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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 生平 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對話錄的爭議點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對話錄的爭議點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 對話錄的爭議點 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對話錄的爭議點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-創作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#創作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 創作 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-創作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形而上學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形而上學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 形而上學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形而上學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-柏拉圖的「理想世界」" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#柏拉圖的「理想世界」"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 柏拉圖的「理想世界」 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-柏拉圖的「理想世界」-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知識論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知識論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 知識論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知識論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 國家 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宇宙觀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宇宙觀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 宇宙觀 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宇宙觀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲學影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不在四聯劇裡的著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 不在四聯劇裡的著作 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不在四聯劇裡的著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-年代表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年代表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 年代表 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年代表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期對話錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期對話錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 早期對話錄 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期對話錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中期對話錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中期對話錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 中期對話錄 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中期對話錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚期對話錄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚期對話錄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.3 晚期對話錄 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-晚期對話錄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 注釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 书目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">柏拉图</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。216种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-216" aria-hidden="true" > 216种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B6" title="ፕላቶ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕላቶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileto" title="Pileto – 奥博洛语" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Pileto" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奥博洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="أفلاطون – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفلاطون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="أفلاطون – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أفلاطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افلاطون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="প্লেটো – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্লেটো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="افلاطون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platuons" title="Platuons – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Platuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Плятон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плятон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="প্লেটো – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লেটো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕི་ལ་ཐོན། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕི་ལ་ཐོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="প্লেটো – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="প্লেটো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3" title="Plató – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plató" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئەفلاتوون – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەفلاتوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Platone" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Платѡнъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Платѡнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πλάτων – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%A5n" title="Platån – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Platån" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platono" title="Platono – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Platono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افلاطون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="柏拉圖" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1t%C5%8Dn" title="Plátōn – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Plátōn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B5" title="Platõ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Platõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍉 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B" title="પ્લેટો – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્લેટો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אפלטון – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפלטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պլատոն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլատոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պղատոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պղատոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Platone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="プラトン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plieto" title="Plieto – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Plieto" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/platon" title="platon – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="platon" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლატონი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლატონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fla%E1%B9%ADun" title="Flaṭun – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Flaṭun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC" title="ផ្លាតូ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផ្លាតូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A" title="ಪ್ಲೇಟೊ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲೇಟೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A4" title="플라톤 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라톤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86" title="افلاطوٗن – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="افلاطوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plahto" title="Plahto – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Plahto" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 拉定语" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="拉定语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ປະລາຕົງ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະລາຕົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonas" title="Platonas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Platonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platons" title="Platons – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Platons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B4na" title="Platôna – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Platôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="പ്ലേറ്റോ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലേറ്റോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ပလေးတိုး – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလေးတိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="فلاطون – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلاطون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेटो – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्लेटो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="प्लेतो – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्लेतो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Platone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8C%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߔߌߟߊߕߐ߲߫ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߌߟߊߕߐ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileetoo" title="Pileetoo – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pileetoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਫ਼ਲਾਤੂਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ਲਾਤੂਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افلاطون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="اپلاتون – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپلاتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%A3o" title="Platão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Platão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatun" title="Palatun – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Palatun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="प्लातोन् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्लातोन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Былатыан – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былатыан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱚ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platone" title="Platone – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Platone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platuni" title="Platuni – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Platuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="افلاطون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afla%E1%B9%ADun" title="Aflaṭun – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aflaṭun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D" title="ප්ලේටෝ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්ලේටෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoni" title="Platoni – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Platoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow-la-tu" title="Pow-la-tu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pow-la-tu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="பிளேட்டோ – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிளேட்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B" title="ప్లేటో – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లేటో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Афлотун – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Афлотун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="เพลโต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพลโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%84%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Әфләтүн – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әфләтүн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئەپلاتون – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەپلاتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Платон – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Платон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افلاطون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflotun" title="Aflotun – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aflotun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Platón" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柏拉圖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლატონი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლატონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פלאטאן – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Plato" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="柏拉圖" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platon" title="Platon – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Platon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柏拉圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q859#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&oldid=85959848" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&id=85959848&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%259F%258F%25E6%258B%2589%25E5%259B%25BE">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%259F%258F%25E6%258B%2589%25E5%259B%25BE">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plato" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" hreflang="zh">维基语录</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q859" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_English plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" class="extiw" title="en:Plato">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充。 (2019年1月7日) 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>此條目介紹的是古希臘哲學家。关于其他用法，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="柏拉圖 (消歧義)">柏拉图 (消歧义)</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">柏拉圖 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style>Πλάτων</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/220px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/330px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg/440px-Plato_Pio-Clemetino_Inv305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">柏拉图半身像</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">时代</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古希腊哲学家列表">古希腊哲学家</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">地区</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="">西方哲學家</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">学派</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希臘</a>，柏拉圖學派</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">主要领域</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知识论">知識論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学哲学</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">著名思想</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>受影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德谟克利特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%97%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="巴门尼德">巴门尼德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯">毕达哥拉斯</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特">赫拉克利特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border: none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;"><div>影响于</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">幾乎所有之後的西方哲學家</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">柏拉图</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Platon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Platon.jpg/100px-Platon.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Platon.jpg/150px-Platon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Platon.jpg/200px-Platon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔">拉斐尔</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典学院</a>》中的柏拉图 (1509–1511)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E6%97%A9%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉图早年生平（页面不存在）">早年生平</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Plato" class="extiw" title="en:Early life of Plato">Early life of Plato</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84" title="Category:柏拉圖對話錄">著作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉图认识论（页面不存在）">柏拉图认识论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉图唯心主义（页面不存在）">柏拉图唯心主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Platonic idealism">Platonic idealism</a>） / <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="柏拉圖實在論">柏拉图实在论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%8C%A0%E9%80%A0%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB" title="巨匠造物主">巨匠造物主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="理型論">理型论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超验 (哲学)（页面不存在）">超验</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentals" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendentals">Transcendentals</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%84%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="善的理念（页面不存在）">善的理念</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" class="extiw" title="en:Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第三人论证（页面不存在）">第三人论证</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_man_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Third man argument">Third man argument</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%8F%99%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" title="游叙弗伦困境">游叙弗伦困境</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E7%A7%8D%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五种政体（页面不存在）">五种政体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_five_regimes" class="extiw" title="en:Plato's five regimes">Plato's five regimes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B" title="哲学王">哲学王</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉图未成文学说（页面不存在）">未成文学说</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" class="extiw" title="en:Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten doctrines</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉图政治哲学（页面不存在）">柏拉图政治哲学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Plato's political philosophy">Plato's political