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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaiso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kaiso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaiso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calypso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calypso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Calypso</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calypso-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Calypso subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Calypso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_father_of_soca_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_father_of_soca_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The father of soca music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_father_of_soca_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rapso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extempo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extempo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extempo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extempo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Brass bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel-pan_and_steel_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel-pan_and_steel_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Steel-pan and steel bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-pan_and_steel_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parang"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Trinidad and Tobago</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Related articles</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calinda" title="Calinda">Calinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariso" title="Cariso">Cariso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extempo" title="Extempo">Extempo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">Bélé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichakaree" title="Pichakaree">Pichakaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_Soca" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutney Soca">Chutney Soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baithak_Gana" title="Baithak Gana">Baithak Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">Parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Parang_soca" title="Soca music">Parang soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_parang" title="Chutney parang">Chutney parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">Rapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Ragga_soca" title="Soca music">Ragga soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyon_soca" title="Bouyon soca">Bouyon soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afrosoca" title="Afrobeats">Afrosoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Groovy_soca" title="Soca music">Groovy soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Power_soca" title="Soca music">Power soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li>Rhythm Section</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassa" title="Tassa">Tassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Steelband_soca" title="Soca music">Steelband soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Religious music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ethnic music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baithak_Gana" title="Baithak Gana">Baithak Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_parang" title="Chutney parang">Chutney parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_Soca" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutney Soca">Chutney Soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmi" title="Filmi">Filmi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bollywood">Bollywood</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichakaree" title="Pichakaree">Pichakaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassa" title="Tassa">Tassa</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_music" title="Afro-Caribbean music">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afrosoca" title="Afrobeats">Afrosoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">Bélé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyon_soca" title="Bouyon soca">Bouyon soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calinda" title="Calinda">Calinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">Canboulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariso" title="Cariso">Cariso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extempo" title="Extempo">Extempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Groovy_soca" title="Soca music">Groovy soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Parang_soca" title="Soca music">Parang soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Power_soca" title="Soca music">Power soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Ragga_soca" title="Soca music">Ragga soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">Rapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music#Steelband_soca" title="Soca music">Steelband soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b>Music television</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synergy_TV" title="Synergy TV">Synergy TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_Networks" title="Tempo Networks">Tempo Networks</a></li> <li>Trinidad and Tobago Entertainment Network (TTEN)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Forged_from_the_Love_of_Liberty" title="Forged from the Love of Liberty">Forged from the Love of Liberty</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Dutch Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">St Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St Vincent and Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Culture of Trinidad and Tobago">Culture of Trinidad and Tobago</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/100px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/150px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/200px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Trinidad and Tobago">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobagonian_Creole" title="Tobagonian Creole">Tobagonian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Trinidadian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian English">Trinidadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani#Trinidadian_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Trinidadian Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">French Creole</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peardrax" title="Peardrax">Peardrax</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aloe_pie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloe pie (page does not exist)">Aloe pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubles_(food)" title="Doubles (food)">Doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncheon_rum" title="Puncheon rum">Puncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">Roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_roti" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrap roti">Wrap roti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sada_Roti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sada Roti (page does not exist)">Sada Roti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coconut_Bake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coconut