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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vagueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Vagueness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vagueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing_authoritarian_populism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing_authoritarian_populism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Right-wing authoritarian populism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-wing_authoritarian_populism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_masculinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_masculinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Gender and masculinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_masculinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Trumpism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Trumpism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Christian Trumpism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Trumpism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_combative,_less_ideological_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_combative,_less_ideological_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 More combative, less ideological base </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_combative,_less_ideological_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Ideological themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_persuasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_persuasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Methods of persuasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_persuasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods of persuasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_persuasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Money-Kyrle_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money-Kyrle_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Money-Kyrle pattern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money-Kyrle_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_rallies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_rallies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Trump rallies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_rallies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rhetoric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Branding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeal_to_emotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal_to_emotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Appeal to emotions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeal_to_emotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotion,_trust_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotion,_trust_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Emotion, trust and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotion,_trust_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falsehoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falsehoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Falsehoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falsehoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social psychology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social psychology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominance_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dominance orientation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_animal_social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_animal_social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Comparisons to animal social behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_animal_social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective_narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Collective narcissism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_of_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_of_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cult of personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_of_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Relationship with media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture_industry_and_pillarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_industry_and_pillarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Culture industry and pillarization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_industry_and_pillarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profitability_of_spectacle_and_outrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profitability_of_spectacle_and_outrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Profitability of spectacle and outrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profitability_of_spectacle_and_outrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_movements,_politicians_and_personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_movements,_politicians_and_personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Similar movements, politicians and personalities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_movements,_politicians_and_personalities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Similar movements, politicians and personalities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_movements,_politicians_and_personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_background_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Historical background in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallels_with_fascism_and_trend_towards_illiberal_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallels_with_fascism_and_trend_towards_illiberal_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Parallels with fascism and trend towards illiberal democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallels_with_fascism_and_trend_towards_illiberal_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rush_Limbaugh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rush_Limbaugh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Rush Limbaugh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rush_Limbaugh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Future impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Beyond the United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beyond the United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trumpism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترامبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترامبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpisme" title="Trumpisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trumpisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpisme" title="Trumpisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trumpisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpismus" title="Trumpismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trumpismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trumpism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τραμπισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραμπισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpismo" title="Trumpismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trumpismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpismo" title="Trumpismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trumpismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ترامپیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترامپیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpisme" title="Trumpisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trumpisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC%ED%94%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="트럼프주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트럼프주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpisme" title="Trumpisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trumpisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpismo" title="Trumpismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trumpismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="טראמפיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טראמפיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpizmus" title="Trumpizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trumpizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpisme" title="Trumpisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trumpisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="トランピズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランピズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpisme" title="Trumpisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trumpisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpizm" title="Trumpizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trumpizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpismo" title="Trumpismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trumpismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trumpism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Трампизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трампизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trumpism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Трампизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трампизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 16, 2025 at 16:57 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the characteristic rhetoric and statements of Donald Trump, see <a href="/wiki/Trumpisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpisms">Trumpisms</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid red; border-bottom:2px solid red; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Trumpism</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2015; 10 years ago (2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">Factions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Libertarianism">Conservative Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Red</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg/165px-Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg/248px-Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg/330px-Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1071" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_(25858585711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Donald_Trump_%2825858585711%29.jpg/129px-Donald_Trump_%2825858585711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Donald_Trump_%2825858585711%29.jpg/194px-Donald_Trump_%2825858585711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Donald_Trump_%2825858585711%29.jpg/258px-Donald_Trump_%2825858585711%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="2347" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg/138px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg/207px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg/276px-DC_Capitol_Storming_IMG_7985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_(50335364347).