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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Plains_Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Great Plains Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Plains_Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_exploration_and_early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration_and_early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European exploration and early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration_and_early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Middle_Ground_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ground_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>The Middle Ground theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ground_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_of_the_Mississippi_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_of_the_Mississippi_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Mapping of the Mississippi River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_of_the_Mississippi_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fur trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>American settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Squatters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squatters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Squatters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squatters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Native American wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewis_and_Clark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewis_and_Clark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Lewis and Clark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewis_and_Clark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Party politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yankees_and_ethnocultural_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yankees_and_ethnocultural_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Yankees and ethnocultural politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yankees_and_ethnocultural_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Development of transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads_and_the_automobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads_and_the_automobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Railroads and the automobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads_and_the_automobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery_prohibition_and_the_Underground_Railroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_prohibition_and_the_Underground_Railroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Slavery prohibition and the Underground Railroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_prohibition_and_the_Underground_Railroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Bleeding Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Immigration and industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>German Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_1860s–1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_1860s–1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Politics 1860s–1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_1860s–1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers_and_Populists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers_and_Populists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Workers and Populists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers_and_Populists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>Progressive Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Major metropolitan areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farming_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Farming and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Financial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Race and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Socioeconomics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Age and sex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_overlap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_overlap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Cultural overlap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_overlap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Linguistic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euchre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euchre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Euchre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euchre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_North_Central" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_North_Central"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>East North Central</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_North_Central-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_North_Central" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_North_Central"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>West North Central</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_North_Central-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Midwestern United States: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="وسط غرب الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسط غرب الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediu_Oeste_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Mediu Oeste d'Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mediu Oeste d'Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_Q%C9%99rbi_AB%C5%9E" title="Orta Qərbi ABŞ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta Qərbi ABŞ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যপশ্চিম যুক্তরাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сярэдні Захад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сярэдні Захад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Среден запад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Среден запад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_zapad_(SAD)" title="Srednji zapad (SAD) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednji zapad (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oest_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Oest Mitjà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oest Mitjà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edoz%C3%A1pad_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Středozápad Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středozápad Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtvesten" title="Midtvesten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Midtvesten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittlerer_Westen" title="Mittlerer Westen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittlerer Westen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesk-L%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Kesk-Lääs – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kesk-Lääs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μεσοδυτικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσοδυτικές Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_Oeste_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Medio Oeste de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medio Oeste de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Mez-Okcidento" title="Usona Mez-Okcidento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Mez-Okcidento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebalde_Ertaina" title="Mendebalde Ertaina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebalde Ertaina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایالت‌های غرب میانه آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت‌های غرب میانه آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest" title="Midwest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Midwest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwesten_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Midwesten (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midwesten (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_Oeste" title="Medio Oeste – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medio Oeste" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A4%91%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80" title="미국 중서부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 중서부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_zapad_(SAD)" title="Srednji zapad (SAD) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednji zapad (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat_Barat_Tengah" title="Amerika Serikat Barat Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amerika Serikat Barat Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0vesturr%C3%ADkin" title="Miðvesturríkin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðvesturríkin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America_medio-occidentali" title="Stati Uniti d'America medio-occidentali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati Uniti d'America medio-occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F" title="המערב התיכון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערב התיכון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C4%93jie_Rietumi" title="Vidējie Rietumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vidējie Rietumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABttlere_Westen" title="Mëttlere Westen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëttlere Westen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidurio_Vakarai" title="Vidurio Vakarai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidurio Vakarai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-Nyugat" title="Közép-Nyugat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közép-Nyugat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Среден Запад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Среден Запад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="غرب وسطانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غرب وسطانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barat_Tengah_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Barat Tengah Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barat Tengah Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden-Westen" title="Midden-Westen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Midden-Westen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="アメリカ合衆国中西部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国中西部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtvesten" title="Midtvesten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Midtvesten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtvesten" title="Midtvesten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Midtvesten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest" title="Midwest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Midwest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_Centro-Oeste_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Região Centro-Oeste dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Região Centro-Oeste dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestul_mijlociu_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Vestul mijlociu al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vestul mijlociu al Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Средний Запад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средний Запад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istados_Unidos_Otzidentales_M%C3%A8dios" title="Istados Unidos Otzidentales Mèdios – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istados Unidos Otzidentales Mèdios" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Midwestern United States" 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Захід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середній Захід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81" title="وسط مغربی ریاستہائے متحدہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسط مغربی ریاستہائے متحدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_T%C3%A2y_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Trung Tây Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Tây Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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images</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midwestern_United_States&diff=next&oldid=1259400403" title="Midwestern United States" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 360:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 360:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Geography of Illinois|Geography of Indiana|Geography of Iowa|Geography of Kansas|Geography of Michigan|Geography of Minnesota|Geography of Missouri|Geography of Nebraska|Geography of North Dakota|Geography of Ohio|Geography of South Dakota|Geography of Wisconsin}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Geography of Illinois|Geography of Indiana|Geography of Iowa|Geography of Kansas|Geography of Michigan|Geography of Minnesota|Geography of Missouri|Geography of Nebraska|Geography of North Dakota|Geography of Ohio|Geography of South Dakota|Geography of Wisconsin}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Efmo View from Fire Point.jpg|thumb|The [[Upper Mississippi River]] near [[Harpers Ferry, Iowa]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:TypicalDriftless.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Driftless Area]] as viewed from [[Wildcat Mountain State Park]] in [[Vernon County, Wisconsin|Vernon County]], [[Wisconsin]]]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wabaunsee</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">County</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">View</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JPG</del>|thumb<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|upright=1.15</del>|[[Flint Hills]] grasslands of [[Kansas]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Flint</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hills</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- 51424666164</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">jpg</ins>|thumb|[[Flint Hills]] grasslands of [[Kansas]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thro</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">canyon</del>.jpg|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right|upright=1.15|</del>[[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> [[North Dakota]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">View</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Theodore Roosevelt National Park</ins>.jpg|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Badlands of </ins>[[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in</ins> [[North Dakota]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prairie</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Effigy</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mounds</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National Monument,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Iowa</del> (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2005</del>).jpg|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">upright=1.15|Prairie in </del>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Effigy</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mounds</del> National <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monument</del>]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Iowa</del>]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Big</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">waves</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Devils</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Island</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shoreline</ins> (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8</ins>).jpg|thumb|[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Apostle</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Islands</ins> National <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lakeshore</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in northern</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wisconsin</ins>]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>According to Brian Page and Richard Walker:<ref>Brian Page and Richard Walker, "From settlement to Fordism: The agro-industrial revolution in the American Midwest." ''Economic Geography'' 67.4 (1991): 281-315 at p 282. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/143975 online]</ref> The sequence of settlement that helped define the subregions of the Midwest was roughly as follows:<blockquote>1800-20, from Pittsburgh down the Ohio Valley to St. Louis at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers; <br>1820-40, the southern Great Lakes shores, from northern Ohio to Milwaukee; <br>1840-60, infill of the Prairie heartland across to eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota;<br>post-Civil War, the penetration of the northern woodlands and eastern plains from the central Midwest.</blockquote></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>According to Brian Page and Richard Walker:<ref>Brian Page and Richard Walker, "From settlement to Fordism: The agro-industrial revolution in the American Midwest." ''Economic Geography'' 67.4 (1991): 281-315 at p 282. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/143975 online]</ref> The sequence of settlement that helped define the subregions of the Midwest was roughly as follows:<blockquote>1800-20, from Pittsburgh down the Ohio Valley to St. Louis at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers; <br>1820-40, the southern Great Lakes shores, from northern Ohio to Milwaukee; <br>1840-60, infill of the Prairie heartland across to eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota;<br>post-Civil War, the penetration of the northern woodlands and eastern plains from the central Midwest.</blockquote></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 385:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 385:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Redirect2|Lake states|Plains states|the geographic regions|Great Lakes region|and|Great Plains}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Redirect2|Lake states|Plains states|the geographic regions|Great Lakes region|and|Great Plains}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg|thumb|Divisions of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau into [[East North Central States|East North Central]] and [[West North Central States|West North Central]], separated largely by the [[Mississippi River]]<ref name="CensusRegionsMap" />]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Scotts bluff national monument.jpg|thumb<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|upright=1.15</del>|[[Scotts Bluff National Monument]] in western [[Nebraska]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Scotts bluff national monument.jpg|thumb|[[Scotts Bluff National Monument]] in western [[Nebraska]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The first recorded use of the term ''Midwestern'' to refer to a region of the central U.S. occurred in 1886; ''Midwest'' appeared in 1894, and ''Midwesterner'' in 1916.<ref name="oed.com">[[Oxford English Dictionary]] entries for ''Midwestern'', ''Midwest'', and ''Midwesterner'', http://www.oed.com/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197407 |title=Regional Song Sampler: The Midwest &#124; Library of Congress |website=Loc.gov |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> One of the earliest late-19th-century uses of ''Midwest'' was in reference to Kansas and Nebraska to indicate that they were the civilized areas of the west.<ref name="Blaser 1990 69"/> The term ''Midwestern'' has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, ''Middle West'', has been used since the 19th century and remains relatively common.<ref>Examples of the use of ''Middle West'' include {{cite book |last= Turner |first= Frederick Jackson |title= The Frontier in American History |publisher= H. Holt and Company |year= 1921 |oclc= 2127640 |url= https://archive.org/details/frontierinameric00turniala}} {{cite book |last= Shortridge |first= James R. |title= Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture |publisher= University Press of Kansas |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-0-7006-0475-3 |url= https://archive.org/details/middlewestitsmea00shor|url-access= registration }} {{cite book |last= Bradway |first= Becky |title= In the Middle of the Middle West: Literary Nonfiction from the Heartland |publisher= Indiana University Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-253-21657-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yuq2ZNXLvAIC}} and {{cite book |last= Gjerde |first= Jon |title= The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917 |publisher= UNC Press |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-8078-4807-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qDxRsvJ0zeUC}}; among many others.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regions3.html |title=About this Collection – Railroad Maps, 1828–1900 &#124; Digital Collections &#124; Library of Congress |website=Memory.loc.gov |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The first recorded use of the term ''Midwestern'' to refer to a region of the central U.S. occurred in 1886; ''Midwest'' appeared in 1894, and ''Midwesterner'' in 1916.<ref name="oed.com">[[Oxford English Dictionary]] entries for ''Midwestern'', ''Midwest'', and ''Midwesterner'', http://www.oed.com/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197407 |title=Regional Song Sampler: The Midwest &#124; Library of Congress |website=Loc.gov |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> One of the earliest late-19th-century uses of ''Midwest'' was in reference to Kansas and Nebraska to indicate that they were the civilized areas of the west.<ref name="Blaser 1990 69"/> The term ''Midwestern'' has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, ''Middle West'', has been used since the 19th century and remains relatively common.<ref>Examples of the use of ''Middle West'' include {{cite book |last= Turner |first= Frederick Jackson |title= The Frontier in American History |publisher= H. Holt and Company |year= 1921 |oclc= 2127640 |url= https://archive.org/details/frontierinameric00turniala}} {{cite book |last= Shortridge |first= James R. |title= Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture |publisher= University Press of Kansas |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-0-7006-0475-3 |url= https://archive.org/details/middlewestitsmea00shor|url-access= registration }} {{cite book |last= Bradway |first= Becky |title= In the Middle of the Middle West: Literary Nonfiction from the Heartland |publisher= Indiana University Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-253-21657-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yuq2ZNXLvAIC}} and {{cite book |last= Gjerde |first= Jon |title= The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917 |publisher= UNC Press |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-8078-4807-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qDxRsvJ0zeUC}}; among many others.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regions3.html |title=About this Collection – Railroad Maps, 1828–1900 &#124; Digital Collections &#124; Library of Congress |website=Memory.loc.gov |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 404:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 405:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*'''[[South Dakota]]:''' Louisiana Purchase, Great Plains, and Missouri River state</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*'''[[South Dakota]]:''' Louisiana Purchase, Great Plains, and Missouri River state</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*'''[[Wisconsin]]:''' Old Northwest, Mississippi River, and Great Lakes state</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*'''[[Wisconsin]]:''' Old Northwest, Mississippi River, and Great Lakes state</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Divisions of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau into [[East North Central States|East North Central]] and [[West North Central States|West North Central]], separated largely by the [[Mississippi River]]<ref name="CensusRegionsMap" />]]</del>Various organizations define the Midwest with slightly different groups of states. For example, the [[Council of State Governments]], an organization for communication and coordination among state governments, includes in its Midwest regional office eleven states from the above list, omitting Missouri, which is in the CSG South region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csg.org/about/regionaloffices.aspx |title=CSG Regional Offices |publisher=Council of State Governments |year=2012 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220052340/http://www.csg.org/about/regionaloffices.aspx |archive-date=February 20, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Organization of the National Park Service#Midwest Region|Midwest Region]] of the [[National Park Service]] consists of these twelve states plus the state of [[Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1671/national-parks-in-the-midwest.htm|title=National Parks in the Midwest {{!}} National Park Service|website=Nps.gov|access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> The [[Midwest Archives Conference]], a professional archives organization, covers the above twelve states, plus [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midwestarchives.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114 |title=What is MAC |publisher=Midwest Archives Conference |year=2012 |access-date=January 3, 2018}}</ref> A 2023 [[Emerson College]]/''Middle West Review'' poll includes the above twelve states, plus [[Oklahoma]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Middle West Review and Emerson College Polling Launch Largest-ever Study on Midwestern Identity|url=https://emersoncollegepolling.com/middle-west-review-and-emerson-college-polling/|publisher=[[Emerson College]] Polling|date=October 18, 2023|access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Emily|last1=Schmall|first2=Sara|last2=Ruberg|title=200 Years Later, Still Trying to Define the Midwest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/18/us/midwest-states-harris-trump.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 18, 2024|access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Various organizations define the Midwest with slightly different groups of states. For example, the [[Council of State Governments]], an organization for communication and coordination among state governments, includes in its Midwest regional office eleven states from the above list, omitting Missouri, which is in the CSG South region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csg.org/about/regionaloffices.aspx |title=CSG Regional Offices |publisher=Council of State Governments |year=2012 |access-date=February 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220052340/http://www.csg.org/about/regionaloffices.aspx |archive-date=February 20, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Organization of the National Park Service#Midwest Region|Midwest Region]] of the [[National Park Service]] consists of these twelve states plus the state of [[Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1671/national-parks-in-the-midwest.htm|title=National Parks in the Midwest {{!}} National Park Service|website=Nps.gov|access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> The [[Midwest Archives Conference]], a professional archives organization, covers the above twelve states, plus [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midwestarchives.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114 |title=What is MAC |publisher=Midwest Archives Conference |year=2012 |access-date=January 3, 2018}}</ref> A 2023 [[Emerson College]]/''Middle West Review'' poll includes the above twelve states, plus [[Oklahoma]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Middle West Review and Emerson College Polling Launch Largest-ever Study on Midwestern Identity|url=https://emersoncollegepolling.com/middle-west-review-and-emerson-college-polling/|publisher=[[Emerson College]] Polling|date=October 18, 2023|access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Emily|last1=Schmall|first2=Sara|last2=Ruberg|title=200 Years Later, Still Trying to Define the Midwest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/18/us/midwest-states-harris-trump.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 18, 2024|access-date=October 23, 2024}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{|class="wikitable sortable"</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{|class="wikitable sortable"</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 23:15, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Census region of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Midwest" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Midwest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Midwest (disambiguation)">Midwest (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"North Central Region" redirects here. For the region of the WFTDA, see <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Region_(WFTDA)" title="North Central Region (WFTDA)">North Central Region (WFTDA)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mid-Western" redirects here. For the local government area in New South Wales, see <a href="/wiki/Mid-Western_Regional_Council" title="Mid-Western Regional Council">Mid-Western Regional Council</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Midwestern United States</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">The Midwest, American Midwest</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_city_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/288px-Chicago_city_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/432px-Chicago_city_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chicago_city_view.jpg/576px-Chicago_city_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4791" data-file-height="1597" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg/148px-St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg/222px-St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg/296px-St_Louis_night_expblend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/136px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/204px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/272px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument,_Nebraska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument%2C_Nebraska.jpg/128px-Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument%2C_Nebraska.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument%2C_Nebraska.jpg/192px-Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument%2C_Nebraska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument%2C_Nebraska.jpg/256px-Covered_Wagon_In_Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument%2C_Nebraska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg/156px-HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg/234px-HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg/312px-HOF-Guitars_-_Guitars_outside_the_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="1808" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palisade,_Shovel_Point_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Palisade%2C_Shovel_Point_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Palisade_Head" title="Palisade Head">Palisade Head</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif/lossy-page1-144px-Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif/lossy-page1-216px-Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif/lossy-page1-288px-Classic_Kansas_field_of_waving_wheat_LCCN2011632245.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6889" data-file-height="5384" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wheat_belt_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat belt (United States)">Wheat Belt</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Detroit,_Michigan_from_Windsor,_Ontario_(21760963102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Downtown_Detroit%2C_Michigan_from_Windsor%2C_Ontario_%2821760963102%29.jpg/288px-Downtown_Detroit%2C_Michigan_from_Windsor%2C_Ontario_%2821760963102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Downtown_Detroit%2C_Michigan_from_Windsor%2C_Ontario_%2821760963102%29.jpg/432px-Downtown_Detroit%2C_Michigan_from_Windsor%2C_Ontario_%2821760963102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Downtown_Detroit%2C_Michigan_from_Windsor%2C_Ontario_%2821760963102%29.jpg/576px-Downtown_Detroit%2C_Michigan_from_Windsor%2C_Ontario_%2821760963102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3898" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="This map reflects the Midwestern United States as defined by the Census Bureau.