrap">D<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_clamped_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybrid clamped cell (page does not exist)">hybrid clamped cell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian alloy (page does not exist)">Russian alloy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Copper_beryllium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper beryllium alloy">copper-beryllium</a>) at 1.85 GPa, the molecules are planar and form <a href="/wiki/Dimerization_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimerization (chemistry)">dimers</a> joined by pairs of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>. All three <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93oxygen_bond" title="Carbon–oxygen bond">C-O bonds</a> are nearly equidistant at 1.34 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a>, intermediate between typical C-O and C=O distances (respectively 1.43 and 1.23 Å). The unusual C-O bond lengths are attributed to delocalized <a href="/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond">π bonding</a> in the molecule's center and extraordinarily strong hydrogen bonds. The same effects also induce a very short O—O separation (2.13 Å), through the 136° O-H-O <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a> imposed by the doubly hydrogen-bonded 8-membered rings.<sup id="cite_ref-neutron_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neutron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer O—O distances are observed in strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>, where the distances exceed 2.4 Å.<sup id="cite_ref-wi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_aqueous_solution">In aqueous solution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In aqueous solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In even a slight presence of water, carbonic acid <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydrates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, which then <a href="/wiki/Autocatalysis" title="Autocatalysis">catalyzes</a> further decomposition.<sup id="cite_ref-lo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, carbon dioxide can be considered the carbonic <a href="/wiki/Acidic_oxide" title="Acidic oxide">acid anhydride</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydration</a> <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium constant</a> at 25 °C is <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">[<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>]/[CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>] ≈ 1.7×10<sup>−3</sup></span> in pure water<sup id="cite_ref-HS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ≈ 1.2×10<sup>−3</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the majority of carbon dioxide at geophysical or biological <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">air-water interfaces</a> does not convert to carbonic acid, remaining dissolved CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> gas. However, the <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">uncatalyzed</a> equilibrium is reached quite slowly: the <a href="/wiki/Rate_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate constant">rate constants</a> are 0.039 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a><sup>−1</sup> for hydration and 23 s<sup>−1</sup> for dehydration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_biological_solutions">In biological solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In biological solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the presence of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>, equilibrium is instead reached rapidly, and the following reaction takes precedence:<sup id="cite_ref-Lindskog_1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindskog_1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3^- {+}H^+ <=> CO2 {+}H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3^- {+}H^+ <=> CO2 {+}H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5076d00dd5917fe6b574b3627dd5579a8f94d4e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.404ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCO3^- {+}H^+ <=> CO2 {+}H2O}}}" /></span> </p><p>When the created carbon dioxide exceeds its solubility, gas evolves and a third equilibrium <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO_2 (soln) <=> CO_2 (g)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>soln</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO_2 (soln) <=> CO_2 (g)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8626bc565ea109ba6528fb6d938288cae55c0d81" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.528ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO_2 (soln) <=> CO_2 (g)}}}" /></span> must also be taken into consideration. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is defined by <a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law#Fundamental_types_and_variants_of_Henry's_law_constants" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a>. </p><p>The two reactions can be combined for the equilibrium in solution: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {HCO3^{-}{}+ H+{}<=> CO2(soln){}+ H2O}}&&K_{3}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{[{\ce {CO2(soln)}}]}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>soln</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>soln</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {HCO3^{-}{}+ H+{}<=> CO2(soln){}+ H2O}}&&K_{3}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{[{\ce {CO2(soln)}}]}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3efe827e57da672cf1c617cebeddb8cf04baa81" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:60.236ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {HCO3^{-}{}+ H+{}<=> CO2(soln){}+ H2O}}&&K_{3}={\frac {[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{[{\ce {CO2(soln)}}]}}\end{aligned}}}" /></span> When Henry's law is used to calculate the denominator <b>care is needed</b> with regard to units since Henry's law constant can be commonly expressed with 8 different dimensionalities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_water_pH_control">In water pH control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In water pH control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In wastewater treatment and agriculture irrigation, carbonic acid is used to acidify the water similar to <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">sulfurous acid</a> produced by sulfur burners.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_high_CO2_partial_pressure">Under high CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under high CO2 partial pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Beverage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage industry">beverage industry</a>, sparkling or "fizzy water" is usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">carbonated water</a>. It is made by dissolving carbon dioxide under a small <a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure" title="Positive pressure">positive pressure</a> in water. Many <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a> treated the same way <a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">effervesce</a>. </p><p>Significant amounts of molecular <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> exist in aqueous solutions subjected to pressures of multiple <a href="/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">gigapascals</a> (tens of thousands of atmospheres) in planetary interiors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressures of 0.6–1.6 <a href="/wiki/Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">GPa</a> at 100 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>, and 0.75–1.75 GPa at 300 K are attained in the cores of large icy satellites such as <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, where water and carbon dioxide are present. Pure carbonic acid, being denser, is expected to have sunk under the ice layers and separate them from the rocky cores of these moons.