Bake (page does not exist)">Coconut Bake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fried_Accra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fried Accra (page does not exist)">Fried Accra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheese_Paste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheese Paste (page does not exist)">Cheese Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baigan_Choka_(roast_eggplant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baigan Choka (roast eggplant) (page does not exist)">Baigan Choka (roast eggplant)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomato_Choka_(roast_tomato)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomato Choka (roast tomato) (page does not exist)">Tomato Choka (roast tomato)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">Canboulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Phagwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arrival_Day" title="Indian Arrival Day">Indian Arrival Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Trinidad and Tobago">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Trinidad and Tobago">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trinidad_and_Tobago_writers" title="Category:Trinidad and Tobago writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Radio in Trinidad and Tobago">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Television in Trinidad and Tobago">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Trinidad and Tobago">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Flag of Trinidad and Tobago">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Trinidad and Tobago">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/16px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/24px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/32px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Portal:Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Template:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Template talk:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of Trinidad and Tobago</b> is best known for its <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a>. Calypso's internationally noted performances in the 1950s from native artists such as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melody" title="Lord Melody">Lord Melody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_(calypsonian)" title="Lord Kitchener (calypsonian)">Lord Kitchener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow" title="Mighty Sparrow">Mighty Sparrow</a>. The art form was most popularised at that time by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a>. Along with folk songs and African- and Indian-based classical forms, cross-cultural interactions have produced other indigenous forms of music including <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, rapso, <a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">parang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney</a>, and other derivative and fusion styles. There are also local communities which practice and experiment with international classical and pop music, often fusing them with local <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a> instruments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Music_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Music Company">MusicTT</a> was established in 2014 to facilitate the business development and export activity of the music industry in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cedula_of_Population" title="Cedula of Population">Cedula of Population</a> of 1783 laid the foundation and growth of the population of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. The island's Spanish possessors contributed little towards advancements, with <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a> the focus; Trinidad's geographical location made it the center of that focus. Following the Cedula, French planters (accompanied by their slaves, free coloreds and mulattos) from the <a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> migrated to the Trinidad. This exodus was encouraged due to the French Revolution. The Spanish also gave many incentives to lure settlers to the island, including exemption from taxes for 10 years and land grants in accordance to the terms set out in the Cedula. These new immigrants established local communities of <a href="/wiki/Blanchisseuse" title="Blanchisseuse">Blanchisseuse</a>, Champs Fleurs, <a href="/wiki/Paramin" title="Paramin">Paramin</a>, Cascade, <a href="/wiki/Carenage" title="Carenage">Carenage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laventille" title="Laventille">Laventille</a>. Trinidad's population jumped from less than 1,400 in 1777, to over 15,000 by the end of 1789. In 1797, Trinidad became a British crown colony, with a French-speaking population. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> had arrived with the French. Indentured laborers and slaves, who could not take part in Carnival, formed their own, parallel celebration, <a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">canboulay</a>, which became the precursor for the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_%26_Tobago_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad & Tobago Carnival">Trinidad & Tobago Carnival</a>, and has played an important role in the development of Trinidad's culture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official and elite unease over carnival revelry (which was considered violent and unruly) grew during the next few decades, and in 1883 drumming was banned in an attempt to clean up Carnival. This injunction came after a serious disturbance during the 1881 Carnival, known as the <a href="/wiki/Canboulay_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Canboulay Riots">Canboulay Riots</a>. Canboulays were processions during carnival that commemorated the harvesting of burnt cane fields during slavery, a process so labor-intensive that it had often involved forced marches of slaves from neighboring plantations to more efficiently harvest the cane (once the field is burned, the cane requires immediate harvesting, or it spoils). These canboulay processions were popular, and often incorporated kalenda. The government's attempt to ban the processions in 1881 resulted in open riots between Afro-Creole revelers and police, a turn of events that, not surprisingly, caused deep resentment within Trinidadian society toward the government's use of power. The open resistance of Afro-Creole revelers, of course, redoubled concerns among government officials over this potential threat to public order and led to an alternative strategy—the banning of drumming—in 1883. To make sure that the point got across, stick-fighting itself was banned in 1884. An ingenious substitute for the drums and sticks, called tamboo bamboo, was introduced in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamboo-bamboo bands consist of three different instruments (each cut from bamboo): boom, foulé, and cutter. The boom serves as the bass instrument, is usually about five feet long, and is played by stamping it on the ground. The foulé, a higher-pitched instrument, consists of two pieces of bamboo, each about a foot long, and is played by striking these pieces end to end. The cutter, the highest-pitched instrument in the ensemble, is made from a thinner piece of bamboo (of varying length) and is struck with a stick. These three types of instruments combined to beat out rhythms that accompanied the