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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_:_9" title="16 : 9 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="16 : 9" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DB%B1%DB%B6:%DB%B9" title="نسبت تصویر ۱۶:۹ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسبت تصویر ۱۶:۹" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_16/9" title="Format 16/9 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Format 16/9" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E6%AF%94" title="16:9のアスペクト比 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="16:9のアスペクト比" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9" title="16:9 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="16:9" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B7_l%E1%BB%87_khung_h%C3%ACnh_16:9" title="Tỷ lệ khung hình 16:9 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tỷ lệ khung hình 16:9" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1383069#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"16x9" redirects here. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/16x9_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="16x9 (TV series)">16x9 (TV series)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16x9_by_Pengo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16x9_by_Pengo.svg/220px-16x9_by_Pengo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16x9_by_Pengo.svg/330px-16x9_by_Pengo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16x9_by_Pengo.svg/440px-16x9_by_Pengo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>A 16:9 rectangle in which rectangles visualize the ratio. The groupings are not square.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg/220px-Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg/330px-Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg/440px-Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A television set with the 16:9 image ratio</figcaption></figure> <p><b>16:9</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units. </p><p>Once seen as an "exotic" aspect ratio,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a>, and is also the universal standard image format for the universal <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>, <a href="/wiki/2160p" class="mw-redirect" title="2160p">2160p</a> and <a href="/wiki/4320p" class="mw-redirect" title="4320p">4320p</a> formats. </p><p>16:9 or "sixteen-nine" is the universal <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> standard format<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Wide-aspect Clear-vision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">Hi-Vision</a> originally started with a <a href="/wiki/15:9" class="mw-redirect" title="15:9">15:9</a> ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced the wider ratio <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a>. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9, and this is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>. It is also the native aspect ratio of the Blu-ray Disc, but Blu-ray Disc producers can also choose to show even a wider ratio such as 2.40:1 within the 16:9 frame adding <a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">Letterbox black bars</a> within the image itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16:9_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg/220px-HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg/330px-HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg/440px-HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div style="margin-bottom:1ex;">Derivation of the 16:9 aspect ratio</div>The main figure shows 4:3 and 2.40:1 rectangles with the same area <i>A</i>, and 16:9 rectangles that covers (black) or is common to (grey) them. The calculation considers the extreme rectangles, where <i>m</i> and <i>n</i> are multipliers to maintain their respective aspect ratios and areas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kerns H. Powers, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.7<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1) aspect ratio in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular choices in 1980 were <a href="/wiki/Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">4:3</a> (based on TV standard's ratio at the time), 15:9 (5:3) (the European "flat" 1.6<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1 ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio) and 2.35:1 (the <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a>/<a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>) ratio for <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">anamorphic</a> widescreen. </p><p>Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.7<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.78:1.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinemasource_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinemasource-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value found by Powers is exactly the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric mean</a> of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 and 2.40:1, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {47}{15}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mn>47</mn> <mn>15</mn> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {47}{15}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4af6afe21e51862de7eb9c0e52949b0c7463684a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:4.804ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {47}{15}}}}"></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>≈<span class="nowrap"> </span>1.77 which is coincidentally close to 16:9. Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields an aspect ratio of around 1.54:1, sometimes approximated as <a href="/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio" title="14:9 aspect ratio">14:9</a> (1.5<span style="text-decoration:overline;">5</span>:1), which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While 16:9 (1.7<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HD broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most common video aspect ratio in use.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most 4:3 (1.3<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:1) and 21:9 video is now recorded using a "<a href="/wiki/Shoot_and_protect" title="Shoot and protect">shoot and protect</a>" technique that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.7<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1) inner rectangle to facilitate 16:9 conversion and viewing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both an HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33:1 raster space. This has similarities to a filming technique called <a href="/wiki/Open_matte" title="Open matte">open matte</a>. </p><p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> instituted the <i>16:9 Action Plan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-actionplan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actionplan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a> (compatible with regular <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> broadcasts) and also in <a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a> (an early HD format). The Community fund for the <i>16:9 Action Plan</i> amounted to €228,000,000. </p><p>Over a long period in the late 2000s and early 2010s, the computer industry switched from 4:3 to <a href="/wiki/16:10_aspect_ratio" title="16:10 aspect ratio">16:10 (1.60:1)</a> and then to 16:9 as the most common aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market".