[1]"><img alt="Map of USA Midwest.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg/250px-Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg/375px-Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg/500px-Map_of_USA_Midwest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="184" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">This map reflects the Midwestern United States as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subregions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">West North Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li><li><a href="#Cultural_overlap">Lower Midwest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></div> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional definitions might vary slightly among sources.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan statistical areas">metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis–St. Paul">Minneapolis–St. Paul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cincinnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">750,522 sq mi (1,943,840 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">68,985,454</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">92/sq mi (35/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Midwesterner</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Midwestern United States</b> (also referred to as <b>the Midwest</b> or the <b>American Midwest</b>) is one of the four <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">census regions</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. It occupies the northern central part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially named the <b>North Central Region</b> by the U.S. Census Bureau until 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is between the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> to the south. </p><p>The U.S. Census Bureau's definition consists of 12 states in the north central United States: <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. The region generally lies on the broad <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Plain">Interior Plain</a> between the states occupying the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountain range</a> and the states occupying the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountain range</a>. Major rivers in the region include, from east to west, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, the Upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobbs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a> put the population of the Midwest at 68,995,685.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Midwest is divided by the U.S. Census Bureau into two divisions. The <a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="East North Central States">East North Central Division</a> includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin, all of which are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>. The <a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="West North Central States">West North Central Division</a> includes Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota, several of which are located, at least partly, within the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> is the most populous city in the American Midwest and the third-most populous in the United States. Chicago and its <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>, colloquially known as <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicagoland</a>, form the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> with 10 million people, making it the fourth-largest metropolitan area in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Greater Mexico City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a>. Other large Midwestern cities include <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a>. Large midwestern metropolitan areas include <a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis–St. Paul">Minneapolis–St. Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cincinnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Cincinnati">Greater Cincinnati</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City metro area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area">Columbus metro area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Greater Cleveland</a>. </p><p>The region's economy is a mix of heavy industry and agriculture, with extensive areas forming part of the United States' <a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a>. Finance and services such as medicine and education are becoming increasingly important. Its central location makes it a transportation crossroads for river boats, railroads, autos, trucks, and airplanes. Politically, the region is composed of <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a>, and therefore is heavily contested and often decisive in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_West">The West</h2></div> <p>The term <i>West</i> was applied to the region in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> and in the early years of the United States, when the colonial territories had not extended far from the Atlantic coast and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific seaboard</a> was generally unknown. By the early 19th century, anything west of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> was considered <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>. Over time the American frontier moved to west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. During the colonial period, the upper-Mississippi watershed including the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a>, which were settled in the 17th and 18th century and called <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekberg-French_Roots_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1787 the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> was enacted, creating the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>, which was bounded by the Great Lakes and the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some entities in the Midwest have "Northwest" in their names for historical reasons, such as <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-Pridmore_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pridmore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest late-19th-century uses of <i>Midwest</i> was in reference to Kansas and Nebraska to indicate that they were the civilized areas of the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Blaser_1990_69_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaser_1990_69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another term applied to the same region is <i><a href="/wiki/Heartland_(United_States)" title="Heartland (United States)">Heartland</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolumbian">Precolumbian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Americans</a> cultures were the earliest in North America, with a presence in the Great Plains and Great Lakes areas from about 12,000 BCE to around 8,000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-google_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/250px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/375px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG/500px-Monks_Mound_in_July.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahokia Mounds">Cahokia Mounds</a> near <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>, is the largest Precolumbian earthwork north of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Paleo-American period is the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic</a> period (8,000 BCE to 1,000 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland Tradition</a> (1,000 BCE to 100 CE), and the Mississippian Period (900 to 1500 CE). Archeological evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> traits probably began in the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> area and spread northwest along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers and entered the state along the <a href="/wiki/Kankakee_River" title="Kankakee River">Kankakee River</a> system. It also spread northward into Indiana along the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_River" title="Tippecanoe River">Tippecanoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Indiana)" title="White River (Indiana)">White</a> Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Midwestlit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwestlit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippian peoples in the Midwest were mostly farmers who followed the rich, flat floodplains of Midwestern rivers. They brought with them a well-developed agricultural complex based on three major crops—<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a>. Maize, or corn, was the primary crop of Mississippian farmers. They gathered a wide variety of seeds, nuts, and berries, and fished and hunted for fowl to supplement their diets. With such an intensive form of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, this culture supported large populations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mississippi period was characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mound-building</a> culture. The Mississippians suffered a tremendous population decline about 1400, coinciding with the global climate change of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. Their culture effectively ended before 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Lakes_Native_Americans">Great Lakes Native Americans</h4></div> <p>The major tribes of the Great Lakes region included the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odawa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa people">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutrals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>. Most numerous were the Huron and Ho-Chunk. Fighting and battle were often launched between tribes, with the losers forced to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most are of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a> family. Some tribes—such as the <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge-Munsee_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbridge-Munsee Community">Stockbridge-Munsee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brothertown_Indians" title="Brothertown Indians">Brothertown</a>—are also Algonkian-speaking tribes who relocated from the eastern seaboard to the Great Lakes region in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> language group and the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a> of Wisconsin are one of the few Great Lakes tribes to speak a <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Indians in this area did not develop a written form of language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnebago_wigwam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winnebago_wigwam.jpg/250px-Winnebago_wigwam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winnebago_wigwam.jpg/375px-Winnebago_wigwam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winnebago_wigwam.jpg/500px-Winnebago_wigwam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Winnebago</a> family (1852)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, the natives of the area used projectiles and tools of stone, bone, and wood to hunt and farm. They made <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> for fishing. Most of them lived in oval or conical <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwams</a> that could be easily moved away. Various tribes had different ways of living. The Ojibwas were primarily hunters and fishing was also important in the Ojibwas economy. Other tribes such as Sac, Fox, and Miami, both hunted and farmed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were oriented toward the open prairies where they engaged in communal hunts for <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">buffalo (bison)</a>. In the northern forests, the Ottawas and Potawatomis separated into small family groups for hunting. The Winnebagos and Menominees used both hunting methods interchangeably and built up widespread trade networks extending as far west as the Rockies, north to the Great Lakes, south to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and east to the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hurons reckoned descent through the female line, while the others favored the patrilineal method. All tribes were governed under <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> or complex chiefdoms. For example, Hurons were divided into matrilineal clans, each represented by a chief in the town council, where they met with a town chief on civic matters. But Chippewa people's social and political life was simpler than that of settled tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious beliefs varied among tribes. Hurons believed in <i>Yoscaha</i>, a supernatural being who lived in the sky and was believed to have created the world and the Huron people. At death, Hurons thought the soul left the body to live in a village in the sky. Chippewas were a deeply religious people who believed in the Great Spirit. They worshiped the Great Spirit through all their seasonal activities, and viewed religion as a private matter: Each person's relation with his personal guardian spirit was part of his thinking every day of life. Ottawa and Potawatomi people had very similar religious beliefs to those of the Chippewas.<sup id="cite_ref-Midwestlit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwestlit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Ohio River Valley, the dominant food supply was not hunting but agriculture. There were orchards and fields of crops that were maintained by indigenous women. Corn was their most important crop.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Plains_Indians">Great Plains Indians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg/170px-Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg/255px-Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg/340px-Oglala_girl_in_front_of_a_tipi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="4516" /></a><figcaption>Young <a href="/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Oglala Lakota">Oglala Lakota</a> girl in front of <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a> with puppy beside her, probably on or near <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg/250px-Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg/375px-Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg/500px-Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Cumulus clouds hover above a yellowish prairie at <a href="/wiki/Badlands_National_Park" title="Badlands National Park">Badlands National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, native lands to the Sioux.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Plains Indians are the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and famous conflicts with settlers and the US Army have made the Plains Indians archetypical in literature and art for American Indians everywhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. The first group were fully nomadic, following the vast herds of <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a>. Some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture, growing tobacco and corn primarily. These included the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiniboine people">Assiniboine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros Ventres">Gros Ventre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> (or Kiowa Apache), <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Cree people">Plains Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Plains Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuu_T%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuu T'ina Nation">Sarsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (people)">Stoney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The second group of Plains Indians (sometimes referred to as Prairie Indians) were the semi-sedentary tribes who, in addition to hunting buffalo, lived in villages and raised crops. These included the <a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa tribe">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaw_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaw (tribe)">Kaw (or Kansa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kichai_people" title="Kichai people">Kitsai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouria" title="Missouria">Missouria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nez Perce tribe">Nez Perce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha (tribe)">Omaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoe_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Otoe tribe">Otoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Santee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita (tribe)">Wichita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Yankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomadic tribes of the Great Plains survived on <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>; some of their major hunts centered on deer and buffalo. Some tribes are described as part of the "Buffalo Culture" (sometimes called, for the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>). Although the Plains Indians hunted other animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">antelope</a>, bison was their primary game food source. Bison flesh, hide, and bones from <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">bison hunting</a> provided the chief source of raw materials for items that Plains Indians made, including food, cups, decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-wildlife_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wildlife-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smits94_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smits94-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribes followed the bison's seasonal grazing and migration. The Plains Indians lived in <a href="/wiki/Teepees" class="mw-redirect" title="Teepees">teepees</a> because they were easily disassembled and allowed the nomadic life of following game. When Spanish horses were obtained, the Plains tribes rapidly integrated them into their daily lives. By the early 18th century, many tribes had fully adopted a <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">horse culture</a>. Before their adoption of guns, the Plains Indians hunted with <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bows_and_arrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Bows and arrows">bows and arrows</a>, and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">clubs</a>. The use of horses by the Plains Indians made hunting (and warfare) much easier.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most powerful and dominant tribes were the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, who occupied large amounts of territory in the Great Plains of the Midwest. The area of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sioux Nation">Great Sioux Nation</a> spread throughout the South and Midwest, up into the areas of Minnesota and stretching out west into the Rocky Mountains. At the same time, they occupied the heart of prime buffalo range, and also an excellent region for furs they could sell to French and American traders for goods such as guns. The Sioux (Dakota) became the most powerful of the Plains tribes and the greatest threat to American expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on Siouan dialect and subculture:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Isáŋyathi</i> or <i>Isáŋathi</i> ("Knife"): residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa, and are often referred to as the <b>Santee</b> or <b>Eastern Dakota</b>.</li> <li><i>Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ</i> and <i>Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna</i> ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"): residing in the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_River" title="Minnesota River">Minnesota River</a> area, they are considered the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the <b>Yankton</b> and the <b>Yanktonai</b>, or, collectively, as the <i>Wičhíyena</i> (endonym) or the <b>Western Dakota</b> (and have been erroneously classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li><i>Thítȟuŋwaŋ</i> or Teton (uncertain): the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, are often referred to as the <b>Lakota</b>.</li></ul> <p>Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States, as well as <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> in Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_early_settlement">European exploration and early settlement</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Middle_Ground_theory">The Middle Ground theory</h4></div> <p>The theory of the middle ground was introduced in Richard White's seminal work: <i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i> originally published in 1991. White defines the middle ground like so: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The middle ground is the place in between cultures, peoples, and in between empires and the non state world of villages. It is a place where many of the North American subjects and allies of empires lived. It is the area between the historical foreground of European invasion and occupation and the background of Indian defeat and retreat.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815, p. XXVI</cite></div></blockquote> <p>White specifically designates "the lands bordering the rivers flowing into the northern Great Lakes and the lands south of the lakes to the Ohio" as the location of the middle ground.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the modern Midwestern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan as well as parts of Canada. </p><p>The middle ground was formed on the foundations of mutual accommodation and common meanings established between the French and the Indians that then transformed and degraded as both were steadily lost as the French ceded their influence in the region in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="France in the Seven Years' War">their defeat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major aspects of the middle ground include blended culture, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a>, Native alliances with both the French and British, conflicts and treaties with the United States both <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">during the Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">after</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its ultimate clearing/erasure throughout the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_France">New France</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div> <p>European settlement of the area began in the 17th century following French exploration of the region and became known as <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></i>. The French period began with the exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> in 1534 and ending with their cessation of the majority of their holdings in North America to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mapping_of_the_Mississippi_River">Mapping of the Mississippi River</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Joliet">Louis Joliet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/220px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/330px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg/440px-Marquette_and_jolliet_map_1681.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Map by Marquette and Jolliet drawn on their 1673 expedition, published circa 1681</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1673 the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a>, a Catholic priest and missionary, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fur_trader" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trader">fur trader</a>, to map the way to the Northwest Passage to the Pacific. They traveled through Michigan's upper peninsula to the northern tip of Lake Michigan. On canoes, they crossed the massive lake and landed at present-day <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>. They entered the Mississippi River on 17 June 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marquette and Jolliet were the first to map the northern portion of the Mississippi River. They confirmed that it was easy to travel from the St. Lawrence River through the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico by water, that the native peoples who lived along the route were generally friendly, and that the natural resources of the lands in between were extraordinary. New France officials led by LaSalle followed up and erected a 4,000-mile (6,400 km) network of fur trading posts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur_trade">Fur trade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanfan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nanfan.svg/250px-Nanfan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nanfan.svg/375px-Nanfan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Nanfan.svg/500px-Nanfan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Beaver hunting grounds, the basis of the fur trade</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> was an integral part of early European and Indian relations. It was the foundation upon which their interactions were built and was a system that would evolve over time. </p><p>Goods often traded included guns, clothing, blankets, strouds, cloth, tobacco, silver, and alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a></div> <p>The French and Indian exchange of goods was called an exchange of gifts rather than a trade. These gifts held greater meaning to the relationship between the two than a simple economic exchange because the trade itself was inseparable from the social relations it fostered and the alliance it created.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meshed French and Algonquian system of trade, the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> familial metaphor of a father and his children shaped the political relationship between the French and the Natives in this region. The French, regarded as the metaphoric father, were expected to provide for the needs of the Algonquians and, in return, the Algonquians, the metaphoric children, would be obligated to assist and obey them. Traders coming into Indian villages facilitated this system of symbolic exchange to establish or maintain alliances and friendships.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marriage also became an important aspect of the trade in both the Ohio River valley and the French <i><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">pays d'en haut</a></i> with the temporary closing of the French fur trade from 1690 to 1716 and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French fur traders were forced to abandon most posts and those remaining in the region became illegal traders who potentially sought these marriages to secure their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another benefit for French traders marrying Indian women was that the Indian women were in charge of the processing of the pelts necessary to the fur trade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were integral to the fur trade and their contributions were lauded, so much so that the absence of the involvement of an Indian Woman was once cited as the cause for a trader's failure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the French fur trade re-opened in 1716 upon the discovery that their overstock of pelts had been ruined, legal French traders continued to marry Indian women and remain in their villages.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growing influence of women in the fur trade also came the increasing demand of cloth which very quickly grew to be the most desired trade good.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve (1763)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> traders entered the Ohio country as a serious competitor to the French in the fur trade around the 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English (and later British) traders almost consistently offered the Indians better goods and better rates than the French, with the Indians being able to play that to their advantage, thrusting the French and the British into competition with each other to their own benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian demand for certain kinds of cloth in particular fueled this competition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, changed following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Britain's victory</a> over France and the cession of New France to Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British attempted to establish a more assertive relationship with the Indians of the <i>pays d'en haut</i>, eliminating the practise of gift giving which they now saw as unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in combination with an underwhelming trade relationship with a surplus of whiskey, increase in prices generally, and a shortage of other goods led to unrest among the Indians that was exacerbated by the decision to significantly reduce the amount of rum being traded, a product that British merchants had been including in the trade for years. This would eventually culminate in <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>, which broke out in 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the conflict, the British government was forced to compromise and loosely re-created a trade system that was an echo of the French one.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_settlement">American settlement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_frontier#New_Nation" title="American frontier">American frontier § New Nation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/220px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/330px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png/440px-United_States_land_claims_and_cessions_1782-1802.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the territories north and southwest of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="River Ohio">River Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While French control ended in 1763 after their defeat in the Seven Years' War, most of the several hundred French settlers in small villages along the Mississippi River and its tributaries remained, and were not disturbed by the new British administration. By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, Spain was given <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>; the area west of the Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a> in Missouri were the main towns, but there was little new settlement. France regained Louisiana from Spain in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> in 1800. Napoleon had lost interest in re-establishing a <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French colonial empire in North America</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> and together with the fact that France could not effectively defend <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> from a possible British attack, he sold the territory to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> of 1803. Meanwhile, the British maintained forts and trading posts in U.S. territory, refusing to give them up until 1796 by the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American settlement began either via routes over the Appalachian Mountains or through the waterways of the Great Lakes. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)">Fort Pitt</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving into the Midwest. <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a> in 1787 became the first settlement in Ohio, but not until the defeat of Native American tribes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in 1794 was large-scale settlement possible. Large numbers also came north from Kentucky into southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region's fertile soil produced <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and vegetables; most farmers were self-sufficient. They cut trees and claimed the land, then sold it to newcomers and then moved further west to repeat the process.