chantwells and were a staple of carnival celebrations for many years. They were gradually rendered obsolete by the <a href="/wiki/Steel_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel band">steel band</a>. </p><p>The 1930s saw contests between tents become a standard part of Carnival, and in 1939, Growling Tiger was crowned the first calypso monarch of Trinidad (for his song, "The Labor Situation in Trinidad"). Carnival festivities split into two kinds of venues during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, occupying both the street and more performance-oriented <a href="/wiki/Calypso_tent" title="Calypso tent">calypso tents</a>. Both of these spaces, however, were the preserve of the lower class and of Afro-Creoles. Calypsonians were considered potentially dangerous by elites and government officials because they commanded large followings and could sway public opinion with their songs. The streets were also carefully monitored, setting up an atmosphere within which calypso and Carnival were embraced by the lower class and kept at a distance by elites. The Afro-Creole middle class, moreover, working toward upward social mobility and thus concerned with aligning itself with the elite, also attempted to distance itself from Carnival and calypso. </p><p>Beginning in 1845, major influxes of indentured immigrants from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other parts of the world dramatically changed the ethnic composition of the islands. These indentured servants brought their own folk music, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, to the creole mix, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney music</a>. In addition to Indians, Syrians, Portuguese, Chinese and Africans came to the islands in waves between 1845 and 1917, and even after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_traditions">Folk traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folk traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recorded in the hills of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, here is a fascinating juxtaposition of three music and music / dance practices of non-urban dwellers derived from African roots. Bamboo-Tamboo evolved out of the ban which European colonizers imposed on drumming: dry, hollow bamboo poles were cut to varying lengths to produce different pitches when thumped theground. These bamboo instruments are used to accompany or speak about <a href="/wiki/Calinda" title="Calinda">calinda</a> (stick fighting). Belair (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">bélé</a>) is a dance of older women accompanied by drums and shakers </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bélé"><span id="B.C3.A9l.C3.A9"></span>Bélé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bélé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">bélé</a></div> <p>In the late 18th century when the French plantation owners and their <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> slaves came to <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, they brought with them a life style of "joie de vivre" to their plantations. At that time, the French held many balls at the Great Houses where they enjoyed doing many of the courtly dances of Europe. </p><p>The house slaves, in their moments of leisure, took the dance to the field slaves and mimicked the dance of their masters. The slaves who worked in or around these houses quickly copied the style and dress. They showed off by doing ceremonious bows, making grand entrances, sweeping movements, graceful and gentle gliding steps which imitated the perceived elegance of the French. The rhythmic quality of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Bélé">bélé</a> drums added spicy and yet subtle sensuality to the movements. There are more than 14 types of bélé dances including the Grand bélé and Congo bélé, with each performed to its own rhythms and chants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamboo-bamboo">Tamboo-bamboo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tamboo-bamboo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stick fighting and African percussion music were banned in 1881 from <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_%26_Tobago_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad & Tobago Carnival">Trinidad Carnival</a>, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Canboulay_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Canboulay Riots">Canboulay Riots</a>. They were replaced by bamboo sticks called "tamboo-bamboo" (originally tambour bamboo) beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. Tamboo-bamboo evolved out of the ban which European colonizers imposed on drumming: dry, hollow bamboo poles were cut to varying lengths to produce different pitches when thumped against the ground. In 1937 they reappeared, transformed as an orchestra of frying pans, dustbin lids and oil drums. These <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpans</a> or pans are now a major part of the Trinidadian music. </p><p>The first instruments developed in the evolution of steelpan were tamboo-bamboos, tunable sticks made of bamboo wood. Tamboo-bamboo bands also included percussion of a (gin) bottle and spoon. By the mid-1930s, bits of metal percussion were being used in the tamboo bamboo bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaiso">Kaiso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kaiso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></div> <p>Kaiso is a type of music popular in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>. It originated from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> call and response songs, and later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso music</a>. </p><p>Kaiso music has its origins in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> call and response songs (particularly in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>) which were brought over by the slaves who (in the early history of the art form) used them to sing about their masters and ways to gain their freedom. The people would also gather in "kaiso" tents where a <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> or lead singer would lead them in song. Many early kaisos were sung in <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a> by a "<a href="/wiki/Chantwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantwell">chantwell</a>". Kaiso songs are generally narrative in form and often have a cleverly concealed political subtext. </p><p>After Emancipation of slavery, the chantwell would sing <a href="/wiki/Call-and-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-and-response">call-and-response</a> chants called <i>lavways</i>, lionizing and cheering on champion stickfighters. This form of music gradually evolved into the modern day calypso. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calypso">Calypso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Calypso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso music</a></div> <p>Calypso music grew together with Carnival. The music drew upon the West African <a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a> and French/European influences, and arose as a means of communication among the enslaved Africans. <i>Kaiso</i> is still used today as a synonym for <i>calypso</i> in Trinidad and some other islands, often by traditionalists, and is also used as a cry of encouragement for a performer, similar to <i>bravo</i> or <i>olé</i>. Highly rhythmic and harmonic vocals characterized the music, which was most often sung in a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a> and led by a <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a>. As calypso developed, the role of the griot (originally a similar traveling musician in West Africa) became known as a <i>chantuelle</i>, and eventually, <i><a href="/wiki/Calypsonian" title="Calypsonian">calypsonian</a></i>. Calypso was popularized after the abolition of slavery and the ensuing growth of the Carnival festivals in the 1830s. </p><p>Modern calypso, however, began in the 19th century, a fusion of disparate elements ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">masquerade</a> song <i><a href="/wiki/Lavway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavway">lavway</a></i>, French Creole <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A8l%C3%A8_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bèlè (dance)">belair</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Stick_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick fighting">stick fighting</a> <a href="/wiki/Chantwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantwell">chantwell</a>. Calypso's early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidadian">Trinidadian</a> slaves, including <a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">canboulay</a> drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Masquerade Balls to Trinidad which were mimicked by ex-slaves after Abolition of Slavery, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolition of slavery</a> in 1834. </p><p>Calypso drew upon African and French influences, and became the voice of the people. It allowed the masses to challenge the actions of the unelected <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, and the elected town councils of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago">San Fernando</a>. As English replaced patois (<a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">French Creole</a>) as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the radio stations and government. Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression, and also served to document the history of Trinidad and Tobago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_performers">Early performers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early chantwells such as Hannibal, Norman Le Blanc, <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Panther" title="Mighty Panther">Mighty Panther</a> and Boadicea made names for themselves by criticizing the colonial government. In 1912, calypso was recorded for the first time and the following decade saw the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Calypso_tent" title="Calypso tent">calypso tent</a>. During Carnival, calypsonians competed for awards like the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Road_March" title="Carnival Road March">Carnival Road March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calypso_Monarch" title="Calypso Monarch">National Calypso Monarch</a>, Calypso Queen, Junior Monarch and <a href="/wiki/Extempo_Monarch" title="Extempo Monarch">Extempo Monarch</a> in contests called <a href="/wiki/Picong" title="Picong">picong</a>, when two performers trade bawdy and irreverent jibes at each other, and referencing the day's events. Soon, stars such as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Invader" title="Lord Invader">Lord Invader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Lion" title="Roaring Lion">Roaring Lion</a> grew in stature (the 1930s Golden Age of Calypso) and became more closely aligned with the independence movement. Some songs were banned or censored by the British colonial government, and calypso became a method of underground communication and spreading anti-British information. </p><p>These early popular performers led the way for calypso's mainstreaming with artists including <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_(calypsonian)" title="Lord Kitchener (calypsonian)">Lord Kitchener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow" title="Mighty Sparrow">Mighty Sparrow</a>. Belafonte, a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaican</a>-American singing in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, was by far the most popular internationally during this wave (with his <i><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(album)" title="Calypso (album)">Calypso</a></i> album, Belafonte was the first artist to sell a million copies), but his music was also criticized for watering down the sound of calypso. </p><p>1947 saw Lord Kitchener and Killer forming the renegade <a href="/wiki/Calypso_tent" title="Calypso tent">calypso tent</a> Young Brigade. The term <i>Young Brigade</i> soon came to refer to a specific group of calypsonians that used fictional narratives and humor with new, more dance-able rhythms. Kitchener was by far the most popular of the Young Brigade calypsonians, and he helped popularize calypso in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow" title="Mighty Sparrow">Mighty Sparrow</a>'s first hit was <i><a href="/wiki/Jean_and_Dinah" title="Jean and Dinah">Jean and Dinah</a></i>, celebrating the departure of American military forces from Trinidad; the song launched a new generation of politically active calypso music, which soon became associated with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement" title="People's National Movement">People's National Movement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Lion" title="Roaring Lion">Roaring Lion</a> was also a major part of this vanguard in calypso music, and he became known for a traditionalist style that he maintained throughout his career. </p><p>During the 1970s, calypso's popularity waned throughout the world, including the Caribbean. Derivatives include an uptempo version of <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso music</a> called <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a>-influenced style called <a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">rapso</a> both became popular in Trinidad and other islands. Soca was by the more influential in terms of international sales, since rapso's crossover appeal to mainstream tastes has been extremely limited. Old-time calypsonians and purists, however, preferred rapso's continuation of the lyrical ambidexterity that helped make calypso the world-famous, innovative art form it has become; many criticized soca's perceived watering-down of calypso, including veteran calypsonians such as <a href="/wiki/Chalkdust" title="Chalkdust">Chalkdust</a>, who asked: "Are we to put water in the brandy, singing just two or three words [that mainstream audiences] can understand and dance to?" <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian">Indo-Trinidadians</a> began popularising <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney music</a> during the same time period. In the mid-1970s, artists like <a href="/wiki/Sundar_Popo" title="Sundar Popo">Sundar Popo</a> made the music mainstream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_father_of_soca_music">The father of soca music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The father of soca music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca music</a></div> <p>The "father" of soca was a Trinidadian man named Garfield Blackman who rose to fame as "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Shorty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shorty">Lord Shorty</a>" with his 1964 hit "Cloak and Dagger" and took on the name "Ras