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游斯丁 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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</div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軼事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軼事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>軼事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軼事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">游斯丁</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。56种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="القديس جاستن – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القديس جاستن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="القديس جاستن – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القديس جاستن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fzabke%C5%9F_Yustin" title="Əzabkeş Yustin – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əzabkeş Yustin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Юстын Мучанік – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юстын Мучанік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Юстин (философ) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юстин (философ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%C3%AD_el_M%C3%A0rtir" title="Justí el Màrtir – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Justí el Màrtir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Mu%C4%8Dedn%C3%ADk" title="Justin Mučedník – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Justin Mučedník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinus_Martyr" title="Justinus Martyr – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Justinus Martyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_der_M%C3%A4rtyrer" title="Justin der Märtyrer – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Justin der Märtyrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιουστίνος ο Μάρτυρας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουστίνος ο Μάρτυρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Justin Martyr" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justeno_Martiro" title="Justeno Martiro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Justeno Martiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justino_M%C3%A1rtir" title="Justino Mártir – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Justino Mártir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ژوستین شهید – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوستین شهید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinos_Marttyyri" title="Justinos Marttyyri – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Justinos Marttyyri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_de_Naplouse" title="Justin de Naplouse – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Justin de Naplouse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xustino_o_Fil%C3%B3sofo" title="Xustino o Filósofo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xustino o Filósofo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8" title="יוסטינוס מרטיר – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוסטינוס מרטיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Justin Mučenik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Justin Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Jusztinusz" title="Szent Jusztinusz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Jusztinusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1" title="Հուստինոս Փիլիսոփա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուստինոս Փիլիսոփա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justino_Martyre" title="Justino Martyre – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Justino Martyre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yustinus_Martir" title="Yustinus Martir – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yustinus Martir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustino_(filosofo)" title="Giustino (filosofo) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giustino (filosofo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9" title="ユスティノス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユスティノス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yustinus_Martir" title="Yustinus Martir – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yustinus Martir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="იუსტინე მარტვილი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუსტინე მარტვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8_%EC%88%9C%EA%B5%90%EC%9E%90" title="유스티노 순교자 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유스티노 순교자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustinus_Martyr" title="Iustinus Martyr – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iustinus Martyr" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinas_Kankinys" title="Justinas Kankinys – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Justinas Kankinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%C4%ABns_Moceklis" title="Justīns Moceklis – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Justīns Moceklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostin%C3%B4sy_Martira" title="Jostinôsy Martira – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jostinôsy