<sup id="cite_ref-Saleh-Scirep_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleh-Scirep-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_bicarbonate_and_carbonate">Relationship to bicarbonate and carbonate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship to bicarbonate and carbonate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weak_acid_speciation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Weak_acid_speciation.svg/250px-Weak_acid_speciation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Weak_acid_speciation.svg/330px-Weak_acid_speciation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Weak_acid_speciation.svg/440px-Weak_acid_speciation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_plot" title="Bjerrum plot">Bjerrum plot</a> of speciation for a hypothetical monoprotic acid: AH concentration as a function of the difference between <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>K</span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>H</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Carbonic acid is the formal <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted–Lowry">Brønsted–Lowry</a> <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">conjugate acid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> anion, stable in <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">alkaline solution</a>. The protonation constants have been measured to great precision, but depend on overall <a href="/wiki/Ionic_strength" title="Ionic strength">ionic strength</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">I</span>. The two equilibria most easily measured are as follows: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {CO3^{2-}{}+ H+{}<=> HCO3^-}}&&\beta _{1}={\frac {[{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {CO3^{2-}}}]}}\\{\ce {CO3^{2-}{}+ 2H+{}<=> H2CO3}}&&\beta _{2}={\frac {[{\ce {H2CO3}}]}{[{\ce {H+}}]^{2}[{\ce {CO3^{2-}}}]}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {CO3^{2-}{}+ H+{}<=> HCO3^-}}&&\beta _{1}={\frac {[{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {CO3^{2-}}}]}}\\{\ce {CO3^{2-}{}+ 2H+{}<=> H2CO3}}&&\beta _{2}={\frac {[{\ce {H2CO3}}]}{[{\ce {H+}}]^{2}[{\ce {CO3^{2-}}}]}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09f8d396f1143f199cf1136f1ad60c7ce873b848" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.671ex; width:50.639ex; height:14.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {CO3^{2-}{}+ H+{}<=> HCO3^-}}&&\beta _{1}={\frac {[{\ce {HCO3^-}}]}{[{\ce {H+}}][{\ce {CO3^{2-}}}]}}\\{\ce {CO3^{2-}{}+ 2H+{}<=> H2CO3}}&&\beta _{2}={\frac {[{\ce {H2CO3}}]}{[{\ce {H+}}]^{2}[{\ce {CO3^{2-}}}]}}\end{aligned}}}" /></span> where brackets indicate the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Species_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (chemistry)">species</a>. At 25 °C, these equilibria empirically satisfy<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{6}\log(\beta _{1})=&&0&.54&I^{2}-0&.96&I+&&9&.93\\\log(\beta _{2})=&&-2&.5&I^{2}-0&.043&I+&&16&.07\end{alignedat}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>.54</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>.96</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>I</mi> <mo>+</mo> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mn>9</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>.93</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>.5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>.043</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>I</mi> <mo>+</mo> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mn>16</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>.07</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{6}\log(\beta _{1})=&&0&.54&I^{2}-0&.96&I+&&9&.93\\\log(\beta _{2})=&&-2&.5&I^{2}-0&.043&I+&&16&.07\end{alignedat}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5bdff866f3268527ed226ed4422f9c426fac586" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:34.982ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{6}\log(\beta _{1})=&&0&.54&I^{2}-0&.96&I+&&9&.93\\\log(\beta _{2})=&&-2&.5&I^{2}-0&.043&I+&&16&.07\end{alignedat}}}" /></span><span class="texhtml">log(<i>β</i><sub>1</sub>)</span> decreases with increasing <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">I</span>, as does <span class="texhtml">log(<i>β</i><sub>2</sub>)</span>. In a solution absent other ions (e.g. <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i> = 0</span>), these curves imply the following <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">stepwise dissociation constants</a>:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}p{\text{K}}_{1}&=\log(\beta _{2})-\log(\beta _{1})&=6.77\\p{\text{K}}_{2}&=\log(\beta _{1})&=9.93\end{alignedat}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 0em 0em 0em 0em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.77</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>K</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9.93</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}p{\text{K}}_{1}&=\log(\beta _{2})-\log(\beta _{1})&=6.77\\p{\text{K}}_{2}&=\log(\beta _{1})&=9.93\end{alignedat}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7c2629eb360e165d1177628ea3d6fe9edaed2b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.612ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}p{\text{K}}_{1}&=\log(\beta _{2})-\log(\beta _{1})&=6.77\\p{\text{K}}_{2}&=\log(\beta _{1})&=9.93\end{alignedat}}}" /></span> Direct values for these constants in the literature include <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>K<sub>1</sub> = 6.35</span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>K<sub>2</sub> - <i>p</i>K<sub>1</sub> = 3.49</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To interpret these numbers, note that two chemical species in an acid equilibrium are <a href="/wiki/Equinumerosity" title="Equinumerosity">equiconcentrated</a> when <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>K = <i>p</i>H</span>. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>) in biological systems exhibits <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i>H ≈ 7.2</span>, so that carbonic acid will be almost 50%-dissociated at equilibrium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ocean acidification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg/310px-Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg/465px-Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg/620px-Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Carbonate speciation in seawater (ionic strength 0.7 mol/dm<sup>3</sup>). The expected change shown is due to the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">current anthropogenic increase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric carbon dioxide">atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> concentration.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bjerrum_plot" title="Bjerrum plot">Bjerrum plot</a> shows typical equilibrium concentrations, in solution, in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>, of carbon dioxide and the various species derived from it, as a function of <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peroxide_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peroxide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As human industrialization has <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">increased the proportion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>, the proportion of carbon dioxide dissolved in sea- and freshwater as carbonic acid is also expected to increase. This rise in dissolved acid is also expected to <a href="/wiki/Acidifying_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidifying agent">acidify</a> those waters, generating a decrease in pH.