philosophy</a>）</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84" title="Category:柏拉圖對話錄">柏拉圖對話錄</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>I：《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%8F%99%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E7%AF%87" title="游叙弗伦篇">游叙弗伦篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9" title="苏格拉底的申辩">申辯篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%AF%87" title="克力同篇">克力同篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%AF%87" title="斐多篇">斐多篇</a>》</li> <li>II：《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E9%AD%AF%E7%AF%87" title="克拉底魯篇">克拉底魯篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%B0%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87" title="泰阿泰德篇">泰阿泰德篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%A3%AB%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="智士篇">智士篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6%E7%AF%87" title="政治家篇">政治家篇</a>》</li> <li>III：《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="巴曼尼得斯篇">巴曼尼得斯篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="菲力帕斯篇">菲力帕斯篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%A3%B2%E7%AF%87" title="會飲篇">會飲篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="費德魯斯篇">費德魯斯篇</a>》</li> <li>IV：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E6%8B%9C%E5%BE%97%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿奇拜得篇之一（页面不存在）">阿奇拜得篇之一</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Alcibiades" class="extiw" title="en:First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a>）》1《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E6%8B%9C%E5%BE%97%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿奇拜得篇之二（页面不存在）">阿奇拜得篇之二</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" class="extiw" title="en:Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E5%BA%AB%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希帕庫篇（页面不存在）">希帕庫篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E8%80%85%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="競爭者篇（页面不存在）">競爭者篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rival_Lovers" class="extiw" title="en:Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a>）》2</li> <li>V：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E4%BA%9E%E9%9D%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞亞革斯篇（页面不存在）">塞亞革斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theages_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Theages (dialogue)">Theages (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾米德篇（页面不存在）">卡爾米德篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides (dialogue)</a>）》《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%87%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉凱斯篇（页面不存在）">拉凱斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Laches (dialogue)">Laches (dialogue)</a>）》《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%82%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呂西斯篇（页面不存在）">呂西斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis (dialogue)</a>）》</li> <li>VI：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%B7%92%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐緒德謨篇（页面不存在）">歐緒德謨篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus (dialogue)</a>）》《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普羅泰戈拉篇（页面不存在）">普羅泰戈拉篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras (dialogue)</a>）》《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%AF%87" title="高尔吉亚篇">高尔吉亚篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%AF%87" title="美诺篇">美诺篇</a>》</li> <li>VII：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E5%BA%87%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大希庇亞篇（页面不存在）">大希庇亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_Major" class="extiw" title="en:Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a>）》1《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%B8%8C%E5%BA%87%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小希庇亞篇（页面不存在）">小希庇亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_Minor" class="extiw" title="en:Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a>）》《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊安篇（页面不存在）">伊安篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Ion (dialogue)">Ion (dialogue)</a>）》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B6%85%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%8A%AA%E7%AF%87" title="美涅克塞努篇">美涅克塞努篇</a>》</li> <li>VIII：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克利托芬篇（页面不存在）">克利托芬篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon (dialogue)</a>）》1《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E9%82%81%E6%AD%90%E7%AF%87" title="蒂邁歐篇">蒂邁歐篇</a>》《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里底亞篇（页面不存在）">克里底亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Critias (dialogue)">Critias (dialogue)</a>）》</li> <li>IX：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%8C%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彌努斯篇（页面不存在）">彌努斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Minos (dialogue)">Minos (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AF%87" title="法律篇">法律篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%BA%87%E8%AB%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="厄庇諾米斯篇">厄庇諾米斯篇</a>》2《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E4%BF%A1%E7%AF%87" title="書信篇">書信篇</a>》1</li> <li>其他作品：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BA%AB%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿克西俄庫篇（页面不存在）">阿克西俄庫篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%AB%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德謨多庫篇（页面不存在）">德謨多庫篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%A9%A9%E7%AF%87" title="短詩篇">短詩篇</a>》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%8B%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="厄律克西亞篇（页面不存在）">厄律克西亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%B7%92%E7%A6%8F%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西緒福篇（页面不存在）">西緒福篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%94%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾孔篇（页面不存在）">阿爾孔篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon (dialogue)</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論正義（页面不存在）">論正義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Justice" class="extiw" title="en:On Justice">On Justice</a>）》2《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論美德（页面不存在）">論美德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Virtue" class="extiw" title="en:On Virtue">On Virtue</a>）》2《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9%E7%AF%87" title="定義篇">定義篇</a>》2</li></ul> 註：1對該對話錄是否爲僞作存在爭議／2該對話錄被公認爲僞作</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 寓言与比喻</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="亚特兰蒂斯">亚特兰蒂斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%98%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%88%92%E6%8C%87" title="裘格斯戒指">裘格斯戒指</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%A9%B4%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="地穴寓言">洞喻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E5%96%BB" title="線喻">線喻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E5%96%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日喻（页面不存在）">日喻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun" class="extiw" title="en:Analogy of the Sun">Analogy of the Sun</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%96%BB" title="船喻">船喻</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊尔（页面不存在）">伊尔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_of_Er" class="extiw" title="en:Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%98%E8%BD%A6%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="战车寓言（页面不存在）">战车寓言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_Allegory" class="extiw" title="en:Chariot Allegory">Chariot Allegory</a>）</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 相关条目</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对柏拉图的评价（页面不存在）">评价</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" class="extiw" title="en:Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries on Plato</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="柏拉图学院">柏拉图学院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格拉底问题（页面不存在）">苏格拉底问题</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_problem" class="extiw" title="en:Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中柏拉图主义（页面不存在）">中柏拉图主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Platonism" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新柏拉图主义与基督宗教（页面不存在）">与基督宗教</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" class="extiw" title="en:Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonism and Christianity</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%93%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对柏拉图的寓意解释（页面不存在）">对柏拉图的寓意解释</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" class="extiw" title="en:Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="定義家謬誤">定义家谬误</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲学主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style=""background: #afa; text-align: center;""><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">理论</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="理论伦理学">後設伦理学</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="規範倫理學">规范性</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="描述倫理學">描述性</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="效益主義">效果论</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务论</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">美德伦理学</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E6%80%80%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="关怀伦理学">关怀伦理学</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E6%83%A1" title="善惡">善与恶</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="幸福哲学">幸福哲学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F" title="幸福">幸福</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="應用倫理學">应用</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生物倫理學">生物伦理学</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" title="网络伦理">网络伦理</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经伦理学（页面不存在）">神经伦理学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroethics" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學倫理學">医学</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" title="工程倫理">工程</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" title="環境倫理">环境</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人权</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="動物權利">動物權利</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律倫理（页面不存在）">法律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:Legal ethics">Legal_ethics</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媒體倫理（页面不存在）">媒體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:Media ethics">Media ethics</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" title="商业伦理">商业</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E9%8A%B7%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="行銷道德">行銷</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教倫理（页面不存在）">宗教倫理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" class="extiw" title="en:Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="正義戰爭">战争</a> </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%AD%B0%E9%A1%8C" title="Category:道德議題">道德議題</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="正义">正义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC_(%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="价值 (伦理学)">价值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E7%9F%A5" title="良知">良知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E6%83%A1" title="善惡">善惡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="自然权利和法定权利">权利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB" title="责任">责任</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB" title="道德责任">道德责任</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="美德">美德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85" title="平等主义者">平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="自由 (哲学)">自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB" title="信任">信任</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F" title="同意">同意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="社會規範">社會規範</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">思想流派</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德绝对主义">绝对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="伊壁鸠鲁主义">伊壁鸠鲁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Error_theory_(meta-ethics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Error theory (meta-ethics)（页面不存在）">错误理论</a>（維基數據：<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22811106" class="extiw" title="d:Q22811106">Q22811106</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethical intuitionism（页面不存在）">伦理直觉主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" class="extiw" title="en:Ethical intuitionism">Ethical intuitionism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德主义（页面不存在）">道德主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralism" class="extiw" title="en:Moralism">Moralism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="非認知主義">非认知主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主義（页面不存在）">道德特殊主義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism">Moral particularism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="觀點主義">觀點主義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%8A%95%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德投射论（页面不存在）">道德投射论</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectivism" class="extiw" title="en:Projectivism">Projectivism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德现实主义（页面不存在）">道德现实主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_realism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral realism">Moral realism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">相对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢梭主义（页面不存在）">卢梭主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rousseauism" class="extiw" title="en:Rousseauism">Rousseauism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多葛主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E8%AB%96" title="道德主觀論">道德主觀論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">普遍主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="功利主义">功利主义</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%;;padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">主要思想家</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">苏格拉底</a>  · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">柏拉图</a> </li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">休谟</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%BA%BD%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="伊曼纽尔·康德">康德</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" title="杰里米·边沁">边沁</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">密尔</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E9%83%AD%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="索伦·克尔凯郭尔">齊克果</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯</a>  · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E9%BD%90%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="罗伯特·诺齐克">诺齐克</a>  · <a 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title="Practical Ethics（页面不存在）">Practical Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="倫理學原理">伦理学原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BA" title="正义论">正义论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%83%85%E6%93%8D%E8%AB%96" title="道德情操論">道德情操论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="人性论">人性论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%9B%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="效益主義 (書)">效益主義 (書)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:伦理学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:伦理学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伦理学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 柏拉圖（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：Πλάτων，前429年—前347年），古希腊哲学家，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>人，其著作大多以對話錄形式紀錄，並創辦了著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="柏拉图学院">柏拉图学院</a>。柏拉圖是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">苏格拉底</a>的学生，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亚里斯多德">亚里斯多德</a>的老師，他们三人被普遍认为是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方哲学</a>的奠基人，史稱「西方三聖」或「希臘三哲」。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平">生平</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉圖生於一個富裕的貴族家庭，他的父親是阿里斯通 (Ariston of Athens)，母親是培里克瓊（Perictione），他在家中排行第四。他的家庭據傳是古雅典<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="國王">國王</a>的後裔，他也是當時雅典知名的政治家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" title="克里提亚斯">克里提亚斯</a>的姪子。依據後來羅馬作家<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AD%90%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="第歐根尼·拉爾修">第歐根尼·拉爾修</a>的說法，柏拉圖的原名為亞裡斯多克勒斯（Aristokles），後來因為他身軀强壯而被稱為柏拉圖（在希臘語中，Platus一詞有“寬闊”的意思）。但第歐根尼也提起了其他的說法，柏拉圖這個名字也可能是來自他流暢寬廣（platutês）的口才、或因為他擁有寬廣的前額。由於柏拉圖出色的學習能力和其他才華，古希臘人還稱讚他為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿波羅">阿波羅</a>之子，並稱在柏拉圖還是嬰兒的時候曾有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" class="mw-redirect" title="蜜蜂">蜜蜂</a>停留在他的嘴唇上，才會使他口才如此甜蜜流暢。 公元前399年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95#審判和死刑" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底受審</a>并被判死刑，28歲的柏拉圖對當時的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>體制徹底絕望，於是開始遊遍<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利半島">義大利半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%94%E8%98%AD%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="昔蘭尼加">昔蘭尼加</a>等地以尋求知識。據說他在四十歲時，約公元前387年結束旅行返回雅典，並在雅典城外西北角創立了自己的學校即著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="柏拉图学院">柏拉圖學院</a>，這所學院成為西方文明最早的有完整組織的高等學府之一，后世的高等學術機構也因此而得名，也是中世纪時在西方發展起来的大學的前身。 