Martira" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Јустин Философ – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јустин Философ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="രക്തസാക്ഷി ജസ്റ്റിൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്തസാക്ഷി ജസ്റ്റിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinus_de_Martelaar" title="Justinus de Martelaar – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Justinus de Martelaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Justin Martyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_lo_Martir" title="Justin lo Martir – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Justin lo Martir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyn_M%C4%99czennik" title="Justyn Męczennik – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Justyn Męczennik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شهید جوستین – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شهید جوستین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justino" title="Justino – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Justino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustin_Martirul_%C8%99i_Filozoful" title="Iustin Martirul și Filozoful – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iustin Martirul și Filozoful" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Иустин Философ – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иустин Философ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustinu_m%C3%A0rtire" title="Giustinu màrtire – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giustinu màrtire" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Mairtyr" title="Justin Mairtyr – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Justin Mairtyr" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Filozof" title="Justin Filozof – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Justin Filozof" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Justin Martyr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinus" title="Justinus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Justinus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martiri" title="Justin Martiri – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Justin Martiri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Јустин Филозоф – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јустин Филозоф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinus_Martyren" title="Justinus Martyren – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Justinus Martyren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_mfiadini" title="Justin mfiadini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Justin mfiadini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justino_Martir" title="Justino Martir – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Justino Martir" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustinus" title="Iustinus – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Iustinus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Юстин Філософ – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юстин Філософ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="جسٹن شہید – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جسٹن شہید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%C3%B4_T%E1%BB%AD_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Justinô Tử đạo – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Justinô Tử đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185117#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="/wiki/File:Justin_Martyr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Justin_Martyr.jpg/220px-Justin_Martyr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Justin_Martyr.jpg/330px-Justin_Martyr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Justin_Martyr.jpg/440px-Justin_Martyr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>游斯丁</figcaption></figure> <p><b>殉教者游斯丁</b>(英語:<span lang="en">Justin Martyr</span>,天主教惯译<b>犹斯定</b>),是公元2世紀基督教的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="護教士">護教士</a>之一,於公元165年前在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="殉教">殉教</a>。天主教相信他是哲学家的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BF%9D%E5%9C%A3%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="主保圣人">主保圣人</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="正教會">正教會</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%97" title="普世聖公宗">普世聖公宗</a>也尊他為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" title="基督教聖人">聖人</a>。 </p><p>他的大部分作品都已失传,但有两篇护教书和一段对话幸存下来。 第一篇护教书是他最著名的作品,它热情地捍卫了基督徒生活的道德性,并提供了各种伦理和哲学的论据,说服罗马皇帝安东努斯放弃对教会的迫害。 此外,他还主张许多历史上的希腊哲学家(包括苏格拉底和柏拉图)(他对他们的作品都有很好的研究)说成是不知情的基督徒。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>游斯丁生於<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="撒马利亚">撒馬利亞</a>的弗拉维亚-尼阿波利斯(Flavia Neapolis,即今天的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF" title="納布盧斯">纳布卢斯</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(一说生于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E5%8A%8D" title="示劍">示剑</a><sup id="cite_ref-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>),父親是一位富有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%BA%BA" title="希臘人">希臘人</a>,因此十分嚴謹地訓練兒子學習希臘的規矩和學問。