CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Aspect ratio (image) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4c4713c6-b715-45b4-af6c-6eae634f5193","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Aspect_ratio_(image)","wgTitle":"Aspect ratio (image)","wgCurRevisionId":1259006778,"wgRevisionId":1259006778,"wgArticleId":30876233,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from March 2023","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing cleanup from May 2023","All pages needing cleanup","Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2023","Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2023","Articles with multiple maintenance issues", "All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Ratios","Film and video technology","Picture aspect ratios"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Aspect_ratio_(image)","wgRelevantArticleId":30876233,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"15:9","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1441762","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Aspect ratio (image) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Aspect_ratio_image rootpage-Aspect_ratio_image skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aspect+ratio+%28image%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aspect+ratio+%28image%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aspect+ratio+%28image%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aspect+ratio+%28image%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Some_common_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_common_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Some common examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_common_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practical limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cinema terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cinema_terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cinema terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cinema_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movie_camera_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movie_camera_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Movie camera systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movie_camera_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_video_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_video_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current video standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_video_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current video standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_video_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1:1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1:1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1:1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4:3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4:3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>4:3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4:3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14:9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14:9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>14:9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14:9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16:10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16:10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>16:10</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16:10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16:9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16:9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>16:9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16:9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1.85:1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1.85:1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>1.85:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1.85:1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2.00:1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2.00:1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>2.00:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2.00:1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2.40:1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2.40:1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>2.40:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2.40:1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obtaining_height,_width,_and_area_of_the_screen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obtaining_height,_width,_and_area_of_the_screen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Obtaining height, width, and area of the screen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obtaining_height,_width,_and_area_of_the_screen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Previous and currently used aspect ratios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspect_ratio_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect_ratio_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aspect ratio releases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspect_ratio_releases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aspect ratio releases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspect_ratio_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_aspect_ratio_(OAR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_aspect_ratio_(OAR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Original aspect ratio (OAR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_aspect_ratio_(OAR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_aspect_ratio_(MAR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_aspect_ratio_(MAR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modified aspect ratio (MAR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_aspect_ratio_(MAR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_in_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_in_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Problems in film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_in_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Still_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Still_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Still photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Still_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Still photography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Still_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1:1_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1:1_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>1:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1:1_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5:4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5:4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>5:4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5:4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4:3_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4:3_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>4:3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4:3_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3:2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3:2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>3:2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3:2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16:9_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16:9_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>16:9</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16:9_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3:1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3:1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>3:1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3:1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_aspect_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_aspect_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>On aspect ratios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_aspect_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aspect ratio (image)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="نسبة البعدين (صورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسبة البعدين (صورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellaci%C3%B3n_d%27aspeutu" title="Rellación d'aspeutu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rellación d'aspeutu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3_d%27aspecte" title="Relació d'aspecte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relació d'aspecte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billedformat" title="Billedformat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billedformat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Seitenverhältnis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seitenverhältnis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvasuhe" title="Kuvasuhe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuvasuhe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_aspecto" title="Relación de aspecto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relación de aspecto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formatu-ratio" title="Formatu-ratio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Formatu-ratio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نسبت تصویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسبت تصویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_d%27image" title="Format d'image – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Format d'image" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_aspecto" title="Relación de aspecto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relación de aspecto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84_(%EC%98%81%EC%83%81)" title="가로세로비 (영상) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가로세로비 (영상)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="पहलू अनुपात (चित्र) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पहलू अनुपात (चित्र)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_prikaza" title="Format prikaza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Format prikaza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapporto_d%27aspetto" title="Rapporto d'aspetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rapporto d'aspetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97%D7%91_(%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="יחס גובה-רוחב (תמונה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחס גובה-רוחב (תמונה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Att%C4%93la_proporcija" title="Attēla proporcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Attēla proporcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildformat" title="Bildformat – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bildformat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizdo_kra%C5%A1tini%C5%B3_santykis" title="Vaizdo kraštinių santykis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaizdo kraštinių santykis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9par%C3%A1ny" title="Képarány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képarány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisbah_bidang_(imej)" title="Nisbah bidang (imej) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nisbah bidang (imej)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldverhouding" title="Beeldverhouding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beeldverhouding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%BB%E9%9D%A2%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E6%AF%94" title="画面アスペクト比 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="画面アスペクト比" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideforhold" title="Sideforhold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sideforhold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_obrazu" title="Format obrazu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Format obrazu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Соотношение сторон экрана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соотношение сторон экрана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(eemage)" title="Aspect ratio (eemage) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aspect ratio (eemage)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensioni_i_fotografis%C3%AB" title="Dimensioni i fotografisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dimensioni i fotografisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_ekrana" title="Format ekrana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Format ekrana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvasuhde" title="Kuvasuhde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvasuhde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildformat_(film)" title="Bildformat (film) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bildformat (film)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உருவ விகிதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருவ விகிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="อัตราส่วนลักษณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัตราส่วนลักษณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87er%C3%A7eve_oran%C4%B1" title="Çerçeve oranı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çerçeve oranı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Співвідношення сторін зображення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Співвідношення сторін зображення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1" title="تناسب نظر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تناسب نظر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%89_l%E1%BB%87_khung_h%C3%ACnh_(h%C3%ACnh_%E1%BA%A3nh)" title="Tỉ lệ khung hình (hình ảnh) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tỉ lệ khung hình (hình ảnh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AF%AC%E6%AF%94_(%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F)" title="長寬比 (影像) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="長寬比 (影像)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1441762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aspect_ratio_(image)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Aspect_ratio_(image)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&oldid=1259006778" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Aspect_ratio_%28image%29&id=1259006778&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAspect_ratio_%28image%29%23Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAspect_ratio_%28image%29%23Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aspect_ratio_%28image%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aspect_ratio" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1441762" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=15:9&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="15:9">15:9</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Height/width proportion of an image</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about aspect ratio of still images, films, and digital imagery. For display aspect ratio, see <a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">display aspect ratio</a>.</div> <p>The <b>aspect ratio</b> of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, <i>width:height</i>. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1 in <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">4:3</a> and <a href="/wiki/16:9_aspect_ratio" title="16:9 aspect ratio">16:9</a> in <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, and 3:2 in <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still photography</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_common_examples">Some common examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Some common examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg/220px-Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="605" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg/330px-Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg/440px-Aspect_Ratio_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="10800" data-file-height="29700" /></a><figcaption>Common aspect ratios used in film and displays images</figcaption></figure> <p>The common film aspect ratios used in cinemas are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1.<sup id="cite_ref-anamorphic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anamorphic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two common <a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">videographic</a> aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:1),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the universal video format of the 20th century, and <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> (1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1), universal for <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> and European <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>. Other cinematic and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Still_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Still camera">still camera</a> photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2 (1.5:1), and more recently found in consumer cameras, 16:9.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other aspect ratios, such as 5:3, 5:4, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium format</a> and <a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large format</a>. </p><p>With television, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>, converting formats of unequal ratios is achieved by enlarging the original image to fill the receiving format's display area and cutting off any excess picture information (<a href="/wiki/Digital_zoom" title="Digital zoom">zooming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_cropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Image cropping">cropping</a>), by adding horizontal mattes (<a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a>) or vertical mattes (<a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">pillarboxing</a>) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, by stretching (hence distorting) the image to fill the receiving format's ratio, or by scaling by different factors in both directions, possibly scaling by a different factor in the center and at the edges (as in <i>Wide Zoom mode</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_limitations">Practical limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practical limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the <a href="/wiki/Sprocket" title="Sprocket">sprocket</a> perforations determines the image's size. The universal standard (established by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson" title="William Kennedy Dickson">William Dickson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in 1892) is a frame that is four perforations high. The film itself is 35 mm wide (1.38 in), but the area between the perforations is 24.89 mm × 18.67 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), leaving the de facto ratio of 1.33:1.<sup id="cite_ref-asc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a space designated for the standard <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">optical soundtrack</a>, and the frame size reduced to maintain an image that is wider than tall; this resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy</a> aperture of 22 mm × 16 mm (0.866 in × 0.630 in) or 1.375:1 aspect ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema_terminology">Cinema terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cinema terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture industry">motion picture industry</a> convention assigns a value of 1 to the image's height; an <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic">anamorphic</a> frame (since 1970, approximately 2.39:1) is often incorrectly described (rounded) as either 2.4:1 or 2.40:1. After 1952, a number of aspect ratios were experimented with for anamorphic productions, including 2.66:1 and 2.55:1.<sup id="cite_ref-arri_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arri-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> specification for anamorphic projection from 1957 (PH22.106-1957) finally standardized the aperture to 2.35:1.<sup id="cite_ref-arri_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arri-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An update in 1970 (PH22.106-1971) changed the aspect ratio to 2.40:1 in order to make splices less noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-arri_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arri-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect ratio of 2.40:1 was confirmed by the most recent revision from August 1993 (SMPTE 195-1993).<sup id="cite_ref-arri_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arri-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In American cinemas, the common projection ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1. Some European countries have 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1 as the wide screen standard. The "Academy ratio" of 1.375:1 was used for all cinema films in the sound era until 1953 (with the release of <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shane_(film)" title="Shane (film)">Shane</a></i> in 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1). During that time, television, which had a similar aspect ratio of 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:1, became a perceived threat to movie studios. Hollywood responded by creating a large number of wide-screen formats: <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> (up to 2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1), <a href="/wiki/Todd-AO" title="Todd-AO">Todd-AO</a> (2.20:1), and <a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a> (up to 2.00:1) to name just a few. The flat 1.85:1 aspect ratio was introduced in May 1953, and became one of the most common cinema projection standards in the United States and elsewhere. </p><p>The goal of these various lenses and aspect ratios was to capture as much of the frame as possible, onto as large an area of the film as possible, in order to fully utilize the film being used. Some of the aspect ratios were chosen to utilize smaller film sizes in order to save film costs while other aspect ratios were chosen to use larger film sizes in order to produce a wider higher resolution image. In either case the image was squeezed horizontally to fit the film's frame size and avoid any unused film area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movie_camera_systems">Movie camera systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Movie camera systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of various film camera systems must ultimately cater to the placement of the frame in relation to the lateral constraints of the perforations and the optical soundtrack area. One clever wide screen alternative, <a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a>, used standard 35 mm film running sideways through the camera gate, so that the sprocket holes were above and below frame, allowing a larger horizontal negative size per frame as only the vertical size was now restricted by the perforations. There were even a limited number of projectors constructed to also run the print-film horizontally. Generally, however, the 1.50:1 ratio of the initial VistaVision image was optically converted to a vertical print (on standard four-perforation <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm movie film</a>) to show with the standard projectors available at theaters, and was then masked in the projector to the United States standard of 1.85:1. The format was briefly revived by <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> in the late 1970s for special effects work that required a larger negative size (due to image degradation from the optical printing steps necessary to make multi-layer composites). It went into obsolescence largely due to better cameras, lenses, and film stocks available for standard four-perforation formats, in addition to increased lab costs for making prints in comparison to more standard vertical processes. (The horizontal process was also adapted to 70 mm film by <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a>, which was first shown at the Osaka '70 Worlds Fair.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/16_mm_film#Super_16_mm" title="16 mm film">Super 16 mm film</a> was frequently used for television production due to its lower cost, lack of need for soundtrack space on the film itself (as it is not projected but rather transferred to video), and aspect ratio similar to 16:9 (the native ratio of Super 16 mm is 15:9). It also can be blown up to 35 mm for theatrical release and therefore is sometimes used for feature films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_video_standards">Current video standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current video standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1:1">1:1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Square displays are rarely used in devices<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and monitors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, video consumption on social apps has grown rapidly and led to the emergence of new video formats more suited to mobile devices that can be held in horizontal and vertical orientations. In that sense, square video was popularized by mobile apps such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a> and has since been supported by other major social platforms including <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>. It can fill nearly twice as much screen space compared to 16:9 format (when the device is held differently while viewing from how video was recorded). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4:3">4:3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 4:3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">Fullscreen (aspect ratio)</a></div> <p>4:3 (1.33:1) (generally read as Four-Three, Four-by-Three, or Four-to-Three) for standard television for fullscreen aspect ratio 1.33:1 has been in use since the invention of <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">moving picture cameras</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a> used to employ the same aspect ratio. 4:3 was the aspect ratio used for <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm films</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent era</a>. It is also very close to the 1.375:1 <a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a>, defined by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> as a standard after the advent of optical <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a>. By having TV match this aspect ratio, movies originally photographed on 35 mm film could be satisfactorily viewed on TV in the early days of the medium (i.e. the 1940s and the 1950s). </p><p>With the adoption of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>, the majority of modern televisions are now produced with 16:9 displays instead. Apple's <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> continue to use 4:3 displays (despite other Apple products typically using widescreen aspect ratios) to better suit use as an <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a>; however, the 2018 iPad Pro 11-inch uses a 1.43:1 aspect ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14:9">14:9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 14:9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio" title="14:9 aspect ratio">14:9 aspect ratio</a></div> <p>14:9 (generally named as Fourteen-by-Nine, Fourteen-Nine, and Fourteen-to-Nine) is the aspect ratio mainly used when the 4:3 programs are cropped.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16:10">16:10</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 16:10"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/16:10_aspect_ratio" title="16:10 aspect ratio">16:10 aspect ratio</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/16:10_aspect_ratio" title="16:10 aspect ratio">16:10</a> (8:5) is an <a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> mostly used for <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">computer displays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>. The width of the display is 1.6 times its height. This ratio is close to the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a> "<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span>" which is approximately 1.618. LCD computer displays using the 16:10 ratio started to appear in the mass market from 2003. By 2008, 16:10 had become the most common aspect ratio for <a href="/wiki/LCD_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD monitor">LCD monitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> displays.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010, however, 16:9 has become the mainstream standard, driven by the 1080p standard for high definition television and lower manufacturing costs.<sup id="cite_ref-displaysearch_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displaysearch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-engadget_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engadget-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005–2008, 16:10 (1.6:1) overtook 4:3 as the most sold aspect ratio for LCD monitors. At the time, 16:10 also had 90% of the notebook market and was the most commonly used aspect ratio for laptops.<sup id="cite_ref-displaysearch_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displaysearch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 16:10 had a short reign as the most common aspect ratio. Around 2008–2010, there was a rapid shift by computer display manufacturers to the 16:9 aspect ratio and by 2011 16:10 had almost disappeared from new mass market products. According to <a href="/wiki/Net_Applications" title="Net Applications">Net Applications</a>, by October 2012 the market share of 16:10 displays had dropped to less than 23 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, Apple used 16:10 for all of its <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> models until 2021, when the <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro#Fifth_generation_(Thick_Unibody)" title="MacBook Pro">5th-generation MacBook Pro</a> switched to a taller aspect ratio of approximately 1.54:1.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> continues to use 16:10 as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16:9">16:9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 16:9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/16:9_aspect_ratio" title="16:9 aspect ratio">16:9 aspect ratio</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/16:9_aspect_ratio" title="16:9 aspect ratio">16:9</a> (1.77:1) (generally named as Sixteen-by-Nine, Sixteen-Nine, and Sixteen-to-Nine) is the international standard format of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a>, non-HD digital <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and analog widescreen television <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>. Japan's <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">Hi-Vision</a> originally started with a 5:3 (= 15:9) ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced a wider ratio of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> to 3 (= 16:9). Many <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> cameras have the capability to record in 16:9 (= 4<sup>2</sup>:3<sup>2</sup>), and 16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video#Video_data" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a> standard. DVD producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1 and 1.78:1<sup id="cite_ref-anamorphic_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anamorphic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the 16:9 DVD frame by <a href="/wiki/Hard_matting" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard matting">hard matting</a> or adding black bars within the image itself. The 16:9 aspect ratio was used often in British TVs in the United Kingdom in the 1990s, and is also used in smartphones, laptops, and desktops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1.85:1">1.85:1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1.85:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equivalent to integer ratio of 37:20. When <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinema</a> attendance dropped, Hollywood created <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> aspect ratios in order to differentiate the film industry from TV, with one of the most common being the 1.85:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2.00:1">2.00:1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2.00:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Univisium" title="Univisium">Univisium</a></div> <p>The 2.00:1 aspect ratio was first used in the 1950s for the RKO Superscope format.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998, cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Storaro" title="Vittorio Storaro">Vittorio Storaro</a> has advocated for a format named "<a href="/wiki/Univisium" title="Univisium">Univisium</a>" that uses a 2.00:1 format.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Univisium has gained little traction in the theatrical film market, but has recently been used by <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Video">Amazon Video</a> for productions such as <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(American_TV_series)" title="House of Cards (American TV series)">House of Cards</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Transparent_(TV_series)" title="Transparent (TV series)">Transparent</a></i>, respectively. This aspect ratio is similar to the 1.90:1 standard acquisition formats mandated by these content platforms and is not necessarily a creative choice.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, some mobile devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/LG_G6" title="LG G6">LG G6</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_V30" title="LG V30">LG V30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate 10 Pro">Huawei Mate 10 Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">Google Pixel 2 XL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oneplus_5T" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneplus 5T">OnePlus 5T</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Xperia_XZ3" title="Sony Xperia XZ3">Sony Xperia XZ3</a>, are embracing the 2.00:1 format (advertised as 18:9), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S8" title="Samsung Galaxy S8">Samsung Galaxy S8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_8" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 8">Samsung Galaxy Note 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S9" title="Samsung Galaxy S9">Samsung Galaxy S9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_9" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 9">Samsung Galaxy Note 9</a> with a slightly similar 18.5:9 format.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apple <a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">iPhone X</a> also has a similar screen ratio of 19.5:9 (2.16:1). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2.40:1">2.40:1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2.40:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Anamorphic format</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">Anamorphic widescreen</a></div> <p>Anamorphic format is the <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> technique of shooting a <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> picture on standard <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm film</a> or other visual recording media with a non-widescreen native aspect ratio. When projected the image is then stretched back into the original proportions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obtaining_height,_width,_and_area_of_the_screen"><span id="Obtaining_height.2C_width.2C_and_area_of_the_screen"></span>Obtaining height, width, and area of the screen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Obtaining height, width, and area of the screen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, screen specifications are given by their diagonal length. The following formulae can be used to find the height (<i>h</i>), width (<i>w</i>) and area (<i>A</i>), where <i>r</i> stands for ratio, written as a fraction of <i>x</i> by <i>y</i>, and <i>d</i> for diagonal length. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\frac {x}{y}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\frac {x}{y}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f3a6fbb81e8c1383aad7dccd57eb5e97461cb30" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:6.313ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\frac {x}{y}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h={\frac {d}{\sqrt {r^{2}+1}}}={\frac {y\times d}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h={\frac {d}{\sqrt {r^{2}+1}}}={\frac {y\times d}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0767b307a10e2e2f0a251436824a73d3e210231b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:27.4ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h={\frac {d}{\sqrt {r^{2}+1}}}={\frac {y\times d}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w={\frac {r\times d}{\sqrt {{r^{2}}+1}}}={\frac {x\times d}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>w</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w={\frac {r\times d}{\sqrt {{r^{2}}+1}}}={\frac {x\times d}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2e7b7414165d8c4876e2c1297c031baa00cdd47d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:27.726ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w={\frac {r\times d}{\sqrt {{r^{2}}+1}}}={\frac {x\times d}{\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A={\frac {r\times d^{2}}{{r^{2}}+1}}\quad ={\frac {x\times y\times d^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A={\frac {r\times d^{2}}{{r^{2}}+1}}\quad ={\frac {x\times y\times d^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da5a70635c8a10b6d0771ed430400d7023968760" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.535ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A={\frac {r\times d^{2}}{{r^{2}}+1}}\quad ={\frac {x\times y\times d^{2}}{x^{2}+y^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Special:EditPage/Aspect ratio (image)">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Talk:Aspect ratio (image)">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Special:EditPage/Aspect ratio (image)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>content overlaps with section <a href="/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio#Introduction" title="Pixel aspect ratio">Pixel aspect ratio#Introduction</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Special:EditPage/Aspect ratio (image)">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This article primarily addresses the aspect ratio of images <i>as displayed,</i> which is more formally referred to as the <b><a href="/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio" title="Display aspect ratio">display aspect ratio</a> (DAR)</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>, there is a distinction with the <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="storage_aspect_ratio"></span><span class="vanchor-text">storage aspect ratio</span></span> (SAR)</b>, which is the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">numbers of pixels</a>. If an image is displayed with <a href="/wiki/Square_pixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Square pixel">square pixels</a>, then these ratios agree. If, instead, non-square ("rectangular") pixels are used, then these ratios differ. The aspect ratio of the pixels themselves is known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio" title="Pixel aspect ratio">pixel aspect ratio</a> (PAR)</b> – for square pixels this is 1:1 – and these are related by the identity: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>SAR × PAR = DAR </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Rearranging (solving for PAR) yields: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>PAR = DAR/SAR </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><b>For example:</b> </p> <ul><li>A 640 × 480 <a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a> image has <ul><li>a SAR of 640/480 = 4:3</li> <li>and if displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), has square pixels, hence a PAR of 1:1.