Shorty I" in the early 1980s. He started out writing songs and performing in the calypso genre. A prolific musician, composer, and innovator, Shorty experimented with fusing <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> and elements of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_music" title="Indo-Caribbean music">Indo-Caribbean music</a> for nearly a decade from 1965 before unleashing "the soul of calypso", soca music by the early 1970s. </p><p>Shorty was the first to define his music as "soca"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during 1975 when his hit song “Endless Vibrations” was causing major musical waves on radio stations and at parties and clubs not just throughout his native T&T but also in far-off metropolitan cities like New York, Toronto, and London. Soca was initially spelled Sokah which stands for the “Soul of Calypso” with the “Kah” part being taken from the first letter in the Sanskrit alphabet and representing the Power of movement as well as the East Indian rhythmic influence that helped to inspire the new soca beat. Shorty stated in several interviews that the idea for the new soca beat started with the rhythmic fusion of Calypso rhythms with East Indian rhythms that he used in his hit "Indrani" recorded in 1972. The soca beat was solidified as the popular new beat that most of the T&T Calypso musicians would start adopting by the time Shorty had recorded his big crossover hit “Endless Vibrations” in 1974. </p><p>Shorty also recorded a mid-year album in 1975 called “Love In The Caribbean” that contains several crossover soca tracks before setting off on an album distribution and promotion tour. During his 1975 “Love In The Caribbean” album promotion and distribution tour, Shorty pass thru the isle of Dominica on his way back to Trinidad and saw Dominica's top band <a href="/wiki/Exile_One" title="Exile One">Exile One</a> perform at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Young_Hotel" title="Fort Young Hotel">Fort Young Hotel</a>. Shorty was inspired to compose and record a Soca and Cadence-lypso fusion track called “E Pete” or “Ou Petit” which can be viewed as the first of its kind in that particular Soca style. Shorty sought and got help with the Creole lyrics he used in the chorus of his “E Pete” song by consulting with Dominica's 1969 Calypso King, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Tokyo" title="Lord Tokyo">Lord Tokyo</a>, and two creole lyricists, Chris Seraphine and Pat Aaron while he was in Dominica. The song “E Pete” thus contains genuine Creole lyrics in the chorus like "Ou dee moin ou petit Shorty" (meaning "you told me you are small Shorty"), and is a combination of Soca, Calypso, Cadence-lypso and Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shorty's 1974 <i>Endless Vibrations</i> and <i>Soul of Calypso</i> brought Soca to be regional and international attention and fame and helped to solidify the rapidly growing Soca Movement led by Shorty. </p><p>Soca developed in the early 1970s and grew in popularity in the late 1970s. Soca's development as a musical genre included its early fusion of calypso with Indian musical instruments, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhantal" title="Dhantal">dhantal</a>, as demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shorty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shorty">Lord Shorty</a>'s classic compositions "Ïndrani", "Kalo Gee Bull Bull" and "Shanti Om". </p><p>Soca has grown since its inception to incorporate elements of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, disco, <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> and other dance music genres, and continues to blend in contemporary music styles and trends. Soca has also been experimented with in <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> films, <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a>, in new <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> pop, and in <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> music in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rapso">Rapso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rapso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">Rapso</a></div> <p>Rapso arose as <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> thought spread in Trinidad. <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Layne" title="Lancelot Layne">Lancelot Layne</a> is said to have invented the genre with his 1971 hit "Blow Away", while <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Byron" title="Cheryl Byron">Cheryl Byron</a> brought rapso to calypso tents in 1976. The term <i>rapso</i> first appeared in 1980 on <i>Busting Out</i>, an album by <a href="/wiki/Brother_Resistance" title="Brother Resistance">Brother Resistance</a> and his Network Riddum Band. Rapso has become one of the most prevalent expressions of music on Trinidad itself, but is largely absorbed into calypso during Carnival celebrations and contests. The 1990s saw a more politically and spiritually-conscious form of rapso, which has been infused with soul and reggae music, as well as native <a href="/wiki/J%27ouvert" title="J'ouvert">J'ouvert</a>, an early introduction to Carnival which consists of percussionists using makeshift materials to hammer out a beat. The trio band 3 Canal, and the artist <a href="/wiki/Ataklan" title="Ataklan">Ataklan</a>, are among the most popular modern proponents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extempo">Extempo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extempo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extempo" title="Extempo">extempo</a></div> <p>Extempo, or extempo calypso, or calypso war, is a lyrically improvised (freestyled) form of calypso. An annual competition is held at the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago Carnival</a> for the title of <a href="/wiki/Extempo_Monarch" title="Extempo Monarch">Extempo Monarch</a>. The art form was first recorded in the 1940s in Trinidad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brass_bands">Brass bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brass bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1986, <a href="/wiki/David_Rudder" title="David Rudder">David Rudder</a> popularized the <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> band in Carnival competitions. Brass bands had long been a part of Trinidad's cultural heritage, but Rudder helped inspire the founding of the Caribbean Brass Festival in 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steel-pan_and_steel_bands">Steel-pan and steel bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Steel-pan and steel bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BPRenegades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BPRenegades.jpg/200px-BPRenegades.