他的祖父巴基乌斯(Bacchius)有一个希腊名字,而他的父亲普里斯库斯(Priscus)有一个拉丁语名字,这使得人们猜测他的祖先可能在尼阿波利斯建立后不久就定居在那里,或者说他们是罗马派到那里的外交官的后裔<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>游斯丁父母親是希臘人,乃是外邦異教徒<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。年輕時熱心研讀哲學,曾在當時仍流行的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="斯多亞學派">斯多亞學派</a>門下受教,後來轉向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E8%A3%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="亞裏斯多學派(页面不存在)">亞裏斯多學派</a>,最後醉心于柏拉圖學派。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>他開始學斯多葛的道理,後來覺得不滿足就轉去研究柏拉圖的學說,直到把柏拉圖的學說看為真理。可以看出遊斯丁是一個熱愛學習,熱愛和真理的人。游斯丁信主前的相關資料相當稀少<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,據說他信主的經歷非常奇妙。 </p><p>有一天,當游斯丁在海邊默想思考問題的時候,剛好遇見一位神秘老人,經過與神秘老人一番交談後,那位老人不客氣地指出他的哲學問題與弱點,幷引導他認識舊約所應許要來的彌賽亞已經降臨在地上,那位神秘的老人與他傳講福音過後,游斯丁就悔改相信耶穌。游斯丁雖然悔改相信基督教,但他幷沒有放棄以前所苦修的哲學,他以前原本想藉著學習哲學尋找真理,他悔改相信耶穌後,便認定基督教才是“那真正的哲學"。據說,他雖然改信基督教後,他還是仍然穿戴哲學教師的制服,到處演講及傳講主耶穌基督的福音。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>他為首批歸信於基督教的外邦知識份子,精通<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%99%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="斯多噶主义">斯多噶主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞里斯多德主義">亞里斯多德主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="毕达哥拉斯主义">畢達哥拉斯主義</a>,對<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖主義">柏拉圖主義</a>也有涉獵。他非常的熱愛古典<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>,尤其是相信<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>所說的<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="background-color: #EAEAEA; color: DarkSlateGray;">「永恆的理型就是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>就像<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="亞伯拉罕">亞伯拉罕</a>一樣,是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3" title="基督">基督</a>降生之前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>。」</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="柏拉图在耶稣降世之前很久就离世了">需要解释</span></a>&#93;</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>在《对话》的开篇中,<sup id="cite_ref-Dialogue_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialogue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 游斯丁描述了他的早期教育,他说,他最初的学习让他不满意,因为他们没有提供一个信仰体系,不能给年轻的学生提供神学和形而上学的启发。他说,他首先尝试了一个斯多葛哲学家的学校,他无法向他解释上帝的存在。然后,他又去听了一位柏拉图派的哲学家讲课,但因为这位哲学家太过急于收费而被推掉了。后来,他又去听了一位毕达哥拉斯哲学家的课,这位哲学家要求他先学音乐、天文学和几何学,他不愿意这样做。后来,他遇到了一位最近在他的城市里定居的柏拉图派思想家,便信奉了柏拉图主义。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>而对非物质事物的感知完全压倒了我,思想的沉思给我的心灵插上了翅膀,所以过了一会儿,我想,我已经变得聪明了;而这就是我的愚蠢,我期待着立刻仰望上帝,因为这就是柏拉图哲学的结局。<sup id="cite_ref-Dialogue_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialogue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>此后的一段时间,他在海边附近偶遇一位老人,可能是叙利亚的基督徒<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>与他进行了一次关于上帝的对话,他说先知的见证比哲学家的推理更可靠。这个老人在与他讨论了神和其他高深莫测的事之后,就建议他尝试走另外一条寻求真理的道路。他告诉游斯丁,古代先知对神的了解远比当代的哲学家更多,他劝游斯丁去读读他们的著述。游斯丁接受了这个建议,在旧约圣经的先知书中找到了自己一直以来寻求的真理,其内容指向的是基督以及基督教真理<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>早在这个时代之前,就有一些人,比那些受人尊敬的哲学家更古老,他们是公义的,也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>所爱的人,他们用神的灵说话,预言了将要发生的事情,现在正在发生的事情。他们被称为预言家。这些人既看见了真理,又向人宣布了真理,既不敬畏人,也不惧怕人,不为荣耀的欲望所影响,只说他们所看见的和他们所听见的,被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%81%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="圣灵">圣灵</a>充满了的事。他们的著作至今仍在流传,读过他们的著作的人,在认识事物的开始和结束,以及哲学家应该知道的事,只要他相信他们,就会得到很大的帮助。因为他们在他们的论文中没有使用证明,因为他们是真理的见证人,高于所有的证明,值得相信;那些已经发生的事件和正在发生的事件,迫使你同意他们所做的言论,虽然,事实上,他们有资格因他们所行的神迹而归功于他们,因为他们都赞美造物主,万物的神和父,并宣布他的儿子,他所派遣的基督。那些被谎言的不洁之灵所充满的假先知们,既没有做过,也没有做过,只敢行一些奇妙的事,目的是为了使人惊奇,荣耀错误的灵和魔鬼。但求你在万事之上,求你打开光明之门;因为这些事不是所有人都能看见,也不是所有人都能明白的,只有上帝和他的基督所传授的人有智慧。<sup id="cite_ref-Dialogue_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialogue-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>「霎时,一道火焰从我心灵深处点燃,一股对先知与基督的爱流涌溢,他们所传讲的才是万物肇始与终结的最古老、最真实的解释,这是哲学家们都该知道的,因为他们被圣灵充满,荣耀了造物真主,万物的神与父,并宣告真神之子耶稣基督。我发现唯独这种哲学才是稳妥而有益的。」<sup id="cite_ref-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>被这位老人的论点所感动,游斯丁放弃了他以前的宗教信仰和哲学背景,选择将自己的生命重新献给神。早期基督徒的禁欲生活和殉道者的英雄榜样,使他的新信念得到了支持,他们的虔诚使他相信基督教教义在道德和精神上的优越性。因此,他决定他唯一的选择是在全国各地旅行,传播基督教作为「真正的哲学」的知识。他的皈依通常被认为是在以弗所发生的,<sup id="cite_ref-J._Quasten,_p.196-7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Quasten,_p.196-7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>不过其实有可能是在从<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="叙利亚巴勒斯坦行省" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Syria Palaestina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A1%8C%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞巴勒斯坦行省">叙利亚巴勒斯坦行省</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" class="extiw" title="en:Syria Palaestina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Syria Palaestina</span></a></span>)</span></span>到罗马路上的任意一处。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>然后他以哲学家的身份四处游学。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%95%A6%E5%AE%81%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%B0%A4" title="安敦宁·毕尤">安东努斯-皮乌斯</a>统治时期(138年-161年),他来到罗马,创办了自己的学校。他是第一個嘗試將信仰及理性綜合的神學家,也為基督教的教義等來辨護。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%89" title="他提安">塔提安</a>是他的学生之一。