</li></ul></li> <li>By contrast, a 720 × 576 <a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D-1</a> PAL image has <ul><li>a SAR of 720/576 = 5:4</li> <li>but is displayed on a 4:3 display (DAR = 4:3), so by this formula it would have a PAR of (4:3)/(5:4) = 16:15.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>However, because standard definition digital video was originally based on digitally sampling analog television, the 720 horizontal pixels actually capture a slightly wider image to avoid loss of the original analog picture. In actual images, these extra pixels are often partly or entirely black, as only the center 704 horizontal pixels carry actual 4:3 or 16:9 image. Hence, the actual pixel aspect ratio PAR for PAL video is a little different from that given by the formula, specifically 12:11 for PAL and 10:11 for NTSC. For consistency, the same effective pixel aspect ratios are used even for standard definition digital video originated in digital form rather than converted from analog. For more details refer to the <a href="/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio#Analog-to-digital_conversion" title="Pixel aspect ratio">main article</a>. </p><p>In analog images such as film there is no notion of pixel, nor notion of SAR or PAR, and "aspect ratio" refers unambiguously to DAR. Actual displays do not generally have non-square pixels, though digital sensors might; they are rather a mathematical abstraction used in resampling images to convert between resolutions. </p><p>Non-square pixels arise often in early digital TV standards, related to digitalization of analog TV signals – whose horizontal and vertical resolutions differ and are thus best described by non-square pixels – and also in some digital videocameras and computer <a href="/wiki/Display_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Display mode">display modes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a> (CGA). Today they arise particularly in <a href="/wiki/Transcoding" title="Transcoding">transcoding</a> between resolutions with different SARs. </p><p>DAR is also known as <i>image aspect ratio</i> and <i>picture aspect ratio</i>, though the latter can be confused with <i>pixel</i> aspect ratio; PAR is also known as <i>sample aspect ratio</i>, though it can also be confused with <i>storage</i> aspect ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios">Previous and currently used aspect ratios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Previous and currently used aspect ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a listing of computer resolutions and aspect ratios, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of common resolutions">list of common resolutions</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a full listing of film formats, including their aspect ratios, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_motion_picture_film_formats" title="List of motion picture film formats">list of motion picture film formats</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filmaspectratios.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Filmaspectratios.svg/290px-Filmaspectratios.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="580" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Filmaspectratios.svg/435px-Filmaspectratios.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Filmaspectratios.svg/580px-Filmaspectratios.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of several film aspect ratios with the heights forced to be equal images</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><b>1:2.32</b></dt> <dd>The first <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> aspect ratio, used by <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>'s 30-line mechanical television in the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><b>1.19:1</b> ~ <b>19:16</b></dt> <dd>Sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> ratio, this ratio was used briefly during the transitional period when the film industry was converting to sound, from 1926 to 1932 approx. It is produced by superimposing an optical soundtrack over a full-gate 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> aperture in printing, resulting in an almost square image. Films shot in this ratio are often projected or transferred to video incorrectly using a 1.375:1 mask or squashed to 1.375:1. Examples of films shot in the Movietone ratio include <i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise:_A_Song_of_Two_Humans" title="Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans">Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M_(1931_film)" title="M (1931 film)">M</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hallelujah!_(1929_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallelujah! (1929 film)">Hallelujah!</a></i>, and, significantly more recently, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(2019_film)" title="The Lighthouse (2019 film)">The Lighthouse</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A trend arising from the widespread use of smartphones is <a href="/wiki/Vertical_video" title="Vertical video">vertical video</a> that is intended for viewing in <a href="/wiki/Page_orientation" title="Page orientation">portrait mode</a>. The format was popularized in particular by apps such as <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>—which all offer means for publishing vertical videos as content and <a href="/wiki/Video_advertising" title="Video advertising">advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fratti_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fratti-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><b>1.25:1</b> = <b>5:4</b></dt> <dd>The once-popular aspect for larger format computer monitors, especially in the guise of mass-produced 17" and 19" LCD panels or 19" and 21" CRTs, using 1280×1024 (SXGA) or similar resolutions. Notably one of the few popular display aspect ratios narrower than 4:3, and one popularised by business (CAD, DTP) rather than entertainment use, as it is well-suited to full-page layout editing. Historically, 5:4 was also the original aspect ratio of early 405-line television broadcasts, which progressed to a wider 4:3 as the idea of broadcasting cinema films gained traction.</dd> <dt><b>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:1</b> = <b>4:3</b> = <b>12:9</b></dt> <dd>35 mm original silent film ratio, today commonly known in TV and <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> as 1.33:1. Also standard ratio for <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> video compression. This format is still used in many personal video cameras today and has influenced the selection or design of other aspect ratios. It is the standard <a href="/wiki/Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> mm ratio.</dd> <dt><b>1.37:1</b> ~ <b>48:35</b></dt> <dd>16 mm and 35 mm standard ratio.</dd> <dt><b>1.375:1</b> = <b>11:8</b></dt> <dd>35 mm full-screen sound film image, nearly universal in films between 1932 and 1953. Officially adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a> in 1932 by <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">AMPAS</a>. Rarely used in theatrical context nowadays, but occasionally used in other contexts.</dd> <dt><b>1.43:1</b></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> format. IMAX productions use 70 mm wide film (the same as used for 70 mm feature films), but the film runs through the camera and projector horizontally. This allows for a physically larger area for each image.</dd> <dt><b>1.5:1</b> = <b>3:2</b></dt> <dd>The aspect ratio of 35 mm film used for still photography when eight perforations are exposed. Also the native aspect ratio of <a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a>, for which the film runs horizontally. Used on the <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel" title="Chromebook Pixel">Chromebook Pixel</a> notebook PC, the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> portable game console, mostly all <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Microsoft Surface</a> <a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1 laptops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_Studio" title="Surface Studio">Surface Studio</a>.</dd> <dt><b>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">5</span>:1</b> = <b><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9</a></b></dt> <dd>Widescreen aspect ratio sometimes used in shooting commercials etc. as a compromise format between 4:3 and 16:9. When converted to a 16:9 frame, there is slight <a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">pillarboxing</a>, while conversion to 4:3 creates slight <a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a>. All widescreen content on <a href="/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)" title="Freeform (TV channel)">ABC Family</a>'s SD feed until January 2016 was presented in this ratio.</dd> <dt><b>1.6:1</b> = <b><a href="/wiki/16:10" class="mw-redirect" title="16:10">16:10</a></b> = <b>8:5</b></dt> <dd>Widescreen computer monitor ratio (for instance, 1920×1200 resolution).</dd> <dt><b>1.66:1</b> or <b>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1</b> = <b>5:3</b> = <b>15:9</b></dt> <dd>Early 35 mm widescreen ratio, originally invented by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, later a standard among several European countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2018)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also the native Super 16 mm frame ratio. Sometimes this ratio is rounded to 1.67:1. From the late 1980s to the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Feature_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Feature Animation">Walt Disney Feature Animation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">CAPS program</a> animated their features in the 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1 ratio (a compromise between the 1.85:1 theatrical ratio and the 1.33:1 ratio used for home video); this format is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>'s top screen.</dd> <dt><b>1.75:1</b> = <b>7:4</b></dt> <dd>35 mm widescreen aspect ratio used by The Metro Goldwyn Mayer Company and The Warner Brothers Company from 1953 to 1955 and since abandoned and The Walt Disney Company has cropped the old classic post-1950s 1.33:1 fullscreen films to the 1.75:1 widescreen aspect ratio of their DVDs including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)" title="The Jungle Book (1967 film)">The Jungle Book</a></i>.</dd> <dt><b>1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span>:1</b> = <b><a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a></b> = <span class="nowrap">4<sup>2</sup>:3<sup>2</sup></span></dt> <dd>Video widescreen standard, used in <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>, one of three ratios specified for <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> video compression. Also used increasingly in personal video cameras. Sometimes this ratio is rounded to 1.78:1.