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BPRenegades.jpg/300px-BPRenegades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BPRenegades.jpg/400px-BPRenegades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=BP_Renegades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BP Renegades (page does not exist)">BP Renegades</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a> orchestra</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most significant contributions of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> to the world of music was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a>. This instrument is the only acoustic instrument that was invented in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pan evolved from music which the island slaves created for the carnival festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first steel-pans were made from oil drums. The players would beat on the end of the oil drum with bamboo to produce music and found that the areas of the drum that were hit the most frequently developed a higher pitch. From this discovery the players learned that they could change the pitch of the drum to create different notes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steel-pan is created by hammering a 55-gallon drum to produce the full chromatic range of scale notes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the drum is hammered into the shape of a concave bowl, individual notes are grooved out into the bowl of the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional steel-pan was hammered out by hand, but with the instrument gaining popularity and worldwide demand, manufacturers have experimented with more efficient methods including Spinforming, Flowforming, Aquaforming and Marforming.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical pan contains 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> octaves, with each note being a hammered out groove in the pan that produces a distinct note.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel-pan originates from low-income communities and was at first associated with violence and lawlessness. The upper class looked on steel-pan players with disdain until Dr. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Eric Williams</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Movement" title="People's National Movement">People's National Movement</a> and the man known as father of the nation, increased the acceptance of steel-pan in the mainstream music scene by encouraging corporations to sponsor steel bands, giving the bands more respectability in society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, steel-pan is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago and is used worldwide. In 2013 Ancel Bhagwandeen was awarded by the Prime minister's Awards for Scientific Ingenuity for developing and producing the World's first tenor pan stick that is sound sensitive and displays light colours in sync with playing the steel pan. It is the first modernization of the pan stick in decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parang">Parang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Parang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">Parang</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> the Latin American-derived seasonal Christmas music called <a href="/wiki/Parang" title="Parang">Parang</a> is about more than just Christmas carols. Parang is about general merrymaking and festivities around Christmas time and the food, dancing and music is all a part of the parang. The singers of parang visit the homes of family and friends and sing Christmas-themed songs in Spanish accompanied by instruments, usually the <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_(Venezuela)" title="Cuatro (Venezuela)">Venezuelan cuatro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a> (known as chac-chacs on the islands), <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandolin" title="Bandolin">bandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandola" title="Bandola">bandola</a> and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parang is mostly performed during the Christmas season but is also used at other festivals throughout the year, including the Santa Rosa Festival, the velorio del cruz, and the Sebucan festival. Parang includes both religious and non-religious songs and melodies set against the parang instrumentation. Parang festivities typically involve dancing and there are two primary dance styles, the slower castillian waltz and a quicker gavilan style.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chutney_music">Chutney music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chutney music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sundar_Popo" title="Sundar Popo">Sundar Popo</a></div> <p>Indians arrived in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> on May 30, 1845 as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_laborer" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured laborer">indentured laborers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> plantations, to fill the labor void left by the abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island's growing Indian population developed the musical style of <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney</a>. This musical form based on Indian rhythms was named chutney because it is hot music, its use of <a href="/wiki/Double_entendres" class="mw-redirect" title="Double entendres">double entendres</a> and fast and repetitive rhythms make its listeners want to dance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chutney uses a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">East Indian classical music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">East Indian folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a> are religious songs), Western and African instruments, and usually the <a href="/wiki/Indian_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian musical instruments">Indian musical instruments</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhantal" title="Dhantal">dhantal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">manjira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tassa" title="Tassa">tassa</a>, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Bulbul_tarang" title="Bulbul tarang">bulbul tarang</a> to accompany its fast-paced <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> beats.<sup id="cite_ref-TIDCO,_1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIDCO,_1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sundar_Popo" title="Sundar Popo">Sundar Popo</a> was one of the first who pioneered in this music. <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney music</a> is a mixture of Indian tunes influenced by calypso and soca rhythms, and it has been blended with many of the other varieties of music on the island. Artists like Apache Waria and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gajraj" title="Terry Gajraj">Terry Gajraj</a> pioneered ragga chutney. Chutney has also developed into chutney-bhangra, chutney-hip-hop, soca-bhangra and <a href="/wiki/Bhangra-wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangra-wine">bhangra-wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As chutney music's popularity grows, people are becoming more aware of the mixture of cultures present in Trinidad and Tobago. Many of the chutney artists that are known within West Indian culture are from Trinidad. <a href="/wiki/Sundar_Popo" title="Sundar Popo">Sundar Popo</a> was a pioneer of chutney music, famous for first blending chutney with calypso and soca and increasing the popularity of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instruments used in chutney were those that were approved for women to play, making chutney becoming viewed as a woman's music genre. Since then, chutney has grown from a woman's genre into a leading player of the pop music scene with both men and women participating in nationwide competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-TIDCO,_1996_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIDCO,_1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chutney music is a reflection on the culture of Trinidad and Tobago, its blending