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_%2850335364347%29.jpg/156px-United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_%2850335364347%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_%2850335364347%29.jpg/234px-United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_%2850335364347%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_%2850335364347%29.jpg/312px-United_We_Stand_%26_Patriots_March_for_America_%2850335364347%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6070" data-file-height="4051" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God,_Guns_and_Trump_button_(48555430526).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God%2C_Guns_and_Trump_button_%2848555430526%29.jpg/82px-Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God%2C_Guns_and_Trump_button_%2848555430526%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God%2C_Guns_and_Trump_button_%2848555430526%29.jpg/123px-Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God%2C_Guns_and_Trump_button_%2848555430526%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God%2C_Guns_and_Trump_button_%2848555430526%29.jpg/164px-Fuck_your_Feelings_%26_God%2C_Guns_and_Trump_button_%2848555430526%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="5793" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascism_Worship_(27686095712).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fascism_Worship_%2827686095712%29.jpg/212px-Fascism_Worship_%2827686095712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fascism_Worship_%2827686095712%29.jpg/318px-Fascism_Worship_%2827686095712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fascism_Worship_%2827686095712%29.jpg/424px-Fascism_Worship_%2827686095712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="2442" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Clockwise from top:</div> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign</a> rally in Greenville, North Carolina; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> at a 2016 rally in Arizona; armed supporters of Trump at a Minnesota demonstration, September 2020;<a href="#cite_note-Hovland1-2">[note 1]</a> a supporter kneeling at a 2016 Trump rally in Tucson; a supporter holding a sign that reads, "Fuck your feelings!" at a rally in 2019; Trump supporters <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">storming the Capitol Building</a> on January 6, 2021<a href="#cite_note-Capitol1-8">[note 2]</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_2025_inaugural_portrait_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="2641" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump" title="List of things named after Donald Trump">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Donald_Trump" title="Public image of Donald Trump">Public image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_handshakes" title="Donald Trump and handshakes">handshakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">pseudonyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_comments_on_John_McCain" title="Donald Trump's comments on John McCain">John McCain comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_dance" title="Trump dance">Trump dance</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">45th and 47th President of the United States Incumbent</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Presidencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li>executive orders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the first presidency of Donald Trump">first term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the second presidency of Donald Trump">second term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" title="Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump">proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">pardons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">'17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">'18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">'19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">'20–'21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2025)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2025)">'25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">North Korea summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li>Shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States" title="2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States">federal law enforcement deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">St. John's Church photo op</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_used_by_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media used by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li>Killings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%E2%80%93TikTok_controversy" title="Donald Trump–TikTok controversy">TikTok controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">tax cuts</a></li> <li>tariffs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Trump_tariffs" title="First Trump tariffs">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Trump_tariffs" title="Second Trump tariffs">Second term</a></li></ul></li> <li>trade war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico" title="2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico">Canada and Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">farmer bailouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States and the Paris Agreement">Paris withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">First term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration">Second term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Palestine peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal" title="United States–Taliban deal">United States–Taliban deal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Immigration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration">first term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration">second term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">travel ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_Trump_administration" title="Migrant detentions under the Trump administration">migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">troop deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">national emergency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Social policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Step_Act" title="First Step Act">First Step Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater United States">Greater United States</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments (<a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the first Trump administration">first</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the second Trump administration">second</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Cabinets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second cabinet of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ambassadors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump_(2017%E2%80%932021)" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump (2017–2021)">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_nominated_by_Donald_Trump_(2025%E2%80%932029)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ambassadors nominated by Donald Trump (2025–2029)">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Federal judges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Executives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Executive Office appointments of the first Trump administration">first</a></li> <li>second</li></ul></li> <li>U.S. Attorneys <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political career of Donald Trump">Presidential campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li>endorsements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post%E2%80%932016_election_Donald_Trump_rallies#2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post–2016 election Donald Trump rallies">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li>assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">PA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">photographs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">FL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Impeachments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">Efforts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">First impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">House inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">Proposed expungements</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Civil and criminal prosecutions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">2020 election federal indictment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">Classified documents federal indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">Plasmic Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York felony conviction for falsifying business