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8B%92%E7%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="马可·奥勒留">马可·奥勒留</a>统治时期,他与犬儒哲学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克雷森斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crescens the Cynic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="克雷森斯(页面不存在)">克雷森斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescens_the_Cynic" class="extiw" title="en:Crescens the Cynic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crescens the Cynic</span></a></span>)</span></span>发生争执后,据塔提安(《致希腊人的讲话》19)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B2%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%84%AA%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F" title="該撒利亞的優西比烏">尤西比乌斯</a>(<span class="template-facttext" title="需要完整来源">HE IV 16.7-8</span><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="需要提供完整来源。">&#91;需要完整来源&#93;</span></a></sup>)说,他被后者向当局告发。游斯汀与六位同伴一起被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朱尼乌斯·鲁斯蒂克斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Junius Rusticus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="朱尼乌斯·鲁斯蒂克斯(页面不存在)">朱尼乌斯·鲁斯蒂克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Rusticus" class="extiw" title="en:Junius Rusticus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Junius Rusticus</span></a></span>)</span></span>审判,他在163年-167年期间担任城市长官,游斯丁和六人被斩首。有说法说具体年代是公元165年前後被羅馬<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧里略">奧里略</a>皇帝處死殉道。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。虽然他死的确切年份并不确定,但可以合理地以鲁斯提库斯(Rusticus)的省长任期(他在162年和168年执政)为准。他的殉难在法庭审判有记录流传可考。 </p><p>在罗马以北几英里的Sacrofano的施洗者圣约翰教堂声称有他的遗物。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>位于马耳他瓦莱塔的1592年教皇令建的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="耶稣会教堂(页面不存在)">耶稣会教堂</a>也拥有这位圣人的遗迹。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>还有一种说法是,游斯丁的遗物被安葬在马里兰州的安纳波利斯。在意大利的动乱时期,一个拥有他的遗体的贵族家庭于1873年将其遗体送到巴尔的摩的一位神父处保管。遗体在圣玛丽教堂里展示了一段时间后,又被锁起来保管。1989年,经<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7" title="教廷">教廷</a>的批准,遗体被重新发现,并在圣玛丽教堂进行了妥善安葬。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1882年,教皇利奥十三世为他的节庆日举行了弥撒和公祭,他将其节庆日定为4月14日,<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根据是弗洛鲁斯殉道记中所载的他去世后的一天。 但由于这个日期往往和逾越节庆祝活动重合,因此,1968年的节庆日被移至6月1日,至少从9世纪起,拜占庭仪式就一直在这一天庆祝他<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著作"><span id=".E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>著作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Iustini_Philosophi_et_martyris_Opera.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="6086" /></a><figcaption>Iustini opera, 1636</figcaption></figure> <p>其著作甚豐,目前還遺留下來僅有: </p> <ul><li>《第一護教辭》(Apologia I)於115年間完成,為寫給羅馬君王<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%9F" title="圖拉真">圖拉真</a>、其諸子嗣及政要的公開信件,說明基督教不當受到政府及教外人士的批評。</li> <li>《第二護教辭》(Apologia II)接著前本著作,為投訴予<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="羅馬元老院">羅馬元老院</a>的信件。他直言假如基督徒有罪,應該公開審訊,證實有罪才可定案,而不可只因其身份就加以定罪。其內容中也大略解釋基督教的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%A6%AE" title="聖禮">聖禮</a>和崇拜。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>《與特來弗對話錄》(Dialogue with Trypho)是現存游斯丁著作中最長的一篇:於<a href="/wiki/135" title="135">135</a>年發生的,<a href="/wiki/155" title="155">155</a>年始被記錄下來,其中提及游氏與一位名叫特來弗的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太">猶太</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="拉比">拉比</a>來爭辯有關<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="耶穌">耶穌</a>是否就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="舊約聖經">舊約聖經</a>所提及的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E8%B3%BD%E4%BA%9E" title="彌賽亞">彌賽亞</a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7280008/JUSTIN_MARTYR_Dialogue_avec_Tryphon_Dialogue_with_Trypho_%C3%A9dition_critique_VOLUME_I_Introduction_Texte_grec_Traduction_Coll_Paradosis_%C3%A9ditions_universitaires_de_Fribourg_Suisse_no_47_1_2003_563_pages">关键版德菲利普 · 博比洪在线 </a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210402145537/https://www.academia.edu/7280008/JUSTIN_MARTYR_Dialogue_avec_Tryphon_Dialogue_with_Trypho_%C3%A9dition_critique_VOLUME_I_Introduction_Texte_grec_Traduction_Coll_Paradosis_%C3%A9ditions_universitaires_de_Fribourg_Suisse_no_47_1_2003_563_pages">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li>《論復活》(de resurrectione)殘片。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="軼事"><span id=".E8.BB.BC.E4.BA.8B"></span>軼事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:軼事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>游斯丁年輕的時候,熱衷於鑽研<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>。初學<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯多葛">斯多葛</a>的道理,覺得不滿足就轉而研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>之學說,直到將之視為真理。他喜歡模仿哲學家的樣子,穿著哲學家的制服。一天他在海邊行走,巧遇一位正在等船的老者,就和他交談。老人告訴他:「研究哲學無法明白真理,若要明白真理就要考查<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經">聖經</a>。」其後游斯丁即去研究聖經,並常與信徒往來,敬佩基督徒因基督的名而甘心被殺。他在追尋真理的過程中大受感動,決心作一位基督教的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>。 </p><p>游斯丁是在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="馬可·奧里略">馬可·奧里略</a>皇帝在位時與其他六位信徒同時遇害的。當受審之時,法官要求他們將所信的道說出來,於是游斯丁用了幾句簡明的話,說明了基督教的信仰。法官問:「你是基督徒嗎?」他回答是。法官再問:「你這自稱博學的人,在我打你、殺你以後,你猜自己能上天堂嗎?」游斯丁回答说:“我对此深信不疑。” <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921131745/http://epaper.ccreadbible.org/epaper/page/106/Justin.htm">《圣犹斯定》</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2011-03-23</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.ccreadbible.org/epaper/page/106/Justin.