of Indian, Western and African elements is a representation of the backgrounds that are mixed together to form the culture of Trinidad and Tobago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pop,_rock_and_alternative_music"><span id="Pop.2C_rock_and_alternative_music"></span>Pop, rock and alternative music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pop, rock and alternative music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trinidad and Tobago has an underground <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> scene with many small shows being held throughout the year. The largest of such shows are the annual Pop Music Awards held at the <i>Tsunami nightclub</i> in <a href="/wiki/Chaguaramas,_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaguaramas, Trinidad">Chaguaramas</a> and the Samaan Tree Rock Festival in Aranguez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_classical">Western classical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Western classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a long tradition of western classical music, both instrumental and choral, dating back to the colonial era under the British. The Trinidad & Tobago Music Festival is a primary showcase for these art forms. Choral groups, steelband and traditional western orchestras, smaller ensembles, music schools and programmes, and others stage shows<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at venues around the country, particularly at the Queen's Hall in <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> (St. Augustine Campus); Central Bank Auditorium; Simon Bolivar auditorium; churches and cathedrals; and at the new National Academy for the Performing Arts (NAPA), which was opened in 2009 but closed down in 2014 for renovations. Popular proponents of the Western Classical form include the <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Chamber_Orchestra" title="St Augustine Chamber Orchestra">St Augustine Chamber Orchestra</a>/Trinidad and Tobago Youth Philharmonic (the largest symphony orchestra and largest youth orchestra in the English-speaking Caribbean), <a href="/wiki/Marionettes_Chorale" class="mw-redirect" title="Marionettes Chorale">Marionettes Chorale</a> (the first choir to blend choral voices with the <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Performing Arts Fraternity and Eastern Youth Chorale, Lydian Singers, UWI Festival Arts Chorale; the National Philharmonic and the National Steel Symphony Orchestra, and the Classical Music Development Foundation, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindustani_classical">Hindustani classical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hindustani classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the indentured laborers who came from India brought with them the form of authentic Indian Classical Music. A form of local Indo-Trinidad classical music was later created. However, organisations were able to keep the pure classical form alive. Bharatiya Vidya Sansthaan, under the guidance of Prof. Hari Shankara Adesh, was the first institution to provide courses in the authentic classical artform of India. </p><p>Prof. Rajesh Kelkar (from historic Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda), went to remote villages of Trinidad and taught classical and devotional music with missionary zeal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MusicTT">MusicTT</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: MusicTT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Music_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Music Company">Trinidad and Tobago Music Company</a></div> <p>The government has identified the music industry as one of three pioneering sectors that are pivotal to long-term economic sustainability because of dropping prices of oil and gas, Trinidad and Tobago's main export. For this reason, MusicTT was established in 2014 as a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Creative_Industries_Company" title="Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company">CreativeTT</a>. MusicTT’s mandate is "to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activity of the music industry in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10rEGSIItjgC&pg=PA229"><i>French creole influence on calypso music</i></a>. YouTube. 2010-12-17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313357978" title="Special:BookSources/9780313357978"><bdi>9780313357978</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+creole+influence+on+calypso+music&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft.isbn=9780313357978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10rEGSIItjgC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearsonhighered.com/readinghour/music/assets/Nettl_020501285X_Ch10.pdf">"Zouk:EXCURSIONS IN WORLD MUSIC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1993. p. 111<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zouk%3AEXCURSIONS+IN+WORLD+MUSIC&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearsonhighered.com%2Freadinghour%2Fmusic%2Fassets%2FNettl_020501285X_Ch10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2g9s7JHtVsg">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912213749/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2g9s7JHtVsg&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris_Wilkins2016" class="citation cs2">Norris Wilkins (2016-01-10), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2g9s7JHtVsg"><i>RAS SHORTY I : "Watch Out My Children" 1941 – 2000</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAS+SHORTY+I+%3A+%22Watch+Out+My+Children%22+1941+%E2%80%93+2000&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft.au=Norris+Wilkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2g9s7JHtVsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special: Diff/888531468 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original site located at Special: Permalink/888529148 cite #4 - verify the site is accurate and delete this template. User: GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jocelyne Guilbault. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sibetrans.com/trans/a265/the-politics-of-labelling-popular-musics-in-english-caribbean">"The Politics of Labelling Popular Music in English Caribbean"</a> Trans 3, 1997 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special: Diff/888531468 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original site located at Special: Permalink/888529148 cite #6 - verify the site is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waithe, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waithe, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waithe, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, 2010, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, 2010, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waithe, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingram, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramnarine, p. 529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramnarine, p. 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIDCO,_1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIDCO,_1996_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIDCO,_1996_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">TIDCO, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramnarine, p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovertnt.com/trinidad/arts-culture/3/19">"Trinidad Arts & Culture"</a> at <i>Discover Trinidad & Tobago</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse1968" class="citation news cs1">Rouse, Ewart (1968). 