<sup id="cite_ref-cald03_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cald03-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sabine_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabine-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that the increase in dissolved carbon dioxide has already caused the ocean's average surface pH to decrease by about 0.1 from pre-industrial levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_59/July_1901/Climate_and_Carbonic_Acid" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 59/July 1901/Climate and Carbonic Acid">Climate and Carbonic Acid</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i> Volume 59, July 1901</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWelchLiftonSeck1969" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, M. 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"Carbonic Acid in the Gas Phase and Its Astrophysical Relevance". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>279</b> (5355): <span class="nowrap">1332–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...279.1332H">1998Sci...279.1332H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.279.5355.1332">10.1126/science.279.5355.1332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9478889">9478889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Carbonic+Acid+in+the+Gas+Phase+and+Its+Astrophysical+Relevance&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=5355&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1332-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9478889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.279.5355.1332&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...279.1332H&rft.aulast=W.+Hage&rft.aufirst=K.+R.+Liedl&rft.au=Liedl%2C+E.&rft.au=Hallbrucker%2C+A&rft.au=Mayer%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neutron-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neutron_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutron_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neutron_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenzChenMöllerHofmann2022" class="citation journal cs1">Benz, Sebastian; 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/scdb/index.html">Stability constants</a>" (database). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinesDitkovichMukraMiller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pines, Dina; Ditkovich, Julia; Mukra, Tzach; Miller, Yifat; Kiefer, Philip M.; Daschakraborty, Snehasis; Hynes, James T.; Pines, Ehud (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747581">"How Acidic Is Carbonic Acid?"</a>. <i>J Phys Chem B</i>. <b>120</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">2440–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpcb.5b12428">10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12428</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747581">5747581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26862781">26862781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Phys+Chem+B&rft.atitle=How+Acidic+Is+Carbonic+Acid%3F&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2440-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5747581%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26862781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpcb.5b12428&rft.aulast=Pines&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft.au=Ditkovich%2C+Julia&rft.au=Mukra%2C+Tzach&rft.au=Miller%2C+Yifat&rft.au=Kiefer%2C+Philip+M.&rft.au=Daschakraborty%2C+Snehasis&rft.au=Hynes%2C+James+T.&rft.au=Pines%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5747581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cald03-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cald03_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldeiraWickett,_M._E.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Caldeira, K.; Wickett, M. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1233227">"Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>425</b> (6956): 365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGUFMOS11C0385C">2001AGUFMOS11C0385C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F425365a">10.1038/425365a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14508477">14508477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417880">4417880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+carbon+and+ocean+pH&rft.volume=425&rft.issue=6956&rft.pages=365&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F425365a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4417880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14508477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AGUFMOS11C0385C&rft.aulast=Caldeira&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Wickett%2C+M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1233227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sabine-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sabine_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabine2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sabine, C. L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1097403">"The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5682): <span class="nowrap">367–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..367S">2004Sci...305..367S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1097403">10.1126/science.1097403</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F52596">10261/52596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15256665">15256665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5607281">5607281</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143710/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/305/5682/367">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Oceanic+Sink+for+Anthropogenic+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5682&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F52596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5607281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305..367S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15256665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1097403&rft.aulast=Sabine&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1097403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonic_acid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iq.usp.br/gutz/Curtipot_.html">Carbonic acid/bicarbonate/carbonate equilibrium in water: pH of solutions, buffer capacity, titration, and species distribution vs. pH, computed with a free spreadsheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018082042/http://www.chem.usu.edu/~sbialkow/Classes/3600/Overheads/Carbonate/CO2.html">How to calculate concentration of carbonic acid in water</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inorganic compounds of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inorganic_compounds_of_carbon_and_related_ions134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">Inorganic compounds of</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and related ions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monofluoride" title="Carbon monofluoride">CF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide">CO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide">CO<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide">CO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenedithione" title="Ethenedithione">C<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_diselenide" title="Carbon diselenide">CSe<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_subsulfide" title="Carbon