學院的名字與學院的地址有关，坐落於一處曾為希臘傳奇英雄阿卡得摩斯住所的土地上，因而以此命名。【英语中的‘学院’（音译：阿卡德美）（英语：Academy）一词就来源于柏拉图所创办的学校<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>】。學院存在了900多年，直到公元529年被查士丁尼大帝關閉為止。學院受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯">毕达哥拉斯</a>的影響較大，課程設置類似于畢達哥拉斯學派的傳统课题，包括了算術、幾何學、天文學以及聲學。學院培養出了許多知識份子，其中最傑出的是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>。 除了荷馬之外，柏拉圖也受到許多那之前的作家和思想家的影響，包括了畢達哥拉斯所提出的「和諧」概念，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿那克萨戈拉">阿那克萨戈拉</a>教導蘇格拉底應該將心靈或理性作為判斷任何事情的根據；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%97%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="巴门尼德">巴门尼德</a>提出的連結所有事物的理論也可能影響了柏拉圖對於靈魂的概念。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>是柏拉圖撰寫的對話錄中的主要角色。至於對話錄中有多少是蘇格拉底的原意、而又有多少是柏拉圖自己的意見，目前依然存在極大爭議。由於蘇格拉底自己從沒有寫下任何著作，這個研究的問題也經常被稱為「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇格拉底問題（页面不存在）">蘇格拉底問題</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socratic_problem" class="extiw" title="en:Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a>）」。另一個問題在於柏拉圖究竟將蘇格拉底虛構到了哪種地步，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a>也寫下許多挖苦嘲諷蘇格拉底的作品，兩人對蘇格拉底的記載往往有極大差異 柏拉圖曾數次暗示他自己是蘇格拉底的一名追随者，但他從沒有明確承認過。在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%AF%87" title="斐多篇">斐多篇</a>》中他寫下一串名單，列出那些在蘇格拉底服藥自盡那天陪伴他的朋友，並且記載道「柏拉圖生病了」（《斐多篇》 59b）。而在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9" title="苏格拉底的申辩">申辯篇</a>》裡，柏拉圖則疏遠了他與蘇格拉底的關係；記載中蘇格拉底宣稱有幾名他之前的同伴也在觀眾席內，他並指出阿狄曼圖（Adeimantus）的兄弟柏拉圖也在場（《申辯篇》 34a）。阿狄曼圖也曾在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》裡以辯論者的角色出場。 柏拉圖從沒有在對話錄裡將自己描述為討論者之一，他只將自己描述為一名在遠處旁觀的聽眾。唯一的例外是《申辯篇》，他並沒有宣稱自己聆聽到任何第一手的對話。在其中一篇對話錄中，柏拉圖則稱這些內容並不是他杜撰的，而只是在蘇格拉底指示下完成的對話筆記（《泰阿泰德篇》142C-143B）。一般認為柏拉圖是蘇格拉底的親密學生和隨從，但奇怪的是柏拉圖從沒有在這些對話錄裡以當事人身分出現過。 蘇格拉底的審判和死刑對柏拉圖造成極大的震撼，蘇格拉底的審判是一系列對話錄中最為著重、也最為一致的事件。柏拉圖在許多對話錄都曾明確的或間接的提起這場審判，或提起這場審判的情節和角色。舉例而言，在《泰阿泰德篇》（210d）和《伊壁鳩魯篇》（2a-b）中蘇格拉底告訴大家他必須面臨一場不公平的審判。而在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%AF%87" title="美诺篇">美诺篇</a>》（94e-95a）裡，阿尼圖斯（Anytus）則警告蘇格拉底應該避免批評當時的重要人物，以免使自身惹上麻煩，阿尼圖斯在《申辯篇》裡也是那些聯合起訴蘇格拉底的人之一。《申辯篇》是蘇格拉底的辯護演說，《克力同篇》和《斐多篇》則是在審判定罪後於監獄內的對話。 蘇格拉底的審判在那個時代是相當不尋常的事件，依據目前人們對前五世紀雅典文明的認識，這樣的審判是不太可能會發生的。蘇格拉底被起訴的罪名是相信<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="無神論">無神論</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>，但雅典是當時全希臘擁有最高程度言論自由的城市，無神論並非法律明文禁止的罪過，同時也有許多篤信無神論的知識份子存在，大眾也很少對此加以譴責。喜劇家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a>撰寫的許多知名劇本不但大肆宣揚無神論、同時還公開嘲笑許多神祇和傳統英雄，他甚至將<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF" title="宙斯">宙斯</a>描述為精力旺盛的無賴、將<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%9B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="海格力斯">海格力斯</a>描述為愚笨的人，但阿里斯托芬從沒有因此遭受懲罰。 同樣令人疑惑的是，蘇格拉底在替自己的辯護中經常強調他是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿波羅">阿波羅</a>派遣來人間宣揚哲學的使者，阿波羅在當時是雅典神殿裡非常重要的一位神祇。批評柏拉圖的人認為蘇格拉底事實上是冒犯到了有權勢的人，並推測這場審判是蘇格拉底的敵人所一手設計的，用以警告其他人不要重蹈他的覆轍。這也是研究蘇格拉底的問題之一。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對話錄的爭議點">對話錄的爭議點</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：對話錄的爭議點">编辑</a>]</div> 許多其他被認為是柏拉圖自己意見的對話內容都是以蘇格拉底為角色表達的，但並沒有夾帶蘇格拉底對於人類和政治美德的理想。在那些柏拉圖所崇佩並喜愛的對話錄中，蘇格拉底被描繪為具有獨特的人格，他身旁也都有朋友及敵人的角色出現。而在其他柏拉圖並不欣賞的對話錄中，蘇格拉底只是作為一個沒有獨特性格的發言人罷了。這些對話有的包含了他個人的獨特智慧，但有的則沒有。許多被認為是柏拉圖自己撰寫的形而上學對話，不但缺乏閱讀的人情味，而且非常的抽象，只有專家才能理解其涵義。 柏拉圖的對話錄被學者切割為數個時期：早期、中期、和晚期。古典歷史學者<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="格雷戈里·弗拉斯托斯">格雷戈里·弗拉斯托斯</a>認為《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊壁鳩魯篇（页面不存在）">伊壁鳩魯篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="申辩篇">申辯篇</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%AF%87" title="克力同篇">克力同篇</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%AF%87" title="斐多篇">斐多篇</a>》是最早的一系列對話錄，因此或多或少呈現了蘇格拉底真實的原貌。他主張早期的對話錄代表了蘇格拉底的哲學，而中期和晚期的對話錄則是柏拉圖自己的哲學，但柏拉圖在對話錄裡從沒有這樣註明過。 學者們很早便在研究為何蘇格拉底從沒有留下任何自己的著作。古希臘文明在進入蘇格拉底的黃金時期之前便已經有數百年成熟的讀寫技術歷史了，數十名其他詩人、哲學家、科學家、和詭辯家都留下大量著作和文件殘稿，但蘇格拉底則沒有留下任何東西，因此許多人還懷疑苏格拉底是個半文盲。在《斐多篇》裡，蘇格拉底暗示他的哲學思想是來自於一名大聲朗誦一本書的人，他說那個人告訴他書本的作者是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="阿那克萨哥拉">阿那克萨哥拉</a>（斐多篇 97c）。而在《申辯篇》裡當柏拉圖替自己辯護時，他則批評阿那克萨哥拉所主張的太陽是一顆石頭、地球是一個圓柱體的理論根本毫無價值（《申辯篇》 26d,e）。蘇格拉底堅持這些不敬神的言論並不是他所提出的。 在《斐德羅篇》裡蘇格拉底則批評書寫技術的發明，他認為那會造成讀者健忘的習慣、而且書籍經常會被流傳至那些不應該閱讀的人手上（275a-e）。只有在《斐多篇》的其中一段對話中蘇格拉底才表現出他對書寫的興趣，他告訴學生們他在獄中最後一天寫下了一些取材自<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="伊索寓言">伊索寓言</a>的歌曲。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="創作">創作</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：創作">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato-raphael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg/220px-Plato-raphael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Plato-raphael.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔">拉斐尔</a>所繪的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典學院</a>裡，柏拉圖的手指向天，象徵了他對於「形式」理論的信念。</figcaption></figure> 許多柏拉圖撰寫的對話錄都參雜了人為成分。在每次討論和爭辯開始前，柏拉圖會先預留舞台的空間和時間，使讀者能有參與其中的感覺。對話經常是以某個沒有參與最初對話過程的人所記載的，也經常是以多人的角度聆聽整個對話過程。一般而言同時積極參與對話的人在任何場合都不會超過三人，有時候不同的人也會加入或退出對話。一些對話錄僅僅是兩個人之間的對話而沒有第三者的參與，柏拉圖的其中兩篇對話錄（知名的《申辯篇》以及不知名的《美涅克塞努篇》）則只是蘇格拉底自己一個人的演講文。對話的人為成分在判斷對話錄的解釋方式上也提供了相當重要的線索。 不同對話錄之間的對比也令人難以琢磨。蘇格拉底經常將哲學與小孩做對照，並且總是否定後者而傾向前者（《會飲篇》 209a-e），他也曾將哲學與食物做對照（《普羅泰戈拉篇》 313c- 314c）。蘇格拉底經常將哲學家與醫生（iatros）做對比，形容哲學家能治癒人們最嚴重的疾病—頭腦的無知（psyche），這也是今天心理醫生（psych-iatrists）一詞的由來。蘇格拉底主張人的身體是為靈魂的監獄，而身體與靈魂之間是很難調和的，這種區分方式一直到今天都還被經常提起。蘇格拉底也將自己形容為是一名心靈的助產士，要幫助其他人培育出正確的哲學思想。 對話錄裡關注的話題都圍繞於人性和政治美德之間。而在這兩者之下進行的討論還包括了宗教虔誠、自我克制、勇氣、友情、以及愛情。經常被提起的問題之一在於美德是否能被傳授，以及美德究竟是什麼。而知識和輿論、感覺和現實、自然和人為、身體和靈魂、快樂和痛苦、犯罪和懲罰等等，這些議題都在超過一篇對話錄裡被討論過。其他包括了靈魂的不朽、藝術和文學的作用、對婦女和奴隸的對待、政府的形式等等，很少有人類知識領域是柏拉圖不感興趣的，也很少有知識領域是柏拉圖所不曾深刻探討的。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形而上學">形而上學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：形而上學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/200px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/300px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/400px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典學院</a>的細節。柏拉圖手指向天，象徵他認為品德來自於智慧的「形式」世界。而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德">亞里斯多德</a>則手指向地，象徵他認為知識是透過經驗觀察所獲得的概念。</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a>經常被分類為一種形而上學的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a>，有時候也被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="柏拉圖實在論">柏拉圖實在論</a>。依據這種解釋，柏拉圖的形而上學將世界切割為兩個不同的區塊：「形式的」智慧世界、以及我們所感覺到的世界。我們所感覺到的世界是從有智慧的形式或理想裡所複製的，但這些複製版本並不完美。那些真正的形式是完美的而且無法改變的，而且只有使用智力加以理解才能實現之，這也表示了人的智力並不包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A7%89" title="知觉">知觉</a>能力或想像力。這種區分方式也可以在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="查拉圖斯特拉">琐罗亚斯德</a>的哲學裡發現，他也將世界二分為智慧（Minu）和感覺（Giti）。另外琐罗亚斯德想像中的國家也與柏拉圖在《理想國》中描述的模型類似。琐罗亚斯德對柏拉圖的影響程度依然未知，雖然他比柏拉圖還要早出現好幾百年，但他的著作大多都已被篡改過。 在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="理想國">理想國</a>》的第一卷、第二卷和第七卷裡，柏拉圖舉出了幾個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%96%BB" title="隐喻">隐喻</a>來解釋他的形而上學觀點：太陽的隱喻、以及知名的洞穴囚犯寓言、以及更直接的「線寓」。這些隱喻故事加起來便架構了一個複雜而艱深的理論：稱為「至善的形式」（The Form of the Good）或「至善的理想」（這也經常被解讀為柏拉圖心中的上帝），這種形式便是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a>的終極目標，同時也是這種形式塑造了各種其他的形式（例如哲學的概念、抽象、以及屬性），所有形式也都是「源自」於這種至善的形式。至善的形式塑造其他形式的方式就如同太陽照亮或發亮其他物體一般，使得我們能夠在知覺的世界看到這些東西。柏拉图认为，自然界中有形的东西是流动的，但是构成这些有形物质的“形式”或“理念”却是永恒不变的。柏拉图指出，当我们说到“马”时，我们没有指任何一匹马，而是称任何一种马。而“马”的含义本身独立于各种马（“有形的”），它不存在于空间和时间中，因此是永恒的。但是某一匹特定的、有形的、存在于感官世界的马，却是“流动”的，会死亡，会腐烂。这可以作为柏拉图的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">理念论</a>”的一个初步的解说。 在太陽的隱喻裡，柏拉圖描述太陽為「啟蒙」的來源。依據柏拉圖的說法，人類的眼睛與其他器官不同，因為它必須要照明的媒介才能看清楚東西。而最強大的照明媒介便是太陽，有了太陽我們才能清楚的分辨一般事物。同樣的對比也可以套用在智慧的事物上，如果我們試著探索那些圍繞我們身邊的事物的本質以及分類他們的方式，除非我們具有理性的「形式」，否則我們便會徹底失敗而一無所知。 柏拉圖並以一个著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%A9%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%96%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="洞穴比喻">洞穴比喻</a>来解释他的形而上學理论：有一群囚犯在一个洞穴中，他们手脚都被捆绑，身体也无法转身，只能背对着洞口。他们面前有一堵白墙，他们身后燃烧着一堆火。在那面白墙上他们看到了自己以及身后到火堆之间事物的影子，由于他们看不到任何其他东西，这群囚犯会以为影子就是真实的东西。最后，一个人挣脱了枷锁，并且摸索出了洞口。他第一次看到了真实的事物。他返回洞穴并试图向其他人解释，那些影子其实只是虚幻的事物，并向他们指明光明的道路。但是对于那些囚犯来说，那个人似乎比他逃出去之前更加愚蠢，并向他宣称，除了墙上的影子之外，世界上没有其他东西了。柏拉图利用这个故事来告诉我们，“形式”其实就是那阳光照耀下的实物，而我们的感官世界所能感受到的不过是那白墙上的影子而已。我们的大自然比起鲜明的理型世界来说，是黑暗而单调的。不懂哲学的人能看到的只是那些影子，而哲学家则在真理的阳光下看到外部事物。 而在柏拉圖提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E5%96%BB" title="線喻">線喻</a>（divided line）裡，我們則可以想像<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>中的所有東西都代表了一連串漸增的「現實」（reality）；這個現實曾經經過一次不平均的分裂，分裂後的子部分又依據與第一次相同的比例再進行了一次分裂（第二次分裂的比例是相同的）。第一次的分裂代表了智慧和感覺世界間的分割，而接下來的分裂則又代表了這些世界裡的進一步區隔：代表感覺世界的部分被切割為代表「真實事物」的部分以及代表「反射的陰影」的部分，同樣的，代表智慧世界的部分也被切割為代表整體形式的部分以及代表「反射」的部分。 柏拉圖的形而上學，尤其是他將世界切割為智慧和感覺部分的二元論，也啟發了後來的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a>思想家例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90%E8%AF%BA" title="普罗提诺">普罗提诺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底</a>，以及其他許多形而上學現實主義者。雖然這種以形而上學來解釋柏拉圖著作（尤其是《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想國</a>》）的方式在西方哲學界歷史上相當普遍，但有些人也會採取較為保守的方式解讀柏拉圖的說法，傾向以<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知识论">知識論</a>而非形而上學的方式來解讀前述的洞穴囚犯和線寓等寓言。洞穴囚犯寓言與柏拉圖的老師<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>的生平間有著顯而易見的連結（蘇格拉底為了「啟蒙」雅典人而遭到殺害），這個例子也顯現出了柏拉圖著作裡經常埋藏了相當複雜而具戲劇性的內涵。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="柏拉圖的「理想世界」">柏拉圖的「理想世界」</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：柏拉圖的「理想世界」">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉圖的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="理型論">理想世界論</a>指出了我們所感覺到的現實世界只不過是反射出了更高層次的世界的陰影。柏拉圖主張在這個更高層次的世界裡存在著最理想的国度，這種形式實現了真正的光明而不僅是陰影。我們所品嘗到的食物的甜美只不過是「甜美」的理所反射的陰影，而我們所見到的光輝四射的太陽也只不過是「光明」本身形式反射的殘影。 「理」應該被視為一種永恆的東西，亦即它們是永恆不變的、完美的、而且靜態的。由於它們是完美的模型，它們並沒有理由被改變或進化。依據這種邏輯，以及柏拉圖所提出的理論，一個人可以想像宇宙中存在一個更高的至善狀態，這種至善狀態下任何形式都是最終極的、或最完美的。所有形式都分配到了一部分的至善狀態，而所有形式都在現實世界反映出了一部分的真理。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="知識論">知識論</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：知識論">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉圖在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%AF%87" title="美诺篇">美诺篇</a>》裡所闡述的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="学习">学习</a>的本質也相當具有影響力，他探索了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7" title="美德">美德</a>究竟能否被教導、以及美德究竟為何，並且解釋了以回憶和學習來發現已經存在的知識，同時他也探討了應如何解釋那些沒有清楚證據但卻是正確的觀點（Right opinion）。柏拉圖認為知識是與生俱來的，因此學習只是將原本埋藏在靈魂深層的理想發掘出來，這種發掘的過程也經常是由哲學家所引導。柏拉圖相信每個靈魂在出生時都帶有「至善的形式」以及對所有事物的完美知識，因此當他們學習時只是將這些知識「回想起來」。柏拉图认为，我们对那些变换的、流动的事物不可能有真正的认识，我们对它们只有意见或看法，我们唯一能够真正了解的，只有那些我们能够运用我们的理智来了解的“形式”或者“理念”。因此柏拉图认为，知识是固定的和肯定的，不可能有错误的知识。但是意见是有可能错误的。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國家">國家</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：國家">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉圖的哲學觀也牽涉到許多現實社會的問題，尤其是有關理想中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">國家</a>或政府。在這方面柏拉圖早期與晚期的著作之間有一些不一致之處。柏拉圖中期的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想國</a>》裡包含了他大多數知名的政治原則，另外也包括了晚期的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AF%87" title="法律篇">法律篇</a>》。然而，尤其全部的對話錄都是由柏拉圖撰寫的，一般推測對話錄中的許多論點其實是柏拉圖自己的觀點。不過，有時候這種假設也不一定正確。 藉由蘇格拉底的角色發言，柏拉圖主張一個社會應該如同個人心靈的結構一般，劃分為「慾望/勇氣/理性」這三個部分。 <ul><li>生產的（勞工）—一般的勞動者、木匠、水管工、石匠、農夫、農場工人等等。這些工作與靈魂的「慾望」部分相符合。</li> <li>防衛的（戰士或後備軍人）—那些具有冒險精神的、勇敢而強壯的，擔任軍隊裡的工作。這些工作與靈魂裡的「勇氣」部分相符合。</li> <li>統治的（統治者或衛國者）—那些聰明的、理性的、具有自制能力的、愛好智慧的，適合替共同體進行決策的工作。這些工作與靈魂裡的「理性」部分相符合，符合此一條件的人數極少。</li></ul> 依據柏拉圖的說法，他當時所處的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="雅典式民主">雅典式民主</a>並不符合此一條件，因為他認為只有少數人才適合進行統治的工作。柏拉圖沒有訴諸於美化和說服性的論述，而只是宣稱應該由智慧進行統治。不過，柏拉圖的體系並不等同於專政、暴政、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a>，如同他所強調的： <dl><dd>「除非我們能由哲學家擔任國王進行統治、或是現在那些被稱為國王的人真正適當地學習了哲學，使政治權力和哲學能完全相融合，並且將現在那些只從事政治而不鑽研哲學、或只鑽研哲學而不從事政治的傢伙完全驅逐出去，否則，我們的城邦永遠也不會獲得安寧、人類也不會免於邪惡的災難。」（《理想國》 473c-d）</dd></dl> 柏拉圖將這些「哲學家國王」定義為「那些愛好真理的人」（《理想國》 475c），並且以船長與他的船隻、或醫生與他的醫藥的寓言來正當化這種主張，既然航海和醫病都不是所有人能有資格實行的專業，統治也應該由專業的人進行。《理想國》裡的很大一部分便是專注於建構一種教育體制，希望以這種教育體制培養出適合進行統治的哲學家國王。 不過，值得注意的是在《理想國》裡所建構的理想國家，如同蘇格拉底所定義的，是要由檢驗一個城邦的正義與不正義的層面來決定的（《理想國》 372e）。依據蘇格拉底的說法，一個「真實」而「健康」的城邦應該是依據《理想國》第二卷裡369c-372d所描述的，包含農夫、工匠、商人、以及掙工資的員工，但沒有進行統治的哲學家國王階層，也沒有其他例如「香水、香料、娼妓、糕餅」等優雅的東西，同時也沒有繪畫、黃金、象牙、睡椅、和其他許多行業如詩人、獵人、以及戰士。 除此之外，理想的國家是用以作為一種象徵，以表示一個人內心的意志、理性、以及慾望的綜合。蘇格拉底試圖塑造一個正當而有條理的人的形象，並且用以描述應該如何觀察不同形式的人們，從不同城邦裡的專制君主到守財奴都包括在內。蘇格拉底並沒有主張理想中的城邦，而只是用以突顯不同的人們以及他們心靈狀態的差異。不過，「哲學家國王」的概念卻被許多柏拉圖之後的人們用以正當化他們個人的政治思想。依據蘇格拉底的說法，一個懂得哲學的心靈應該具有理性、意志、以及美德的慾望。一個哲學家應該適當的熱愛<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="智慧">智慧</a>和勇氣，以智慧作為他們行為的基礎。智慧則是對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">美德</a>的知識、或是與所有存在的事物之間正確的相處態度， 有關國家和統治者，柏拉圖也做出了有趣的論點。舉例而言他提出了一個問題：一個有缺陷的民主制度與一個由暴君統治的國家，哪個比較理想。他主張由一個惡劣的暴君統治反而更好（因為只有一個人能從事惡劣的行徑），而不該採取有缺陷的民主制度（因為所有人都可能做出那樣的行徑）。 依據蘇格拉底的說法，一個國家是由許多不同的靈魂所構成的，自然而然的會從貴族政治轉變為階級政治、接著轉變為寡頭政治、然後是民主政治、最後則會轉變為專制政治。或許蘇格拉底試著警告後人的是，一個國家會由許多無所節制的靈魂所統治，而那些具有智慧的靈魂應該試著勸告或節制那些熱衷權力、金錢、名譽、和名聲的人們。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宇宙觀">宇宙觀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：宇宙觀">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉图企图使<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文学">天文学</a>成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>的一个部门。他认为：“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文学">天文学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="几何学">几何学</a>一样，可以靠提出问题和解决问题来研究，而不去管天上的星界。”柏拉图认为宇宙开头是没有区别的一片混沌。这片混沌的开辟是一个超自然的神的活动的结果。依照柏拉图的说法，宇宙由混沌变得秩序井然，其最重要的特征就是造物主为世界制定了一个理性方案；关于这个方案付诸实施的机械过程，则是一种想当然的自然事件。 柏拉图的宇宙观基本上是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>的宇宙观。他设想宇宙开头有两种直角三角形，一种是正方形的一半，另一种是等边三角形的一半。从这些三角形就合理地产生出四种正多面体，这就组成四种元素的微粒。火微粒是正四面体，气微粒是正八面体，水微粒是正二十面体，土微粒是立方体。第五种正多面体是由正五边形形成的十二面体，这是组成天上物质的第五种元素，叫做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA" title="以太">以太</a>。整个宇宙是一个圆球，因为圆球是对称和完善的，球面上的任何一点都是一样。宇宙也是活的，运动的，有一个灵魂充溢全部空间。宇宙的运动是一种环行运动，因为圆周运动是最完善的，不需要手或脚来推动。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="哲學影響">哲學影響</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：哲學影響">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Plato.png/220px-Plato.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Plato.png 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>柏拉圖對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">歐陸哲學</a>的影響相當深遠。</figcaption></figure> 柏拉圖思想通常被與他最知名的學生<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亞里士多德</a>相對比，柏拉圖的名聲在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>早期時完全被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亞里士多德</a>所掩蓋。 中世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a>學者最初並沒有接觸柏拉圖著作的渠道，也很少懂得原著的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希臘文</a>。柏拉圖的原始著作在西方文明遺失了上千年，直到它們在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>淪陷前一世紀被人從城裡帶出為止。中世紀學者透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁文</a>的翻譯版本研讀柏拉圖的著作，當時那些拉丁文譯本還是譯自阿拉伯學者從希臘文翻譯至<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯文</a>的二手翻譯。阿拉伯學者不只翻譯古希臘的著作，同時也撰寫了許多對柏拉圖和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亞里士多德</a>原著的評論和解釋（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿维森纳">阿维森纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E4%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞維侯">亞維侯</a>），這時柏拉圖的名聲開始超過了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亞里士多德</a>。 只有到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>，當西方世界對於古典文明的興趣開始復甦時，柏拉圖的哲學才又開始受到廣泛重視。許多早期從<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a>脫離出來的現代科學家和藝術家促成了文藝復興的進展，他們將柏拉圖的哲學視為是藝術和科學進步的基礎。到了19世紀，柏拉圖的名聲恢復了，至少跟<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亞里士多德</a>的不相上下。 自從那時開始，許多西方哲學家也將他們的理論根基於柏拉圖的著作之上。柏拉圖的影響在數學界和科學界特別大，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">戈特洛布·弗雷格</a>以及他的學生如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="库尔特·哥德尔">库尔特·哥德尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%86%E4%BD%90%C2%B7%E9%82%B1%E5%A5%87" title="阿隆佐·邱奇">阿隆佐·邱奇</a>等人。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a>也採用了柏拉圖所提出的有著永恆不變的現實存在的主張，反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a>提出的物理宇宙以及他對<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a>的解釋。相反的，那些脫離了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a>理論模型以及道德理想的哲學家，則通常會以其他各種觀點批評柏拉圖主義。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a>便攻擊柏拉圖把世界分割成兩個的作法，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="马丁·海德格尔">马丁·海德格尔</a>則批評柏拉圖模糊化了人類生命的本質，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a>則在他的《開放社會及其敵人》（1945）一書中批評柏拉圖在《理想國》裡所提議的政府形式是個典型的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">极权主义</a>政權。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" title="列奥·施特劳斯">列奥·施特劳斯</a>被一些人視為是恢復柏拉圖在道德哲學上的影響力的主要哲學家，他採取的是較少形而上學的形式。不過，由於受到尼采和海德格尔的影響，施特勞斯並不認同他們對於柏拉圖的譴責，而是專注於在對話錄裡尋找柏拉圖面對批評所提出的可能解答。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著作">著作</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：著作">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉圖的著作（其中大多數都是對話錄）曾經被以好幾種不同方式出版過；因此對於柏拉圖著作的命名和引用也有數種不同的方式。有獨立條目的柏拉圖對話錄介紹可以在<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84" title="Category:柏拉圖對話錄">Category:柏拉圖對話錄</a>找到。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="四聯劇">四聯劇</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：四聯劇">编辑</a>]</div> 分類柏拉圖著作的傳統方法之一是古希臘的四聯劇分類法，這種方式被古希臘學者<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AC%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BF%AE" title="第欧根尼·拉尔修">第欧根尼·拉尔修</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%BA%87%E7%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="提庇留">提庇留</a>所指派的占星家所採用。 在下面的列表中的對話錄若標示為（1）則表示學者們對柏拉圖是否為作者尚沒有共識，而標示為（2）的則是學者們通常同意柏拉圖並非作者的對話錄。沒有標示的作品則通常被認為是柏拉圖撰寫的。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="四聯劇_2">四聯劇</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：四聯劇">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>I. 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%8F%99%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E7%AF%87" title="游叙弗伦篇">游叙弗伦篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9" title="苏格拉底的申辩">申辯篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%AF%87" title="克力同篇">克力同篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%AF%87" title="斐多篇">斐多篇</a>》</li> <li>II. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E9%AD%AF%E7%AF%87" title="克拉底魯篇">克拉底魯篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%B0%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87" title="泰阿泰德篇">泰阿泰德篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%A3%AB%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="智士篇">智士篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6%E7%AF%87" title="政治家篇">政治家篇</a>》</li> <li>III. 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="巴曼尼得斯篇">巴曼尼得斯篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="菲力帕斯篇">菲力帕斯篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%A3%B2%E7%AF%87" title="會飲篇">會飲篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="費德魯斯篇">費德魯斯篇</a>》</li> <li>IV. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E6%8B%9C%E5%BE%97%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿奇拜得篇之一（页面不存在）">阿奇拜得篇之一</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Alcibiades" class="extiw" title="en:First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a>）》1、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E6%8B%9C%E5%BE%97%E7%AF%87%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿奇拜得篇之二（页面不存在）">阿奇拜得篇之二</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" class="extiw" title="en:Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E5%BA%AB%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希帕庫篇（页面不存在）">希帕庫篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E8%80%85%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="競爭者篇（页面不存在）">競爭者篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rival_Lovers" class="extiw" title="en:Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a>）》2</li> <li>V. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E9%9D%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞革亞篇（页面不存在）">塞革亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theages_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Theages (dialogue)">Theages (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾米德篇（页面不存在）">卡爾米德篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides (dialogue)</a>）》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%87%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉凱斯篇（页面不存在）">拉凱斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Laches (dialogue)">Laches (dialogue)</a>）》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%82%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呂西斯篇（页面不存在）">呂西斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis (dialogue)</a>）》</li> <li>VI. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%B7%92%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐緒德謨篇（页面不存在）">歐緒德謨篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus (dialogue)</a>）》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普羅泰戈拉篇（页面不存在）">普羅泰戈拉篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras (dialogue)</a>）》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%AF%87" title="高尔吉亚篇">高尔吉亚篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%AF%87" title="美诺篇">美诺篇</a>》</li> <li>VII. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E5%BA%87%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大希庇亞篇（页面不存在）">大希庇亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_Major" class="extiw" title="en:Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a>）》1、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%B8%8C%E5%BA%87%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小希庇亞篇（页面不存在）">小希庇亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_Minor" class="extiw" title="en:Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a>）》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊安篇（页面不存在）">伊安篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Ion (dialogue)">Ion (dialogue)</a>）》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B6%85%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%8A%AA%E7%AF%87" title="美涅克塞努篇">美涅克塞努篇</a>》</li> <li>VIII. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克利托芬篇（页面不存在）">克利托芬篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon (dialogue)</a>）》1、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E9%82%81%E6%AD%90%E7%AF%87" title="蒂邁歐篇">蒂邁歐篇</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里底亞篇（页面不存在）">克里底亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Critias (dialogue)">Critias (dialogue)</a>）》</li> <li>IX. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%8C%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彌努斯篇（页面不存在）">彌努斯篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Minos (dialogue)">Minos (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AF%87" title="法律篇">法律篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%BA%87%E8%AB%BE%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="厄庇諾米斯篇">厄庇諾米斯篇</a>》2、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E4%BF%A1%E7%AF%87" title="書信篇">書信篇</a>》1</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="不在四聯劇裡的著作">不在四聯劇裡的著作</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：不在四聯劇裡的著作">编辑</a>]</div> 剩下的著作雖然托名柏拉圖為作者，但大多數在中世紀前便已被視為是偽作，因此不包含在四聯劇內。這些著作被歸類為Notheuomenoi（「假的」）或「偽書」。 <ul><li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BA%AB%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿克西俄庫篇（页面不存在）">阿克西俄庫篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%AB%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德謨多庫篇（页面不存在）">德謨多庫篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%A9%A9%E7%AF%87" title="短詩篇">短詩篇</a>》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%8B%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="厄律克西亞篇（页面不存在）">厄律克西亞篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%B7%92%E7%A6%8F%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西緒福篇（页面不存在）">西緒福篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%94%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾孔篇（页面不存在）">阿爾孔篇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon (dialogue)</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論正義（页面不存在）">論正義</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Justice" class="extiw" title="en:On Justice">On Justice</a>）》2、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論美德（页面不存在）">論美德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Virtue" class="extiw" title="en:On Virtue">On Virtue</a>）》2、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9%E7%AF%87" title="定義篇">定義篇</a>》2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="年代表">年代表</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：年代表">编辑</a>]</div> 柏拉圖對話錄寫成的確切時間依然未知，而且它們在日後是否曾被人編修竄改也無法確定。不過，依據現代<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>的理論，對話錄裡潛藏的語言資訊已經足以列出一個大略的年代表。這些對話錄通常被分類為三個明顯不同的時期，少數作品則被視為是在過渡期寫成的，另外有一些則難以分類。將柏拉圖著作翻譯為德文的神學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB" title="弗里德里希·施萊爾馬赫">弗里德里希·施萊爾馬赫</a>可能是第一個將柏拉圖著作區分為三個時期的人，不過，他當時提出的排列順序與現代學者提出的相當不同，且較傾向於以哲學理論而非年代分類，他宣稱這樣分類更符合柏拉圖一生中的哲學思想發展。施萊馬赫將對話錄區分為： <ol><li>奠基期：《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%82%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呂西斯篇（页面不存在）">呂西斯篇</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普羅泰戈拉篇（页面不存在）">普羅泰戈拉篇</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%87%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉凱斯篇（页面不存在）">拉凱斯篇</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾米德篇（页面不存在）">卡爾米德篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%8F%99%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E7%AF%87" title="游叙弗伦篇">游叙弗伦篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="巴曼尼得斯篇">巴曼尼得斯篇</a>》</li> <li>轉變期：《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%AF%87" title="高尔吉亚篇">高尔吉亚篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%B0%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87" title="泰阿泰德篇">泰阿泰德篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%AF%87" title="美诺篇">美诺篇</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%B7%92%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐緒德謨篇（页面不存在）">歐緒德謨篇</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%A0%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克堤拉斯篇（页面不存在）">克堤拉斯篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%A3%AB%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="智士篇">智士篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6%E7%AF%87" title="政治家篇">政治家篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%A3%B2%E7%AF%87" title="會飲篇">會飲篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%AF%87" title="斐多篇">斐多篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="菲力帕斯篇">菲力帕斯篇</a>》</li> <li>巔峰期：《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》（《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里底亞篇（页面不存在）">克里底亞篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E9%82%81%E6%AD%90%E7%AF%87" title="蒂邁歐篇">蒂邁歐篇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AF%87" title="法律篇">法律篇</a>》）</li></ol> 最後在括號裡的三篇對話錄則是未被施萊馬赫翻譯的部分，雖然其他未列出的十篇對話錄（包括《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊安篇（页面不存在）">伊安篇</a>》等）也有被翻譯，但都被施萊馬赫視為是偽作。最後，施萊馬赫主張《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9" title="苏格拉底的申辩">申辯篇</a>》或者包括了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%AF%87" title="克力同篇">克力同篇</a>》是蘇格拉底的真實對話、而由柏拉圖記載的。 英國的Lewis Campbell是第一個率先使用文體學（stylometry）證明以時期來分類柏拉圖著作是可行的學者<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>。 不過，許多以年代分類的排序依然具有高度爭議性。現代學者通常同意的排序是如同以下的： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="早期對話錄">早期對話錄</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：早期對話錄">编辑</a>]</div> 蘇格拉底的角色都出現在這些對話錄中，他們也都被視為真正代表了歷史角度上的蘇格拉底；因此這些對話錄也被稱為蘇格拉底對話錄。它們大多都是由蘇格拉底討論一個主題的對話構成的，通常是和倫理有關，如友情、虔誠等，並且有一個人擔任貿然挑戰蘇格拉底的角色。在經過一連串的對話後，蘇格拉底會證明那些挑戰者對於辯論主題本身根本一無所知。這些對話錄將結局交於讀者決定誰才正確，這使得這些對話錄具有「間接」的教學功能。這段時期也包括了一部分與蘇格拉底審判和死刑有關的情節。 <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%A9" title="苏格拉底的申辩">申辯篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%AF%87" title="克力同篇">克力同篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾米德篇（页面不存在）">卡爾米德篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%87%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉凱斯篇（页面不存在）">拉凱斯篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%82%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呂西斯篇（页面不存在）">呂西斯篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="尤西弗羅">尤西弗羅</a>篇》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B6%85%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%8A%AA%E7%AF%87" title="美涅克塞努篇">美涅克塞努篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%B8%8C%E5%BA%87%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小希庇亞篇（页面不存在）">小希庇亞篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊安篇（页面不存在）">伊安篇</a>》</li></ul> 接下來幾篇則被視為過渡期或轉型期的對話錄： <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%AF%87" title="高尔吉亚篇">高尔吉亚篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普羅泰戈拉篇（页面不存在）">普羅泰戈拉篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%AF%87" title="美诺篇">美诺篇</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中期對話錄">中期對話錄</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：中期對話錄">编辑</a>]</div> 到了早期對話錄的後期，柏拉圖筆下的蘇格拉底在對話錄中會開始公開一些他問題的答案、或者提出正面的原則，這些通常被視為是柏拉圖首次試圖提出的自己的觀點。這些原則中第一個出現的，宣稱美德是一種智慧，同時沒有人是自願墮入邪惡的，這也有可能是蘇格拉底自己的觀點。中期的對話錄最特殊之處，在於提出了知識是來自於理解那些從未改變的「形式」，同時對話也試著研究那種形式。而靈魂的不朽，和有關正義、美、真理的特定原則也在這段時期開始出現。《會飲篇》和《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》被視為是柏拉圖中期對話錄的最重要部分。 <ul><li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%B7%92%E5%BE%B7%E8%AC%A8%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐緒德謨篇（页面不存在）">歐緒德謨篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E9%AD%AF%E7%AF%87" title="克拉底魯篇">克拉底魯篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%A4%9A%E7%AF%87" title="斐多篇">斐多篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="斐德羅篇">斐德羅篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E9%A3%B2%E7%AF%87" title="會飲篇">會飲篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="理想国">理想国</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%B0%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%87" title="泰阿泰德篇">泰阿泰德篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="巴曼尼得斯篇">巴曼尼得斯篇</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="晚期對話錄">晚期對話錄</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：晚期對話錄">编辑</a>]</div> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="巴曼尼得斯篇">巴曼尼得斯篇</a>》裡出現了一系列對於「形式」理論的批判，這被廣泛視為是象徵柏拉圖拋棄了這個理論。一些最近的研究（如<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58d6b5ff86e6c087a92f8f89/t/5913e69e9de4bb5c37cfce9e/1494476479491/Plato__039_s_Parmenides.pdf">Meinwald (1991)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211224091751/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58d6b5ff86e6c087a92f8f89/t/5913e69e9de4bb5c37cfce9e/1494476479491/Plato__039_s_Parmenides.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））挑戰了這種說法，因為在剩下的對話錄中形式理論並沒有就此消失，而只是換了一附面貌，以不同形式或類型的事物來象徵它們。蘇格拉底在晚期對話錄中也依然於討論裡保持重要角色。晚期對話錄中新出現了一種特殊的辯證法，被稱為「聚集和分割」，最值得注意的是例子是《智士篇》和《政治家篇》，並且在《斐德羅篇》裡第一次公開展現。「聚集和分割」辯證法可以這樣簡單描述：對話者試圖分辨事物間的共通點和差異點，以檢驗一個想法是否是事實。《智士篇》裡的一些段落指出了這便是哲學家應該做的事，而且甚至在早期對話錄中也是這樣的。 晚期的對話錄也可以觀察出柏拉圖思想的成熟期，對於許多早期對話錄中討論到的議題，柏拉圖都透露了他的答案。許多學者們依然在研究關於這些議題的看法。晚期的作品被公認為是相當艱深而且具挑戰性的哲學作品，與早期的對話錄相較，晚期的作品通常更為嚴肅而且具邏輯性，但也經常對於問題的解答抱持保留態度，而不像早期作品裡有系統地指出問題的答案。 柏拉圖邁入遲暮之年後，眼見雅典政治情勢日益惡化，他的政治觀點變得更為強硬、更傾向菁英主義。在他最後一部作品⟪法律篇⟫裡，他描繪了另一個烏托邦國家，並引入類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="宗教裁判所">宗教裁判所</a>的機制，對神學正統的重視已然超過倫理行為。國家的第一要務是灌輸「關於眾神的正確思想，再來才是他們依照這些原則做，不論做得好或不好。」柏拉圖還設計一個「夜間議會」監控思想，公民都必須接受三條信仰原則：第一，眾神存在；第二，眾神關心人類；第三，眾神會受獻祭和崇拜影響。被判定為無神論者有五年時間可以撤回主張，若五年後仍堅持邪說，便與處死。 <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%A3%AB%E7%AF%87" class="mw-redirect" title="智士篇">智士篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6%E7%AF%87" title="政治家篇">政治家篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E7%AF%87" title="菲力帕斯篇">菲力帕斯篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E9%82%81%E6%AD%90%E7%AF%87" title="蒂邁歐篇">蒂邁歐篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E7%AF%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里底亞篇（页面不存在）">克里底亞篇</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%AF%87" title="法律篇">法律篇</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <style 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/柏拉图">柏拉图语录</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plato?uselang=zh">柏拉圖</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%83%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="罪惡問題">伊壁鸠鲁悖论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E5%9B%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="尤西弗罗困境">尤西弗罗困境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" title="列奥·施特劳斯">列奧·施特勞斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞特蘭提斯">亞特蘭提斯</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋">注釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：注釋">编辑</a>]</div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 世界史六卷本，吴于廑、齐世荣等编著，高等教育出版社2011年1月版 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058&layout=&loc=2.1264b">1264b24-27</a>. [2006-12-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225112406/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058&layout=&loc=2.1264b">存档</a>于2007-12-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.btitle=1264b24-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0058%26layout%3D%26loc%3D2.1264b&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="书目">书目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：书目">编辑</a>]</div> 初级来源（希腊和罗马） <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apuleius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apuleius（页面不存在）">Apuleius</a>, De Dogmate Platonis, I. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apuleius/apuleius.dog1.shtml">Latin Library</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220704151453/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apuleius/apuleius.dog1.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristophanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristophanes（页面不存在）">Aristophanes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wasps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wasps（页面不存在）">The Wasps</a>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0043:line=1">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080424105106/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0043:line=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics_(Aristotle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)（页面不存在）">Metaphysics</a>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=1:section=980a">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080424084946/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=1:section=980a">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Divinatione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Divinatione（页面不存在）">De Divinatione</a>, I. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml">Latin library</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220920023057/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_LotEP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cite LotEP（页面不存在）">Template:Cite LotEP</a></li> <li>Plato. <img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Charmides_(Plato)" class="extiw" title="s:Charmides (Plato)">Charmides</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3ACharmides+%28Plato%29%7C-%7BR%7CCharmides%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Plato&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE">  See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0175:text=Charm.:section=153a">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080424105136/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0175:text=Charm.:section=153a">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li>Plato. <img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Gorgias" class="extiw" title="s:Gorgias">Gorgias</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3AGorgias%7C-%7BR%7CGorgias%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Plato&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE">  See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0177:text=Gorg.:section=447a">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081008090137/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0177:text=Gorg.:section=447a">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0173:text=Parm.:section=126a&redirect=true">Parmenides</a>. 