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squatters">Squatters</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_United_States" title="Squatting in the United States">Squatting in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png/220px-Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png/330px-Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> 1787</figcaption></figure> <p>Settlers without legal claims, called "squatters", had been moving into the Midwest for years before 1776. They pushed further and further down the Ohio River during the 1760s and 1770s and sometimes engaged in conflict with the Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British officials were outraged. These squatters were characterized by British General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> as "too Numerous, too Lawless, and Licentious ever to be restrained", and regarded them as "almost out of Reach of Law and government; Neither the Endeavors of Government, or Fear of Indians has kept them properly within Bounds."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had a long-standing goal of establishing a <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Native American buffer state</a> in the American Midwest to resist American westward expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With victory in the American Revolution the new government considered evicting the squatters from areas that were now federally owned public lands.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1785, soldiers under General <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Josiah Harmar</a> were sent into the Ohio country to destroy the crops and burn down the homes of any squatters they found living there. But overall the federal policy was to move Indians to western lands (such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in modern Oklahoma) and allow a very large numbers of farmers to replace a small number of hunters. Congress repeatedly debated how to legalize settlements. On the one hand, Whigs such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> wanted the government to get maximum revenue and also wanted stable middle-class law-abiding settlements of the sort that supported towns (and bankers). Jacksonian Democrats such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> wanted the support of poor farmers, who reproduced rapidly, had little cash, and were eager to acquire cheap land in the West. Democrats did not want a big government, and keeping revenues low helped that cause. Democrats avoided words like "squatter" and regarded "actual settlers" as those who gained title to land, settled on it, and then improved upon it by building a house, clearing the ground, and planting crops. A number of means facilitated the legal settlement of the territories in the Midwest: <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">land speculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_(land)" title="Public domain (land)">federal public land auctions</a>, bounty <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grants</a> in lieu of pay to military veterans, and, later, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(land)" title="Preemption (land)">preemption rights</a> for squatters. The "squatters" became "pioneers" and were increasingly able to purchase the lands on which they had settled for the minimum price thanks to various preemption acts and laws passed throughout the 1810s-1840s. In Washington, Jacksonian Democrats favored squatter rights while banker-oriented Whigs were opposed; the Democrats prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_American_wars">Native American wars</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></div> <p>In 1791, General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> became commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and led a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> with two Regular Army regiments and some militia. Near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a>, his force advanced to the location of Native American settlements near the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a>, but on November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> and Shawnee chief <a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a>. More than 600 soldiers and scores of women and children were killed in the battle, which has since borne the name "<a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_Defeat" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Clair's Defeat">St. Clair's Defeat</a>". It remains the greatest defeat of a U.S. Army by Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British demanded the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Native American barrier state</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, but American negotiators rejected the idea because Britain had lost control of the region in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in 1813, where <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> was killed by U.S. forces. The British then abandoned their Native American allies south of the lakes. The Native Americans ended being the main losers in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Apart from the short <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> of 1832, the days of Native American warfare east of the Mississippi River had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lewis_and_Clark">Lewis and Clark</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/220px-Louisiana_Purchase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/330px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/440px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> 1803</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1803, President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> that took place between May 1804 and September 1806. Launching from <a href="/wiki/Camp_Dubois" title="Camp Dubois">Camp Dubois</a> in Illinois, the goal was to explore the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, and establish trade and U.S. sovereignty over the native peoples along the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with more than two dozen indigenous nations west of the Missouri River.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Expedition returned east to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> in the spring of 1806. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_politics">Party politics</h3></div> <p>The Midwest has been a key swing district in national elections, with highly contested elections in closely divided states often deciding the national result. From 1860 to 1920, both parties tried to find their presidential and vice presidential candidates from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg/220px-Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg/330px-Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg/440px-Little_White_Schoolhouse_Ripon_Wisconsin_Feb_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The first local meeting of the new Republican Party took place here in <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a> on March 20, 1854.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the two major political parties in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, originated in the Midwest in the 1850s; <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin" title="Ripon, Wisconsin">Ripon, Wisconsin</a>, had the first local meeting while <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson, Michigan</a>, had the first statewide meeting of the new party. Its membership included many <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankees</a> out of New England and New York who had settled the upper Midwest. The party opposed the expansion of slavery and stressed the Protestant ideals of thrift, a hard work ethic, self-reliance, democratic decision making, and religious tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1890s, the wheat-growing regions were strongholds of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist movement</a> in the Plains states.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1890s, the middle class urban <a href="/wiki/Progressive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive movement">Progressive movement</a> became influential in the region (as it was in other regions), with Wisconsin a major center. Under the <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. La Follette, Sr.">La Follettes</a>, Wisconsin fought against the Republican bosses and for efficiency, modernization, and the use of experts to solve social, economic, and political problems.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theodore Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">1912 Progressive Party</a> had the best showing in this region, carrying the states of Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota. In 1924, La Follette, Sr.'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)">1924 Progressive Party</a> did well in the region, but carried only his home base of Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Midwest—especially the areas west of Chicago—has always been a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationism</a>, a belief that America should not involve itself in foreign entanglements. This position was largely based on the many <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-American">Swedish-American</a> communities. Isolationist leaders included the La Follettes, Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick">Colonel Robert McCormick</a>, publisher of the <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yankees_and_ethnocultural_politics">Yankees and ethnocultural politics</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Waterfront,_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rome_Waterfront%2C_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg/220px-Rome_Waterfront%2C_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rome_Waterfront%2C_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg/330px-Rome_Waterfront%2C_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Rome_Waterfront%2C_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg/440px-Rome_Waterfront%2C_on_the_Ohio_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2023" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rome,_Ohio" title="Rome, Ohio">Rome, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a></div> <p>Yankee settlers from New England started arriving in Ohio before 1800, and spread throughout the northern half of the Midwest. Most of them started as farmers, but later the larger proportion moved to towns and cities as entrepreneurs, businessmen, and urban professionals. Since its beginnings in the 1830s, Chicago has grown to dominate the Midwestern metropolis landscape for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian John Bunker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Midwest: </p> <blockquote><p>Because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission, Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and mores, altered only by the conditions of frontier life. They established a public culture that emphasized the work ethic, the sanctity of private property, individual responsibility, faith in residential and social mobility, practicality, piety, public order and decorum, reverence for public education, activists, honest and frugal government, town meeting democracy, and he believed that there was a public interest that transcends particular and stick ambitions. Regarding themselves as the elect and just in a world rife with sin, air, and corruption, they felt a strong moral obligation to define and enforce standards of community and personal behavior....This pietistic worldview was substantially shared by British, Scandinavian, Swiss, English-Canadian and Dutch Reformed immigrants, as well as by German Protestants and many of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Midwestern politics pitted Yankees against the German Catholics and Lutherans, who were often led by the Irish Catholics. These large groups, Buenker argues: </p> <blockquote><p>Generally subscribed to the work ethic, a strong sense of community, and activist government, but were less committed to economic individualism and privatism and ferociously opposed to government supervision of the personal habits. Southern and eastern European immigrants generally leaned more toward the Germanic view of things, while modernization, industrialization, and urbanization modified nearly everyone's sense of individual economic responsibility and put a premium on organization, political involvement, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_transportation">Development of transportation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waterways">Waterways</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg/170px-LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg/255px-LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg/340px-LightningVolt_Lake_Michigan_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> is shared by four Midwestern states: <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three waterways have been important to the development of the Midwest. The first and foremost was the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, which flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Development of the region was halted until 1795 by Spain's control of the southern part of the Mississippi and its refusal to allow the shipment of American crops down the river and into the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was changed with the 1795 signing of <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second waterway is the network of routes within the Great Lakes. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> in 1825 completed an all-water shipping route, more direct than the Mississippi, to <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and the seaport of New York City. In 1848, The <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> breached the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Portage" title="Chicago Portage">Chicago Portage</a> and linking the waters of the Great Lakes with those of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Valley">Mississippi Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Lakeport and river cities grew up to handle these new shipping routes. During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the lakes became a conduit for <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mesabi_Range" title="Mesabi Range">Mesabi Range</a> of Minnesota to <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mills</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic States">Mid-Atlantic States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>, completed in 1959, opened the Midwest to the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third waterway, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, extended water travel from the Mississippi almost to the Rocky Mountains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/220px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/330px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/440px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_Iowa" title="Harpers Ferry, Iowa">Harpers Ferry, Iowa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1870s and 1880s, the Mississippi River inspired two classic books—<i><a href="/wiki/Life_on_the_Mississippi" title="Life on the Mississippi">Life on the Mississippi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a></i>—written by native Missourian Samuel Clemens, who used the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>. His stories became staples of Midwestern lore. Twain's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal,_Missouri" title="Hannibal, Missouri">Hannibal, Missouri</a>, is a tourist attraction offering a glimpse into the Midwest of his time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Inland canals in Ohio and Indiana constituted another important waterway, which connected with Great Lakes and Ohio River traffic. The commodities that the Midwest funneled into the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> down the Ohio River contributed to the wealth of New York City, which overtook <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroads_and_the_automobile">Railroads and the automobile</h4></div> <p>During the mid-19th century, the region got its first railroads, and the railroad junction in Chicago became the world's largest. During the century, Chicago became the nation's railroad center. By 1910, over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals. Even today, a century after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Southern">Norfolk Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSX" class="mw-redirect" title="CSX">CSX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">Canadian National</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a>) meet in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECondit197343–49,_58,_318–319_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECondit197343–49,_58,_318–319-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period from 1890 to 1930, many Midwestern cities were connected by electric <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban</a> railroads, similar to streetcars. The Midwest had more interurbans than any other region. In 1916, Ohio led all states with 2,798 miles (4,503 km), Indiana followed with 1,825 miles (2,937 km). These two states alone had almost a third of the country's interurban trackage.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nation's largest interurban junction was in Indianapolis. During the decade of the early 1900s, that city's 38 percent growth in population was attributed largely to the interurban.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competition with automobiles and buses undermined the interurban and other railroad passenger business. By 1900, <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a> was the world center of the auto industry, and soon practically every city within 200 miles (320 km) was producing auto parts that fed into its giant factories.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, Henry Ford founded the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers <a href="/wiki/William_C._Durant" title="William C. Durant">William C. Durant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> brothers, <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a>—established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital. The proliferation of businesses created a synergy that also encouraged truck manufacturers such as Rapid and <a href="/wiki/GMC_(automobile)" title="GMC (automobile)">Grabowsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodford_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodford-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires. Today, greater Detroit remains home to <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, and the Ford Motor Company.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery_prohibition_and_the_Underground_Railroad">Slavery prohibition and the Underground Railroad</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/350px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/525px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif/700px-US_Slave_Free_1789-1861.gif 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>An animation depicting when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The Northwest Ordinance region, comprising the heart of the Midwest, was the first large region of the United States that prohibited <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">emancipated</a> slaves into the 1830s). The regional southern boundary was the Ohio River, the border of freedom and slavery in American history and literature (see <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>). </p><p>The Midwest, particularly Ohio, provided the primary routes for the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, whereby Midwesterners assisted slaves to freedom from their crossing of the Ohio River through their departure on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> to Canada. Created in the early 19th century, the Underground Railroad was at its height between 1850 and 1860. One estimate suggests that by 1850, 100,000 slaves had escaped via the Underground Railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-afroamhistory_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afroamhistory-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers. Individuals were often organized in small, independent groups; this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting "stations" along the route, but knew few details of their immediate area. Escaped slaves would move north along the route from one way station to the next. Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train, they usually traveled on foot or by wagon.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region was shaped by the relative absence of slavery (except for Missouri), pioneer settlement, education in <a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">one-room free public schools</a>, democratic notions brought by <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> veterans, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> faiths and experimentation, and agricultural wealth transported on the Ohio River <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatboat" title="Flatboat">flatboats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">canal boats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroads</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bleeding_Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg/170px-Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg/255px-Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg/340px-Bleeding_Kansas_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>1855 <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">Free-State</a> poster</figcaption></figure> <p>The first violent conflicts leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> occurred between two neighboring Midwestern states, Kansas and Missouri, involving <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">anti-slavery</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">Free-Staters</a> and pro-slavery "<a href="/wiki/Border_Ruffian" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Ruffian">Border Ruffian</a>" elements, that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> and the western frontier towns of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> as a free state or slave state. As such, <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northerners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerners</a> over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i>; the events it encompasses directly presaged the Civil War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The immediate cause of the events was the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854</a>. The Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands that would help settlement in them, repealed the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Compromise of 1820">Missouri Compromise</a>, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine through <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> whether to allow slavery within their boundaries. It was hoped the Act would ease relations between the North and the South, because the South could expand slavery to new territories, but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in its states. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a concession to the <a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Slave Power">slave power</a> of the South.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg/350px-Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg/525px-Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg/700px-Undergroundrailroadsmall2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8345" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>A map of various <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> routes</figcaption></figure> <p>The new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>, born in the Ripon, Wisconsin, in 1854 and created in opposition to the Act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery, and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ostensibly <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> idea, popular sovereignty stated that the inhabitants of each territory or state should decide whether it would be a free or slave state; however, this resulted in immigration <i>en masse</i> to Kansas by activists from both sides. At one point, Kansas had two separate governments, each with its own constitution, although only one was federally recognized. On January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> as a free state, less than three months before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> officially began the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The calm in Kansas was shattered in May 1856 by two events that are often regarded as the opening shots of the Civil War. On May 21, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence, Kansas</a>, was sacked by an armed pro‐slavery force from Missouri. A few days later, the <a href="/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence" title="Sacking of Lawrence">Sacking of Lawrence</a> led <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> and six of his followers to execute five men along the <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Kansas" title="Franklin County, Kansas">Franklin County, Kansas</a>, in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The so-called "Border War" lasted for another four months, from May through October, between armed bands of pro‐slavery and Free Soil men. The U.S. Army had two garrisons in Kansas, the First Cavalry Regiment at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Stryker_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment (United States)">Second Dragoons</a> and Sixth Infantry at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skirmishes endured until a new governor, John W. Geary, managed to prevail upon the Missourians to return home in late 1856. A fragile peace followed, but violent outbreaks continued intermittently for several more years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>National reaction to the events in Kansas demonstrated how deeply divided the country had become. The Border Ruffians were widely applauded in the South, even though their actions had cost the lives of numerous people. In the North, the murders committed by Brown and his followers were ignored by most, and lauded by a few.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civil conflict in Kansas was a product of the political fight over slavery. Federal troops were not used to decide a political question, but they were used by successive territorial governors to pacify the territory so that the political question of slavery in Kansas could finally be decided by peaceful, legal, and political means.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in November 1860 was the final trigger for <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> by the Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts at compromise, including the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a>, failed. Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The U.S. federal government was supported by 20 mostly-Northern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_U.S._state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free U.S. state (page does not exist)">free states</a> in which slavery already had been abolished, and by five slave states that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>. All of the Midwestern states but one, Missouri, banned slavery. Though most battles were fought in the South, skirmishes between Kansas and Missouri continued until culmination with the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Massacre" title="Lawrence Massacre">Lawrence Massacre</a> on August 21, 1863. Also known as Quantrill's Raid, the massacre was a rebel guerrilla attack by <a href="/wiki/Quantrill%27s_Raiders" title="Quantrill's Raiders">Quantrill's Raiders</a>, led by William Clarke Quantrill, on pro-Union Lawrence, Kansas. Quantrill's band of 448 Missouri guerrillas raided and plundered Lawrence, killing more than 150 and burning all the business buildings and most of the dwellings. Pursued by federal troops, the band escaped to Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence was targeted because of the town's long-time support of abolition and its reputation as a center for <a href="/wiki/Jayhawker" title="Jayhawker">Redlegs and Jayhawkers</a>, which were free-state militia and <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> groups known for attacking families in Missouri's pro-slavery western counties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_industrialization">Immigration and industrialization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Immigrants_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants to the United States">Immigrants to the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_population_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/German_population_1872.jpg/220px-German_population_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/German_population_1872.jpg/330px-German_population_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/German_population_1872.jpg/440px-German_population_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>German population density in the United States, 1870 census</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, European <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> bypassed the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> to settle directly in the interior: <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German immigrants</a> to Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri; <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish immigrants</a> to port cities on the Great Lakes, like Cleveland and Chicago; <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> to Iowa, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the <a href="/wiki/Dakotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakotas">Dakotas</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Michigan</a> and northern/central Minnesota and Wisconsin. <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a>, and Jews settled in Midwestern cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The U.S. was predominantly rural at the time of the Civil War. The Midwest was no exception, dotted with small farms all across the region. The late 19th century saw <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> that fed the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and the heart of industrial domination and innovation was in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes states</a> of the Midwest, which only began its slow decline by the late 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a> from abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the Midwest's largest economy. Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialists <a href="/wiki/John_Crerar_(industrialist)" title="John Crerar (industrialist)">John Crerar</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Whitfield_Bunn" class="mw-redirect" title="John Whitfield Bunn">John Whitfield Bunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teller_Crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Teller Crane">Richard Teller Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field" title="Marshall Field">Marshall Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Farwell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Farwell">John Farwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenwald" title="Julius Rosenwald">Julius Rosenwald</a>, and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> Company, made his billions in Cleveland. At one point during the late 19th century, Cleveland was home to more than 50% of the world's millionaires, many living on the famous <a href="/wiki/Millionaire%27s_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Millionaire's Row">Millionaire's Row</a> on Euclid Avenue. </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> migration from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> into the Midwestern states changed Chicago, St. Louis, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Cincinnati, Detroit, Omaha, Minneapolis, and many other cities in the Midwest, as factories and schools enticed families by the thousands to new opportunities. Chicago alone gained hundreds of thousands of black citizens from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a> monument in St. Louis, clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a flattened <a href="/wiki/Catenary_arch" title="Catenary arch">catenary arch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-modernsteel.com_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modernsteel.