records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization" title="New York investigations of the Trump Organization">New York investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia election indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation" title="2020 Georgia election investigation">Georgia election investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">mug shot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">stimulus bills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration">Interference with science agencies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump's signature"><img alt="Donald Trump's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/130px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/195px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/260px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template talk:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States in the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Kerouac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" class="mw-redirect" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blum_(litigant)" title="Edward Blum (litigant)">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts (Kevin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Wiles" title="Susie Wiles">Wiles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Congressional caucuses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li></ul> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Action" title="Turning Point Action">Turning Point Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #B0161E; border-bottom:1px solid #B0161E"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1104486561">.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-heading{background-color:#002244}.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-title a,.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-heading,.mw-parser-output ._2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol .sidebar-heading a{color:white}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks _2021-storming-of-the-United-States-Capitol vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Planning</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a> and other causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Trump's_2012_accusations_of_electoral_fraud" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Uncertainty_over_accepting_the_election_results" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30_storming_of_the_Michigan_State_Capitol" title="April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol">Michigan State Capitol storming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">2020–21 presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">2021 Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Trump fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related groups and persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alexander" title="Ali Alexander">Ali Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Epps_(military_veteran)" title="Ray Epps (military veteran)">Ray Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_March" title="Jericho March">Jericho March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Caucus" title="Sedition Caucus">Sedition Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Participants</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ashli_Babbitt" title="Killing of Ashli Babbitt">Ashli Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Joe Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnett_(Capitol_rioter)" title="Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)">Richard Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chansley" title="Jacob Chansley">Jacob "QAnon Shaman" Chansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Evans_(politician)" title="Derrick Evans (politician)">Derrick Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(livestreamer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (livestreamer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gold" title="Simone Gold">Simone Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klete_Keller" title="Klete Keller">Klete Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Saccone" title="Rick Saccone">Rick Saccone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Schaffer" title="Jon Schaffer">Jon Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_Sullivan" title="John Earle Sullivan">John Earle Sullivan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_response_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Law enforcement response</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dunn_(police_officer)" title="Harry Dunn (police officer)">Harry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Gonell" title="Aquilino Gonell">Aquilino Gonell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goodman" title="Eugene Goodman">Eugene Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Brian Sicknick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Howard_Liebengood" title="Death of Howard Liebengood">Howard Liebengood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sund" title="Steven Sund">Steven Sund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Stenger" title="Michael C. Stenger">Michael C. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Irving" title="Paul D. Irving">Paul D. Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Miller" title="Christopher C. Miller">Christopher C. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">Ryan D. McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Piatt" title="Walter E. Piatt">Walter E. Piatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Flynn" title="Charles A. Flynn">Charles A. Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hokanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Hokanson">Daniel Hokanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Walker" title="William J. Walker">William J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_National_Guard" title="District of Columbia National Guard">D.C. National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>DC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Bowser" title="Muriel Bowser">Muriel Bowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Contee" title="Robert Contee">Robert Contee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fanone" title="Michael Fanone">Michael Fanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hodges_(police_officer)" title="Daniel Hodges (police officer)">Daniel Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_L._Smith" title="Death of Jeffrey L. Smith">Jeffrey L. Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Aftermath</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Biden inauguration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">2021 inauguration week protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden">Security preparations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Investigations and charges</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election" title="United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election">Justice Department investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_proceedings_in_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Criminal proceedings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_v._United_States" title="Fischer v. United States">Fischer v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">House Select Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">public hearings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">federal prosecution of Donald Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_defendants" title="Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants">Trump's pardon of defendants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Corporate actions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_that_halted_U.S._political_contributions_in_January_2021" title="List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021">List of companies that halted political contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump#2021" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media suspensions of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump#Permanent_suspension" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">permanent suspension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack#Corporate_suspensions_of_other_accounts_and_programs" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Suspensions of other social media accounts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parler#Shutdown_by_service_providers" title="Parler">shutdown of Parler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">Facebook</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Reactions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Domestic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)#Capitol_attack_(2021)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa culpability conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Impeachment and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_sidebar" title="Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_sidebar" title="Template talk:January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Trumpism (also referred to as the Make America Great Again movement or MAGA for short) is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that comprises the <a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideologies">political ideologies</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Political_base" title="Political base">political base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReicherHaslam2016-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer202011-10">[8]</a> It incorporates ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_antiglobalism" title="Right-wing antiglobalism">right-wing antiglobalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a>, and features significant <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> and at times autocratic beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Authoritarian-11">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201868-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adler-2022-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Trumpist" class="extiw" title="wikt:Trumpist">Trumpists</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Trumpian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Trumpian">Trumpians</a> are terms that refer to individuals exhibiting its characteristics. There is <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">significant academic debate</a> over the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a><a href="#cite_note-Fascist-16">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan2016-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2017-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewFascism-32">[note 3]</a> elements of Trumpism. Trumpism is associated with the belief that the President is above the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> It has been referred to as an <a href="/wiki/American_political" class="mw-redirect" title="American political">American political</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowndes2019-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennhold2020-38">[33]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National-populist" class="mw-redirect" title="National-populist">national-populist</a> and neo-nationalist sentiment seen in multiple nations starting in the mid-late 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac2017-39">[34]</a> Trump's political base has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cult-51">[c]</a> Trump supporters became the <a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)#Trumpists" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">largest faction</a> of the United States <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, with the remainder often characterized as "the elite", "the establishment" or "<a href="/wiki/Republican_in_name_only" title="Republican in name only">Republican in name only</a>" (RINO) in contrast. In response to the rise of Trump, there has arisen a <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Never Trump">Never Trump</a> movement. The label Trumpism has been applied to national-conservative and national-populist movements in other democracies. Politicians labeled as Trumpist by news agencies include <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric of Donald Trump</a></div> Trumpism emerged during <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">Trump's 2016 presidential campaign</a>. Trump's rhetoric has its roots in a <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> political method that suggests <a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">nationalistic</a> answers to political, economic, and social problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2024298"In_2016,_a_populist_won_the_presidential_election_in_the_United_States."-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbinati2019-53">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> They are more specifically described as <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampaniConcepciónSolerSavín2022-55">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChotiner2021-56">[50]</a> Policies include <a href="/wiki/Immigration_restrictionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration restrictionism">immigration restrictionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_protectionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade protectionism">trade protectionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>, and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Entitlement_reform_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Entitlement reform (disambiguation)">entitlement reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContinetti2020-57">[51]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> and close Trump advisor <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a> disputes that Trumpism exists in any meaningful sense, adding that "[t]he man does not have a philosophy. And people can try and draw lines between the dots of his decisions. They will fail."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewster2020-58">[52]</a> Writing for the Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (2019), Olivier Jutel notes, "What Donald Trump reveals is that the various iterations of right-wing American populism have less to do with a programmatic <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian economics">libertarian economics</a> than with enjoyment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutel2019-59">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Trump has been described a <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a>, and there exists significant scholarly study over the use of demagogy and related themes within Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercieca2020-60">[54]</a> Trump explicitly and routinely disparages racial, religious, and ethnic minorities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens-Dougan2021302"Trump,_however,_managed_to_achieve_electoral_success_in_2016_despite_routinely_using_racial_appeals_that_openly_and_categorically_disparaged_racial,_religious,_and_ethnic_minorities,_or_what_the_racial_priming_literature_refers_to_as_explicit_racial_appeals._..._Throughout_his_campaign_and_subsequent_presidency,_Trump_continued_to_traffic_in_similar_explicit_racial_appeals"_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens-Dougan2021302"Trump,_however,_managed_to_achieve_electoral_success_in_2016_despite_routinely_using_racial_appeals_that_openly_and_categorically_disparaged_racial,_religious,_and_ethnic_minorities,_or_what_the_racial_priming_literature_refers_to_as_explicit_racial_appeals._..._Throughout_his_campaign_and_subsequent_presidency,_Trump_continued_to_traffic_in_similar_explicit_racial_appeals"-61">[55]</a> and scholars consistently find that racial animus regarding blacks, immigrants, and Muslims are the best predictors of support for Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman202176"In_the_United,_States_scholars_consistently_find_that_"racial_animus,"_or_attitudes_regarding_"blacks,_immigrants,_Muslims"_are_the_best_predictors_of_support_for_President_Trump"_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman202176"In_the_United,_States_scholars_consistently_find_that_"racial_animus,"_or_attitudes_regarding_"blacks,_immigrants,_Muslims"_are_the_best_predictors_of_support_for_President_Trump"-62">[56]</a> Trumpist rhetoric heavily features <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gabriel-2023-63">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPerryWhitehead2020272-64">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang20184-65">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> attacks against minority groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasonWronskiKane20211508-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt201764-67">[61]</a> Other identified aspects include <a href="/wiki/Conspiracist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracist">conspiracist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2024Abstract-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETollefson2021-69">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang20184-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2024-70">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian nationalist">Christian nationalist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiteheadPerryBaker20183-71">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">evangelical Christian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-feminist">anti-feminist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaul20211-21-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beinart-2019-76">[70]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">anti-LGBT</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> beliefs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grievance">Grievance</h3></div> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Michael Kimmel</a> states that Trump's populism is "an emotion. And the emotion is righteous indignation that the government is screwing 'us'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel2017xi-78">[72]</a> Kimmel posits that Trump manifests "aggrieved entitlement,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmelWade2018243-79">[73]</a> a "sense that those benefits to which you believed yourself entitled have been snatched away from you by unseen forces larger and more powerful. You feel yourself to be the heir to a great promise, the <a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a>, which has turned into an impossible fantasy ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel201718-80">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vagueness">Vagueness</h3></div> Communications scholar <a href="/wiki/Zizi_Papacharissi" title="Zizi Papacharissi">Zizi Papacharissi</a> explains the utility of being ideologically vague, and using terms and slogans that can mean anything the supporter wants them to mean. "When these publics thrive in <a href="/wiki/Affective" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective">affective</a> engagement it's because they've found an affective hook that's built around an <a href="/wiki/Floating_signifier" title="Floating signifier">open signifier</a> that they get to use and reuse and re-employ ... <a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">MAGA</a>; that's an open signifier ... it allows them all to assign different meanings to it. So MAGA works for connecting publics that are different, because it is open enough to permit people to ascribe their own meaning to it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolerDavis202162-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[note 4]</a> Exit polling data suggests the campaign was successful at mobilizing the "<a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">white disenfranchised</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs201883–84-83">[76]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">lower-</a> to <a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working-class</a> European-Americans who are experiencing growing <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> and who often have stated opposition to the American <a href="/wiki/Political_establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Political establishment">political establishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2017-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerwer2017-85">[78]</a> Some prominent conservatives formed a <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Never Trump">Never Trump</a> movement, seen as a rebellion of conservative elites against the base.