subsulfide">C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">SiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon ions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">Carbides</a> [:C≡C:]<sup>2−</sup>, [::C::]<sup>4−</sup>, [:C=C=C:]<sup>4−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> [:C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">Cyanate</a> [:O−C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanate</a> [:S−C≡N:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">Fulminate</a> [:C≡N−O:]<sup>−</sup></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27110079" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q27110079">Thiofulminate</a> [:C≡N−S:]<sup>−</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nanostructures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_intercalation_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite intercalation compounds">Graphite intercalation compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulleride" title="Fulleride">Fullerides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxides and related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nitride" title="Carbon nitride">Nitrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Compounds_containing_the_carbonate_group127" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbonates" title="Template:Carbonates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbonates" title="Template talk:Carbonates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbonates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbonates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Compounds_containing_the_carbonate_group127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Compounds containing the <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> group</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bicarbonate" title="Lithium bicarbonate">LiHCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_carbonate" title="Beryllium carbonate">BeCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borate_carbonate" title="Borate carbonate">+BO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">(RO)(R'O)CO</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_oxalate" title="Carbonate oxalate">+C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_nitrate" title="Carbonate nitrate">+NO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate fluoride">+F</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sesquicarbonate" title="Sodium sesquicarbonate">Na<sub>3</sub>H(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">MgCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_bicarbonate" title="Magnesium bicarbonate">Mg(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_carbonate" title="Aluminium carbonate">Al<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbonate" title="Silicon carbonate">SiCO<sub>4</sub></a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Silicate_carbonate" title="Silicate carbonate">+SiO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_carbonate" title="Sulfate carbonate">+SO<sub>4</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_chloride" title="Carbonate chloride">+Cl</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bicarbonate" title="Potassium bicarbonate">KHCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">CaCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_bicarbonate" title="Calcium bicarbonate">Ca(HCO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none"> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>V </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">CrCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Cr<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">MnCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_carbonate" title="Iron(II) carbonate">FeCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_carbonate" title="Cobalt(II) carbonate">CoCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Co<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_carbonate" title="Nickel(II) carbonate">NiCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(I)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(I) carbonate (page does not exist)">Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_carbonate" title="Copper(II) carbonate">CuCO<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_copper_carbonate" title="Basic copper carbonate">Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">ZnCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td>Se </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_carbonate" title="Rubidium carbonate">Rb<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_carbonate" title="Strontium carbonate">SrCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none"> </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Zr </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palladium(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">PdCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_carbonate" title="Silver carbonate">Ag<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_carbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium carbonate">CdCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>Te </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_carbonate" title="Caesium carbonate">Cs<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Caesium_bicarbonate" title="Caesium bicarbonate">CsHCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">BaCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Lu<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>Au </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">HgCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_carbonate" title="Thallium(I) carbonate">Tl<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead_carbonate" title="Lead carbonate">PbCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate" title="Bismuth subcarbonate">(BiO)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium(IV)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium(IV) carbonate (page does not exist)">Po(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td>Fr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_carbonate" title="Radium carbonate">RaCO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_carbonate" title="Lanthanum carbonate">La<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_carbonate" title="Cerium(III) carbonate">Ce<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_carbonate" title="Praseodymium(III) carbonate">Pr<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_carbonate" title="Neodymium(III) carbonate">Nd<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Sm<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium(II)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium(II) carbonate (page does not exist)">EuCO<sub>3</sub></a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_carbonate" title="Europium(III) carbonate">Eu<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Gd<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Tb<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Dy<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Ho<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Er<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Tm<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbium(III)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbium(III) carbonate (page does not exist)">Yb<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) carbonate (page does not exist)">Th(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_carbonate" title="Uranyl carbonate">UO<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>Am </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrogen_compounds22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrogen_compounds22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_compounds" title="Hydrogen