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the tallest man-made monument in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the world's tallest arch.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built as a monument to the <a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion of the United States">westward expansion of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-modernsteel.com_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modernsteel.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the centerpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Gateway Arch National Park</a>, which was known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018, and has become an internationally famous symbol of St. Louis and the Midwest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_Americans">German Americans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png/280px-Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png/420px-Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png/560px-Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Americans claiming German Ancestry by county in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Midwest opened up to settlement via waterways and rail in the mid-1800s, Germans began to settle there in large numbers. The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Midwestern cities of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> were favored destinations of German immigrants. By 1900, the populations of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>, Milwaukee, <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>, and Cincinnati were all more than 40 percent German American. <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a>, had even larger proportions; in <a href="/wiki/Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha">Omaha</a>, Nebraska, the proportion of German Americans was 57 percent in 1910. In many other cities of the Midwest, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, German Americans were at least 30 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Over-the-Rhine" title="Over-the-Rhine">Over-the-Rhine</a>" district in Cincinnati and "<a href="/wiki/German_Village" title="German Village">German Village</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A favorite destination was Milwaukee, known as "the German Athens". Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city's <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (United States)">Socialists</a>. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included <a href="/wiki/Pabst_Brewing_Company" title="Pabst Brewing Company">Pabst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz_Brewing_Company" title="Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company">Schlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Brewing_Company" title="Miller Brewing Company">Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Blatz_Brewing_Company" title="Valentin Blatz Brewing Company">Blatz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the Midwest. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Conzen_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conzen-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. Western railroads, with large land grants available to attract farmers, set up agencies in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and other German cities, promising cheap transportation, and sales of farmland on easy terms. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe Railroad</a> hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres (1,200 km<sup>2</sup>) to German-speaking farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_1860s–1920s"><span id="Politics_1860s.E2.80.931920s"></span>Politics 1860s–1920s</h3></div> <p>The Midwest was a battleground for political and economic issues after the Civil War, with voters splitting along ethnic and religious lines rather than class. The <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Populist_movement_(United_States,_19th_Century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist movement (United States, 19th Century)">populist</a> movements gained attention in the region, with <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietists</a> supporting the Republicans and ritualists backing the Democrats. <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> was a major issue in the Midwest, with both the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a> originating in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18th Amendment</a> was ratified by most Midwestern state legislatures, but the Midwest also became a center of resistance to Prohibition, with ethnic, urban Catholic and German Lutheran voters supporting repeal while native-born, rural pietistic Protestant Midwesterners opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4></div> <p>The presence of women in the Midwest public stage in the late 19th and early 20th centuries aligned with the growing movements for women's rights and prohibition. Women's activism was often presented as an extension of their domestic cleaning role. Activists at the local and state level used the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a>'s crusade against alcohol, as a way to push for the right to vote. Midwestern states began allowing women to vote before the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> was passed, and the leader of the campaign for the suffrage amendment was <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a> from Iowa. The 1970s feminist movement also had Midwestern roots, with <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> from Illinois writing <i>The Feminine Mystique</i> in 1963. Economic necessity and the desire for a career also drove women to work outside the home, and certain occupations such as teaching and nursing became feminized.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workers_and_Populists">Workers and Populists</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg/220px-Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg/330px-Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg/440px-Debs_Canton_1918_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> speaking in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>, in 1918, being arrested for <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> shortly thereafter.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Midwest saw labor unrest and rebellion against the capitalist economic order, with strikes in Chicago in 1887 and 1894. Labor leaders organized a protest meeting at <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Square_(Chicago)" title="Haymarket Square (Chicago)">Haymarket Square</a> in Chicago in 1886, where a bomb was thrown among police and eight anarchists were convicted of conspiracy for murder, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike of 1894</a> was a shutdown of most rail traffic in the Midwest and West. It turned violent and was broken by federal troops. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, leader of the striking <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Union" title="American Railway Union">American Railway Union</a>, went to prison where he converted to Socialism. His version of socialism appealed to some immigrant groups but was too radical for most Midwesterners.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farmers distrusted big business and adopted cooperative arrangements, such as those offered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" title="National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">Grange</a> in the 1870s or the <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a> in the 1890s. They wanted cooperatives controlled by farmers to handle farm products, a reduction in rail freight rates, and the coining of silver money to raise prices. The Alliance turned to political action with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> in 1892. It had local success in the wheat belt and silver mining areas. This venture as a third party was short-lived and they fused with the Democrats in 1896 and voted for Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>. Leftwing rural politics continued in the 20th century in the Dakotas and Minnesota with the <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Labor_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Labor party">Farmer-Labor party</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3></div> <p>The second <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> experienced a short surge in the Midwest in the early 1920s, fueled by anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic fears. The KKK in the 1920s was a local membership organization, but its autonomous locals were not coordinated and it had little impact on legislation. Members wanted enforcement of vice laws, especially Prohibition, which many immigrants violated. The Klan reached its peak of visibility in Indiana, where the governor supposedly had connections to the secret group. However, the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Klan" title="Indiana Klan">Indiana Klan</a> chapters collapsed overnight due to a scandal involving the kidnapping and rape and death of a young woman by its state leader. The Klan represented a conformist impulse. Middletown (actually the city of <a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie, Indiana</a>) was the base for a <a href="/wiki/Middletown_studies" title="Middletown studies">pioneering sociological study</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Lynd" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert S. Lynd">Robert S. Lynd</a>. The book revealed a powerful business class that promoted civic boosterism, patriotism, and straight-ticket voting, while discouraging political activism and dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_Era">Progressive Era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></div> <p>The negative effects of industrialization triggered the political movement of progressivism, which aimed to address its negative consequences through social reform and government regulation. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gates_Starr" title="Ellen Gates Starr">Ellen Gates Starr</a> pioneered the settlement house outreach to newly arrived immigrants by establishing <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> in Chicago in 1889. Settlement houses provided social services and played an active role in civic life, helping immigrants prepare for naturalization and campaigning for regulation and services from city government.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midwestern mayors—especially <a href="/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree" title="Hazen S. Pingree">Hazen S. Pingree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a>, led early reforms against boss-dominated municipal politics, while <a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Jones" title="Samuel M. Jones">Samuel M. Jones</a> advocated public ownership of local utilities. <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, the most famous leader of Midwestern progressivism, began his career by winning election against his state's Republican party in 1900. The machine was temporarily defeated, allowing reformers to launch the "<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_idea" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin idea">Wisconsin idea</a>" of expanded democracy. This idea included major reforms such as direct primaries, campaign finance controls, civil service to replace patronage, restrictions on lobbyists, state income and inheritance taxes, child labor restrictions, pure food, and workmen's compensation laws. La Follette promoted government regulation of railroads, public utilities, factories, and banks. Although La Follette lost influence in the national party in 1912, the Wisconsin reforms became a model for progressivism in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Illinois" title="Geography of Illinois">Geography of Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indiana" title="Geography of Indiana">Geography of Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iowa" title="Geography of Iowa">Geography of Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kansas" title="Geography of Kansas">Geography of Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Michigan" title="Geography of Michigan">Geography of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Minnesota" title="Geography of Minnesota">Geography of Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Missouri" title="Geography of Missouri">Geography of Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Nebraska">Geography of Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Dakota" title="Geography of North Dakota">Geography of North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ohio">Geography of Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Dakota" title="Geography of South Dakota">Geography of South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wisconsin" title="Geography of Wisconsin">Geography of Wisconsin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/220px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/330px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/440px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_Iowa" title="Harpers Ferry, Iowa">Harpers Ferry, Iowa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg/220px-Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg/330px-Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg/440px-Flint_Hills_-_51424666164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills" title="Flint Hills">Flint Hills</a> grasslands of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg/220px-View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg/330px-View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg/440px-View_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3122" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption>Badlands of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_(e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_%28e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8%29.jpg/220px-Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_%28e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_%28e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8%29.jpg/330px-Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_%28e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_%28e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8%29.jpg/440px-Big_waves_on_Devils_Island_shoreline_%28e99f5cd1-548c-439d-962d-0c03204c2bf8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apostle_Islands_National_Lakeshore" title="Apostle Islands National Lakeshore">Apostle Islands National Lakeshore</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure><p> According to Brian Page and Richard Walker:<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sequence of settlement that helped define the subregions of the Midwest was roughly as follows:</p><blockquote><p>1800-20, from Pittsburgh down the Ohio Valley to St. Louis at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers; <br />1820-40, the southern Great Lakes shores, from northern Ohio to Milwaukee; <br />1840-60, infill of the Prairie heartland across to eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota;<br />post-Civil War, the penetration of the northern woodlands and eastern plains from the central Midwest.</p></blockquote> <p>The vast central area of the U.S., into Canada, is a landscape of low, flat to rolling terrain in the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a>, ideal for farming and growing food. Most of its eastern two-thirds form the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Interior_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Interior United States">Interior Lowlands</a>. The Lowlands gradually rise westward, from a line passing through eastern Kansas, up to over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the unit known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. Most of the Great Plains area is now farmed.<sup id="cite_ref-Remote_Sensing_Tutorial_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remote_Sensing_Tutorial-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these states are for the most part relatively flat, consisting either of plains or of rolling and small hills, there is a measure of geographical variation. In particular, the following areas exhibit a high degree of topographical variety: the eastern Midwest near the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin" title="Great Lakes Basin">Great Lakes Basin</a>; the heavily glaciated uplands of the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Lake_Superior)" title="North Shore (Lake Superior)">North Shore of Lake Superior</a> in Minnesota, part of the ruggedly volcanic <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Mountains">Ozark Mountains</a> of southern Missouri; and the deeply eroded <a href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</a> of southwest Wisconsin, southeast Minnesota, northeast Iowa, and northwest Illinois.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Proceeding westward, the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a> topography gradually gives way to gently rolling hills, and then (in central Ohio) to flat lands converted principally to farms and urban areas. This is the beginning of the vast Interior Plains of North America. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> cover most of the Great Plains states. Iowa and much of Illinois lie within an area called the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie peninsula">prairie peninsula</a>, an eastward extension of prairies that borders <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> and mixed forests to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forests to the east and south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Geographers subdivide the Interior Plains into the Interior Lowlands and the Great Plains on the basis of elevation. The Lowlands are mostly below 1,500 feet (460 m) above sea level whereas the Great Plains to the west are higher, rising in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to around 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The Lowlands, then, are confined to parts of Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> have regions of Lowlands elevations, contrasting with their Ozark region (within the Interior Highlands). Eastern Ohio's hills are an extension of the Appalachian Plateau.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Interior Plains are largely coincident with the vast <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Drainage System (other major components are the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> and Ohio Rivers). These rivers have for tens of millions of years been eroding downward into the mostly horizontal sedimentary rocks of <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> ages. The modern Mississippi River system has developed during the Pleistocene Epoch of the Cenozoic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rainfall decreases from east to west, resulting in different types of prairies, with the <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> in the wetter eastern region, mixed-grass prairie in the central <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairie</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the Rockies. Today, these three prairie types largely correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> area, the <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> belt, and the western rangelands, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Forest#Types" title="Forest">coniferous forests</a> of the Upper Midwest were clear-cut in the late 19th century, and mixed <a href="/wiki/Central_U.S._hardwood_forests" title="Central U.S. hardwood forests">hardwood forests</a> have become a major component of the new woodlands since then. The majority of the Midwest can now be categorized as <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">urbanized</a> areas or pastoral <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lake states" and "Plains states" redirect here. For the geographic regions, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg/220px-Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg/330px-Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg/440px-Midwestern_United_States_subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Divisions of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau into <a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="East North Central States">East North Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="West North Central States">West North Central</a>, separated largely by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a><sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg/220px-Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg/330px-Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg/440px-Scotts_bluff_national_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff National Monument</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded use of the term <i>Midwestern</i> to refer to a region of the central U.S. occurred in 1886; <i>Midwest</i> appeared in 1894, and <i>Midwesterner</i> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-oed.com_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed.com-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest late-19th-century uses of <i>Midwest</i> was in reference to Kansas and Nebraska to indicate that they were the civilized areas of the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Blaser_1990_69_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaser_1990_69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Midwestern</i> has been in use since the 1880s to refer to portions of the central United States. A variant term, <i>Middle West</i>, has been used since the 19th century and remains relatively common.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional definitions of the Midwest include the Northwest Ordinance <i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Old Northwest</a></i> states and many states that were part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. The states of the Old Northwest are also known as <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes states</a> and are east-north central in the United States. The Ohio River runs along the southeastern section, and the Mississippi River runs north to south near the center. Many of the Louisiana Purchase states in the west-north central United States are also known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> states, and the Missouri River is a major waterway joining with the Mississippi. The Midwest lies north of the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30′ parallel</a>, which the 1820 <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> established as the dividing line between future <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">slave and non-slave states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Midwest Region is defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> as these 12 states:<sup id="cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>:</b> Old Northwest, Mississippi River (Missouri River joins near the state border), Ohio River, and Great Lakes state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>:</b> Old Northwest, Ohio River, and Great Lakes state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>:</b> Louisiana Purchase, Mississippi River, and Missouri River state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>:</b> Louisiana Purchase, Great Plains, and Missouri River state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>:</b> Old Northwest and Great Lakes state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>:</b> Old Northwest, Louisiana Purchase, Mississippi River, part of <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> before 1818, Great Lakes state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>:</b> Louisiana Purchase, Mississippi River (Ohio River joins near the state border), Missouri River, and <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border</a> state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>:</b> Louisiana Purchase, Great Plains, and Missouri River state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>:</b> Louisiana Purchase, part of Red River Colony before 1818, Great Plains, and Missouri River state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>:</b> Old Northwest (Historic <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a>), Ohio River, and Great Lakes state. The <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Ohio" title="Appalachian Ohio">southeastern</a> part of the state is part of northern <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>:</b> Louisiana Purchase, Great Plains, and Missouri River state</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>:</b> Old Northwest, Mississippi River, and Great Lakes state</li></ul> <p>Various organizations define the Midwest with slightly different groups of states. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_Governments" title="Council of State Governments">Council of State Governments</a>, an organization for communication and coordination among state governments, includes in its Midwest regional office eleven states from the above list, omitting Missouri, which is in the CSG South region.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_National_Park_Service#Midwest_Region" title="Organization of the National Park Service">Midwest Region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> consists of these twelve states plus the state of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Archives_Conference" title="Midwest Archives Conference">Midwest Archives Conference</a>, a professional archives organization, covers the above twelve states, plus <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Emerson_College" title="Emerson College">Emerson College</a>/<i>Middle West Review</i> poll includes the above twelve states, plus <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">State</a> </th> <th>2020 census </th> <th>2010 census </th> <th>Change </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Density </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,190,369 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,046,355 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000473000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+4.73%</span> </td> <td>55,857.09 sq mi (144,669.2 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001571166346116491♠"></span>57/sq mi (22/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,937,880 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,853,118 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000297000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+2.97%</span> </td> <td>81,758.65 sq mi (211,753.9 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001359335678854775♠"></span>36/sq mi (14/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,154,913 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,988,927 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000277000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+2.77%</span> </td> <td>68,741.47 sq mi (178,039.6 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001895371163869495♠"></span>90/sq mi (35/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,961,504 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,826,341 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000740000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+7.40%</span> </td> <td>76,824.11 sq mi (198,973.5 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001255324012214394♠"></span>26/sq mi (10/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">779,094 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">672,591 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001158300000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+15.83%</span> </td> <td>69,000.74 sq mi (178,711.1 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001112910962983875♠"></span>11/sq mi (4/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">886,667 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">814,180 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000890000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+8.90%</span> </td> <td>75,810.94 sq mi (196,349.4 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001116957658089980♠"></span>12/sq mi (5/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#fbfbbb"> <td><b>Great Plains</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;">15,910,427 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;">15,201,512 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000466000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+4.66%</span> </td> <td>427,993.00 sq mi (1,108,496.8 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001371745028540186♠"></span>37/sq mi (14/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,812,508 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,830,632 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="3000860000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:red">−0.14%</span> </td> <td>55,518.89 sq mi (143,793.3 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002230961732123967♠"></span>231/sq mi (89/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,785,528 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,483,802 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000465000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+4.65%</span> </td> <td>35,826.08 sq mi (92,789.1 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002189401910563477♠"></span>189/sq mi (73/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,077,331 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,883,640 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000196000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+1.96%</span> </td> <td>56,538.86 sq mi (146,435.0 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002178237251334745♠"></span>178/sq mi (69/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,706,494 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,303,925 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000759000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+7.59%</span> </td> <td>79,626.68 sq mi (206,232.2 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001716656025342259♠"></span>72/sq mi (28/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,799,448 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,536,504 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000227999999999999♠"></span><span style="color:green">+2.28%</span> </td> <td>40,860.66 sq mi (105,828.6 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002288772819626506♠"></span>289/sq mi (111/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,893,718 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,686,986 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000364000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+3.64%</span> </td> <td>54,157.76 sq mi (140,268.0 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002108824995716218♠"></span>109/sq mi (42/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#fbfbbb"> <td><b>Great Lakes</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;">53,085,258 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;">51,725,489 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000263000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+2.63%</span> </td> <td>322,528.93 sq mi (835,346.1 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002164590686485085♠"></span>165/sq mi (64/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#fbfbbb"> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;">68,995,685 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;">66,927,001 </td> <td style="text-align:right;background-color:#fbfbbb;"><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7000309000000000000♠"></span><span style="color:green">+3.09%</span> </td> <td>750,521.93 sq mi (1,943,842.9 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001919166399308278♠"></span>92/sq mi (35/km<sup>2</sup>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_metropolitan_areas">Major metropolitan areas</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank<br />(Midwest)</th> <th>Rank<br />(USA)</th> <th>MSA</th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>State(s)</th> <th class="unsortable">    </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a></td> <td>9,449,351</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Skyline_(44908380294).