</dd> <dt><b>1.85:1</b> = <span class="nowrap">37:20</span></dt> <dd>35 mm American and British widescreen standard for theatrical film. Introduced by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> in May 1953. Projects approximately three <a href="/wiki/Film_perforations" title="Film perforations">perforations</a> ("perfs") of image space per four-perf frame; films can be shot in <a href="/wiki/Negative_pulldown" title="Negative pulldown">3-perf</a> to save cost of film stock. Also the ratio of Ultra 16 mm. One of two common formats in <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a>, where it is called "flat".</dd> <dt><b>1.875:1</b> = <b>15:8</b></dt> <dd>HDTV ratio used by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> computers in the 1990s, with the resolution being specified as 1920×1024.</dd> <dt><b><span class="nowrap">1.9:1</span></b></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a> digital cinema basic resolution container aspect ratio. Exact ratio is 256:135 but it is commonly referred to as 1.9:1<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1.90:1<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kauffman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes 1.896:1.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used by <a href="/wiki/Diao_Yinan" title="Diao Yinan">Diao Yinan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose_Lake" title="The Wild Goose Lake">The Wild Goose Lake</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kauffman_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauffman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><b><a href="/wiki/Univisium" title="Univisium">2:1</a></b> = <b>18:9</b></dt> <dd>Recently popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema" title="Red Digital Cinema">Red Digital Cinema</a>. Original SuperScope ratio, also used in <a href="/wiki/Univisium" title="Univisium">Univisium</a>. Used as a flat ratio for some American studios in the 1950s and abandoned in the 1960s. Also used in recent mobile phones such as the <a href="/wiki/LG_G6" title="LG G6">LG G6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel_2_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Pixel 2 XL">Google Pixel 2 XL</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTC_U11" title="HTC U11">HTC U11+</a>, Xiaomi MIX 2S, and <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate 10 Pro">Huawei Mate 10 Pro</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S8" title="Samsung Galaxy S8">Samsung Galaxy S8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_8" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 8">Note 8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S9" title="Samsung Galaxy S9">S9</a> use the similar 18.5:9 ratio.</dd> <dt><b>2.165:1</b> <span class="nowrap">~ 28:13</span></dt> <dd>Used by the screens of some <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> models since 2017, including the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">iPhone X</a>, XS, XS Max, 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max.</dd> <dt><b>2.208:1</b> <span class="nowrap">~ 11:5</span></dt> <dd>70 mm standard. Originally developed for <a href="/wiki/Todd-AO" title="Todd-AO">Todd-AO</a> in the 1950s. Specified in <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> as 2.20:1, but hardly used.</dd> <dt><b>2.35:1</b> <span class="nowrap">~ 47:20</span></dt> <dd>35 mm anamorphic prior to 1970, used by <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> ("'Scope") and early <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>. The anamorphic standard has subtly changed so that contemporary anamorphic productions are actually 2.39:1,<sup id="cite_ref-anamorphic_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anamorphic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but often referred to as 2.35:1 anyway, due to old convention. <i>(Anamorphic refers to the compression of the image on film to maximize an area slightly taller than standard <a href="/wiki/Negative_pulldown" title="Negative pulldown">4-perf</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy</a> aperture, but presents the widest of aspect ratios.)</i> All Indian <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films released after 1972 are shot in this standard for theatrical exhibition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="According to this paragraph, 2.35:1 was replaced by 2.39:1 around 1970 ''and'' Bollywood films since 1972 are in 2.35:1. One of these must be false. If 2.35:1 was replaced by 2.39:1 around 1970, then films since 1972 cannot be in 2.35:1. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt><b>2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">370</span>:1</b> = <span class="nowrap">64:27</span> = <span class="nowrap">4<sup>3</sup>:3<sup>3</sup></span></dt> <dd>TVs were produced with this aspect ratio between 2009 and 2012<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marketed as "<a href="/wiki/21:9_aspect_ratio" title="21:9 aspect ratio">21:9 cinema displays</a>". But this aspect ratio is still seen on some higher-end monitors, which are sometimes called UltraWide monitors.</dd> <dt><b>2.39:1</b> <span class="nowrap">~ 43:18</span> = <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">21<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>:9</b></dt> <dd>35 mm anamorphic from 1970 onwards. Aspect ratio of current <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic widescreen</a> theatrical viewings, commercials, and some music videos. Often commercially branded as <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a> format or "<a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">'Scope</a>". One of two common formats in <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a>, where it is called "scope".</dd> <dt><b>2.4:1</b> = <span class="nowrap">12:5</span> ~ 21:9</dt> <dd>Rounded notation of 2.39:1 also known as 2.40:1. All film releases may use 800 lines of the 1920×800 resolution resulting in the 2.40:1 aspect ratio of Blu-ray Disc.</dd> <dt><b>2.55:1</b> = <b>51:20</b></dt> <dd>Original aspect ratio of <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> before optical sound was added to the film in 1954. This was also the aspect ratio of <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope_55" class="mw-redirect" title="CinemaScope 55">CinemaScope 55</a>.</dd> <dt><b>2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">592</span>:1</b> = <b>70:27</b></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> at full height (three specially captured 35 mm images projected side by side into one composite widescreen image).</dd> <dt><b>2.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1</b> = <b>8:3</b> = <b>24:9</b></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Full_frame_(cinematography)" title="Full frame (cinematography)">Full-frame</a> output from Super 16 mm negative when an anamorphic lens system has been used. Effectively, an image that is of the ratio 24:9 is squashed onto the native 15:9 aspect ratio of a Super 16 mm negative. Also used by <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Serebrennikov" title="Kirill Serebrennikov">Kirill Serebrennikov</a> for <a href="/wiki/Leto_(film)" title="Leto (film)"><i>Leto</i></a> (2018).</dd> <dt><b>2.76:1</b> = <b>69:25</b></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Panavision_70" title="Ultra Panavision 70">Ultra Panavision 70</a>/<a href="/wiki/MGM_Camera_65" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM Camera 65">MGM Camera 65</a> (65 mm with 1.25× anamorphic squeeze). Used only on a handful of films between 1957 and 1966 and some in the 2010s, for some sequences of <i><a href="/wiki/How_the_West_Was_Won_(film)" title="How the West Was Won (film)">How the West Was Won</a></i> (1962) with a slight crop when converted to three-strip <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a>, and films such as <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World" title="It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World">It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World</a></i> (1963) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a></i> (1959). More recently, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> used it for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hateful_Eight" title="The Hateful Eight">The Hateful Eight</a></i> (2015); <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Edwards_(director)" title="Gareth Edwards (director)">Gareth Edwards</a> used the process for shooting <i><a href="/wiki/Rogue_One" title="Rogue One">Rogue One</a></i> (2016), but the image was cropped to 2.39:1 in post; Edwards would later shoot <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creator_(2023_film)" title="The Creator (2023 film)">The Creator</a></i> (2023) in this ratio.</dd> <dt><b>3.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">5</span>:1</b> = <b>32:9</b></dt> <dd>In 2017, Samsung and Phillips announced "Super UltraWide displays", with aspect ratio of 32:9.</dd> <dt><b>3.6:1</b> = <b>18:5</b></dt> <dd>In 2016, IMAX announced the release of films in "Ultra-WideScreen 3.6" format,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an aspect ratio of 36:10.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultra-WideScreen 3.6 video format didn't spread, as cinemas in an even wider ScreenX 270° format were released.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><b>4:1</b></dt> <dd>Rare use of <a href="/wiki/Polyvision" title="Polyvision">Polyvision</a>, three 35 mm 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:1 images projected side by side. First used in 1927 on <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(1927_film)" title="Napoléon (1927 film)">Napoléon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><b>12:1</b></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Circle-Vision_360%C2%B0" title="Circle-Vision 360°">Circle-Vision 360°</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney Company</a> in 1955 for use in <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>. Uses nine 4:3 35 mm projectors to show an image that completely surrounds the viewer. Used in subsequent Disney theme parks and other past applications.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspect_ratio_releases">Aspect ratio releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aspect ratio releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Special:EditPage/Aspect ratio (image)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_aspect_ratio_(OAR)"><span id="Original_aspect_ratio_.28OAR.29"></span>Original aspect ratio (OAR)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Original aspect ratio (OAR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Original Aspect Ratio</i> (OAR) is a <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home cinema</a> term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> or visual production was produced, as envisioned by the people involved in the creation of the work. As an example, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film)" title="Gladiator (2000 film)">Gladiator</a></i> was released to theaters in the 2.40:1 aspect ratio. It was filmed in <a href="/wiki/Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> and, in addition to being presented in cinemas and television in the <i>Original Aspect Ratio</i> (OAR) of 2.40:1, it was also broadcast without the <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matte</a>, altering the aspect ratio to the television standard of 1.33:1. Because of the varied ways in which films are shot, IAR (Intended Aspect Ratio) is a more appropriate term, but is rarely used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modified_aspect_ratio_(MAR)"><span id="Modified_aspect_ratio_.28MAR.29"></span>Modified aspect ratio (MAR)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modified aspect ratio (MAR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Modified Aspect Ratio</i> (MAR) is a home cinema term for the aspect ratio or dimensions in which a film was modified to fit a specific type of screen, as opposed to original aspect ratio. Modified aspect ratios are usually either 1.33:1 (historically), or (with the advent of widescreen television sets) 1.43:1 aspect ratio. 1.33:1 was the modified aspect ratio used historically on 4:3 broadcast television and home videotape formats such as VHS and Beta. A modified aspect ratio transfer is achieved by means of <a href="/wiki/Pan_and_scan" title="Pan and scan">pan and scan</a> or EAR (Expanded Aspect Ratio)/<a href="/wiki/Open_matte" title="Open matte">open matte</a>, the latter meaning removing the cinematic matte from a 2.40:1 film to open up the full 1.33:1 frame or from 2.40:1 to 1.43:1 in <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a>. Another name for it is rescaled aspect ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems_in_film_and_television">Problems in film and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Problems in film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windowboxed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Windowboxed.jpg/375px-Windowboxed.