由Burnet, John翻译. Oxford University. 1903 [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704151642/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0173:text=Parm.:section=126a&redirect=true">存档</a>于2022-07-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=Plato&rft.btitle=Parmenides&rft.date=1903&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0173%3Atext%3DParm.%3Asection%3D126a%26redirect%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  republished by: <cite class="citation web">Crane, Gregory (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/about">Perseus Digital Library Project</a>. [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920224957/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/about">存档</a>于2022-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.btitle=Perseus+Digital+Library+Project&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fabout&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Plato. <img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Republic" class="extiw" title="s:The Republic">The Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3AThe+Republic%7C-%7BR%7CThe+Republic%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Plato&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE">  See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081008105412/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_(Dryden_translation)/Pericles" class="extiw" title="s:Lives (Dryden translation)/Pericles">Pericles</a>. Lives. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>. 1683.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lives&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Plutarch&rft.au=Plutarch&rft.date=1683&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE">  See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0181:text=Per.:chapter=39:section=1">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081008090143/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0181:text=Per.:chapter=39:section=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seneca the Younger（页面不存在）">Seneca the Younger</a>. <img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_letters_to_Lucilius/Letter_58" class="extiw" title="s:Moral letters to Lucilius/Letter 58">Moral Letters to Lucilius: Letter 58</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3AMoral+letters+to+Lucilius%2FLetter+58%7C-%7BR%7CMoral+Letters+to+Lucilius%3A+Letter+58%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Seneca+the+Younger&rft.au=Seneca+the+Younger&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE">  See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/seneca.ep6.shtml">Latin Library</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160624170123/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/seneca.ep6.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thucydides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thucydides（页面不存在）">Thucydides</a>. <img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3AHistory+of+the+Peloponnesian+War%7C-%7BR%7CHistory+of+the+Peloponnesian+War%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Thucydides&rft.au=Thucydides&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE"> , V, VIII. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081008090151/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophon（页面不存在）">Xenophon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memorabilia_(Xenophon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)（页面不存在）">Memorabilia</a>. See original text in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0207:book=1:chapter=1:section=1">Perseus program</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080424105201/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0207:book=1:chapter=1:section=1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li></ul> </div> 二级来源 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Albert, Karl. Griechische Religion und platonische Philosophie. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.btitle=Griechische+Religion+und+platonische+Philosophie&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Felix+Meiner+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Albert, Karl. Einführung in die philosophische Mystik. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+philosophische+Mystik&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Allen, Michael J.B. Introduction. Marsilio Ficino: The Philebus Commentary. University of California Press. 1975: 1–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.B.&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Marsilio+Ficino%3A+The+Philebus+Commentary&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=1-58&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBaird_&_Kaufmann2008" class="citation book">Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophicclass0005unse">Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida</a> Fifth. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-13-158591-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-13-158591-1">ISBN 978-0-13-158591-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+Walter&rft.aufirst=Forrest+E.&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.btitle=Philosophic+Classics%3A+From+Plato+to+Derrida&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-13-158591-1&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophicclass0005unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Blackburn, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000blac_c6v6">The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy</a>. Oxford University Press. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary0000blac_c6v6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bloom, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agontowardstheor0000bloo">Agon</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.btitle=Agon&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagontowardstheor0000bloo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Blössner, Norbert. Ferrari, G.R.F. , 编. The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic. 由G.R.F. Ferrari翻译. Cambridge University Press. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft.aulast=Bl%C3%B6ssner&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Plato%27s+Republic&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#chapter_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Borody, W.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kenstange.com/nebula/feat013/feat013.html">Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition</a>. Nebula, A Netzine of the Arts and Science. 1998, 13: 1–27 [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024043424/http://kenstange.com/nebula/feat013/feat013.html">存档</a>于2022-10-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Figuring+the+Phallogocentric+Argument+with+Respect+to+the+Classical+Greek+Philosophical+Tradition&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft.aulast=Borody&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebula%2C+A+Netzine+of+the+Arts+and+Science&rft.pages=1-27&rft.volume=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkenstange.com%2Fnebula%2Ffeat013%2Ffeat013.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Boyer, Carl B. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uta_Merzbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uta Merzbach（页面不存在）">Merzbach, Uta C.</a> , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye">A History of Mathematics</a> Second. John Wiley & Sons. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-54397-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-54397-8">ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematics&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-54397-8&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmathema00boye&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Brandwood, Leonard. The Chronology of Plato's Dialogues. Cambridge University Press. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.aulast=Brandwood&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+Plato%27s+Dialogues&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web">Brickhouse, Thomas; Smith, Nicholas D. Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">Plato</a>. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. [3 April 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211004455/http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">存档</a>于2017-12-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fplato%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Browne, Sir Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo412.html#b26">XII</a>. 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October 1989, 64 (1/2): 73–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40858970">JSTOR 40858970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Completing+Yale%27s+Microfilm+Project&rft.au=Wells%2C+Rulon+S.&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.aulast=Brumbaugh&rft.date=1989-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+University+Library+Gazette&rft.pages=73-75&rft.volume=64&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40858970&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Burnet, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platosphaedo00platuoft">Plato's Phaedo</a>. Oxford University Press. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Phaedo&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatosphaedo00platuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Burnet, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burnetsgreekphil00burnuoft">Greek Philosophy: Part I: Thales to Plato</a>. MacMillan. 1928a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.btitle=Greek+Philosophy%3A+Part+I%3A+Thales+to+Plato&rft.date=1928&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburnetsgreekphil00burnuoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Burnet, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116400978064">Platonism</a>. University of California Press. 1928b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.btitle=Platonism&rft.date=1928&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116400978064&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Cairns, Huntington. Hamilton, Edith; Cairns, Huntington , 编. The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. Princeton University Press. 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Huntington&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Dialogues+of+Plato%2C+Including+the+Letters&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Burrell, David. Craig, Edward , 编. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7. Routledge: 429–430. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=429-430&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCooper1997" class="citation book">Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. (编). Plato: Complete Works. Hackett Publishing. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+D.S.&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Complete+Works&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dillon, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsofplatostud0000dill">The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy</a>. Oxford University Press. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Plato%3A+A+Study+of+the+Old+Academy&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheirsofplatostud0000dill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dodds, E.R. Plato Gorgias. Oxford University Press. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.btitle=Plato+Gorgias&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dodds, E.R. The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press. 2004 [1951].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+and+the+Irrational&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dorter, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000dort">The Transformation of Plato's Republic</a>. Lexington Books. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.aulast=Dorter&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Plato%27s+Republic&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof0000dort&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Einstein, Albert. Schilpp , 编. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. The Library of Living Philosophers 7. MJF Books: 663–688. 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%3A+Philosopher-Scientist&rft.date=1949&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=663-688&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.series=The+Library+of+Living+Philosophers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Fine, Gail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophical-review_1979-07_88_3/page/366">Knowledge and Logos in the Theaetetus</a>. Philosophical Review. July 1979, 88 (3): 366–397. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2184956">JSTOR 2184956</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2184956">doi:10.2307/2184956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Knowledge+and+Logos+in+the+Theaetetus&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.date=1979-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.pages=366-397&rft.volume=88&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2184956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_philosophical-review_1979-07_88_3%2Fpage%2F366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2184956&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFFine2003">Fine 2003</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Fine, Gail. Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Oxford University Press: 481–494. 1999a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.btitle=Plato+1%3A+Metaphysics+and+Epistemology&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=481-494&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Fine, Gail. Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul. Oxford University Press: 1–33. 1999b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.btitle=Plato+2%3A+Ethics%2C+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Soul&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1-33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Fine, Gail. Introduction. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platoonknowledge0000fine">Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays</a>. Oxford University Press. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.btitle=Plato+on+Knowledge+and+Forms%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatoonknowledge0000fine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Plato's Unwritten Dialectic. Dialogue and Dialectic. Yale University Press. 1980: 124–155 [1968].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Unwritten+Dialectic&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft.aulast=Gadamer&rft.btitle=Dialogue+and+Dialectic&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=124-155&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Girgenti, Giuseppe , 编. La nuova interpretazione di Platone. Milan: Rusconi Libri. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft.aulast=Gadamer&rft.btitle=La+nuova+interpretazione+di+Platone&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Rusconi+Libri&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gaiser, Konrad. Plato's Enigmatic Lecture 'On the Good'. Phronesis. 1980, 25 (1): 5–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852880x00025">doi:10.1163/156852880x00025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Enigmatic+Lecture+%27On+the+Good%27&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft.aulast=Gaiser&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Phronesis&rft.pages=5-37&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852880x00025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gaiser, Konrad. Reale, Giovanni , 编. Testimonia Platonica: Le antiche testimonianze sulle dottrine non scritte di Platone. Milan: Vita e Pensiero. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft.aulast=Gaiser&rft.btitle=Testimonia+Platonica%3A+Le+antiche+testimonianze+sulle+dottrine+non+scritte+di+Platone&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Vita+e+Pensiero&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  First published as "Testimonia Platonica. Quellentexte zur Schule und mündlichen Lehre Platons" as an appendix to Gaiser's Platons Ungeschriebene Lehre, Stuttgart, 1963.</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Gomperz, H. Ryle, G. , 编. Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Philosophy. London: 426–431. 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Gomperz&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Congress+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1931&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=426-431&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) Reprinted in Gomperz, H. (1953). Philosophical Studies. Boston: Christopher Publishing House 1953, pp. 119–124.</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Grondin, Jean. Gill, Christopher; Renaud, François , 编. Hermeneutic Philosophy and Plato: Gadamer's Response to the Philebus. Academia Verlag: 139–156. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.aulast=Grondin&rft.btitle=Hermeneutic+Philosophy+and+Plato%3A+Gadamer%27s+Response+to+the+Philebus&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=139-156&rft.pub=Academia+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Guthrie, W.K.C. A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period. Cambridge University Press. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-31101-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-31101-4">ISBN 978-0-521-31101-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=W.K.C.&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Philosophy%3A+Volume+4%2C+Plato%3A+The+Man+and+His+Dialogues%3A+Earlier+Period&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31101-4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Hasse, Dag Nikolaus. Gersh; Hoenen , 编. The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages: A Doxographic Approach. De Gruyter: 33–66. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Dag+Nikolaus&rft.aulast=Hasse&rft.btitle=The+Platonic+Tradition+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Doxographic+Approach&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=33-66&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Irwin, T.H. Plato: Gorgias. Oxford University Press. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Gorgias&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Irwin, T.H. Fine, G. , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford University Press. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Plato&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jones, Daniel. Roach, Peter; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci00dani">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> 17. Cambridge University Press. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=17&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishpronounci00dani&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Kahn（页面不存在）">Kahn, Charles H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platosocraticdia0000kahn">Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-64830-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-64830-1">ISBN 978-0-521-64830-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.btitle=Plato+and+the+Socratic+Dialogue%3A+The+Philosophical+Use+of+a+Literary+Form&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64830-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatosocraticdia0000kahn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kierkegaard, Søren. Plato. The Concept of Irony. Princeton University Press. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-02072-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-02072-3">ISBN 978-0-691-02072-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Irony&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02072-3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Krämer, Hans Joachim. Catan, John R. , 编. Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics: A Work on the Theory of the Principles and Unwritten Doctrines of Plato with a Collection of the Fundamental Documents. State University of New York Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7914-0433-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7914-0433-1">ISBN 978-0-7914-0433-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Hans+Joachim&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&rft.btitle=Plato+and+the+Foundations+of+Metaphysics%3A+A+Work+on+the+Theory+of+the+Principles+and+Unwritten+Doctrines+of+Plato+with+a+Collection+of+the+Fundamental+Documents&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0433-1&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Lee, M.-K. Fine, G. , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford University Press: 411–436. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=M.-K.&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Plato&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=411-436&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Kraut, Richard. Zalta, Edward N. , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">Plato</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 11 September 2013 [3 April 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906142533/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/">存档</a>于2018-09-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Kraut&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fplato%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Lackner, D. F. Allen; Rees , 编. Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy. Brill. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.btitle=Marsilio+Ficino%3A+His+Theology%2C+His+Philosophy%2C+His+Legacy&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Brill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Meinwald, Constance Chu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platosparmenides0000mein">Plato's Parmenides</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Constance+Chu&rft.aulast=Meinwald&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Parmenides&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatosparmenides0000mein&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">McDowell, J. Plato: Theaetetus. Oxford University Press. 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Theaetetus&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">McEvoy, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205153424/http://poiesis.nlx.com/display.cfm?clientId=0&advquery=toc.sect.ipj.1.2&infobase=postoc.nfo&softpage=GetClient42&view=browse">Plato and The Wisdom of Egypt</a>. Irish Philosophical Journal. 1984, 1 (2): 1–24 [3 December 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0266-9080">ISSN 0266-9080</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Firishphil1984125">doi:10.5840/irishphil1984125</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poiesis.nlx.com/display.cfm?clientId=0&advquery=toc.sect.ipj.1.2&infobase=postoc.nfo&softpage=GetClient42&view=browse">原始内容</a>存档于5 December 2007）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato+and+The+Wisdom+of+Egypt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0266-9080&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Irish+Philosophical+Journal&rft.pages=1-24&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoiesis.nlx.com%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FclientId%3D0%26advquery%3Dtoc.sect.ipj.1.2%26infobase%3Dpostoc.nfo%26softpage%3DGetClient42%26view%3Dbrowse&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Firishphil1984125&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Montoriola, Karl Markgraf von. Briefe Des Mediceerkreises Aus Marsilio Ficino's Epistolarium. Berlin: Juncker. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Karl+Markgraf+von&rft.aulast=Montoriola&rft.btitle=Briefe+Des+Mediceerkreises+Aus+Marsilio+Ficino%27s+Epistolarium&rft.date=1926&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Juncker&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Nails, Debra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleofplatopro0000nail">The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics</a>. Hackett Publishing. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87220-564-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87220-564-2">ISBN 978-0-87220-564-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.aulast=Nails&rft.btitle=The+People+of+Plato%3A+A+Prosopography+of+Plato+and+Other+Socratics&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-564-2&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleofplatopro0000nail&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Nails, Debra. The Life of Plato of Athens. Benson, Hugh H. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoplato0000unse">A Companion to Plato</a>. Blackwell Publishing. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-1521-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-1521-6">ISBN 978-1-4051-1521-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Plato+of+Athens&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.aulast=Nails&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Plato&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1521-6&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoplato0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen. Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe (in German). Walter de Gruyter. 1967. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-11-013912-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-11-013912-9">ISBN 978-3-11-013912-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Wilhelm&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.btitle=Werke%3A+Kritische+Gesamtausgabe+%28in+German%29&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013912-9&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Notopoulos, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1939-04_34_2/page/135">The Name of Plato</a>. Classical Philology. April 1939, 34 (2): 135–145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161505593">S2CID 161505593</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F362227">doi:10.1086/362227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=The+Name+of+Plato&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Notopoulos&rft.date=1939-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.pages=135-145&rft.volume=34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161505593&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_classical-philology_1939-04_34_2%2Fpage%2F135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F362227&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Penner, Terry. Kraut, Richard , 编. The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge University Press: 121–169. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.aulast=Penner&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Plato&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=121-169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Meinwald, Constance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plato">Plato</a>. Britannica Online. [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509133710/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464109/Plato">存档</a>于2015-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.aulast=Meinwald&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPlato&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Plato. 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[2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819230613/http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&page_num=1&user_list=LIST&searchstr=Plato&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=25&db=REAL">存档</a>于2018-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.btitle=Suda&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoa.org%2Fsol-bin%2Fsearch.pl%3Fsearch_method%3DQUERY%26login%3Dguest%26enlogin%3Dguest%26page_num%3D1%26user_list%3DLIST%26searchstr%3DPlato%26field%3Dhw_eng%26num_per_page%3D25%26db%3DREAL&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Popper, K. The Open Society and its Enemies 1. London: Routledge. 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.btitle=The+Open+Society+and+its+Enemies&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Press, Gerald Alan. Press, Gerald Alan , 编. Who Speaks for Plato?: Studies in Platonic Anonymity. Rowman & Littlefield: 1–14. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Gerald+Alan&rft.aulast=Press&rft.btitle=Who+Speaks+for+Plato%3F%3A+Studies+in+Platonic+Anonymity&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1-14&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Reale, Giovanni. Catan, John R. , 编. Plato and Aristotle. A History of Ancient Philosophy 2. State University of New York Press. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.aulast=Reale&rft.btitle=Plato+and+Aristotle&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.series=A+History+of+Ancient+Philosophy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Reale, Giovanni. Toward a New Interpretation of Plato. Washington, DC: CUA Press. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.aulast=Reale&rft.btitle=Toward+a+New+Interpretation+of+Plato&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Riginos, Alice. Platonica : the anecdotes concerning the life and writings of Plato. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1976. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-04565-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-04565-1">ISBN 978-90-04-04565-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.aulast=Riginos&rft.btitle=Platonica+%3A+the+anecdotes+concerning+the+life+and+writings+of+Plato&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04565-1&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Robinson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Robinson (historian)（页面不存在）">Robinson, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701190339/http://books.google.com/books?id=P-LQzMJWs0QC&oe=UTF-8">Archæologica Græca</a> Second. London: A. J. Valpy. 1827 [4 February 2017]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-LQzMJWs0QC">原始内容</a>存档于1 July 2014）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A6ologica+Gr%C3%A6ca&rft.date=1827&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+J.+Valpy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-LQzMJWs0QC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation conference">Rodriguez-Grandjean, Pablo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciRodr.htm">Philosophy and Dialogue: Plato's Unwritten Doctrines from a Hermeneutical Point of View</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Program.html">Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy</a>. Boston. 1998 [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024051751/https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciRodr.htm">存档</a>于2022-10-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.aulast=Rodriguez-Grandjean&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Dialogue%3A+Plato%27s+Unwritten+Doctrines+from+a+Hermeneutical+Point+of+View&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=conference&rft.place=Boston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fwcp%2FPapers%2FAnci%2FAnciRodr.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Rowe, Christopher. Benson, Hugh H. , 编. A Companion to Plato. Blackwell Publishing: 13–24. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Plato&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=13-24&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Schall, James V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806150440/http://www.morec.com/schall/docs/dieplato.htm">On the Death of Plato</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Scholar_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Scholar (magazine)（页面不存在）">The American Scholar</a>. Summer 1996, 65 [2022-08-21]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morec.com/schall/docs/dieplato.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=On+the+Death+of+Plato&rft.aufirst=James+V.&rft.aulast=Schall&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=65&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morec.com%2Fschall%2Fdocs%2Fdieplato.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web">Schofield, Malcolm. Craig, Edward , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010162923/http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A088">Plato</a>. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. 23 August 2002 [3 April 2014]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A088">原始内容</a>存档于10 October 2008）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.date=2002-08-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticle%2FA088&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sedley, David. Plato's Cratylus. Cambridge University Press. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Sedley&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Cratylus&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Slings, S.R. Remarks on Some Recent Papyri of the Politeia. Mnemosyne. Fourth. 1987, 40 (1/2): 27–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852587x00030">doi:10.1163/156852587x00030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Some+Recent+Papyri+of+the+Politeia&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft.aulast=Slings&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.jtitle=Mnemosyne&rft.pages=27-34&rft.volume=40&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852587x00030&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Slings, S.R. Platonis Rempublicam. Oxford University Press. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft.aulast=Slings&rft.btitle=Platonis+Rempublicam&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smith, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html">Plato</a>. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1870 [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124060246/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html">存档</a>于2015-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1870&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F2725.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Leo. The City and the Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.btitle=The+City+and+the+Man&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web">Suzanne, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato-dialogues.org/stephanus.htm">The Stephanus edition</a>. Plato and his dialogues. 