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chicago_Skyline_%2844908380294%29.jpg/150px-Chicago_Skyline_%2844908380294%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chicago_Skyline_%2844908380294%29.jpg/225px-Chicago_Skyline_%2844908380294%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chicago_Skyline_%2844908380294%29.jpg/300px-Chicago_Skyline_%2844908380294%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7418" data-file-height="5402" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>14</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></td> <td>4,392,041</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Skyline_(26907335841).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Detroit_Skyline_%2826907335841%29.jpg/150px-Detroit_Skyline_%2826907335841%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Detroit_Skyline_%2826907335841%29.jpg/225px-Detroit_Skyline_%2826907335841%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Detroit_Skyline_%2826907335841%29.jpg/300px-Detroit_Skyline_%2826907335841%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>16</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a></td> <td>3,690,261</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg/150px-Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg/225px-Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg/300px-Minneapolis_Skyline_looking_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4828" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Paul_skyline,_West_Side_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Saint_Paul_skyline%2C_West_Side_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Saint_Paul_skyline%2C_West_Side_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Saint_Paul_skyline%2C_West_Side_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Saint_Paul_skyline%2C_West_Side_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Saint_Paul_skyline%2C_West_Side_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Saint_Paul_skyline%2C_West_Side_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>21</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a></td> <td>2,820,253</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_(17275578342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_%2817275578342%29.jpg/150px-Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_%2817275578342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_%2817275578342%29.jpg/225px-Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_%2817275578342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_%2817275578342%29.jpg/300px-Gateway_Arch_-_St._Louis_-_Missouri_%2817275578342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="662" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>30</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a></td> <td>2,249,797</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg/150px-Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg/225px-Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg/300px-Downtown_Cincinnati_at_dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>31</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a></td> <td>2,192,035</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/150px-Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/225px-Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/300px-Kansas_City_-_Downtown_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="932" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>32</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland metropolitan area">Cleveland</a></td> <td>2,185,825</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgewater_Park_(34936347365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Edgewater_Park_%2834936347365%29.jpg/150px-Edgewater_Park_%2834936347365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Edgewater_Park_%2834936347365%29.jpg/225px-Edgewater_Park_%2834936347365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Edgewater_Park_%2834936347365%29.jpg/300px-Edgewater_Park_%2834936347365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>33</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a></td> <td>2,138,926</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg/150px-Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg/225px-Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg/300px-Downtown_Columbus_from_Scioto_Greenway_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4142" data-file-height="2775" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a></td> <td>2,089,653</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianapolis-1872528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indianapolis-1872528.jpg/150px-Indianapolis-1872528.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indianapolis-1872528.jpg/225px-Indianapolis-1872528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indianapolis-1872528.jpg/300px-Indianapolis-1872528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>40</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a></td> <td>1,574,731</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg/150px-Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg/225px-Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg/300px-Milwaukee_Skyline_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="2669" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>51</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a></td> <td>1,150,015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg/150px-Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg/225px-Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg/300px-Grand_Rapids_April_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="1619" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>57</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Council_Bluffs_metropolitan_area" title="Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area">Omaha</a></td> <td>967,604</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Omaha,_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_(30899969517).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_of_Omaha%2C_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_%2830899969517%29.jpg/150px-City_of_Omaha%2C_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_%2830899969517%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_of_Omaha%2C_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_%2830899969517%29.jpg/225px-City_of_Omaha%2C_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_%2830899969517%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_of_Omaha%2C_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_%2830899969517%29.jpg/300px-City_of_Omaha%2C_Nebraska_Skyline_on_the_Missouri_River_%2830899969517%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7279" data-file-height="4652" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>74</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a></td> <td>814,049</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dayton_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dayton_Skyline.jpg/150px-Dayton_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dayton_Skyline.jpg/225px-Dayton_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dayton_Skyline.jpg/300px-Dayton_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>81</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_metropolitan_area" title="Des Moines metropolitan area">Des Moines</a></td> <td>709,466</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Des_Moines_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Des_Moines_skyline.jpg/150px-Des_Moines_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Des_Moines_skyline.jpg/225px-Des_Moines_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Des_Moines_skyline.jpg/300px-Des_Moines_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>85</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a></td> <td>702,219</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AkronPanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AkronPanorama.jpg/150px-AkronPanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AkronPanorama.jpg/225px-AkronPanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AkronPanorama.jpg/300px-AkronPanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="1679" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>87</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a></td> <td>680,796</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg/150px-Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg/225px-Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg/300px-Wisconsin_State_Capitol_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>90</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wichita_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Wichita metropolitan area, Kansas">Wichita</a></td> <td>647,610</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg/150px-Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg/225px-Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg/300px-Wichita_Skyline_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2228" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>96</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a></td> <td>606,240</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_Ohio_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Toledo_Ohio_skyline.jpg/150px-Toledo_Ohio_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Toledo_Ohio_skyline.jpg/225px-Toledo_Ohio_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Toledo_Ohio_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming_and_agriculture">Farming and agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat production in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History of agriculture in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastoral-barn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pastoral-barn.jpg/220px-Pastoral-barn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pastoral-barn.jpg/330px-Pastoral-barn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pastoral-barn.jpg/440px-Pastoral-barn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>A pastoral <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> scene near <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City, Michigan</a>, with a classic American red <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a> is one of the biggest drivers of local economies in the Midwest, accounting for billions of dollars worth of exports and thousands of jobs. The area consists of some of the richest farming land in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's fertile soil combined with the steel plow has made it possible for farmers to produce abundant harvests of grain and cereal crops, including <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, to become known today as the nation's "breadbasket".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, a pioneer of hybrid seeds, declared in 1956 that the Corn Belt developed the "most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the U.S. produces 40 percent of the world crop.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very dense soil of the Midwest plagued the first settlers who were using wooden <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plows</a>, which were more suitable for loose forest soil. On the prairie, the plows bounced around and the soil stuck to them. This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> named <a href="/wiki/John_Deere_(inventor)" title="John Deere (inventor)">John Deere</a> who developed a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> moldboard plow that was stronger and cut the roots, making the fertile soils of the prairie ready for farming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled, leading to a "wheat frontier" that moved westward over the course of years. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising <a href="/wiki/Hog_(swine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog (swine)">hogs</a>, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">beef cattle</a> generally took its place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid-19th century contributed to economic growth in the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maytag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Maytag.jpg/220px-Maytag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Maytag.jpg/330px-Maytag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Maytag.jpg/440px-Maytag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Central <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> cornfield, part of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This development was facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Act">Morrill Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1887" title="Hatch Act of 1887">Hatch Act of 1887</a> which established in each state a <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant university</a> (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally funded system of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station" title="Agricultural experiment station">agricultural experiment stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative extension">cooperative extension</a> networks which place <a href="/wiki/Extension_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension agent">extension agents</a> in each state. <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> became the nation's first designated land-grant institution when the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Legislature">Iowa Legislature</a> accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11, 1862, making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-point_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-point-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybeans</a> were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and by 1942, the U.S. became the world's largest soybean producer, partially because of World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fats, oils, and meal". Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean production skyrocketed from 3 percent to 46.5 percent, largely as a result of increase in the Midwest, and by 1969, it had risen to 76 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iowa and Illinois rank first and second in the nation in soybean production. In 2012, Iowa produced 14.5 percent, and Illinois produced 13.3 percent of the nation's soybeans.<sup id="cite_ref-ers.usda.gov_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ers.usda.gov-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">tallgrass prairie</a> has been converted into one of the most intensive crop producing areas in North America. Less than one tenth of one percent (<0.09%) of the original landcover of the tallgrass prairie biome remains.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States formerly with landcover in native tallgrass prairie such as Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Missouri have become valued for their highly productive soils. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a> is a region of the Midwest where corn has, since the 1850s, been the predominant crop, replacing the native tall grasses. The "Corn Belt" region is defined typically to include Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart_1986_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart_1986-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midwestern_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, together accounting for more than half of the corn grown in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-usda_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Corn Belt also sometimes is defined to include parts of South Dakota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-agcensus_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agcensus-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is characterized by relatively level land and deep, fertile soils, high in organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iowa produces the largest corn crop of any state. In 2012, Iowa farmers produced 18.3 percent of the nation's corn, while Illinois produced 15.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-ers.usda.gov_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ers.usda.gov-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, there were 13.7 million harvested acres of corn for grain, producing 2.36 billion bushels, which yielded 172.0 bu/acre, with US$14.5 billion of corn value of production.<sup id="cite_ref-iowaagriculture.gov_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowaagriculture.gov-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg/220px-Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg/330px-Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg/440px-Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat production</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> is produced throughout the Midwest and is the principal <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grain in the country. The U.S. is ranked third in production volume of wheat, with almost 58 million tons produced in the 2012–2013 growing season, behind only China and India (the combined production of all European Union nations is larger than China)<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. ranks first in crop export volume; almost 50 percent of total wheat produced is exported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> defines eight official classes of wheat: <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum</a> wheat, hard red spring wheat, hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, hard white wheat, soft white wheat, unclassed wheat, and mixed wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter wheat accounts for 70 to 80 percent of total production in the U.S., with the largest amounts produced in Kansas (10.8 million tons) and North Dakota (9.8 million tons). Of the total wheat produced in the country, 50 percent is exported, valued at US$9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-voanews.com_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midwestern states also lead the nation in other agricultural commodities, including <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> (Iowa), <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a> (Nebraska), <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> (Wisconsin), and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken eggs">chicken eggs</a> (Iowa).<sup id="cite_ref-ers.usda.gov_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ers.usda.gov-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial">Financial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_bot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chicago_bot.jpg/220px-Chicago_bot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chicago_bot.jpg/330px-Chicago_bot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chicago_bot.jpg/440px-Chicago_bot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade" title="Chicago Board of Trade">Chicago Board of Trade</a> floor in 1993. It is one of the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures and options exchanges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> is the largest economic and financial center of the Midwest, and has the third largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">gross metropolitan product</a> in North America—approximately $689 billion, after the regions of New York City and Los Angeles. Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a> ranked Chicago as the fourth most competitive city in the country and eleventh in the world, directly behind Paris and Tokyo. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade" title="Chicago Board of Trade">Chicago Board of Trade</a> (established 1848) listed the first ever standardized "exchange traded" forward contracts, which were called <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures contracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a world financial center, Chicago is home to major financial and <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures exchanges</a> including the <a href="/wiki/CME_Group" title="CME Group">CME Group</a> which owns the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Exchange" title="Chicago Mercantile Exchange">Chicago Mercantile Exchange</a> ("the Merc"), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade" title="Chicago Board of Trade">Chicago Board of Trade</a> (CBOT), the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchange" title="New York Mercantile Exchange">New York Mercantile Exchange</a> (NYMEX), the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Indexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Jones Indexes">Dow Jones Indexes</a>, and the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX).<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major exchanges include the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_Options_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Board Options Exchange">Chicago Board Options Exchange</a> (CBOE), the largest options exchange in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Stock Exchange">Chicago Stock Exchange</a>. In addition, Chicago is also home to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago</a> (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). </p><p>Outside of Chicago, many other Midwest cities are host to financial centers as well. Federal Reserve Bank districts are also headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Kansas_City" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. Major United States bank headquarters are located throughout Ohio including <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Bancshares" title="Huntington Bancshares">Huntington Bancshares</a> in Columbus, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank" title="Fifth Third Bank">Fifth Third Bank</a> in Cincinnati, and <a href="/wiki/KeyCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="KeyCorp">KeyCorp</a> in Cleveland. Insurance Companies such as <a href="/wiki/Elevance_Health" title="Elevance Health">Elevance Health</a> in Indianapolis, <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide Insurance">Nationwide Insurance</a> in Columbus, <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Insurance" title="American Family Insurance">American Family Insurance</a> in Madison, Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a> in Omaha, <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="State Farm Insurance">State Farm Insurance</a> in Bloomington, Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Group_of_America" title="Reinsurance Group of America">Reinsurance Group of America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri" title="Chesterfield, Missouri">Chesterfield, Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Financial_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Financial Corporation">Cincinnati Financial Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Modern_Insurance_Group" title="American Modern Insurance Group">American Modern Insurance Group</a> of Cincinnati, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Insurance">Progressive Insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_Mutual_of_Ohio" title="Medical Mutual of Ohio">Medical Mutual of Ohio</a> in Cleveland also spread throughout the Midwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gary_Works" title="Gary Works">Gary Works</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a> is the largest integrated steel mill in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> throughout the region. The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development, with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization. <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> set precedents for centralized pricing, uniform distribution, and controlled product standards through Standard Oil, which started as a consolidated refinery in Cleveland. <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick" title="Cyrus McCormick">Cyrus McCormick</a>'s Reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a> in Chicago. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>'s steel production integrated large-scale open-hearth and <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer steel">Bessemer processes</a> into the world's most efficient and profitable mills. The largest, most comprehensive monopoly in the world, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Steel">United States Steel</a>, consolidated steel production throughout the region. Many of the world's largest employers began in the Great Lakes region. </p><p>Advantages of accessible waterways, highly developed transportation infrastructure, finance, and a prosperous market base makes the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>'s movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures. The Detroit area emerged as the world's automotive center, with facilities throughout the region. <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a> became the global leader in rubber production, driven by the demand for tires. Over 200 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> are shipped annually through the Great Lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Race (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Share of population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>68,787,600 </td> <td>100.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>50,186,628 </td> <td>73.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>6,797,609 </td> <td>9.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>2,383,156 </td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>268,845 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Islander (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>41,630 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiracial (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>2,901,606 </td> <td>4.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some other race (Non-Hispanic) </td> <td>293,288 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic or Latino (Of any race) </td> <td>5,914,837 </td> <td>8.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the 2022 American Community Survey, 22.6% of the Midwest's population report <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> ancestry, 10.6% report <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> ancestry, 9.4% report <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> ancestry, 5.9% report <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> ancestry, 4.8% identify their ancestry as <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a>, 4.3% report Polish ancestry, and 2.6% report Norwegian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Midwest is home to the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-Americans</a> within the US, with this group making up over 30% of the population in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. In addition to German-Americans, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">upper Midwest</a> is home to a large population of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Scandinavian Americans</a>. In Minnesota, 11.8% of the population identifies with <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> ancestry, while 6.4% report <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North Dakota, 22% of the population reports Norwegian ancestry, the highest rate in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Midwest historically had a very small <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> population,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this changed in the early 20th century as numerous African Americans left the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> for major urban areas in the North and West, fleeing racial persecution and seeking new economic opportunities in a population movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drastically changed the demographics of many Midwestern cities that had previously been almost entirely populated by White Americans, leading to <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">segregation</a> and discrimination against the growing Black population, <a href="/wiki/Race_riots_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riots in the United States">racial violence</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> areas. From 1910 to 1970, Black Americans increased from 2% of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago's</a> population to 33%, and became almost half of the population in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, Black Americans currently make up 10% of the Midwest's population, with over 96% being concentrated in urban areas, including major cities like Chicago, Detroit, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, as well as medium sized cities like <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, most of the rural Midwest has remained overwhelmingly White, with almost two-thirds of the 1,055 counties in the Midwest being over 95% White. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> is the most populous and racially diverse state in the Midwest,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and out of all 50 states, it is also ranked as the most representative of the overall <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">demographics of the United States</a> on several metrics, including religion, race/ethnicity, and urban/rural divide.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</h3></div> <p>As of 2022, the median household income in the Midwest is $70,283, slightly lower than the national average of $74,755. 12.2% of the region's population lives below the poverty line, including roughly 16% of children under 18, and 10% of seniors over 65. The average household size in the Midwest is 2.4 people<sup id="cite_ref-Census_profile:_Midwest_Region_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_profile:_Midwest_Region-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_sex">Age and sex</h3></div> <p>As of 2022, the median age in the Midwest is 39.2 years, with 22% of the population being under 18, and 18% being over 65. The age distribution in the Midwest broadly matches the US as a whole. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, 50.3% of the region's population are female, and 49.7% are male. Half of the population over the age of 15 are married, while half are unmarried<sup id="cite_ref-Census_profile:_Midwest_Region_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_profile:_Midwest_Region-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>Following the sociological <a href="/wiki/Middletown_studies" title="Middletown studies">Middletown studies</a> of 1929, which were based on <a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie, Indiana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commentators took Midwestern cities and the Midwest generally to be "typical" of the United States. Earlier, the rhetorical question <i><a href="/wiki/Will_it_play_in_Peoria%3F" title="Will it play in Peoria?">Will it play in Peoria?</a></i> had become a stock phrase, using <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a> to signal whether something would appeal to mainstream America.