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Windowboxed.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Windowbox_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windowbox (film)">windowboxed</a> image</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Special:EditPage/Aspect ratio (image)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Multiple aspect ratios create additional burdens on directors and the public, and confusion among TV broadcasters. It is common for a widescreen film to be presented in an altered format (<a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">cropped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letterboxed" class="mw-redirect" title="Letterboxed">letterboxed</a> or expanded beyond the original aspect ratio). It is also not uncommon for <a href="/wiki/Windowbox_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windowbox (film)">windowboxing</a> to occur (when letterbox and pillarbox happen simultaneously). For instance, a 16:9 broadcast could embed a 4:3 commercial within the 16:9 image area. A viewer watching on a standard 4:3 (non-widescreen) television would see a 4:3 image of the commercial with 2 sets of black stripes, vertical and horizontal (windowboxing or the postage stamp effect). A similar scenario may also occur for a widescreen set owner when viewing 16:9 material embedded in a 4:3 frame, and then watching that in 16:9. <a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">Active Format Description</a> is a mechanism used in digital broadcasting to avoid this problem. It is also common that a 4:3 image is stretched horizontally to fit a 16:9 screen to avoid <a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">pillarboxing</a> but distorts the image so subjects appear short and fat. </p><p>Both PAL and NTSC have provision for some data pulses contained within the video signal used to signal the aspect ratio (See ITU-R BT.1119-1 – <a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a> for broadcasting). These pulses are detected by television sets that have widescreen displays and cause the television to automatically switch to 16:9 display mode. When 4:3 material is included (such as the aforementioned commercial), the television switches to a 4:3 display mode to correctly display the material. Where a video signal is transmitted via a European <a href="/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</a> connection, one of the status lines is used to signal 16:9 material as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Still_photography">Still photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Still photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Special:EditPage/Aspect ratio (image)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Common aspect ratios in <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">still photography</a> include: </p> <ul><li>1:1 (1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">0</span>:1)</li> <li>5:4 (1.25:1)</li> <li>4:3 (1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>:1)</li> <li>3:2 (1.5:1)</li> <li>5:3 (1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span>:1)</li> <li>16:9 (1.77:1 or 1.78:1)</li> <li>3:1 (3.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">0</span>:1)</li></ul> <p>Many digital still cameras offer user options for selecting multiple image aspect ratios. Some achieve this through the use of multi-aspect sensors (notably <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>), while others simply crop their native image format to have the output match the desired image aspect ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1:1_2">1:1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1:1 is the classic Kodak image, and is available as a choice in some digital still cameras, and hearkens back to the days of film cameras when the square image was popular with photographers using twin lens reflex cameras. These medium format cameras used <a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120 film</a> rolled onto spools. The 6 × 6 cm image size was the classic 1:1 format in the recent past. 120 film can still be found and used today. Many <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">instant films</a> were designed as square formats. Furthermore, up until August 2015, photo-sharing site <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> only allowed users to upload images in 1:1 format. In 2017, Fujifilm added the 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Instax#Instax_Square" title="Instax">Instax Square</a> format to their lineup of instant film cameras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5:4">5:4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 5:4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common in large and medium format photography ('6x7' cameras, actual size 56 mm × 70 mm (2.2 in × 2.8 in)), which fits the common print paper size of 8 in × 10 in (20.3 cm × 25.4 cm) without cropping and is still in common use for prints from digital cameras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4:3_2">4:3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 4:3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>4:3 is used by most digital <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">point-and-shoot cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Thirds_system" title="Four Thirds system">Four Thirds system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_system" title="Micro Four Thirds system">Micro Four Thirds system</a> cameras and <a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium format</a> 645 cameras. The 4:3 digital format popularity was developed to match the then prevailing digital displays of the time, 4:3 computer monitors. This aspect ratio is also wider than the popular 16:9, thus being very popular among different E-Sports tournaments. The next several formats have their roots in classic film photography image sizes, both the classic 35 mm film camera, and the multiple format <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System">Advanced Photo System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System">APS</a>) film camera. The APS camera was capable of selecting any of three image formats, APS-H ("High Definition" mode), APS-C ("Classic" mode) and APS-P ("Panoramic" mode). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3:2">3:2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 3:2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3:2 is used by classic <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm film</a> cameras using a 36 mm × 24 mm image size, and their digital derivatives represented by <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLRs</a>. Typical DSLRs come in two flavors, the so-called professional "full frame" (36 mm × 24 mm) sensors and variations of smaller, so called "APS-C" sensors. The term "APS" is derived from another film format known as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System">APS</a> and the "-C" refers to "Classic" mode, which exposed images over a smaller area (25.1 mm × 16.7 mm) but retaining the same "classic" 3:2 proportions as full frame 35 mm film cameras. </p><p>When discussing DSLRs and their non-SLR derivatives, the term APS-C has become an almost generic term. The two major camera manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> each developed and established sensor standards for their own versions of APS-C sized and proportioned sensors. Canon actually developed two standards, APS-C and a slightly larger area APS-H (not to be confused with the APS-H film format), while Nikon developed its own APS-C standard, which it calls <a href="/wiki/Nikon_DX_format" title="Nikon DX format">DX</a>. Regardless of the different flavors of sensors, and their varying sizes, they are close enough to the original APS-C image size, and maintain the classic 3:2 image proportions that these sensors are generally known as an "APS-C" sized sensor. </p><p>The reason for DSLR's image sensors being the flatter 3:2 versus the taller point-and-shoot 4:3 is that DSLRs were designed to match the legacy 35 mm SLR film, whereas the majority of digital cameras were designed to match the predominant computer displays of the time, with VGA, SVGA, XGA and UXGA all being 4:3. Widescreen computer monitors did not become popular until the advent of <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>, which uses a 16:9 image aspect ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16:9_2">16:9</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 16:9"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Known as APS-H (30.2 mm × 16.7 mm), with the "-H" denoting "High Definition", the 16:9 format is also the standard image aspect ratio for HDTV. 16:9 is gaining popularity as a format in all classes of consumer still cameras which also shoot High Definition (<a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a>) <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>. When still cameras have an HD video capability, some can also record stills in the 16:9 format, ideal for display on HD televisions and widescreen computer displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3:1">3:1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 3:1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3:1 is yet another format that can find its roots in the APS film camera. Known as APS-P (30.2 × 9.5 mm), with the -P" denoting "Panorama", the 3:1 format was used for <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panorama</a> photography. The APS-P panorama standard is the least adhered to any APS standard, and panoramic implementation varies with by manufacturer on different cameras, with the only commonality being that the image is much longer than it is tall, in the classic "panorama" style. </p><p>Common <a href="/wiki/Photo_print_sizes" title="Photo print sizes">print sizes</a> in the United States (in <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a>) include 4×6 (1.5), 5×7 (1.4), 4×5 and 8×10 (1.25), and 11×14 (1.27); <a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large format</a> cameras typically use one of these aspect ratios. <a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">Medium-format</a> cameras typically have format designated by nominal sizes in centimeters (6×6, 6×7, 6×9, 6×4.5), but these numbers should not be interpreted as exact in computing aspect ratios. For example, the usable height of <a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120-format roll film</a> is 56mm, so a width of 70mm (as in 6×7) yields an aspect ratio of 4:5 — ideal for enlarging to make an 8×10" portrait. Print sizes are usually defined by their portrait dimensions (tall) while equipment aspect ratios are defined by their landscape dimensions (wide, flipped sideways). A good example of this a 4×6 print (6 inch wide by 4 inch tall landscape) perfectly matches the 3:2 aspect ratio of a DSLR/35 mm, since 6/2=3 and 4/2=2. </p><p>For analog projection of photographic slides, projector and screen use a 1:1 aspect ratio, supporting horizontal and vertical orientation equally well. In contrast, digital projection technology typically supports vertically oriented images only at a fraction of the resolution of landscape-oriented images. For example, projecting a digital still image having a 3:2 aspect ratio on a 16:9 projector employs 84.3% of available resolution in horizontal orientation, but only 37.5% in vertical orientation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">Active Format Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_motion_pictures" title="Index of articles related to motion pictures">Index of articles related to motion pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_and_protect" title="Shoot and protect">Shoot and protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_terms" title="Glossary of video terms">Glossary of video terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrawide_formats" title="Ultrawide formats">Ultrawide formats</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Repeating_decimal#Notation" title="Repeating decimal">Repeating decimal notation</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-anamorphic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anamorphic_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anamorphic_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anamorphic_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2.39:1 ratio is commonly labeled 2.40:1, e.g., in the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Cinematographers" title="American Society of Cinematographers">American Society of Cinematographers</a>' <i>American Cinematographer Manual</i> (Many widescreen films before the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> revision used 2.35:1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123073441/http://techtree.com/India/News/Panasonic_Introduces_2_New_Cameras/551-97953-893.html">"Panasonic Introduces 2 New Cameras"</a>. India: Tech Tree. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techtree.com/India/News/Panasonic_Introduces_2_New_Cameras/551-97953-893.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Panasonic+Introduces+2+New+Cameras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtree.com%2FIndia%2FNews%2FPanasonic_Introduces_2_New_Cameras%2F551-97953-893.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurum2004" class="citation book cs1">Burum, Stephen (2004). <i>American Cinematographer Manual</i> (9th ed.). ASC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935578-24-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-935578-24-2"><bdi>0-935578-24-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cinematographer+Manual&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=ASC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-935578-24-2&rft.aulast=Burum&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arri-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arri_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arri_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arri_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arri_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309120601/http://www.arri.com/?eID=registration&file_uid=7737">"ALEXA Anamorphic De-squeeze"</a>. Arri. 2011-07-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arri.com/?eID=registration&file_uid=7737">the original</a> on 2012-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALEXA+Anamorphic+De-squeeze&rft.pub=Arri&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arri.com%2F%3FeID%3Dregistration%26file_uid%3D7737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmanddigitaltimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Anamorphic-Math-FDTimes.pdf">"Anamorphic Now"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Film and Digital Times</i> (53): 24–31. April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+and+Digital+Times&rft.atitle=Anamorphic+Now&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmanddigitaltimes.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2FAnamorphic-Math-FDTimes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsmarena.com/blackberry_passport-6457.php">"BlackBerry Passport – Full phone specifications"</a>. <i>www.gsmarena.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gsmarena.com&rft.atitle=BlackBerry+Passport+%E2%80%93+Full+phone+specifications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmarena.com%2Fblackberry_passport-6457.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsmarena.com/sony_smartwatch_3_swr50-7691.php">"Sony SmartWatch 3 SWR50 – Full phone specifications"</a>. <i>www.gsmarena.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gsmarena.com&rft.atitle=Sony+SmartWatch+3+SWR50+%E2%80%93+Full+phone+specifications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmarena.com%2Fsony_smartwatch_3_swr50-7691.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130003730/https://www.geek.com/news/eizos-27-inch-3k-display-is-perfectly-square-1610009/">"Eizo's 27-inch 3K display is perfectly square - Geek.com"</a>. <i>Geek.com</i>. 2014-11-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geek.com/news/eizos-27-inch-3k-display-is-perfectly-square-1610009/">the original</a> on 2018-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geek.com&rft.atitle=Eizo%27s+27-inch+3K+display+is+perfectly+square+-+Geek.com&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geek.com%2Fnews%2Feizos-27-inch-3k-display-is-perfectly-square-1610009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElhearn2010" class="citation web cs1">McElhearn, Kirk (2010-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/1146035/ipad-screen.html">"Why Apple chose the iPad's screen format"</a>. <i>Macworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Why+Apple+chose+the+iPad%27s+screen+format&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=McElhearn&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F1146035%2Fipad-screen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1379-0-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf"><i>BT.1379 - Framing of wide-screen 16:9 and standard 4:3 aspect ratio productions to achieve a common production format during a transition period to wide-screen 16:9 production and broadcasting</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BT.1379+-+Framing+of+wide-screen+16%3A9+and+standard+4%3A3+aspect+ratio+productions+to+achieve+a+common+production+format+during+a+transition+period+to+wide-screen+16%3A9+production+and+broadcasting&rft.pub=ITU+Radiocommunication+Assembly&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbt%2FR-REC-BT.1379-0-199811-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r093.pdf"><i>R93-1998 - Compromise Scanned Area Dimensions for Television from 35 mm Wide-Screen Films</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. EBU. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R93-1998+-+Compromise+Scanned+Area+Dimensions+for+Television+from+35+mm+Wide-Screen+Films&rft.pub=EBU&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Fr%2Fr093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2008" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Dan (2008-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowendmac.com/musings/08mm/10-percent-notebook.html">"With 10% of the U.S. Notebook Market, Where Will Apple Go Next?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+10%25+of+the+U.S.+Notebook+Market%2C+Where+Will+Apple+Go+Next%3F&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flowendmac.com%2Fmusings%2F08mm%2F10-percent-notebook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-displaysearch-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-displaysearch_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-displaysearch_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-0A424DE8-28DF6E59/displaysearch/hs.xsl/070108_16by9_PR.asp">"Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises"</a>. DisplaySearch. 2008-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Product+Planners+and+Marketers+Must+Act+Before+16%3A9+Panels+Replace+Mainstream+16%3A10+Notebook+PC+and+Monitor+LCD+Panels%2C+New+DisplaySearch+Topical+Report+Advises&rft.pub=DisplaySearch&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.displaysearch.com%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxchg%2FSID-0A424DE8-28DF6E59%2Fdisplaysearch%2Fhs.xsl%2F070108_16by9_PR.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engadget-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engadget_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicker2008" class="citation web cs1">Ricker, Thomas (2008-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2008/07/02/widescreen-lcds-going-widescreen-by-2010">"Widescreen LCDs going widescreen by 2010"</a>. Engadget.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Widescreen+LCDs+going+widescreen+by+2010&rft.pub=Engadget&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.aulast=Ricker&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2008%2F07%2F02%2Fwidescreen-lcds-going-widescreen-by-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=17&qpsp=165&qpnp=1&qptimeframe=M">"Screen Resolutions"</a>. Net Applications. October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Screen+Resolutions&rft.pub=Net+Applications&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarketshare.hitslink.com%2Freport.aspx%3Fqprid%3D17%26qpsp%3D165%26qpnp%3D1%26qptimeframe%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/macbook-pro-16-inch-vs-macbook-pro-14-inch/">"MacBook Pro 16 vs. MacBook Pro 14: All the Differences"</a>. <i>Digital Trends</i>. 2021-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=MacBook+Pro+16+vs.+MacBook+Pro+14%3A+All+the+Differences&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fcomputing%2Fmacbook-pro-16-inch-vs-macbook-pro-14-inch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple" class="citation web cs1">Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macbook-air/specs/">"MacBook Air - Technical Specifications"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MacBook+Air+-+Technical+Specifications&rft.au=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fmacbook-air%2Fspecs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPautz2017" class="citation book cs1">Pautz, Michelle C. (2017-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DFEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Civil Servants on the Silver Screen: Hollywood's Depiction of Government and Bureaucrats</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3913-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3913-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-3913-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Servants+on+the+Silver+Screen%3A+Hollywood%27s+Depiction+of+Government+and+Bureaucrats&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3913-5&rft.aulast=Pautz&rft.aufirst=Michelle+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DFEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger,_John_L.2019" class="citation web cs1">Berger, John L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widescreen.org/aspect_ratios.shtml">"Aspect Ratios and Camera Formats"</a>. <i>www.widescreen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.widescreen.org&rft.atitle=Aspect+Ratios+and+Camera+Formats&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Berger%2C+John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widescreen.org%2Faspect_ratios.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/wingss1.htm">"Widescreen Museum – CinemaScope Derivatives – Superscope 1"</a>. <i>www.widescreenmuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.widescreenmuseum.com&rft.atitle=Widescreen+Museum+%E2%80%93+CinemaScope+Derivatives+%E2%80%93+Superscope+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.widescreenmuseum.com%2Fwidescreen%2Fwingss1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vashivisuals.com/the-hot-new-filmmaking-aspect-ratio/">"The Aspect Ratio of 2.00 : 1 is Everywhere | VashiVisuals"</a>. <i>vashivisuals.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vashivisuals.com&rft.atitle=The+Aspect+Ratio+of+2.00+%3A+1+is+Everywhere+%7C+VashiVisuals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvashivisuals.com%2Fthe-hot-new-filmmaking-aspect-ratio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEelvee2007" class="citation web cs1">Eelvee (4 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vittoriostoraro-asc.blogspot.com/2007/03/what-is-univisium.html">". . : : VITTORIO STORARO : : . .: What is UNIVISIUM?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=.+.+%3A+%3A+VITTORIO+STORARO+%3A+%3A+.+.%3A+What+is+UNIVISIUM%3F&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.au=Eelvee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvittoriostoraro-asc.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F03%2Fwhat-is-univisium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Falt2017" class="citation news cs1">O'Falt, Chris (2017-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiewire.com/2017/04/netflix-amazon-4k-documentary-1201799403/">"What Amazon and Netflix's Demand for 4K Means for Documentaries"</a>. <i>IndieWire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=What+Amazon+and+Netflix%27s+Demand+for+4K+Means+for+Documentaries&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.aulast=O%27Falt&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fnetflix-amazon-4k-documentary-1201799403%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrov2017" class="citation web cs1">Petrov, Daniel (28 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phonearena.com/news/So-what-is-this-21-Univisium-display-ratio-on-the-LG-G6_id90593">"So, what is this 2:1 Univisium display ratio on the LG G6 and likely the S8?"</a>. <i>Phone Arena</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phone+Arena&rft.atitle=So%2C+what+is+this+2%3A1+Univisium+display+ratio+on+the+LG+G6+and+likely+the+S8%3F&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonearena.com%2Fnews%2FSo-what-is-this-21-Univisium-display-ratio-on-the-LG-G6_id90593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hihonor.com/global/products/smartphone/honor7x/">The official Honor website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203074439/https://www.hihonor.com/global/products/smartphone/honor7x/">Archived</a> 2018-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> displays that it has an 18:9 ratio (visit the gaming tab).