compounds">Hydrogen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_acid" title="Arsenic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AsO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohydride" title="Argon fluorohydride">HArF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorosulfuric_acid" title="Fluorosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>F</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroboric_acid" title="Fluoroboric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H[BF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">HBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromous_acid" title="Bromous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromic_acid" title="Bromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perbromic_acid" title="Perbromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HBrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">HClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorous_acid" title="Chlorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloric_acid" title="Chloric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HClO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">HCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromic_acid" title="Chromic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CrO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>/<span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Cr<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocarbonic_acid" title="Thiocarbonic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CS<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">HFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoiodous_acid" title="Hypoiodous acid">HIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodous_acid" title="Iodous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodic_acid" title="Iodic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid" title="Periodic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HIO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganic_acid" title="Permanganic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HMnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdic_acid" title="Molybdic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>MoO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">HNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaHCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosylsulfuric_acid" title="Nitrosylsulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">HNO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>S</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfamic_acid" title="Sulfamic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>NSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acid" title="Pyrophosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphoric_acid" title="Triphosphoric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Se</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>[SiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">HSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothiocyanic acid">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosulfuric_acid" title="Thiosulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_oxide" title="Trihydrogen oxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithionic_acid" title="Dithionic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfuric_acid" title="Disulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydisulfuric_acid" title="Peroxydisulfuric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflic_acid" title="Triflic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">CF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Te</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurous_acid" title="Tellurous acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>TeO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>TiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Po</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_tetracarbonyl_hydride" title="Cobalt tetracarbonyl hydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">H[Co(CO)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Template:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Template talk:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides_of_carbon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides of carbon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxocarbons77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exotic oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetroxide" title="Carbon tetroxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pentoxide" title="Carbon pentoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_hexoxide" title="Carbon hexoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_dione" title="Ethylene dione"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalic_anhydride" title="Oxalic anhydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/1,2-Dioxetanedione" title="1,2-Dioxetanedione">1,2-Dioxetanedione</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,3-Dioxetanedione" title="1,3-Dioxetanedione">1,3-Dioxetanedione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropanetrione" title="Cyclopropanetrione"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3,5-Trioxanetrione" title="1,3,5-Trioxanetrione"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarbon_dioxide" title="Tetracarbon dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobutanetetrone" title="Cyclobutanetetrone"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxane_tetraketone" title="Dioxane tetraketone"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbon_dioxide" title="Pentacarbon dioxide"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentanepentone" title="Cyclopentanepentone"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub></span></a></li> <li><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanehexone" title="Cyclohexanehexone">Cyclohexanehexone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride">Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone_biscarbonate" title="Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone biscarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahydroxybenzene_triscarbonate" title="Hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone_bisoxalate" title="Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone bisoxalate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxotricyclobutabenzene" title="Hexaoxotricyclobutabenzene"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexahydroxybenzene_trisoxalate" title="Hexahydroxybenzene trisoxalate"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polymers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_oxide" title="Graphite oxide">Graphite oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymeric_carbon_suboxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymeric carbon suboxide (page does not exist)">C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonyl" title="Polycarbonyl">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymeric_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymeric carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compounds derived from oxides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">Metal carbonyls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate_(functional_group)" title="Polycarbonate (functional group)">Polycarbonates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dicarbonate" title="Dicarbonate">Dicarbonates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tricarbonate" title="Tricarbonate">Tricarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxydicarbonate" title="Peroxydicarbonate">Peroxydicarbonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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