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheetz_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheetz-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010 the Midwest has a higher <a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">employment-to-population ratio</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg/220px-St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg/330px-St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg/440px-St_Paul_Cathedral_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul_(Minnesota)" title="Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)">Cathedral of Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the rest of the United States, the Midwest is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of Midwesterners are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>, with rates from 48 percent in Illinois to 63 percent in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic Church</a> is the single largest denomination, varying between 18 percent and 34 percent of the state populations.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> are prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a>, especially in Michigan, Minnesota, <a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">the Dakotas</a>, and Wisconsin with their large German and Scandinavian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptists</a> compose about 15 percent of Missouri's population,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but much smaller percentages in other Midwestern states. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> are collectively practiced by 2 percent of the population, with higher concentrations in major urban areas. 35 percent of Midwesterners attend religious services every week, and 69 percent attend at least a few times a year. People with no religious affiliation make up 22 percent of the Midwest's population.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png/220px-Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png/330px-Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png/440px-Ohio_University_Cutler_Hall.png 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler_Hall" title="Manasseh Cutler Hall">Manasseh Cutler Hall</a>, constructed by 1816, was the first academic building in the former <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Campus_Spring.jpg/220px-Campus_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Campus_Spring.jpg/330px-Campus_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Campus_Spring.jpg/440px-Campus_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> is considered among the most prestigious universities in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many Midwestern universities are members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> (AAU), a bi-national organization founded in Chicago of leading <a href="/wiki/Research_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Research universities">research universities</a>. Of the 69 members from the U.S. and Canada, 17 are located in the Midwest. These include private schools <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> and public institutions, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable major <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">research-intensive</a> public universities include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska-Lincoln">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University" title="Southern Illinois University">Southern Illinois University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous state university systems have established regional campuses statewide. The numerous state teachers colleges were upgraded into state universities after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable private institutions include <a href="/wiki/Beloit_College" title="Beloit College">Beloit College</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_University" title="John Carroll University">John Carroll University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butler_University" title="Butler University">Butler University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creighton_University" title="Creighton University">Creighton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake_University" title="Drake University">Drake University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University" title="Xavier University">Xavier University</a>. Local boosters, usually with a church affiliation, created numerous colleges in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of national rankings, the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts colleges">liberal arts colleges</a> today include <a href="/wiki/Augustana_College_(Illinois)" title="Augustana College (Illinois)">Augustana College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a>, <a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earlham_College" title="Earlham College">Earlham College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamline_University" title="Hamline University">Hamline University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_College" title="Kalamazoo College">Kalamazoo College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University" title="Lawrence University">Lawrence University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Olaf_College" title="St. Olaf College">St. Olaf College</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Saint_Benedict_and_Saint_John%27s_University" title="College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University">College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Union_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Union University">Mount Union University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_Wooster" class="mw-redirect" title="The College of Wooster">The College of Wooster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg/220px-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg/330px-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg/440px-Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_-_Joy_of_Museums_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The heavy German immigration played a major role in establishing musical traditions, especially choral and orchestral music.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech and German traditions combined to sponsor the polka.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southern Diaspora of the 20th century saw more than twenty million Southerners <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">move throughout the country</a>, many of whom moved into major Midwestern industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with them, they brought jazz to the Midwest, as well as <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, with major contributions to <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, and even new subgenres such as the <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> Sound and <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> from Detroit<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> from Chicago. In the 1920s, South Side Chicago was the base for <a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a> (1890–1941). Kansas City developed its own jazz style.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electrified <a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago blues</a> sound exemplifies the genre, as popularized by record labels <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alligator_Records" title="Alligator Records">Alligator</a> and portrayed in film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)" title="The Blues Brothers (film)">The Blues Brothers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> music was first identified as a new genre in 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> who began playing this music style while popularizing the term "rock and roll" to describe it.<sup id="cite_ref-Turning_Points_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turning_Points-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1950s, rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boogie_woogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie woogie">boogie woogie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a>, and was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country and western</a>, and traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, located in Cleveland. <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, influenced many other rock musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitsville_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hitsville_USA.jpg/220px-Hitsville_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hitsville_USA.jpg/330px-Hitsville_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hitsville_USA.jpg/440px-Hitsville_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hitsville_U.S.A." title="Hitsville U.S.A.">Hitsville U.S.A.</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> was the first headquarters and studio of <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>, which played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the founding of rock 'n' roll music, an uncountable number of rock, soul, R&B, hip-hop, dance, blues, and jazz acts have emerged from Chicago onto the global and national music scene. Detroit has greatly contributed to the international music scene as a result of being the original home of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a>. Notable soul and R&B musicians associated with Motown that had their origins in the area include <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">the Supremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells" title="Mary Wells">Mary Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">Smokey Robinson & the Miracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelettes" title="The Marvelettes">the Marvelettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>. These artists achieved their greatest success in the 1960s and 1970s. </p><p>Midwest music fans loved country music, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">arena rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">heartland rock</a>, and TOP 40. In the 1970s and 1980s, native Midwestern musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Seger" title="Bob Seger">Bob Seger</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mellencamp" title="John Mellencamp">John Mellencamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Zevon" title="Warren Zevon">Warren Zevon</a> found great success with a style of rock music that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">heartland rock</a>, characterized by lyrical themes that focused on and appealed to the Midwestern working class. Other successful Midwestern rock artists emerged during this time, including <a href="/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a>(Illinois), <a href="/wiki/Styx_(band)" title="Styx (band)">Styx</a>(Illinois), and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Time_(band)" title="The Time (band)">The Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Day" title="Morris Day">Morris Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Johnson_(musician)" title="Jesse Johnson (musician)">Jesse Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_O%27Neal" title="Alexander O'Neal">Alexander O'Neal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Family_(band)" title="The Family (band)">The Family</a>(USA), St.Paul(<a href="/wiki/Paul_Peterson" title="Paul Peterson">Paul Peterson</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_6" title="Apollonia 6">Apollonia 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanity_6" title="Vanity 6">Vanity 6</a>, Sheila E., and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Jam_and_Terry_Lewis" title="Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis">Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_sound" title="Minneapolis sound">Minneapolis sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/House_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="House Music">House Music</a>, the first form of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Dance_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Dance Music">Electronic Dance Music</a>, had its beginning in Chicago in the early 1980s, and by the late 1980s and the early 1990s house music had become popular on an international scale. House artists such as <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles" title="Frankie Knuckles">Frankie Knuckles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jefferson" title="Marshall Jefferson">Marshall Jefferson</a> released many house music records. With the creation of house music in the city of Chicago, the first form of the globally popular electronic dance music genre was created. <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a> had its start in Detroit in the late 1980s and early 1990s with techno pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Atkins" title="Juan Atkins">Juan Atkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_May_(musician)" title="Derrick May (musician)">Derrick May</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Saunderson" title="Kevin Saunderson">Kevin Saunderson</a>. The genre, while popular in America, became much more popular overseas such as in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> live and have lived in midwestern states, including <a href="/wiki/Easley_Blackwood,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Easley Blackwood, Jr.">Easley Blackwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gaburo" title="Kenneth Gaburo">Kenneth Gaburo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Martirano" title="Salvatore Martirano">Salvatore Martirano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Shapey" title="Ralph Shapey">Ralph Shapey</a> (Illinois); <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Miller" title="Glenn Miller">Glenn Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Willson" title="Meredith Willson">Meredith Willson</a> (Iowa); <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bassett" title="Leslie Bassett">Leslie Bassett</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bolcom" title="William Bolcom">William Bolcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Daugherty" title="Michael Daugherty">Michael Daugherty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Gillingham" title="David Gillingham">David Gillingham</a> (Michigan); <a href="/wiki/Donald_Erb" title="Donald Erb">Donald Erb</a> (Ohio); <a href="/wiki/Dominick_Argento" title="Dominick Argento">Dominick Argento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Paulus" title="Stephen Paulus">Stephen Paulus</a> (Minnesota). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg/220px-2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg/330px-2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg/440px-2007_Indianapolis_500_-_Starting_field_formation_before_start.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>The 2007 <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Professional sports leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">Women's National Basketball Association</a> (WNBA), <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL), <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> (MLS), and <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">National Women's Soccer League</a> (NWSL), have team franchises in following Midwestern cities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Bears</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Cubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">White Sox</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Bulls</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sky" title="Chicago Sky">Sky</a> (WNBA), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Blackhawks</a> (NHL), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Fire_FC" title="Chicago Fire FC">Fire FC</a> (MLS), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Red_Stars" title="Chicago Red Stars">Red Stars</a> (NWSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals" title="Cincinnati Bengals">Bengals</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Reds</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/FC_Cincinnati" title="FC Cincinnati">FC Cincinnati</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Browns</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Guardians</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cavaliers</a> (NBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets" title="Columbus Blue Jackets">Blue Jackets</a> (NHL), <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus Crew SC">Crew SC</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lions" title="Detroit Lions">Lions</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Tigers" title="Detroit Tigers">Tigers</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Pistons" title="Detroit Pistons">Pistons</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings" title="Detroit Red Wings">Red Wings</a> (NHL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Packers</a> (NFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts" title="Indianapolis Colts">Colts</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Pacers" title="Indiana Pacers">Pacers</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Fever" title="Indiana Fever">Fever</a> (WNBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City">Kansas City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Chiefs</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals" title="Kansas City Royals">Royals</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City" title="Sporting Kansas City">Sporting</a> (MLS), <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Current" title="Kansas City Current">Current</a> (NWSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>: <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers" title="Milwaukee Brewers">Brewers</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Bucks</a> (NBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings" title="Minnesota Vikings">Vikings</a> (NFL), <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins" title="Minnesota Twins">Twins</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves" title="Minnesota Timberwolves">Timberwolves</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx" title="Minnesota Lynx">Lynx</a> (WNBA), <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Wild" title="Minnesota Wild">Wild</a> (NHL), <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_United_FC" title="Minnesota United FC">United FC</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">Cardinals</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">Blues</a> (NHL), <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_MLS_team" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis MLS team">City SC</a> (MLS)</li></ul> <p>Popular teams include the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> (11 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions" title="List of World Series champions">World Series titles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a> (5 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions" title="List of World Series champions">World Series titles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Chicago Bulls</a> (6 <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">NBA titles</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Pistons" title="Detroit Pistons">Detroit Pistons</a> (3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">NBA titles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Milwaukee Bucks</a> (2 <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">NBA titles</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Lynx" title="Minnesota Lynx">Minnesota Lynx</a> (4 <a href="/wiki/List_of_WNBA_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of WNBA champions">WNBA titles</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a> (4 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Super_Bowl_champions" title="List of Super Bowl champions">Super Bowl titles</a>, 13 total NFL championships), the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Super_Bowl_champions" title="List of Super Bowl champions">Super Bowl title</a>, 9 total NFL championships), the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> (4 AAFC championships, 4 NFL championships), the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Kansas City Chiefs</a> (3 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Super_Bowl_champions" title="List of Super Bowl champions">Super Bowl titles</a>, 4 total NFL championships), <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals" title="Kansas City Royals">Kansas City Royals</a> (2 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions" title="List of World Series champions">World Series titles</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings" title="Detroit Red Wings">Detroit Red Wings</a> (11 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions" title="List of Stanley Cup champions">Stanley Cup titles</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Tigers" title="Detroit Tigers">Detroit Tigers</a> (4 World Series titles), the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> (6 Stanley Cup titles), and the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Crew" title="Columbus Crew">Columbus Crew</a> (3 MLS Cups).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> college sports, the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a> feature the largest concentration of top Midwestern Division I football and men's and women's basketball teams in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats" title="Cincinnati Bearcats">Cincinnati Bearcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini" title="Illinois Fighting Illini">Illinois Fighting Illini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers" title="Indiana Hoosiers">Indiana Hoosiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes" title="Iowa Hawkeyes">Iowa Hawkeyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones" title="Iowa State Cyclones">Iowa State Cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks" title="Kansas Jayhawks">Kansas Jayhawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats" title="Kansas State Wildcats">Kansas State Wildcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Michigan Wolverines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans" title="Michigan State Spartans">Michigan State Spartans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers">Minnesota Golden Gophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers" title="Nebraska Cornhuskers">Nebraska Cornhuskers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats" title="Northwestern Wildcats">Northwestern Wildcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes" title="Ohio State Buckeyes">Ohio State Buckeyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers" title="Purdue Boilermakers">Purdue Boilermakers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers" title="Wisconsin Badgers">Wisconsin Badgers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other notable Midwestern college sports teams include the <a href="/wiki/Akron_Zips" title="Akron Zips">Akron Zips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ball_State_Cardinals" title="Ball State Cardinals">Ball State Cardinals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butler_Bulldogs" title="Butler Bulldogs">Butler Bulldogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays" title="Creighton Bluejays">Creighton Bluejays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Flyers" title="Dayton Flyers">Dayton Flyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_Lakers" title="Grand Valley State Lakers">Grand Valley State Lakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Sycamores" title="Indiana State Sycamores">Indiana State Sycamores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_Golden_Flashes" title="Kent State Golden Flashes">Kent State Golden Flashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles" title="Marquette Golden Eagles">Marquette Golden Eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_RedHawks" title="Miami RedHawks">Miami RedHawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Panthers" title="Milwaukee Panthers">Milwaukee Panthers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers" title="Missouri Tigers">Missouri Tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri State Bears">Missouri State Bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_Huskies" title="Northern Illinois Huskies">Northern Illinois Huskies</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_Bison" title="North Dakota State Bison">North Dakota State Bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish" title="Notre Dame Fighting Irish">Notre Dame Fighting Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Bobcats" title="Ohio Bobcats">Ohio Bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Jackrabbits" title="South Dakota State Jackrabbits">South Dakota State Jackrabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Rockets" title="Toledo Rockets">Toledo Rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan_Broncos" title="Western Michigan Broncos">Western Michigan Broncos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers" title="Wichita State Shockers">Wichita State Shockers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Musketeers" title="Xavier Musketeers">Xavier Musketeers</a>. Of this second group of schools, Butler, Dayton, Indiana State, Missouri State, North Dakota State, and South Dakota State do not play top-level college football (all playing in the second-tier <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">Division I FCS</a>), and Creighton, Marquette, Milwaukee, Wichita State and Xavier do not sponsor football at all.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Mile" title="Milwaukee Mile">Milwaukee Mile</a> hosted its first automobile race in 1903, and is one of the oldest tracks in the world, though as of 2019 is presently inactive. The <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a>, opened in 1909, is a prestigious auto racing track which annually hosts the internationally famous <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500-Mile Race</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_series" class="mw-redirect" title="IndyCar series">IndyCar series</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Brickyard_400" title="Brickyard 400">Brickyard 400</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="IndyCar Grand Prix">IndyCar Grand Prix</a> (IndyCar series). The <a href="/wiki/Road_America" title="Road America">Road America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course" title="Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course">Mid-Ohio</a> road courses opened in the 1950s and 1960s respectively. Other motorsport venues in the Midwest are <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Oil_Raceway_at_Indianapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis">Indianapolis Raceway Park</a> (home of the <a href="/wiki/NHRA_U.S._Nationals" title="NHRA U.S. Nationals">NHRA U.S. Nationals</a>), <a href="/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway" title="Michigan International Speedway">Michigan International Speedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicagoland_Speedway" title="Chicagoland Speedway">Chicagoland Speedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Speedway" title="Kansas Speedway">Kansas Speedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateway_International_Raceway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway International Raceway">Gateway International Raceway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Speedway" title="Iowa Speedway">Iowa Speedway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Speedway" title="Kentucky Speedway">Kentucky Speedway</a> is just outside the officially defined Midwest, but is linked with the region because the track is located in the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati metropolitan area</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable professional golf tournaments in the Midwest include the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Tournament" title="Memorial Tournament">Memorial Tournament</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW_Championship_(PGA_Tour)" title="BMW Championship (PGA Tour)">BMW Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Deere_Classic" title="John Deere Classic">John Deere Classic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_overlap">Cultural overlap</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Midwestern United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/220px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/330px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/440px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills, South Dakota">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg/330px-Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg/440px-Milwaukee_Art_Museum_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a> is located on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg/220px-Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg/330px-Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg/440px-Over-the-Rhine_near_Findlay_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5306" data-file-height="3538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Over-the-Rhine" title="Over-the-Rhine">Over-the-Rhine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Differences in the definition of the Midwest mainly split between the Great Plains region on one side, and the Great Lakes region on the other. Although some point to the small towns and agricultural communities in Kansas, Iowa, the Dakotas, and Nebraska of the Great Plains as representative of traditional Midwestern lifestyles and values, others assert that the industrial cities of the Great Lakes—with their histories of 19th century and early 20th century immigration, manufacturing base, and strong Catholic influence—are more representative of the Midwestern experience. In South Dakota, for instance, <a href="/wiki/West_River_(South_Dakota)" title="West River (South Dakota)">West River</a> (the region west of the Missouri River) shares cultural elements with the western United States, while <a href="/wiki/East_River_(South_Dakota)" title="East River (South Dakota)">East River</a> has more in common with the rest of the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other regions, <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> and the Ozark Mountains, overlap geographically with the Midwest—Appalachia in Southern Ohio and the Ozarks in Southern Missouri. The Ohio River has long been a boundary between North and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and between the Midwest and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a>. All of the lower Midwestern states, especially Missouri, have major Southern components and influences, as they neighbor the Southern region. Historically, Missouri was a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a> state before the American Civil War (1861–1865) due to the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a>, which contains the cities of <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, shares history with the Midwest, and overlaps with Appalachia and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> is not considered part of the Midwest; it is a northern region of <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>, although certain northern parts of the state could have possibly been grouped with the Midwest in a geographical context, even though it is geographically in the Southeast overall.