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2010-09-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%A3%E7%8A%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%8B&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.ccreadbible.org%2Fepaper%2Fpage%2F106%2FJustin.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig D. Allert, <i>Revelation, Truth, Canon, and Interpretation: Studies in Justin Martyr's Dialogue With Trypho</i>, page 28 (Leiden, Brill, 2002). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-04-12619-8" title="Special:网络书源/90-04-12619-8">90-04-12619-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-历史的轨迹——二千年教会史_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">历史的轨迹——二千年教会史</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhold Plummer,<i>Early Christian authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism,</i> Mohr Siebeck, 2002 p.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">陶理(Dowley, Tim),《基督教二千年史=自第一世紀至當代》,李伯明、林牧野合譯(香港:海天書樓,1997)94。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">呂沛淵,《先賢所信早期教會史話》(臺北市:歸正出版社,2012),136。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">奧爾森(Roger E. Olson),《神學的故事》,吳瑞誠、徐成德譯(新北市:校園出版社,2002),68。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">呂沛淵,《先賢所信早期教會史話》(臺北市:歸正出版社,2012),36-7。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">陶理博士著,李伯明'林牧野 《基督教二千年史》,(香港:海天書樓,1997),94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dialogue-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dialogue_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dialogue_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dialogue_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Justin Martyr. 2–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html">Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428184341/http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html">存档</a>于2019-04-28).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;rft.atitle=2%E2%80%938&amp;rft.au=Justin+Martyr&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Martyr%27s+Dialogue+with+Trypho&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fjustinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oskar Skarsaune, <i>The proof from prophecy: a study in Justin Martyr's proof-text tradition:text-type, provenance, theological profile,</i> Brill, 1987 p.246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">简明教会历史</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Quasten,_p.196-7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J._Quasten,_p.196-7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Quasten, <i>Patrology, Volume 1: The Beginnings of Patristic Literature</i> (Allen, TX: Christian Classics, 1983), p.197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plummer, 2002 p.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skarsaune, <i>The proof from prophecy,</i>pp.245–6 and notes 1 and 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marian Hillar, <i>From Logos to Trinity: The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian</i>, page 139 (Cambridge University Press, 2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-107-01330-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-107-01330-8">978-1-107-01330-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">麥可.柯林斯、馬修.普瑞斯,《基督教的故事》,謝青峰、李文茹,(台灣:麥克股份有限公司,2005),46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sacrofano – Church of Saint John the Baptist</i>, "...the bones of St. Justin are preserved in a great urn under the coloured marble high altar, built in 1515." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://en.tesorintornoroma.it/Itinerari/La-Via-Flaminia/Sacrofano-Chiesa-di-San-Giovanni-Battista">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313042048/http://en.tesorintornoroma.it/Itinerari/La-Via-Flaminia/Sacrofano-Chiesa-di-San-Giovanni-Battista">存檔</a>,存档日期13 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikipedia article on Church of the Jesuits.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/88ec7a380363c0411c2a84b706f090fe">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803222845/https://apnews.com/88ec7a380363c0411c2a84b706f090fe">存档</a>于2020-08-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F88ec7a380363c0411c2a84b706f090fe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a></span>&#160;<cite id="CITEREFLebreton1910" class="citation encyclopaedia">Lebreton, Jules. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08580c.htm">St. Justin Martyr</a>. Herbermann, Charles (编). <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="天主教百科全書">天主教百科全書</a> <b>7</b>. Robert Appleton Company. 1910 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2013&#93;</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%B8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81&amp;rft.atitle=St.+Justin+Martyr&amp;rft.aufirst=Jules&amp;rft.aulast=Lebreton&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&amp;rft.date=1910&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08580c.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">華爾克,《基督教會史》,謝受靈、趙毅之譯(香港:基督教文藝出版社,2005),80-1。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">盧龍光、曹偉彤、周永健等,《基督教聖經與神學詞典》,(香港:漢語聖經協會有限公司,2003),308。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">馬雅各,《教會人物》,(香港:道聲出版社,1970),1-3。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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