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right-wing_authoritarian_populism">Right-wing authoritarian populism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Steve_Bannon_2023_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Former Chief Strategist for the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first Trump Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> supported many <a href="/wiki/National_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="National populist">national populist</a> political movements including creating a <a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(right-wing_populist_group)" title="The Movement (right-wing populist group)">network of far-right groups in Europe</a>.</figcaption></figure> Trumpism has been described as right-wing authoritarian populist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellner2018-90">[83]</a> and is broadly seen among scholars as posing an existential threat to American democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2024300"Donald_Trump_is_broadly_seen_as_posing_an_existential_threat_to_American_democracy."-91">[84]</a> His presidency sparked renewed focus and research on restraining presidential power and the threats of a criminal presidency that had died down since the Nixon administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettschneiderCalvelli2024206-92">[85]</a> Trump advocated for an extreme position of <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive theory</a>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II</a> gave him the right to "do whatever I want". The theory is a maximalist interpretation of presidential power formulated during the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> and pushed by the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a> to undo post-Nixon reforms. Future presidents ran with "unitary-adjacent ideas" and aspects of theory held bipartisan support as part of the growing powers of the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettschneiderCalvelli2024211-212-93">[86]</a> In February 2025, Trump wrote and pinned a comment on <a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>: "He who saves his Country does not violate any Law", which the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> later reposted on X that day. The phrase itself is a variation of one attributed to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, and was noted to be in line with his administration's aggressive push for expanding presidential power under the theory.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> Yale sociologist <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Gorski" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip S. Gorski">Philip S. Gorski</a> warned against the threat of Trumpism, writing that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"the election of Donald Trump constitutes perhaps the greatest threat to American democracy since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. There is a real and growing danger that representative government will be slowly but effectively supplanted by a populist form of authoritarian rule in the years to come. Media intimidation, mass propaganda, voter suppression, court packing, and even armed paramilitaries—many of the necessary and sufficient conditions for an authoritarian devolution are gradually falling into place."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorski2019-96">[89]</a></blockquote> Some academics regard such authoritarian backlash as a feature of liberal democracies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStennerHaidt2018-97">[90]</a> Disputing the view that the surge of support for Trumpism and <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> is a new phenomenon, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Karen_Stenner" title="Karen Stenner">Karen Stenner</a> and social psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a> state that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the far-right populist wave ... did not in fact come out of nowhere. It is not a sudden madness, or virus, or tide, or even just a copycat phenomenon—the emboldening of bigots and despots by others' electoral successes. Rather, it is something that sits just beneath the surface of any human society—including in the advanced liberal democracies at the heart of the Western world—and can be activated by core elements of liberal democracy itself.</blockquote> Stenner and Haidt regard authoritarian waves as a feature of liberal democracies noting that the findings of their 2016 study of Trump and Brexit supporters was not unexpected, as they wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... normative threat tends either to leave non-authoritarians utterly unmoved by the things that catalyze authoritarians or to propel them toward being (what one might conceive as) their 'best selves.' In previous investigations, this has seen non-authoritarians move toward positions of greater tolerance and respect for diversity under the very conditions that seem to propel authoritarians toward increasing intolerance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStennerHaidt2018-97">[90]</a></blockquote> Author and authoritarianism critic <a href="/wiki/Masha_Gessen" title="Masha Gessen">Masha Gessen</a> contrasted the "democratic" strategy of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Republican Party">Republican</a> establishment making policy arguments appealing to the public, with the "autocratic" strategy of appealing to an "audience of one" in Donald Trump.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-2021-98">[91]</a> Gessen noted the fear of Republicans that Trump would endorse a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> opponent or otherwise use his political power to undermine any fellow party members that he felt had betrayed him. The 2020 Republican Party platform simply endorsed "the President's America-first agenda", prompting comparisons to contemporary leader-focused party platforms in Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColvin2020-99">[92]</a> In January 2025, a CNN-SSRS poll found that 53% of Republicans viewed loyalty to Trump as central to their political identity and very important to what being a Republican is, beating values such as "a less powerful federal government (46%), supporting congressional Republicans (42%) or opposing Democratic policies (32%)".<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff#Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_under_Trump" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Trump</a>, has described Trump as a "wannabe dictator."<a href="#cite_note-Bazail-Eimil-2023-101">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lillis-2023-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_masculinity">Gender and masculinity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump#Women's_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social policy of Donald Trump">Social policy of Donald Trump § Women's rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump#LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social policy of Donald Trump">Social policy of Donald Trump § LGBTQ rights</a></div> Opposition to aspects of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">transgender rights</a> is a theme of Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_(search_term)_on_Google_Trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/217px-20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/326px-20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/434px-20241119_%22Toxic_masculinity%22_%28search_term%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a> search term for "<a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a>" began a substantial increase in 2016, at the time of the campaign for the U.S. presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg/217px-202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg/326px-202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg/434px-202003-_Cumulative_county_COVID-19_death_rates_-_by_share_of_votes_for_Donald_Trump.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">After the December 2020 introduction of COVID vaccines, a partisan gap in death rates developed, indicating the effects of vaccine skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20240311-105">[98]</a> As of March 2024, more than 30 percent of Republicans had not received a COVID vaccine, compared with less than 10 percent of Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20240311-105">[98]</a> Aversion to wearing masks has been associated with Trumpism's celebration of masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWill2020-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheidon2020-107">[100]</a></div></div></div></div></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gorski" title="Philip Gorski">Philip Gorski</a>, in Trumpian nostalgia "decline is brought about by docility and femininity and the return to greatness requires little more than a reassertion of dominance and masculinity. In this way, 'virtue' is reduced to its root etymology of manly bravado."