<sup id="cite_ref-display_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-display-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using the same aspect ratio for both TVs and monitors, manufacturing can be streamlined and research costs reduced by not requiring two separate sets of equipment, and since a 16:9 is narrower than a 16:10 panel of the same length, more panels can be created per sheet of glass.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung South Africa</a>, confirmed that monitors with a native resolution of <span class="nowrap">1920 × 1200</span> were not being manufactured anymore. "It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2011, the 16:9 resolution <span class="nowrap">1920 × 1080</span> became the most common used resolution among <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>'s users. The previous most common resolution was <span class="nowrap">1680 × 1050</span> (16:10).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 2022, 16:9 resolutions are preferred by 77% of users (<span class="nowrap">1920 × 1080</span> with 67%; <span class="nowrap">2560 × 1440</span> with 10%).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16:9_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/16:9_aspect_ratio" title="Special:EditPage/16:9 aspect ratio">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video#Video_data" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a> format. An <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/DVD_region_code" title="DVD region code">PAL region</a> DVD video frame has a maximum resolution of <span class="nowrap">720 × 576p</span>, but a <a href="/wiki/Media_player_software" title="Media player software">video player software</a> will stretch this to <span class="nowrap">1024 × 576p</span>. </p><p>Producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.4:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)#Mattes_and_widescreen_filming" title="Matte (filmmaking)">hard matting</a> or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-production <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha_(film)" title="Man of La Mancha (film)">Man of La Mancha</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_(1993_film)" title="Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i>, fit quite comfortably onto a 1.7<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Many <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> cameras also have the capability to record in 16:9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_resolutions">Common resolutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16:9_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Common resolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common resolutions for the 16:9 ratio: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Width </th> <th>Height </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>640 </td> <td>360 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#640_×_360_(nHD)" title="Display resolution standards">nHD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>854 </td> <td>480 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#FWVGA" title="Display resolution standards">FWVGA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>960 </td> <td>540 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#qHD" title="Display resolution standards">qHD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024 </td> <td>576 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#1024_×_576,_1024_×_600_(WSVGA)" title="Display resolution standards">WSVGA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1280 </td> <td>720 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#1280_×_720_(HD)" title="Display resolution standards">HD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1366 </td> <td>768 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#WXGA" title="Display resolution standards">FWXGA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600 </td> <td>900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#HD+" title="Display resolution standards">HD+</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <td>1080 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#1920_×_1080_(FHD)" title="Display resolution standards">Full HD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2560 </td> <td>1440 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#2560_×_1440_(QHD)" title="Display resolution standards">QHD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3200 </td> <td>1800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#QHD+" title="Display resolution standards">QHD+</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3840 </td> <td>2160 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#4K_UHD" title="Display resolution standards">4K UHD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5120 </td> <td>2880 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#5120_×_2880_(5K_UHD)" title="Display resolution standards">5K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7680 </td> <td>4320 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution_standards#8K_UHD" title="Display resolution standards">8K UHD</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16:9_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">Display aspect ratio</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Videos_with_display_aspect_ratio_16:9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Videos with display aspect ratio 16:9">Videos with display aspect ratio 16:9 on Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution#2160p_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution#Resolutions" title="8K resolution">4320p</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16:9_aspect_ratio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:16:9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:16:9">16:9</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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Mybroadband.co.za. 2011-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Widescreen+monitors%3A+Where+did+1920%C3%971200+go%3F+%C2%AB+Hardware+%C2%AB+MyBroadband+Tech+and+IT+News&rft.pub=Mybroadband.co.za&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmybroadband.co.za%2Fnews%2Fhardware%2F17621-Widescreen-monitors-Where-did-1920x1200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16%3A9+aspect+ratio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey">"Steam Hardware & Software Survey"</a>. 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