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kentucky is categorized as Southern by the U.S. Census Bureau due to its industries and especially from a historical and cultural standpoint with the majority of the state having a thoroughly majority Southern accent, demographic, history, and culture in line with her sister states of Virginia and Tennessee and even the areas that have certain Midwestern influences tend to be mixed with the native Southern culture of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to intra-American regional overlaps, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a> has historically had strong cultural ties to Canada, partly as a result of early settlement by <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Yooper_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper accent">Yooper accent</a> shares some traits with <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, further demonstrating transnational cultural connections. Similar but less pronounced mutual Canadian-American cultural influence occurs throughout the Great Lakes region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_characteristics">Linguistic characteristics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland Northern American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Central_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central American English">North Central American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yooper_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yooper dialect">Yooper dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Midwestern United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The accents of the region are generally distinct from those of the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> and of the urban areas of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">American Northeast</a>. To a lesser degree, they are also distinct from the accent of the <a href="/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The accent characteristic of most of the Midwest is popularly considered to be that of "standard" American English or <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>. This accent is typically preferred by many national radio and television producers. Linguist Thomas Bonfiglio argues that, "American English pronunciation standardized as 'network standard' or, informally, 'Midwestern' in the 20th century." He identifies radio as the chief factor.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Media_preference_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media_preference-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, many cities in the Great Lakes region are undergoing the <a href="/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern cities vowel shift">Northern cities vowel shift</a> away from the standard pronunciation of vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialect of Minnesota, western Wisconsin, much of North Dakota and Michigan's Upper Peninsula is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/North_Central_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="North Central American English">Upper Midwestern Dialect</a> (or "Minnesotan"), and has <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> influences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Missouri has elements of three dialects, specifically: <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Northern Midland</a>, in the extreme northern part of the state, with a distinctive variation in St. Louis and the surrounding area; Southern Midland, in the majority of the state; and <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern</a>, in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the state, with a bulge extending north in the central part, to include approximately the southern one-third.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <p>The rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the Midwestern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euchre">Euchre</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Euchre" title="Euchre">Euchre</a>, a trick-taking card game, remains popular in the Midwest and parts of the Upper South, particularly in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Midwestern United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg/200px-Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg/300px-Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg/400px-Political_party_affiliation_of_United_States_Governors_in_the_Midwest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Midwestern Governors by party as of 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest,_117th_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest%2C_117th_Congress.svg/200px-Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest%2C_117th_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest%2C_117th_Congress.svg/300px-Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest%2C_117th_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest%2C_117th_Congress.svg/400px-Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_Senate_in_the_Midwest%2C_117th_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Midwestern <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">U.S. Senators</a> by party for the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest,_118th_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest%2C_118th_Congress.svg/200px-Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest%2C_118th_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest%2C_118th_Congress.svg/300px-Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest%2C_118th_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest%2C_118th_Congress.svg/400px-Political_party_affiliation_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_in_the_Midwest%2C_118th_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Midwestern <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representatives</a> by party for the <a href="/wiki/118th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="118th Congress">118th Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Midwestern United States is a politically divided region, with the Democratic Party being stronger in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Region">Great Lakes Region</a> and the Republican Party being stronger in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> regions. The Upper Midwestern states of Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin reliably voted Democratic in every presidential election from 1992 to 2012. Meanwhile, Minnesota has the longest Democratic voting streak in the nation, having last voted for a Republican presidential candidate in 1972. Recently, Republicans have made serious inroads in Iowa and Ohio, two states that were previously considered swing states. </p><p>Missouri has been won by Republicans in every presidential election since 2000, despite its <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bellwether" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Bellwether">former bellwether status</a>. Indiana has been won by Republicans in every presidential election since 1940, except for Lyndon Johnson in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> and Barack Obama in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas have voted for the Republican candidate in every presidential election since 1940, except for Democrat <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>. The unicameral <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Nebraska Legislature</a> is officially nonpartisan.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Midwestern states use primary elections to select delegates for both the Democratic and Republican national conventions, except for Iowa. The <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a> in early January of leap years are the first votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential nominating process</a> for both major parties, and attract enormous media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_North_Central">East North Central</h3></div> <p>As of 2023, the state government of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> currently has a Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/J._B._Pritzker" title="J. B. Pritzker">J.B. Pritzker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> supermajorities in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois General Assembly</a>. Illinois also has 2 Democratic U.S. senators and a 14–3 Democratic majority <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Illinois" title="United States congressional delegations from Illinois">U.S. House delegation</a>. </p><p>As of 2023, Wisconsin has a Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> and a Republican-controlled <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature" title="Wisconsin Legislature">Wisconsin Legislature</a>. Wisconsin also has 1 Democratic and 1 Republican Senator and a 6-2 Republican majority <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wisconsin" title="United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin">U.S. House delegation</a>. Wisconsin is considered a <a href="/wiki/Purple_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple state">purple state</a>, as Donald Trump and Joe Biden won the state by less than 1 percentage point in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="2016 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="2020 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">2020</a>. </p><p>Except in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="2016 United States presidential election in Michigan">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="2024 United States presidential election in Michigan">2024</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> has consistently voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since 1992, though their margins of victory have often been relatively narrow. Democrats won full control of Michigan's state government in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Michigan_elections" title="2022 Michigan elections">2022 midterms</a> for the first time since 1983, though they only hold the minimum number of seats required for a majority in each of the two chambers of the legislature. As of 2023, Michigan has 2 Democratic U.S. Senators and a 7-6 bare Democratic majority <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives delegation</a>. </p><p>Indiana is considered a Republican stronghold, having voting for that party's presidential candidate in every election since 1940, except for <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> in 1964 and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2008. As of 2023, the Republican party controls both U.S. Senate seats, has a 7–2 majority <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Indiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Indiana">U.S. House congressional delegation</a>, and has a state-level trifecta (the governorship and both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana General Assembly</a>). </p><p>As of 2024, Ohio currently has a Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">Mike DeWine</a> and Republican majorities in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio General Assembly</a>. Ohio also has 1 Democratic and 1 Republican U.S. Senator and a 10-5 Republican majority U.S. House delegation. Ohio has been a battleground state in presidential elections, and no Republican has won the office without winning Ohio. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won Ohio by about 8 percentage points in both the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="2016 United States presidential election in Ohio">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="2020 United States presidential election in Ohio">2020</a> presidential elections, signaling a shift towards the right for the state's federal electorate. The <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections" title="2022 United States elections">2022 midterms</a> resulted in strong Republican support at the state level, and moderate Republican support at the federal level, with Republican governor Mike DeWine winning reelection in a <a href="/wiki/2022_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Ohio gubernatorial election">landslide</a> and Republican author <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> winning election <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="2022 United States Senate election in Ohio">to the U.S. Senate</a> by about 6 percentage points. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_North_Central">West North Central</h3></div> <p>The Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas have been strongholds for the Republicans for many decades. These four states have gone for the Republican candidate in every presidential election since 1940, except for <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s landslide over <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>. Although North Dakota and South Dakota have often elected Democrats to Congress, after the 2012 election both states' congressional delegations are majority Republican. Nebraska has elected Democrats to the Senate and as governor in recent years, but both of its senators have been Republican since the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nelson" title="Ben Nelson">Ben Nelson</a> in 2012. Kansas has elected a majority of Democrats as governor since 1956, but has not elected a Democratic senator since 1932. From 1997 to 2010 and again since 2019, Kansas has had at least one Democratic House member (two in 2007 and '08). </p><p>Iowa had a Democratic governor from 1999 until <a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Terry Branstad</a> was re-elected in the mid-term elections in 2010, and has had both one Democratic and one Republican senator since the early 1980s until the 2014 election when Republican <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Joni Ernst</a> defeated Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Braley" title="Bruce Braley">Bruce Braley</a> in a tightly contested race.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1988 and 2012, Iowa also voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in all elections except 2004, but in 2016 and 2020 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won the state by about 9 and 8 percentage points, respectively. Since the 2016 elections, Republicans have held a majority in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_General_Assembly" title="Iowa General Assembly">Iowa General Assembly</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Iowa_elections" title="2022 Iowa elections">2022 elections</a>, Iowa is considered a <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red state</a> as Republicans hold all but one statewide office, both U.S. Senate seats, all four U.S. House seats, and Republican governor <a href="/wiki/Kim_Reynolds" title="Kim Reynolds">Kim Reynolds</a> was <a href="/wiki/2022_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Iowa gubernatorial election">reelected</a> by a margin of nearly 20 points. </p><p>Minnesota voters have not voted for a Republican candidate for president since 1972, longer than any other state. Minnesota was the only state (along with Washington, D.C.) to vote for its native son <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> over <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1984. However, recent Democratic victories have often been fairly narrow, such as the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United States Presidential Election">2016 presidential election</a>. The Democratic Party narrowly controls the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota legislature">Minnesota state legislature</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">the governor's office</a> as of 2023. The Minnesota congressional delegation has 2 Democratic Senators but <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">a 4-4 evenly split U.S. House delegation</a>. </p><p>Missouri was historically considered a bellwether state, having voted for the winner in every presidential election from 1904 to 2004 except for <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1956 United States presidential election in Missouri">1956</a>, when it backed losing Democrat <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>. Democrats generally only hold sway in the large cities at the opposite ends of the state, Kansas City and St. Louis, with the Republicans winning the rest of the state. Since the 2012 elections, Republicans have had a 6–2 majority in the state's <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">U.S. House delegation</a>, with African-American Democrats representing the two major cities. Missouri has had a Republican governor since the 2016 elections, as well as both U.S. Senators being Republican since the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2018 United States Senate elections">2018 United States Senate elections</a>. As of 2023, Republicans have supermajorities in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_General_Assembly" title="Missouri General Assembly">Missouri General Assembly</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Cuisine of the Midwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States_on_stamps" title="Territories of the United States on stamps">Territories of the United States on stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CensusRegionsMap-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusRegionsMap_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Regions+and+Divisions+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/programs/geography/regions_and_divisions.html">"History: Regions and Divisions"</a>. <i>United States Census Bureau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=History%3A+Regions+and+Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhistory%2Fwww%2Fprograms%2Fgeography%2Fregions_and_divisions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs,_Joseph_John2009" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Joseph John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgGHnENHjoC&pg=PA662"><i>World Regional Geography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-38950-7"><bdi>978-0-495-38950-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-38950-7&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAgGHnENHjoC%26pg%3DPA662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2020_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf">"Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202412/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Change+in+Resident+Population+of+the+50+States%2C+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+1910+to+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fpopulation-change-data-table.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBlack2008" class="citation book cs1">Black, Earl; Black, Merle (2008). <i>Divided America: The Ferocious Power Struggle in American Politics</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416539056" title="Special:BookSources/9781416539056"><bdi>9781416539056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+America%3A+The+Ferocious+Power+Struggle+in+American+Politics&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781416539056&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft.au=Black%2C+Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1971" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Richard J. (1971). <i>The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226398259" title="Special:BookSources/9780226398259"><bdi>9780226398259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest%3A+Social+and+Political+Conflict+1888%E2%80%931896&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780226398259&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekberg-French_Roots-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ekberg-French_Roots_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Ekberg, Carl (2000). <i>French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times</i>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252069246" title="Special:BookSources/9780252069246"><bdi>9780252069246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Roots+in+the+Illinois+Country%3A+The+Mississippi+Frontier+in+Colonial+Times&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780252069246&rft.aulast=Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/1/gen/95statab/preface.pdf">Statistical Abstract of the United States 1995</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States+1995&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F1%2Fgen%2F95statab%2Fpreface.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pridmore-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pridmore_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Pridmore (2000) "Northwestern University: Celebrating 150 Years" Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaser_1990_69-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blaser_1990_69_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blaser_1990_69_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaser1990" class="citation journal cs1">Blaser, Kent (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9B5AAAAMAAJ&q=kansas+and+nebraska+midwest+civilized">"Of the Midwest"</a>. <i>The Midwest Review</i>. Wayne State College.: 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Midwest+Review&rft.atitle=Of+the+Midwest&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Blaser&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9B5AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkansas%2Band%2Bnebraska%2Bmidwest%2Bcivilized&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman,_N.A.Bauer,_A.A.2012" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, N.A.; Bauer, A.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeJMAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199735785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199735785"><bdi>978-0199735785</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.pages=2-151&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199735785&rft.au=Silberman%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeJMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Midwestlit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Midwestlit_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Midwestlit_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812174337/http://blogs.valpo.edu/midwestlit/2011/05/04/indian-american-culture-in-the-midwest-prior-to-the-arrival-of-europeans/">"Indian American culture in the midwest prior to the arrival of Europeans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.valpo.edu/midwestlit/2011/05/04/indian-american-culture-in-the-midwest-prior-to-the-arrival-of-europeans/">the original</a> on August 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+American+culture+in+the+midwest+prior+to+the+arrival+of+Europeans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.valpo.edu%2Fmidwestlit%2F2011%2F05%2F04%2Findian-american-culture-in-the-midwest-prior-to-the-arrival-of-europeans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Pollack_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Pollack (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">Pollack, David</a> (2004). <i>Caborn-Welborn - Constructing a New Society after the Angel Chiefdom Collapse</i>. University of Alabama Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-5126-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-5126-4"><bdi>0-8173-5126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caborn-Welborn+-+Constructing+a+New+Society+after+the+Angel+Chiefdom+Collapse&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8173-5126-4&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_R._Pauketat" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy R. Pauketat">Timothy R. Pauketat</a>, <i>Cahokia: Ancient America's Great City on the Mississippi</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-lakes.net/teach/history/native/native_1.html">Native Peoples of the Region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617021328/http://great-lakes.net/teach/history/native/native_1.html">Archived</a> June 17, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> GLIN Daily News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-21.html">Great Lakes History: A General View</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217082131/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-21.html">Archived</a> December 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Indian Country Wisconsin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fox-people">"Fox"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFox-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinietz, William Vernon, & Raudot, Antoine Denis. The Indians of the Western Great Lakes, 1615-1760. United States: University of Michigan Press, 1940. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472061075" title="Special:BookSources/9780472061075">9780472061075</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, George E.; Indians of the Woodlands From Prehistoric Times to 1725; Norman, Oklahoma; University of Oklahoma Press; 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. pp. 13–15, 29, 64–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=13-15%2C+29%2C+64-65&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, Fred "Prehistoric Horticulture in the Northeastern Plains." <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>, 47 (180), 2002, pp. 33-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wildlife-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wildlife_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton1995" class="citation book cs1">Moulton, M (1995). <i>Wildlife issues in a changing world, 2nd edition</i>. CRC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+issues+in+a+changing+world%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smits94-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smits94_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmits1994" class="citation journal cs1">Smits, David D. (1994). "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865-1883". <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (3). Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University on behalf of The Western History Association: 112–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971110">10.2307/971110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971110">971110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Frontier+Army+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Buffalo%3A+1865-1883&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=112-338&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smits&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> PDF: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf">history.msu.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706150320/https://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamalainen2008" class="citation book cs1">Hamalainen, Pekka (2008). <i>The Comanche Empire</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12654-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanche+Empire&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12654-9&rft.aulast=Hamalainen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-net.org/tribes/sioux-indians.html">The Sioux Indians were a Great and Powerful Tribe</a>. Native Net: Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamalainen, 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming as <i>Nakota</i>, the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article <a href="/wiki/Nakota" title="Nakota">Nakota</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. XXVI–XXVII.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=XXVI-XXVII&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. XXV–XXVI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=XXV-XXVI&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2011" class="citation book cs1">Buss, James (2011). <i>Winning the West with Words, Language and Conquest in the Lower Great Lakes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+the+West+with+Words%2C+Language+and+Conquest+in+the+Lower+Great+Lakes&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles J. Balesi, <i>The Time of the French in the Heart of North America, 1673–1818</i> (3d ed. 2000); W. J. Eccles, <i>The French in North America, 1500–1783</i> (2nd ed. 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003002307/http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/marquette.htm">"Marquette and Joliet"</a>. <i>mrnussbaum.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/marquette.htm">the original</a> on October 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mrnussbaum.com&rft.atitle=Marquette+and+Joliet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnussbaum.com%2Fhistory%2Fmarquette.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502132917/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/marquette_joliet/">"Marquette & Joliet"</a>. May 2, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/marquette_joliet/">the original</a> on May 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marquette+%26+Joliet&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Ftopics%2Fmarquette_joliet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/113">113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. pp. 103, 128, 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=103%2C+128%2C+194&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/98">98</a>–99, 1112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=98-99%2C+1112&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/112">112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/68">68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=102&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. pp. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=96-97&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=99&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. pp. 102, 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=102%2C+108&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=167&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/119">119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=119&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. pp. 117, 167–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=117%2C+167-168&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper-Smith2018" class="citation book cs1">Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2018). <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i>. pp. 167–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest%3A+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley%2C+1690%E2%80%931792&rft.pages=167-168&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sleeper-Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/256">256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=256&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/264">264</a>–266, 285–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=264-266%2C+285-289&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/289">289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=289&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO2mx314ST0C&pg=PA427"><i>Almanac of American Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598845303" title="Special:BookSources/9781598845303"><bdi>9781598845303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac+of+American+Military+History&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781598845303&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO2mx314ST0C%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1941" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Beverley W. Jr. (1941). "10". <i>The Foundations of Ohio</i>. History of the State of Ohio. Vol. 1. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2699306">2699306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Ohio&rft.place=Columbus&rft.series=History+of+the+State+of+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archaeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2699306&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Beverley+W.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Jackson Turner, <i>The Frontier in American History</i> (1921) pp 271-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2011" class="citation book cs1">Buss, James (2011). <i>Winning the West with Words, Language and Conquest in the Lower Great Lakes</i>. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+the+West+with+Words%2C+Language+and+Conquest+in+the+Lower+Great+Lakes&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/340">340</a>–341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=340-341&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7/page/340">340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=340&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit_d8e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea" <i>Northwest Ohio Quarterly</i> 1989 61(2-4)|page=46-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_M._Carroll2001" class="citation book cs1">Francis M. Carroll (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodwisemeasures0000carr"><i>A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783–1842</i></a></span>. U of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodwisemeasures0000carr/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802083586" title="Special:BookSources/9780802083586"><bdi>9780802083586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Good+and+Wise+Measure%3A+The+Search+for+the+Canadian-American+Boundary%2C+1783%E2%80%931842&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=U+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802083586&rft.au=Francis+M.