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0360777/reference/">"The Man with a Flower in His Mouth (TV Movie 1930) - IMDb"</a> – via www.imdb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+with+a+Flower+in+His+Mouth+%28TV+Movie+1930%29+-+IMDb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0360777%2Freference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Eyman, <i>The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926–1930</i>, New York, Simon & Schuster (1997), p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lighthouse-explained-how-it-connects-witch-1250507">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Lighthouse,' 'The Witch' and the Horror of Robert Eggers"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27The+Lighthouse%2C%27+%27The+Witch%27+and+the+Horror+of+Robert+Eggers&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Flighthouse-explained-how-it-connects-witch-1250507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fratti-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fratti_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFratti,_Karen2015" class="citation news cs1">Fratti, Karen (20 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adweek.com/lostremote/grabyo-adds-square-vertical-video-capabilities/54238">"Grabyo Adds Square, Vertical Video Capabilities"</a>. Ad Week<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grabyo+Adds+Square%2C+Vertical+Video+Capabilities&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.au=Fratti%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Flostremote%2Fgrabyo-adds-square-vertical-video-capabilities%2F54238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim,_Shawn2018" class="citation web cs1">Lim, Shawn (27 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrum.com/news/2018/09/27/nobody-will-ask-why-they-need-vertical-videos-now-snap-why-it-welcomes-competition">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Nobody will ask why they need vertical videos now': Snap on why it welcomes competition from rivals"</a>. <i>The Drum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drum&rft.atitle=%27Nobody+will+ask+why+they+need+vertical+videos+now%27%3A+Snap+on+why+it+welcomes+competition+from+rivals&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.au=Lim%2C+Shawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrum.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2F27%2Fnobody-will-ask-why-they-need-vertical-videos-now-snap-why-it-welcomes-competition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcántara2022" class="citation news cs1">Alcántara, Ann-Marie (2022-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/marketers-test-youtube-shorts-one-more-rival-to-tiktok-11659983896">"Marketers Test YouTube Shorts, One More Rival to TikTok"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Marketers+Test+YouTube+Shorts%2C+One+More+Rival+to+TikTok&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Alc%C3%A1ntara&rft.aufirst=Ann-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmarketers-test-youtube-shorts-one-more-rival-to-tiktok-11659983896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simpledcp.com/picking-right-aspect-ratio/">"Picking the Right Aspect Ratio"</a>. Simple DCP. January 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Picking+the+Right+Aspect+Ratio&rft.pub=Simple+DCP&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimpledcp.com%2Fpicking-right-aspect-ratio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2020" class="citation web cs1">Owen, Aaron (August 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.cinematiq.com/things-to-consider-before-making-a-dcp-aspect-ratio-frame-size-1fdb90c744ac">"Things to Consider Before Making a DCP: Aspect Ratio & Frame Size"</a>. Cinematiq<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+to+Consider+Before+Making+a+DCP%3A+Aspect+Ratio+%26+Frame+Size&rft.pub=Cinematiq&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.cinematiq.com%2Fthings-to-consider-before-making-a-dcp-aspect-ratio-frame-size-1fdb90c744ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearethefirehouse.com/aspect-ratio-cheat-sheet">"Aspect Ratio Cheat Sheet"</a>. Firehouse Creative<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspect+Ratio+Cheat+Sheet&rft.pub=Firehouse+Creative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wearethefirehouse.com%2Faspect-ratio-cheat-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kauffman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kauffman_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman2020" class="citation web cs1">Kauffman, Jeffrey (September 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-Wild-Goose-Lake-Blu-ray/269961/#Review">"<i>The Wild Goose Lake</i> Blu-ray Review"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blu-ray.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blu-ray.com (page does not exist)">Blu-ray.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>. <q><i>The Wild Goose Lake</i> is presented on Blu-ray courtesy of Film Movement with an AVC encoded 1080p transfer in 1.90:1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wild+Goose+Lake+Blu-ray+Review&rft.pub=Blu-ray.com&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blu-ray.com%2Fmovies%2FThe-Wild-Goose-Lake-Blu-ray%2F269961%2F%23Review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2010" class="citation web cs1">Nowak, Arne (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiafnet.org/images/tinyUpload/E-Resources/Commission-And-PIP-Resources/TC_resources/Nowak%20-%20Digital%20Cinema%20Technologies%20v2.0%20FIAF-TC_final%20V1.1.pdf">"Digital Cinema Technologies from the Archive's Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Federation of Film Archives. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Cinema+Technologies+from+the+Archive%27s+Perspective&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Film+Archives&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiafnet.org%2Fimages%2FtinyUpload%2FE-Resources%2FCommission-And-PIP-Resources%2FTC_resources%2FNowak%2520-%2520Digital%2520Cinema%2520Technologies%2520v2.0%2520FIAF-TC_final%2520V1.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goddard, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2012/8/28/3273716/philips-cinema-21-9-tvs-discontinued">Philips discontinuing super-wide Cinema 21:9 TVs due to lack of demand</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2013-03-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imax.com/news/voyage-time-imax-experience-ultra-widescreen">"<i>Voyage of Time</i>: The IMAX® Experience in Ultra-Widescreen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a>. Dec 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voyage+of+Time%3A+The+IMAX%C2%AE+Experience+in+Ultra-Widescreen&rft.pub=IMAX&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imax.com%2Fnews%2Fvoyage-time-imax-experience-ultra-widescreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristopher_Tapley2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Kristopher Tapley (Dec 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2016/film/in-contention/terrence-malick-ultra-wide-voyage-of-time-re-release-1201933834/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ultra Widescreen' Version of Terrence Malick's 'Voyage of Time' Set for Release"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Ultra+Widescreen%27+Version+of+Terrence+Malick%27s+%27Voyage+of+Time%27+Set+for+Release&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.au=Kristopher+Tapley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2016%2Ffilm%2Fin-contention%2Fterrence-malick-ultra-wide-voyage-of-time-re-release-1201933834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAftab" class="citation news cs1">Aftab, Kaleem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmmakermagazine.com/76652-introducing-screen-x-cinema-in-270-degrees/#.W8DCZ3tKiM9">"Introducing Screen X, Cinema in 270 Degrees | Filmmaker Magazine"</a>. <i>Filmmaker Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filmmaker+Magazine&rft.atitle=Introducing+Screen+X%2C+Cinema+in+270+Degrees+%7C+Filmmaker+Magazine&rft.aulast=Aftab&rft.aufirst=Kaleem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmmakermagazine.com%2F76652-introducing-screen-x-cinema-in-270-degrees%2F%23.W8DCZ3tKiM9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-01dsXDqGE">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Kiesza - What Is Love (Official Video)'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 18 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%27Kiesza+-+What+Is+Love+%28Official+Video%29%27&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DY-01dsXDqGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aspect_ratio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aspect ratio">Aspect ratio</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_aspect_ratios">On aspect ratios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: On aspect ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521000427/http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm">"NEC Monitor Technology Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm">the original</a> on 2006-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+Monitor+Technology+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.necdisplay.com%2Fsupport%2Fcss%2Fmonitortechguide%2Findex05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspect+ratio+%28image%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widescreen.org/">The Letterbox and Widescreen Advocacy Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/index.htm">American Widescreen Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/apertures.htm">Widescreen Apertures and Aspect Ratios</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207004356/http://aspect.fre3.com">Aspect – combined aspect ratio, frame size and bitrate calculator</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 7, 2013)</li> <li>Aspect Ratios Explained: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624175845/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/DVDs/AspectRatios/">Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdactive.com/editorial/articles/aspect-ratios-explained-part-two.html">Part 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604034240/http://www.dvdactive.com/editorial/articles/aspect-ratios-explained-part-two.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitbucket.co.uk/work/aspect_ratios.html">Explanation of TV Aspect Ratio format description codes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624175845/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/DVDs/AspectRatios/">IMDb – Number of DVDs for each aspect ratio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 24, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993D0424:EN:HTML">SCADplus: 16:9 Action plan for the television in the 16:9 screen format – European Union</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&oldid=1259006778#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&oldid=1259006778#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ratios" title="Category:Ratios">Ratios</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technology" title="Category:Film and video technology">Film and video technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Picture_aspect_ratios" title="Category:Picture aspect ratios">Picture aspect ratios</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2023">Articles needing additional references from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from May 2023">Articles needing cleanup from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_May_2023" title="Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2023">Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2023">Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 21:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspect_ratio_(image)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rtj9b","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.568","walltime":"0.735","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4076,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":126500,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11618,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":150707,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 577.056 1 -total"," 40.36% 232.881 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.14% 98.910 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 15.32% 88.397 26 Template:Cite_web"," 14.81% 85.448 6 Template:Cite_news"," 10.11% 58.318 5 Template:Ambox"," 9.62% 55.514 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.72% 44.547 4 Template:Unreferenced_section"," 7.31% 42.161 1 Template:Cleanup"," 7.06% 40.750 4 Template:Unreferenced"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.310","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9279273,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7sh2w","timestamp":"20241122214322","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aspect ratio (image)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aspect_ratio_(image)#Previous_and_currently_used_aspect_ratios","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1441762","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1441762","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-19T11:40:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:43:20Z","headline":"width\/height proportion of an image"}</script> </body> </html>