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Music of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2nd Edition, 2018. Taylor & Francis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1138053562" title="Special:BookSources/1138053562">1138053562</a></li> <li>Scher, P. W. "Preservation, Carnival and the State in Trinidad". 2002. <i>Anthropology Quarterly</i>, Vol. 75, No 3. pp. 453–484.</li> <li>Ho, Christine G. T. "Popular Culture and the Aestheticization of Politics: Hegemonic Struggle and Postcolonial Nationalism in the Trinidad Carnival". 2000. <i>Transforming Anthropology</i>. Vol. 9, Number 1, pp. 3–18.</li> <li>Waithe, Desmond and Worrell Frank C. 2002. "The Development of the Steel Band in Trinidad and Tobago". Malloy Endowment Supported Lecture.</li> <li>Lewis, W. (1993), "Mechanising the manufacture of the steel pan musical instrument". <i>The Journal of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago</i>, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 35–41.</li> <li>Lewis, W and Ameerali, A. 2010. "Experimental Investigations into Manufacturing Processes Used to Produce Musical Steel Drums". <i>The West Indian Journal of Engineering</i>. Vol. 32.</li> <li>Hansen, U., Rossing, T. D., Mannettc, E., and George, K. (1995), "The Caribbean Steel Pan; Tuning and Mode Studies", <i>MRS Bulletin</i>, March, pp. 44–46.</li> <li>Taylor, Daphne Pawan. 1977. <i>Parang of Trinidad</i>. Port of Spain, Trinidad: National Cultural Council of Trinidad and Tobago.</li> <li>Ingram, Amanda K. 2002. <i>What is Parang?</i> Wesleyan University.</li> <li>TIDCO. 1996. Arts & Entertainment Directory 1996. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Tourism & Industrial Development Company of Trinidad and Tobago Ltd.</li> <li>Constance, Zeno Obi. 1991. <i>Tassa, Chutney & Soca: The East Indian Contribution to the Calypso</i>. Trinidad: Jordan's Printing Service.</li> <li>Moodie-Kublalsingh, Sylvia. 1994. <i>The Cocoa Panyols of Trinidad: An Oral Record</i>. London: British Academic Press.</li> <li>De Ledesma, Charles, and Georgia Popplewell. "Put Water in the Brandy?" 2000. In Broughton, Simon, and Mark Ellingham, with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (eds), <i>World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</i>, pp. 507–26. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Peter,_with_Kenneth_Bilby_and_Michael_Largey2006" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey (28 March 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caribbeancurrents00manuel"><i>Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-463-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-463-7"><bdi>1-59213-463-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Currents%3A+Caribbean+Music+from+Rumba+to+Reggae+%282nd+edition%29.+Temple+University+Press%2C+2006&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft.isbn=1-59213-463-7&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Peter%2C+with+Kenneth+Bilby+and+Michael+Largey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaribbeancurrents00manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel,_Peter2000" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Peter (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastindianmusici00manu"><i>East Indian Music in the West Indies: Tan-singing, Chutney, and the Making of Indo-Caribbean Culture. Temple University Press, 2000</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-763-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-763-4"><bdi>1-56639-763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Indian+Music+in+the+West+Indies%3A+Tan-singing%2C+Chutney%2C+and+the+Making+of+Indo-Caribbean+Culture.+Temple+University+Press%2C+2000&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56639-763-4&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastindianmusici00manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ramnarine, Tina K. "The Caribbean's Hot Hindi Sound". 2000. In Broughton, Simon, and Mark Ellingham, with James McConnachie and Orla Duane (eds), <i>World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</i>, pp. 527–30. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calypsos_with_sociopolitical_influences" title="List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences">List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" title="Template:Music of the Lesser Antilles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trinidad_and_Tobago_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trinidad_and_Tobago_topics" title="Template:Trinidad and Tobago topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trinidad_and_Tobago_topics" title="Template talk:Trinidad and Tobago topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trinidad_and_Tobago_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trinidad and Tobago topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trinidad_and_Tobago_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tobago" title="History of Tobago">History of Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Curonian colonization of the Americas">Curonian colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">French invasion of Tobago (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">British invasion of Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Independence_Act_1962" title="Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962">Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_unrest_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago">Social unrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Geography of Trinidad and Tobago">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dry_forests" title="Trinidad and Tobago dry forests">Dry forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_moist_forests" title="Trinidad and Tobago moist forests">Moist forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_mangroves" title="Trinidad mangroves">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural history of Trinidad and Tobago">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago-related_topics#Wildlife_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Trinidad and Tobago-related topics">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_and_municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Elections in Trinidad and Tobago">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Human rights in Trinidad and Tobago">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Tobago" title="Chief Secretary of Tobago">Chief Secretary of Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar" title="Trinidad and Tobago dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Trinidad and Tobago">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Society of Trinidad and Tobago">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Crime in Trinidad and Tobago">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Healthcare in Trinidad and Tobago">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Trinidad and Tobago">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Culture of Trinidad and Tobago">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Flag of Trinidad and Tobago">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Trinidad and Tobago">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Category:Mass media in Trinidad and Tobago">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a 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