+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoodwisemeasures0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Brown, "The Role of the Army in Western Settlement Josiah Harmar's Command, 1785-1790" <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> 93#2 pp. 161-172. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/download/42499/42220">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard White, <i> "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West</i> (U of Oklahoma Press, 1991) pp. 137-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On federal policy see Benjamin Horace Hibbard, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/historyofpublicl00hibb" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofpublicl00hibb">A history of the public land policies</a></i> (1924).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the settlers and squatters, see Everett Dick, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/lureoflandsocial0000dick" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lureoflandsocial0000dick">The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal</a></i> (U of Nebraska Press, 1970) pp 9-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Hill, " 'They are not surpassed...by an equal number of citizens of any equal country in the world': squatter society in the American West", <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i>, (2023), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664658.2022.2167296">10.1080/14664658.2022.2167296</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy V. Eid, "American Indian Military Leadership: St. Clair's 1791 Defeat". <i>Journal of Military History</i> (1993) 57#1 pp. 71-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William O. Odo, "Destined for Defeat: an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791". <i>Northwest Ohio Quarterly</i> (1993) 65#2 pp. 68-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Winkler, <i>Wabash 1791: St Clair's Defeat</i> (Osprey Publishing, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Blue (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-REv0Se_aR8C&pg=PA317"><i>Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide</i></a>. U of Oklahoma Press. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806184616" title="Special:BookSources/9780806184616"><bdi>9780806184616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Tribes+of+Oklahoma%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=U+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780806184616&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Blue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-REv0Se_aR8C%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz2004" class="citation book cs1">Fritz, Harry W. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkexpedi00frit"><i>The Lewis and Clark Expedition</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkexpedi00frit/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31661-6"><bdi>978-0-313-31661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lewis+and+Clark+Expedition&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31661-6&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Harry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewisclarkexpedi00frit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2012" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2012). <i>Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans</i> (2nd ed.). p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Old+Party%3A+A+History+of+the+Republicans&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2012" class="citation book cs1">Gould (2012). <i>Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans</i> (2nd ed.). p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Old+Party%3A+A+History+of+the+Republicans&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Hicks, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20160737">The Birth of the Populist Party</a>". <i>Minnesota History</i> 9.3 (1928): 219-247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Thelen, <i>Robert M. La Follette and the insurgent spirit</i> (Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thelen, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen F. Davis, "The social workers and the progressive party, 1912-1916". <i>American Historical Review</i> 69.3 (1964): 671-688, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845783">1845783</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmuckler1953" class="citation journal cs1">Smuckler, Ralph H. (1953). "The Region of Isolationism". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2): 386–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1952029">10.2307/1952029</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1952029">1952029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144875635">144875635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Region+of+Isolationism&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=386-401&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144875635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1952029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1952029&rft.aulast=Smuckler&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacht1981" class="citation book cs1">Schacht, John N. (1981). <i>Three Faces of Midwestern Isolationism: Gerald P. Nye, Robert E. Wood, John L. Lewis</i>. Center for the Study of the Recent History of the United States. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87414-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87414-019-4"><bdi>978-0-87414-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Faces+of+Midwestern+Isolationism%3A+Gerald+P.+Nye%2C+Robert+E.+Wood%2C+John+L.+Lewis&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+the+Recent+History+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87414-019-4&rft.aulast=Schacht&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yankees" in Reiff, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Chicago</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuenker1988" class="citation book cs1">Buenker, John (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMUCo0UXCjoC&pg=PA72">"Wisconsin"</a>. In Madison, James H. (ed.). <i>Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253314239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253314239"><bdi>978-0253314239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wisconsin&rft.btitle=Heartland%3A+Comparative+Histories+of+the+Midwestern+States&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0253314239&rft.aulast=Buenker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMUCo0UXCjoC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Buenker, "Wisconsin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Jensen, <i>Illinois: a Bicentennial history</i> (1977) ch 1-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCefrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Cefrey, Holly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51281165"><i>The Pinckney Treaty : America wins the right to travel the Mississippi River</i></a>. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-4041-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-4041-1"><bdi>0-8239-4041-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51281165">51281165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pinckney+Treaty+%3A+America+wins+the+right+to+travel+the+Mississippi+River&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.+Group&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51281165&rft.isbn=0-8239-4041-1&rft.aulast=Cefrey&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51281165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/canadian-physical-geography/saint-lawrence-seaway">"Saint Lawrence Seaway"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gateway+Arch&rft.pub=National+Historic+Landmarks+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D2017%26ResourceType%3DStructure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günter Moltmann, "The Pattern of German Emigration to the United States in the Nineteenth Century". in <i>America and the Germans, Volume 1</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) pp. 14-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faust-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faust_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust1909" class="citation cs2">Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909), <a href="/wiki/The_German_Element_in_the_United_States" title="The German Element in the United States"><i>The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence</i></a>, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Element+in+the+United+States+with+Special+Reference+to+Its+Political%2C+Moral%2C+Social%2C+and+Educational+Influence&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Albert+Bernhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census data from Bureau of the Census, <i>Thirteenth census of the United States taken in the year 1910</i> (1913)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124022/http://www.germanvillage.com/index.php"><i>German Village Society</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanvillage.com/index.php">the original</a> on May 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Village+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanvillage.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudy Knauss Paradis, et al. <i>German Milwaukee</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conzen-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conzen_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConzen1980" class="citation cs2">Conzen, Kathleen (1980), "Germans", in Thernstrom, Stephan (ed.), <i>Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</i>, Belknap Press, p. 407</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans&rft.btitle=Harvard+Encyclopedia+of+American+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Conzen&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Sisson, ed. <i>The American Midwest</i> (2007), p. 208; Gross (1996); Johnson (1951).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Neils Conzen, <i>Germans in Minnesota</i>. (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. B. Schmidt, "Reminiscences of Foreign Immigration Work for Kansas", <i>Kansas Historical Collections, 1905–1906</i> 9 (1906): 485–97; J. Neale Carman, ed. and trans., "German Settlements Along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway", <i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Historical Quarterly">Kansas Historical Quarterly</a></i> 28 (Autumn 1962): 310–16; cited in Turk, "Germans in Kansas", (2005) p 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kazin, ed. <i>The concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American political history</i> (2011) p 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896<i> (1971).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kazin, ed. <i>The concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American political history</i> (2011) pp. 347–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Salvatore, <i>Eugene V. Debs: citizen and socialist</i> (U of Illinois Press, 1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin, ed. <i>The concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American political history</i> (2011) pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin, ed. <i>The concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American political history</i> (2011) p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen F. Davis, "The social workers and the progressive party, 1912-1916." <i>American Historical Review</i> 69.3 (1964): 671-688 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845783">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Page and Richard Walker, "From settlement to Fordism: The agro-industrial revolution in the American Midwest." <i>Economic Geography</i> 67.4 (1991): 281-315 at p 282. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/143975">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remote_Sensing_Tutorial-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remote_Sensing_Tutorial_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000415045641/http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect6/Sect6_4.html">"Remote Sensing Tutorial, Section 6, online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect6/Sect6_4.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+Tutorial%2C+Section+6%2C+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frst.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FSect6%2FSect6_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed.com-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed.com_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> entries for <i>Midwestern</i>, <i>Midwest</i>, and <i>Midwesterner</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oed.com/">http://www.oed.com/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197407">"Regional Song Sampler: The Midwest | Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loc.gov&rft.atitle=Regional+Song+Sampler%3A+The+Midwest+%26%23124%3B+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fihas.200197407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of the use of <i>Middle West</i> include <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1921" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Frederick Jackson (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontierinameric00turniala"><i>The Frontier in American History</i></a>. H. Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2127640">2127640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frontier+in+American+History&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2127640&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontierinameric00turniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortridge1989" class="citation book cs1">Shortridge, James R. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlewestitsmea00shor"><i>Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0475-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0475-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-0475-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+West%3A+Its+Meaning+in+American+Culture&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0475-3&rft.aulast=Shortridge&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlewestitsmea00shor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradway2003" class="citation book cs1">Bradway, Becky (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yuq2ZNXLvAIC"><i>In the Middle of the Middle West: Literary Nonfiction from the Heartland</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21657-1"><bdi>978-0-253-21657-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Middle+of+the+Middle+West%3A+Literary+Nonfiction+from+the+Heartland&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21657-1&rft.aulast=Bradway&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyuq2ZNXLvAIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjerde1999" class="citation book cs1">Gjerde, Jon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDxRsvJ0zeUC"><i>The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917</i></a>. UNC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4807-4"><bdi>978-0-8078-4807-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minds+of+the+West%3A+Ethnocultural+Evolution+in+the+Rural+Middle+West%2C+1830%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4807-4&rft.aulast=Gjerde&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDxRsvJ0zeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span>; among many others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regions3.html">"About this Collection – Railroad Maps, 1828–1900 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Memory.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memory.loc.gov&rft.atitle=About+this+Collection+%E2%80%93+Railroad+Maps%2C+1828%E2%80%931900+%26%23124%3B+Digital+Collections+%26%23124%3B+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fgmdhtml%2Frrhtml%2Fregions3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, John Craig (March 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/105/4/843/5352833">"President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery"</a>. <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>105</b> (4): 843–867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaz002">10.1093/jahist/jaz002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=President%2C+Planter%2C+Politician%3A+James+Monroe%2C+the+Missouri+Crisis%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Slavery&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=843-867&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaz002&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=John+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjah%2Farticle%2F105%2F4%2F843%2F5352833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220052340/http://www.csg.org/about/regionaloffices.aspx">"CSG Regional Offices"</a>. Council of State Governments. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csg.org/about/regionaloffices.aspx">the original</a> on February 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Legislature&rft.atitle=Unicam+Focus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnebraskalegislature.gov%2Feducation%2Flesson3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David P. Redlawsk, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_J._Tolbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline J. Tolbert">Caroline J. Tolbert</a>, and Todd Donovan, <i>Why Iowa?: how caucuses and sequential elections improve the presidential nominating process</i> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/">"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections"</a>. <i>uselectionatlas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uselectionatlas.org&rft.atitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMidwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Midwestern_history" title="Bibliography of Midwestern history">Bibliography of Midwestern history</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Sisson, Richard, Christian Zacher, and Andrew Cayton, eds. <i>The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia</i> (Indiana University Press, 2006), 1916 pp of articles by scholars on all topics covering the 12 states. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmidwesti0000unse">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Aley, Ginette et al. eds. <i>Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War</i> (2013)</li> <li>Barlow, Philip, and Mark Silk. <i>Religion and Public Life in the Midwest: America's Common Denominator?</i> (2004)</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. "The Origins of Middle Western Isolationism". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1945): 44–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144457">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Buley, R. Carlyle. <i>The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815–1840</i> 2 vol (1951), Pulitzer Prize; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27The%20Old%20Northwest%3A%20Pioneer%20Period%201815%E2%80%931840%27%27">online</a></li> <li>Buss, James Joseph. <i>Winning the West with Words, Language and Conquest in the Lower Great Lakes</i> (U of Oklahoma Press, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionpublicli00phil">online</a></li> <li>Campbell, Rex R. et al. <i>A Revolution in the Heartland: Changes in Rural Culture, Family and Communities, 1900–2000</i> (University of Missouri: Department of Rural Sociology, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/52776/mx0929-2004.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Cayton, Andrew R. L. <i>Midwest and the Nation</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midwestnationret0000cayt">online</a></li> <li>Cayton, Andrew R. L. and Susan E. Gray, Eds. <i>The Identity of the American Midwest: Essays on Regional History</i> (2001)</li> <li>Cordier, Mary Hurlbut. <i>Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoolwomenofpra00cord">online</a></li> <li>Cronon, William. <i>Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West</i> (1992), influential study 1850–1900 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OCQAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27Nature%27s+Metropolis:+Chicago+and+the+Great+West%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvmY696eyJAxWDkYkEHTLeG8wQ6AF6BAgFEAI">online</a></li> <li>Fry, John. " 'Good Farming – Clear Thinking – Right Living': Midwestern Farm Newspapers, Social Reform, and Rural Readers in the Early Twentieth Century". <i>Agricultural History</i> 78#1 ( 2004): 34–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3745089">online</a></li> <li>Garland, John H. <i>The North American Midwest: A Regional Geography</i> (1955)</li> <li>Gjerde, John. <i>Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%27%27Minds+of+the+West%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif6v3a6eyJAxWilokEHeybA6MQ6AF6BAgFEAI">online</a></li> <li>High, Stephen C. <i>Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969–1984</i> (Toronto, 2003)</li> <li>Hoganson, Kristin L. <i> The Heartland: An American History</i> (Penguin Random House, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-51.pdf">online reviews</a></li> <li>Jensen, Richard. <i>The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896</i> (1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/71JensenWinningofmidwest/page/n1/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Jordan, Philip D.<i>Ohio Comes of Age: 1873–1900 Volume 5</i> (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof05witt">online</a></li> <li>Lauck, Jon K. <i>The Good Country: A History of the American Midwest, 1800–1900</i> (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmVkEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27The+Good+Country:+A+History+of+the+American+Midwest%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-uOiA6uyJAxUHkIkEHQpTHi8Q6AF6BAgIEAI">online</a></li> <li>Lauck, Jon K. "Trump and The Midwest: The 2016 Presidential Election and The Avenues of Midwestern Historiography" <i>Studies in Midwestern History</i> (2017) vol 3#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/midwesternhistory/vol3/iss1/1/">online</a></li> <li>Lauck, Jon K. and Catherine McNicol Stock, eds. <i>The Conservative Heartland: A Political History of the Postwar American Midwest</i> (UP of Kansas, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/85290/reviews/6534871/mattson-lauck-and-stock-conservative-heartland-political-history">online review</a></li> <li>Longworth, Richard C. <i>Caught in the Middle: America's Heartland in the Age of Globalism</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqd5J53Oof4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Caught+intitle:in+intitle:the+intitle:Middle+inauthor:Richard+inauthor:C+inauthor:Longworth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu9I_TiO-JAxUXOjQIHY0LAnMQ6AF6BAgFEAI">online</a></li> <li>Meyer, David R. "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>, 49#4 (1989) pp. 921–937.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122744">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Miller, John E. <i>Small Town Dreams: Stories of Midwestern Boys Who Shaped America</i> (UP of Kansas, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WkqtEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Small+intitle:Town+intitle:Dreams&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHjrDjoO-JAxXICnkGHa2JC8YQ6AF6BAgIEAI">online</a>.</li> <li>Nelson, Daniel. <i>Farm and Factory: Workers in the Midwest 1880–1990</i> (1995),</li> <li>Nordin, Dennis S., and Roy V. Scott. <i>From Prairie Farmer to Entrepreneur: The Transformation of Midwestern Agriculture</i>. (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCj07pFrle0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27From+Prairie+Farmer+to+Entrepreneur%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9-fPzoO-JAxVtvokEHUViAQcQ6AF6BAgFEAI">online</a></li> <li>Nye, Russel B. <i>Midwestern Progressive Politics</i> (1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midwesternprogre0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Page, Brian, and Richard Walker. "From settlement to Fordism: the agro-industrial revolution in the American Midwest". <i>Economic Geography</i> (1991): 281–315. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/143975">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Scheiber, Harry N. ed. <i>The Old Northwest; studies in regional history, 1787–1910</i> (1969) 16 essays by scholars on economic and social topics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-SYUAAAAYAAJ&q=%27%27The+Old+Northwest;+studies+in+regional+history,+1787%E2%80%931910%27%27&dq=%27%27The+Old+Northwest;+studies+in+regional+history,+1787%E2%80%931910%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip-_iHoe-JAxWQrYkEHXVVEBQQ6AF6BAgJEAI">online</a></li> <li>Scranton, Philip. "Multiple industrializations: urban manufacturing development in the American Midwest, 1880–1925." <i>Journal of Design History</i> 12.1 (1999): 45-63.</li> <li>Shannon, Fred A. "The Status of the Midwestern Farmer in 1900" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mississippi_Valley_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mississippi Valley Historical Review">The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</a></i> 37#3. (1950), pp. 491–510. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1893323">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Shortridge, James R. <i>The Middle West: Its Meaning in American Culture</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlewestitsmea0000jame">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Slade, Joseph W. and Judith Lee. <i>The Midwest: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nffCEAAAQBAJ&dq=%27%27The+Midwest:+The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+American+Regional+Cultures%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihjueXoe-JAxXICnkGHa2JC8YQ6AF6BAgEEAI">online</a></li> <li>Sleeper-Smith, Susan. <i>Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest: Indian Women of the Ohio River Valley, 1690–1792</i> (The Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture; 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3paDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27Indigenous+Prosperity+and+American+Conquest:+Indian+Women+of+the+Ohio+River+Valley,+1690%E2%80%931792%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin2fumoe-JAxUIAHkGHYnfGDwQ6AF6BAgMEAI">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_C._Teaford" title="Jon C. Teaford">Teaford, Jon C.</a> <i>Cities of the heartland: The rise and fall of the industrial Midwest</i> (Indiana UP, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofheartlan0000teaf">online</a></li> <li>Tucker, Spencer, ed. <i>American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia</i> (2 vol., 2015) 1019pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQTFEAAAQBAJ&dq=%27%27American+Civil+War:+A+State-by-State+Encyclopedia%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiarPaW6uyJAxWZjokEHVSaFG8Q6AF6BAgEEAI">online</a></li> <li>White, Richard. <i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i> (Cambridge UP; 1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27The+Middle+Ground:+Indians,+Empires,+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region,+1650%E2%80%931815%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwio_dG2oe-JAxVThIkEHQU5BhsQ6AF6BAgMEAI">online</a></li> <li>Wuthnow, Robert. <i>Remaking the Heartland: Middle America Since the 1950s</i> (Princeton UP, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTGMMPU9UHYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27Remaking+the+Heartland:%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlxZLBoe-JAxVsAHkGHR4XK7IQ6AF6BAgEEAI">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Brown, David S. <i>Beyond the Frontier: The Midwestern Voice in American Historical Writing</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28YJVAG0cNUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27Beyond+the+Frontier:+The+Midwestern+Voice+in+American+Historical+Writing%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjugODSoe-JAxU7lYkEHWIfAxEQ6AF6BAgEEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Frederick; John T., ed. <i>Out of the Midwest: A Collection of Present-Day Writing</i> (1944) prose and poetry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6RAAAAAIAAJ&q=%27%27Out+of+the+Midwest:+A+Collection+of+Present-Day+Writing%27%27+(&dq=%27%27Out+of+the+Midwest:+A+Collection+of+Present-Day+Writing%27%27+(&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoy_Xgoe-JAxWjpIkEHYavDUoQ6AF6BAgGEAIonline">[1]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Garry, Patrick. "Cherished Lives and Lasting Values: Memoirs of the Rural Midwest." <i>Middle West Review</i> 10.1 (2023): 183-194. Reviews ten autobiographical memoirs of Midwest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/912196">excerpt</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Good, David F. "American History through a Midwestern Lens". <i>Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft</i> 38.2 (2012): 435+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wug.akwien.at/WUG_Archiv/2012_38_2/2012_38_2_0435.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Hoganson, Kristin L. <i>The Heartland: An American History</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XXI-51.pdf">online reviews</a></li> <li>Hurt, R. Douglas. "Writing Midwestern State Histories." <i>Middle West Review</i> 10#1 (2023): 195-201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/912197">excerpt</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Lauck, Jon K. <i>The Lost Region: Toward a Revival of Midwestern History</i> (University of Iowa Press; 2013) 166 pages; criticizes the neglect of the Midwest in contemporary historiography and argues for a revival of attention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARnbAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27The+Lost+Region:+Toward+a+Revival+of+Midwestern+History%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXltj0oe-JAxUsrokEHaYEBc4Q6AF6BAgFEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Lauck, Jon K. "Trump and The Midwest: The 2016 Presidential Election and The Avenues of Midwestern Historiography." <i>Studies in Midwestern History</i> 3.1 (2017): 1-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=midwesternhistory">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Grant, H. Roger, ed. <i>Railroads in the Heartland: Steam and Traction in the Golden Age of Postcards</i> (1997) over 100 historic photographs from 1905-1915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadsinheart0000gran">online</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Midwestern_United_States" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Midwestern United States">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186545" class="extiw" title="d:Q186545">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unp-bookworm.unl.edu/product/Midwest-History-Association,678087.aspx">Issues of <i>Middle West Review</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/midwesternhistory/">The Midwest History Association, scholarly association that published <i>Middle West Review</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umvphotoarchive.org/">Archives of photo images, upper Midwest</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Midwestern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template talk:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Midwestern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midwestern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Physical_geography">Geography</a></li> <li>Economy</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Political_trends">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li>Sports</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Subregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Northern Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">West North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="#Cultural_overlap">Southern Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">State capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> 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