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorski2019-96">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Michael Kimmel</a> describes male Trump supporters who despaired "over whether or not anything could enable them to find a place with some dignity in this new, multicultural, and more egalitarian world. ... These men were angry, but they all looked back nostalgically to a time when their sense of masculine entitlement went unchallenged. They wanted to reclaim their country, restore their rightful place in it, and retrieve their manhood in the process."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel2018xiii-108">[101]</a> Social psychologists Theresa Vescio and Nathaniel Schermerhorn note that "In his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump embodied HM [<a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">hegemonic masculinity</a>] while waxing nostalgic for a racially homogenous past that maintained an unequal gender order. Trump performed HM by repeatedly referencing his status as a successful businessman ("<a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> businessman") and alluding to how tough he would be as president. ... Trump was openly hostile toward gender-atypical women, sexualized gender typical women, and attacked the masculinity of male peers and opponents." In their studies involving 2,007 people, they found that endorsement of hegemonic masculinity better predicted support for Trump than other factors, such as support for antiestablishment, antielitist, nativist, racist, sexist, homophobic or xenophobic perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVescioSchermerhorn2021-109">[102]</a> Kimmel was surprised at the sexual turn the 2016 election took and thinks that Trump is for many men a fantasy figure, an uber-male free to indulge every desire. "Many of these guys feel that the current order of things has emasculated them, by which I mean it has taken away their ability to support a family and have great life. Here's a guy who says: 'I can build anything I want. I can do anything I want. I can have the women I want.' They're going, 'This guy is awesome!'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2016-110">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitch_I%27m_The_President_(48555568282).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bitch_I%27m_The_President_%2848555568282%29.jpg/190px-Bitch_I%27m_The_President_%2848555568282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bitch_I%27m_The_President_%2848555568282%29.jpg/285px-Bitch_I%27m_The_President_%2848555568282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bitch_I%27m_The_President_%2848555568282%29.jpg/380px-Bitch_I%27m_The_President_%2848555568282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="2636" /></a><figcaption>Trump supporters in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a> attending a rally, August 15, 2019</figcaption></figure>Neville Hoad, an expert on gender issues in South Africa, sees this as a common theme with another strongman leader, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>, comparing his "<a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_man_(political_science)" title="Big man (political science)">Big Man</a> version of toxic masculinity versus a <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">dog whistle</a> white supremacist version; the putative real estate billionaire turned reality television star". Both men express a "masculinist fantasy of freedom", similar to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a>'s mythic leader of the primal horde whose power to satisfy every pleasure or whim has not been castrated. By activating such fantasies, toxic masculine behaviors from opulent displays of greed (the dream palaces of <a href="/wiki/Mar-a-Lago" title="Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nkandla_homestead" title="Nkandla homestead">Nkandla</a>), violent rhetoric, "<a href="/wiki/Grab_them_by_the_pussy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab them by the pussy">grab them by the pussy</a>" "<a href="/wiki/Locker_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Locker room">locker room</a>" "jokes" to misogynist insults, philandering, and even <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">sexual predatory behavior</a> including allegations of groping and raping become political assets not liabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad2020-111">[104]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Gender role scholar Colleen Clemens describes toxic masculinity as "a narrow and repressive description of manhood, designating manhood as defined by violence, sex, status and aggression ... where strength is everything while emotions are a weakness; where sex and brutality are yardsticks by which men are measured, while supposedly 'feminine' traits—which can range from emotional vulnerability to simply not being hypersexual—are the means by which your status as "man" can be taken away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemens2017-112">[105]</a> Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Rights" title="Journal of Human Rights">Journal of Human Rights</a>, Kimberly Theidon notes the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>'s irony of Trumpian toxic masculinity: "Being a tough guy means wearing the mask of masculinity: Being a tough guy means refusing to don a mask that might preserve one's life and the lives of others."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheidon2020-107">[100]</a> Tough guy bravado appeared on the internet prior to <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">attack on Congress</a> on January 6, 2021, with one poster writing, "Be ready to fight. Congress needs to hear glass breaking, doors being kicked in ... . Get violent. Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there ready for war. We get our President or we die."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrettZapotosky2021-113">[106]</a> Of the rioters arrested for the attack on the U.S. Capitol, 88% were men, and 67% were 35 years or older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPape2021-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[note 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Trumpism">Christian Trumpism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_support_of_Donald_Trump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian support of Donald Trump (page does not exist)">Christian support of Donald Trump</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Trumpism" title="Talk:Trumpism">Discuss</a>) (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Trump's personal history with religion, see <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_religion" title="Donald Trump and religion">Donald Trump and religion</a>.</div> Trump has strong support among white <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a>, particularly among those who do not attend church regularly.<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> Trump also maintains strong support with <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> and his rallies take on the symbols, rhetoric and agenda of Christian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> Trump described his 2024 presidential campaign as a "righteous crusade" against "atheists, globalists and the Marxists".<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> Many Christian Trump supporters view him as divinely ordained and "chosen by God", and some compare him to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> Trump shared and played a video titled "God Made Trump" at several of his rallies explicitly comparing him to a messianic figure in religious terms.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> Trump is frequently described among Christian supporters as an <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> hero, with <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> or <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> frequently mentioned. The New York Times describes his supporters seeing him as one of several "morally flawed figures handpicked by God to lead profound missions aimed at achieving overdue justice or resisting existential evil".<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> This framing has been described as "vessel theology" which allows for support of Trump and excuses his prior sexual misconduct and adultery.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Trump has strong support with members of the <a href="/wiki/Dominionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionist">dominionist</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a>, and many Trump administration officials are aligned with the group.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> According to 2016 election exit polls, 26% of voters self identified as white evangelical Christians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrookings2020-128">[120]</a> of whom more than three-fourths in 2017 approved of Trump's performance, most of them approving "very strongly" as reported by a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Pew_Research'',_April_26,_2017-129">[121]</a> In contrast, approximately two-thirds of non-white evangelicals supported <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">Hillary Clinton</a> in 2016, with 90% of black Protestants also voting for her even though their theological views are similar to evangelicals. According to Yale researcher Philip Gorski, "the question is not so much why evangelicals voted for Trump then—many did not—but why so many white evangelicals did." Gorski's answer was simply "because they are also white Christian nationalists and Trumpism is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(I)#inter_alia" title="List of Latin phrases (I)">inter alia</a> a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> version of white Christian nationalism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorski2019166-130">[122]</a> Israeli philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adi_Ophir" title="Adi Ophir">Adi Ophir</a> sees the politics of purity in the white Christian nationalist rhetoric of evangelical supporters, such as the comparison of <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>'s wall around Jerusalem to Trump's wall keeping out the enemy, writing, "the notion of the enemy includes 'Mexican migrants', 'filthy' gays, and even Catholics 'led astray by Satan', and the real danger these enemies pose is degradation to a 'blessed—great— ... nation' whose God is the Lord."