8 March 2009 [3 April 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024055258/https://www.plato-dialogues.org/stephanus.htm">存档</a>于2022-10-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=The+Stephanus+edition&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.aulast=Suzanne&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plato+and+his+dialogues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato-dialogues.org%2Fstephanus.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Szlezak, Thomas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x34szlJIRIgC">Reading Plato</a>. Routledge. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-18984-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-18984-2">ISBN 978-0-415-18984-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft.aulast=Szlezak&rft.btitle=Reading+Plato&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18984-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx34szlJIRIgC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tarán, Leonardo. Speusippus of Athens. Brill Publishers. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.aulast=Tar%C3%A1n&rft.btitle=Speusippus+of+Athens&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tarán, Leonardo. Plato's Alleged Epitaph. Collected Papers 1962–1999. Brill Academic Publishers. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-12304-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-12304-5">ISBN 978-90-04-12304-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Alleged+Epitaph&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.aulast=Tar%C3%A1n&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+1962%E2%80%931999&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12304-5&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Taylor, Alfred Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platomanhiswork0000tayl_h9f9">Plato: The Man and His Work</a>. Courier Dover Publications. 2001 [1937]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-41605-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-41605-2">ISBN 978-0-486-41605-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Edward&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+The+Man+and+His+Work&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41605-2&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatomanhiswork0000tayl_h9f9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Taylor, C.C.W. Fine, G. , 编. The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford University Press: 165–190. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=C.C.W.&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Plato&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=165-190&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|entry=</code>和<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code>只需其一 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#redundant_parameters" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Vlastos, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socratesironistm00vlas_0">Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Cambridge University Press. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.aulast=Vlastos&rft.btitle=Socrates%3A+Ironist+and+Moral+Philosopher&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocratesironistm00vlas_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Whitehead, Alfred North. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/processrealitygi00alfr">Process and Reality</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. New York: The Free Press. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Alfred+North&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.btitle=Process+and+Reality&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprocessrealitygi00alfr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von. Plato: His Life and Work (translated in Greek by Xenophon Armyros). Kaktos. 2005 [1917]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-960-382-664-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-960-382-664-4">ISBN 978-960-382-664-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+von&rft.aulast=Wilamowitz-Moellendorff&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+His+Life+and+Work+%28translated+in+Greek+by+Xenophon+Armyros%29&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-960-382-664-4&rft.pub=Kaktos&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Alican, Necip Fikri. Rethinking Plato: A Cartesian Quest for the Real Plato. Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi B.V. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-420-3537-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-420-3537-9">ISBN 978-90-420-3537-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Necip+Fikri&rft.aulast=Alican&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Plato%3A+A+Cartesian+Quest+for+the+Real+Plato&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3537-9&rft.pub=Amsterdam+and+New+York%3A+Editions+Rodopi+B.V.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Allen, R. E. (1965). Studies in Plato's Metaphysics II. Taylor & Francis. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7100-3626-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-7100-3626-4">0-7100-3626-4</a></li> <li>Ambuel, David (2007). Image and Paradigm in Plato's Sophist. Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-04-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-04-9">978-1-930972-04-9</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Anderson, Mark; Osborn, Ginger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.belmont.edu/philosophy/Book.pdf">Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues</a> (PDF). Nashville: Belmont University. 2009 [2022-08-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620053455/http://campus.belmont.edu/philosophy/Book.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2009-06-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=Osborn%2C+Ginger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.btitle=Approaching+Plato%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Early+and+Middle+Dialogues&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Belmont+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.belmont.edu%2Fphilosophy%2FBook.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Arieti, James A. Interpreting Plato: The Dialogues as Drama, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8476-7662-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-8476-7662-5">0-8476-7662-5</a></li> <li>Bakalis, Nikolaos (2005). Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4120-4843-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-4120-4843-5">1-4120-4843-5</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Barrow, Robin. Plato: Continuum Library of Educational Thought. Continuum. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8264-8408-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8264-8408-6">ISBN 978-0-8264-8408-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Continuum+Library+of+Educational+Thought&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8408-6&rft.pub=Continuum&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Cadame, Claude (1999). Indigenous and Modern Perspectives on Tribal Initiation Rites: Education According to Plato, pp. 278–312, in Padilla, Mark William (editor), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece">"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bucknell_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bucknell University（页面不存在）">Bucknell University</a> Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8387-5418-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-8387-5418-X">0-8387-5418-X</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeworks00plat">Plato: Complete Works</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hackett_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hackett Publishing Company（页面不存在）">Hackett Publishing Company</a>, Inc. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87220-349-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87220-349-5">ISBN 978-0-87220-349-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+D.S.&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+Complete+Works&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-349-5&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteworks00plat&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Corlett, J. Angelo (2005). Interpreting Plato's Dialogues. Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-02-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-02-5">978-1-930972-02-5</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Durant, Will. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosophdura00dura">The Story of Philosophy</a>. Simon & Schuster. 1926. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-671-69500-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-671-69500-2">ISBN 978-0-671-69500-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1926&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-671-69500-2&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofphilosophdura00dura&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a> (1972). La dissémination, Paris: Seuil. (esp. cap.: La Pharmacie de Platon, 69–199) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2-02-001958-2" title="Special:网络书源/2-02-001958-2">2-02-001958-2</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._C._Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. C. Field（页面不存在）">Field, G.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofplat0000fiel">The Philosophy of Plato</a> 2nd ed. with an appendix by Cross, R.C. London: Oxford University Press. 1969. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-888040-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-888040-0">ISBN 978-0-19-888040-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=G.C.&rft.aulast=Field&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Plato&rft.date=1969&rft.edition=2nd+ed.+with+an+appendix+by+Cross%2C+R.C.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-888040-0&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyofplat0000fiel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Fine, Gail (2000). Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology Oxford University Press, US, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-875206-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-875206-7">0-19-875206-7</a></li> <li>Finley, M.I. (1969). Aspects of antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies The Viking Press, Inc., US</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Garvey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentygreatestph00garv">Twenty Greatest Philosophy Books</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Continuum. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8264-9053-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8264-9053-7">ISBN 978-0-8264-9053-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.btitle=Twenty+Greatest+Philosophy+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9053-7&rft.pub=Continuum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentygreatestph00garv&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._K._C._Guthrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. K. C. Guthrie（页面不存在）">Guthrie, W.K.C.</a> (1986). A History of Greek Philosophy (Plato – The Man & His Dialogues – Earlier Period), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-31101-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-31101-2">0-521-31101-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W._K._C._Guthrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. K. C. Guthrie（页面不存在）">Guthrie, W.K.C.</a> (1986). A History of Greek Philosophy (Later Plato & the Academy) Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-31102-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-31102-0">0-521-31102-0</a></li> <li>Havelock, Eric (2005). Preface to Plato (History of the Greek Mind), Belknap Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-674-69906-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-674-69906-8">0-674-69906-8</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hamilton, Edith; Cairns, Huntington (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collecteddialogu00tred">The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters</a>. Princeton Univ. Press. 1961. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-09718-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-09718-3">ISBN 978-0-691-09718-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=Cairns%2C+Huntington&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Dialogues+of+Plato%2C+Including+the+Letters&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09718-3&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollecteddialogu00tred&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> publishes the hardbound series <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loeb_Classical_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loeb Classical Library（页面不存在）">Loeb Classical Library</a>, containing Plato's works in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek language（页面不存在）">Greek</a>, with English translations on facing pages.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Irvine, Andrew David. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socrates_on_Trial_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socrates on Trial (play)（页面不存在）">Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Andrew+David&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial%3A+A+play+based+on+Aristophanes%27+Clouds+and+Plato%27s+Apology%2C+Crito%2C+and+Phaedo%2C+adapted+for+modern+performance&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8020-9783-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8020-9783-5">978-0-8020-9783-5</a>、<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8020-9538-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8020-9538-1">978-0-8020-9538-1</a></li> <li>Hermann, Arnold (2010). Plato's Parmenides: Text, Translation & Introductory Essay, Parmenides Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-71-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-71-1">978-1-930972-71-1</a></li> <li>Irwin, Terence (1995). Plato's Ethics, Oxford University Press, US, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-508645-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-508645-7">0-19-508645-7</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jackson, Roy. Plato: A Beginner's Guide. London: Hoder & Stroughton. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-340-80385-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-340-80385-1">ISBN 978-0-340-80385-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.btitle=Plato%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-340-80385-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hoder+%26+Stroughton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Jowett, Benjamin (1892). [The Dialogues of Plato. Translated into English with analyses and introductions by B. Jowett.], Oxford Clarendon Press, UK, UIN:BLL01002931898</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kochin, Michael S. Gender and Rhetoric in Plato's Political Thought. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-80852-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-80852-1">ISBN 978-0-521-80852-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.aulast=Kochin&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Rhetoric+in+Plato%27s+Political+Thought&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80852-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kraut, Richard (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521436106">The Cambridge Companion to Plato</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Cambridge University Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-43610-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-43610-6">ISBN 978-0-521-43610-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Kraut&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Plato&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43610-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521436106&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">LeMoine, Rebecca. Plato's Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0190936983" title="Special:网络书源/978-0190936983">ISBN 978-0190936983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.au=LeMoine%2C+Rebecca&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Caves%3A+The+Liberating+Sting+of+Cultural+Diversity&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0190936983&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Lilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Lilar（页面不存在）">Lilar, Suzanne</a> (1954), Journal de l'analogiste, Paris, Éditions Julliard; Reedited 1979, Paris, Grasset. Foreword by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julien_Gracq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julien Gracq（页面不存在）">Julien Gracq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Lilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Lilar（页面不存在）">Lilar, Suzanne</a> (1963), Le couple, Paris, Grasset. Translated as Aspects of Love in Western Society in 1965, with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin London, Thames and Hudson.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzanne_Lilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suzanne Lilar（页面不存在）">Lilar, Suzanne</a> (1967) A propos de Sartre et de l'amour , Paris, Grasset.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lundberg, Phillip. Tallyho – The Hunt for Virtue: Beauty, Truth and Goodness Nine Dialogues by Plato: Pheadrus, Lysis, Protagoras, Charmides, Parmenides, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Meno & Sophist. Authorhouse. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4184-4977-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4184-4977-3">ISBN 978-1-4184-4977-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.btitle=Tallyho+%E2%80%93+The+Hunt+for+Virtue%3A+Beauty%2C+Truth+and+Goodness+Nine+Dialogues+by+Plato%3A+Pheadrus%2C+Lysis%2C+Protagoras%2C+Charmides%2C+Parmenides%2C+Gorgias%2C+Theaetetus%2C+Meno+%26+Sophist&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4184-4977-3&rft.pub=Authorhouse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Márquez, Xavier (2012) A Stranger's Knowledge: Statesmanship, Philosophy & Law in Plato's Statesman, Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-79-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-79-7">978-1-930972-79-7</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Melchert, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm">The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. McGraw Hill. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-517510-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-517510-3">ISBN 978-0-19-517510-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.btitle=The+Great+Conversation%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+Philosophy&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517510-3&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatconversatio00norm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li>Miller, Mitchell (2004). The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman. Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-16-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-16-2">978-1-930972-16-2</a></li> <li>Mohr, Richard D. (2006). God and Forms in Plato – and other Essays in Plato's Metaphysics. Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-01-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-01-8">978-1-930972-01-8</a></li> <li>Mohr, Richard D. (Ed.), Sattler, Barbara M. (Ed.) (2010) One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato's Timaeus Today, Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-32-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-32-2">978-1-930972-32-2</a></li> <li>Moore, Edward (2007). Plato. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84760-047-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84760-047-9">978-1-84760-047-9</a></li> <li>Nightingale, Andrea Wilson. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3MeQikAp00C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0">"Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy"</a>, Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-48264-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-48264-X">0-521-48264-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> publishes scholarly editions of Plato's Greek texts in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Classical Texts">Oxford Classical Texts</a> series, and some translations in the Clarendon Plato Series.</li> <li>Patterson, Richard (Ed.), Karasmanis, Vassilis (Ed.), Hermann, Arnold (Ed.) (2013) Presocratics & Plato: Festschrift at Delphi in Honor of Charles Kahn, Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-75-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-75-9">978-1-930972-75-9</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Piechowiak, Marek. Plato's Conception of Justice and the Question of Human Dignity. Peter Lang: Berlin. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-631-65970-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-631-65970-0">ISBN 978-3-631-65970-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.aulast=Piechowiak&rft.btitle=Plato%27s+Conception+of+Justice+and+the+Question+of+Human+Dignity&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-631-65970-0&rft.pub=Peter+Lang%3A+Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sallis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sallis（页面不存在）">Sallis, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beinglogosreadin0000sall">Being and Logos: Reading the Platonic Dialogues</a>. Indiana University Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-253-21071-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-253-21071-5">ISBN 978-0-253-21071-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Sallis&rft.btitle=Being+and+Logos%3A+Reading+the+Platonic+Dialogues&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21071-5&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeinglogosreadin0000sall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sallis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Sallis（页面不存在）">Sallis, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chorologyonbegin0000sall">Chorology: On Beginning in Plato's "Timaeus"</a>. Indiana University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-253-21308-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-253-21308-2">ISBN 978-0-253-21308-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Sallis&rft.btitle=Chorology%3A+On+Beginning+in+Plato%27s+%22Timaeus%22&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21308-2&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchorologyonbegin0000sall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Sayre, Kenneth M. (2005). Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved. Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-09-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-09-4">978-1-930972-09-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._K._Seung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. K. Seung（页面不存在）">Seung, T.K.</a> (1996). Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order. Rowman and Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8476-8112-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-8476-8112-2">0-8476-8112-2</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. University of Michigan/Online version. 1867.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.aufirst=William.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1867&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2FOnline+version&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Stewart, John. (2010). Kierkegaard and the Greek World – Socrates and Plato. Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7546-6981-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7546-6981-4">978-0-7546-6981-4</a></li> <li>Thesleff, Holger (2009). Platonic Patterns: A Collection of Studies by Holger Thesleff, Parmenides Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-29-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-29-2">978-1-930972-29-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)（页面不存在）">Thomas Taylor</a> has translated Plato's complete works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/1804_The-Works-of-Plato-His-Fifty-Five-Dialogues-and-Twelve-Epistles_vols-1-5.pdf">Thomas Taylor (1804). The Works of Plato, viz. His Fifty-Five Dialogues and Twelve Epistles</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210121001653/http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/1804_The-Works-of-Plato-His-Fifty-Five-Dialogues-and-Twelve-Epistles_vols-1-5.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 5 vols</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Vlastos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Vlastos（页面不存在）">Vlastos, Gregory</a> (1981). Platonic Studies, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-10021-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-10021-7">0-691-10021-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Vlastos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Vlastos（页面不存在）">Vlastos, Gregory</a> (2006). Plato's Universe – with a new Introduction by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luc_Brisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luc Brisson（页面不存在）">Luc Brisson</a>, Parmenides Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-930972-13-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-930972-13-1">978-1-930972-13-1</a></li> <li>Zuckert, Catherine (2009). Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues, The University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-226-99335-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-226-99335-5">978-0-226-99335-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83112147">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> 柏拉图在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目">姊妹项目</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" />维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/柏拉图">字词解释</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" />维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plato" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Plato">多媒体资源</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" />维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" class="extiw" title="q:柏拉图">名言</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" />维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Plato" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Plato">原始文献</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />维基教科书上的<a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/柏拉图">教科书和手册</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" />维基学院上的<a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Socrates,_Plato_and_Aristotle" class="extiw" title="v:Socrates, Plato and Aristotle">学习资源</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" />维基数据上的<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859" class="extiw" title="d:Q859">数据项</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">希臘語<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中相关的原始文献： <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD?uselang=zh">Platon</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Works available online: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/plato">柏拉图作品的电子书格式</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Ebooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Ebooks（页面不存在）">Standard Ebooks</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" class="extiw" title="en:Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:PerseusAuthor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:PerseusAuthor（页面不存在）">Template:PerseusAuthor</a> – Greek & English hyperlinked text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/93">柏拉图的作品</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="古騰堡計劃">古騰堡計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>中<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22柏拉图%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22柏拉图%22%20OR%20description%3A%22柏拉图%22%20OR%20title%3A%22柏拉图%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">柏拉图的作品或与之相关的作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Speaker_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/40px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> 來自<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/599">柏拉图</a>的<a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>公共領域有聲讀物</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171211004455/http://www.iep.utm.edu/plato/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20221101172512/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Other resources: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inphoproject.org/thinker/3724">柏拉图</a>，Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a>上的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/browse/plato">柏拉图</a></li> <li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Plato_and_Platonism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Plato and Platonism">Plato and Platonism</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="天主教百科全書">天主教百科全书</a>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=Plato+and+Platonism&rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-hans%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%3Bzh-hant%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%3B%7D-&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDBbCC3v4fBhfQwh6xTBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90059026">挪威</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035116">智利</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1155787">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920019p">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920019p">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026074">阿根廷</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523303806706">加泰罗尼亚</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594893">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007350">意大利</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266527605171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000055644">芬兰</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14836418">比利时</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14138381">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139459">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmn1kr3mpfb1g">瑞典</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000009227&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=022772873&CON_LNG=ENG">台湾</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452937">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001996&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35425332">澳大利亚</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000122404">中国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53147">梵蒂冈</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00163843?l=en">CiNii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:plato.">zbMATH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f414935c-7ea7-45d7-b243-d7c0990158d8">MusicBrainz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFBurnet1928a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnet1928b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCairns1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperHutchinson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodds1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodds2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurant1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadamer1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadamer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaiser1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaiser1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarvey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomperz1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrondin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonCairns1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKierkegaard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraut1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraut2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrämer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLackner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeMoine,_Rebecca2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowell1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvoy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinwald\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinwald1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelchert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontoriola1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNails2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNails2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNietzsche1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNotopoulos1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiechowiak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlato\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPlato1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch1683\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopper1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReale1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReale1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiginos1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez-Grandjean1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSallis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSallis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeneca_the_Younger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlings1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlings2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzanne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzlezak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarán1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarán2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThucydides\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlastos1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilamowitz-Moellendorff2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Bd\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite LotEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Plato\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand English\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"InPho\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox_Philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 28,\n [\"Lang-grc\"] = 1,\n [\"Le\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Normdaten\"] = 1,\n [\"PerseusAuthor\"] = 1,\n [\"PhilPapers\"] = 1,\n [\"Polytonic\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Tsl\"] = 24,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 15,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisourcelang\"] = 1,\n [\"伦理学\"] = 1,\n [\"柏拉图对话录\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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