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOphir2020180-131">[123]</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a> believes Christian Trumpism represents the confluence of three trends that have come together, namely Christian <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end-times</a> conspiracies, and the <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosperity gospel">prosperity gospel</a>, with Christian Americanism being the narrative that God specially called the United States into being as an extraordinary if not miraculous providence and end-times conspiracy referring to the world's annihilation (figurative or literal) due to some conspiracy of nefarious groups and globalist powers threatening American sovereignty. Horton thinks that what he calls the "cult of Christian Trumpism" blends these three ingredients with "a generous dose of <a href="/wiki/Hucksterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hucksterism">hucksterism</a>" as well as <a href="/wiki/Self-promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-promotion">self-promotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2020-132">[124]</a> Evangelical Christian and historian John Fea believes "the church has warned against the pursuit of political power for a long, long time", but that many modern-day evangelicals such as Trump advisor and televangelist <a href="/wiki/Paula_White" title="Paula White">Paula White</a> ignore these admonitions. Televangelist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bakker" title="Jim Bakker">Jim Bakker</a> praises prosperity gospel preacher White's ability to "walk into the White House at any time she wants to" and have "full access to the King." According to Fea, there are several other "court evangelicals" who have "devoted their careers to endorsing political candidates and Supreme Court justices who will restore what they believe to be the Judeo-Christian roots of the country" and who in turn are called on by Trump to "explain to their followers why Trump can be trusted in spite of his moral failings", including <a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">James Dobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Moore_Jr." title="Johnnie Moore Jr.">Johnnie Moore Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Ralph Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Bauer" title="Gary Bauer">Gary Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Land" title="Richard Land">Richard Land</a>, megachurch pastor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Burns_(pastor)" title="Mark Burns (pastor)">Mark Burns</a> and Southern Baptist pastor and Fox political commentator <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jeffress" title="Robert Jeffress">Robert Jeffress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFea2018108(epub_edition)-133">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/220px--Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John's_Church.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church</a></figcaption></figure> For prominent Christians who fail to support Trump, the cost is a loss of presidential access and a substantial risk of criticism, a lesson learned by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Dalrymple">Timothy Dalrymple</a>, president of the flagship magazine of evangelicals <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>, and former chief editor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Galli" title="Mark Galli">Mark Galli</a>, who were condemned by more than two hundred evangelical leaders for co-authoring a letter arguing that Christians were obligated to support the impeachment of Trump.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedges2020-134">[126]</a> Historian Stephen Jaeger traces the history of admonitions against becoming beholden religious courtiers back to the 11th century, with warnings of curses placed on holy men barred from heaven for taking too "keen an interest in the affairs of the state."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger198554-135">[127]</a> Dangers to the court clergy were described by <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Blois" title="Peter of Blois">Peter of Blois</a>, a 12th-century French cleric, theologian and courtier who "knew that court life is the death of the soul"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger198558-136">[128]</a> and that despite believing that participation at court was "contrary to God and salvation," the clerical courtiers justified it with comparisons to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> being sent by God to the Pharaoh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger198584-137">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> opposed the clergy's presence at court, believing it was difficult for a Christian courtier to "rein in ambition, suppress avarice, tame envy, strife, wrath, and cut off vice, while standing in the midst of these [very] things." The history of warnings of the corrupting influence of power on holy leaders is recounted by Fea who compares it to behavior of Trump's court evangelical leaders, warning that Christians risk "making idols out of political leaders."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFea2018105–112,_148(epub_edition)-138">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_(50826699171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_%2850826699171%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_%2850826699171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_%2850826699171%29.jpg/330px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_%2850826699171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_%2850826699171%29.jpg/440px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09170_%2850826699171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4750" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption>A Trump supporter carries a QAnon tagged placard with Jesus wearing a <a href="/wiki/MAGA_hat" title="MAGA hat">MAGA hat</a> on <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6, 2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CBS_News'',_September_29,_2020-139">[131]</a> The sign is blurred for copyright reasons.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/37527185@N05/50826699171/">Same image as above, without the blurring</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jeffress claims that evangelical leaders' support of Trump is moral regardless of behavior that Christianity Today's chief editor called "a near perfect example of a human being who is morally lost and confused."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalli2019-140">[132]</a> Jeffress argues that "the godly principle here is that governments have one responsibility, and that is <a href="/wiki/Romans_13" title="Romans 13">Romans 13</a> [which] says to avenge evil doers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffressFea2016audio_location_10:48-141">[133]</a> This same biblical chapter was used by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> to claim biblical justification for Trump's policy of <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">separating children from immigrant families</a>. Historian Lincoln Muller explains this is one of two types of interpretations of Romans 13 which has been used in American political debates since its founding and is on the side of "the thread of American history that justifies oppression and domination in the name of law and order."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullen2018-142">[134]</a> From Jeffress's reading, government's purpose is as a "strongman to protect its citizens against evildoers", adding: "I don't care about that candidate's tone or vocabulary, I want the meanest toughest son of a you-know-what I can find, and I believe that is biblical."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffressWehner2016audio_location_8:20-143">[135]</a> Jeffress, who referred to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> as "paving the way for the future reign of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>," <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> as a cult follower of a non-Christian religion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGryboski2012-144">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> as a "Satanic" result of "<a href="/wiki/The_Two_Babylons" title="The Two Babylons">Babylonian mystery religion</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETashman2011-145">[137]</a> traces the <a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian libertarian">Christian libertarian</a> perspective on government's sole role to suppress evil back to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a> who argued in <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God_against_the_Pagans" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of God against the Pagans">The City of God against the Pagans</a> (426 CE) that government's role is to restrain evil so Christians can peacefully practice their beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> similarly believed that government should be limited to checking sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffress201118,_29,_30–31-146">[138]</a> Like Jeffress, Richard Land refused to cut ties with Trump after his reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_white_supremacist_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottesville white supremacist rally">Charlottesville white supremacist rally</a>, with the explanation that "<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> did not turn away from those who may have seemed brash with their words or behavior," adding that "now is not the time to quit or retreat, but just the opposite—to lean in closer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2017-147">[139]</a> Johnnie Moore's explanation for refusing to repudiate Trump after his Charlottesville response was that "you only make a difference if you have a seat at the table."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2017-148">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_combative,_less_ideological_base">More combative, less ideological base</h3></div> Journalist Elaina Plott suggests ideology is not as important as other characteristics of Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-Plott1-149">[note 6]</a> Plott cites political analyst <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Roe" title="Jeff Roe">Jeff Roe</a>, who observed Trump "understood" and acted on the trend among Republican voters to be "less ideological" but "more polarized". Republicans are now more willing to accept policies like government mandated health care coverage for pre-existing conditions or trade tariffs, formerly disdained by conservatives as burdensome government regulations. At the same time, strong avowals of support for Trump and aggressive partisanship have become part of Republican election campaigning—in at least some parts of America—reaching down even to non-partisan campaigns for local government which formerly were collegial and issue-driven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlott2020-150">[141]</a> Research by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Hetherington" title="Marc Hetherington">Marc Hetherington</a> and others has found Trump supporters tend to share a "worldview" transcending political ideology, agreeing with statements like "the best strategy is to play hardball, even if it means being unfair." In contrast, those who agree with statements like "cooperation is the key to success" tend to prefer Trump's adversary former Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlott2020-150">[141]</a> On January 31, 2021, a detailed overview of the attempt by combative Trump supporters to subvert the election of the United States was published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutenberg_et_al.2021-151">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenbergRutenberg2021-152">[143]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a> writes of the disconnect between some of Trump's campaign rhetoric and promises, and what he accomplished once in office—and the fact that the difference seemed to bother very few supporters. The campaign themes being anti-<a href="/wiki/Free-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> nationalism, defense of Social Security, attacks on big business, "building that big, beautiful wall and making Mexico pay for it", repealing Obama's <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>, a trillion dollar infrastructure-building program. The accomplishments being "conventional" Republican policies and legislation—substantial tax cuts, rollbacks of federal regulations, and increases in military spending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemann2020-153">[144]</a> Many have noted that instead of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> issuing the customary "platform" of policies and promises for the 2020 campaign, it offered a "one-page resolution" stating that the party was not "going to have a new platform, but instead ... 'has and will continue to enthusiastically support the president's America-first agenda.'"<a href="#cite_note-Zurcher1-154">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurcher2020-155">[145]</a> An alternate nonideological circular definition of Trumpism widely held among Trump activists was reported by Saagar Enjeti, chief Washington correspondent for <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>, who stated: "I was frequently told by people wholly within the <a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">MAGA</a> camp that trumpism meant anything Trump does, ergo nothing that he did is a departure from trumpism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnjeti2021-156">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_themes">Ideological themes</h3></div> Trumpism differs from classical <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicanism</a> in many ways regarding free trade, immigration, equality, checks and balances in federal government, and the separation of church and state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazile2020-157">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/WZB_Berlin_Social_Science_Center" title="WZB Berlin Social Science Center">WZB Berlin Social Science Center</a> believes that Trumpism rests on three pillars, namely nationalism, religion and race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein2019-158">[148]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goodwin" title="Jeff Goodwin">Jeff Goodwin</a>, Trumpism is characterized by five key elements: <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal capitalism">neoliberal capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2020-159">[149]</a> At the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a> conference, Trump gave his own definition of what defines Trumpism: "What it means is great deals, ... . Like the <a href="/wiki/USMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="USMCA">USMCA</a> replacement of the horrible <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a>. ... It means low taxes and eliminated job killing regulations, ... . It means strong borders, but people coming into our country based on a system of merit. ... [I]t means no riots in the streets. It means law enforcement. It means very strong protection for the second amendment and the right to keep and bear arms. ... [I]t means a strong military and taking care of our vets ... ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVallejo2021-160">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenninger2021-161">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_persuasion">Methods of persuasion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_branding" title="Personal branding">Personal branding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg/220px-2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg/330px-2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg/440px-2017_Presidential_Inauguration_CV6A0675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Children wearing <a href="/wiki/MAGA_hat" title="MAGA hat">"Make America Great Again" hats</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">2017 inauguration</a>, a theme earlier established by Reagan to elicit a sense of restoration of hope</figcaption></figure> Sociologist Arlie Hochschild writes that Trump's "speeches—evoking dominance, bravado, clarity, national pride, and personal uplift—inspire an emotional transformation" in followers, deeply resonating with their "emotional self-interest". Hochschild states that Trump is an "emotions candidate", appealing to the emotional self-interests of voters. To Hochschild, this explains the paradox raised by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Thomas Frank</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/What%27s_the_Matter_with_Kansas%3F_(book)" title="What's the Matter with Kansas? (book)">What's the Matter with Kansas?</a>, an anomaly which motivated her five-year immersive research into the emotional dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> which she believes has mutated into Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochschild20168,_14,_223-162">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2020-163">[153]</a> Her book <a href="/wiki/Strangers_in_Their_Own_Land" title="Strangers in Their Own Land">Strangers in Their Own Land</a> was named one of the "6 books to understand Trump's Win" by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYTimes11_092016-164">[154]</a> Hochschild claims that voters were not persuaded by rhetoric to vote against their self-interest through appeals to the "bad angels" of their nature:<a href="#cite_note-165">[note 8]</a> "their greed, selfishness, racial intolerance, <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, and desire to get out of paying taxes that go to the unfortunate." She grants that the appeal to bad angels is made by Trump, but states that it "obscures another—to the right wing's good angels—their patience in waiting in line in scary economic times, their capacity for loyalty, sacrifice, and endurance", qualities she describes as a part of a motivating narrative she calls their "deep story", a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> narrative that appears to be widely shared in other countries as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochschild2016230,_234-166">[155]</a> She thinks Trump's approach towards his audience creates group cohesiveness by exploiting a crowd phenomenon <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">collective effervescence</a>", "a state of emotional excitation felt by those who join with others they take to be fellow members of a moral or biological tribe ... to affirm their unity and, united, they feel secure and respected."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochschild2016223-167">[156]</a> <a href="#cite_note-169">[note 9]</a> Trumpian rhetoric employs absolutist <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framings</a> and threat <a href="/wiki/Narrative#Social-sciences_approaches" title="Narrative">narratives</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariettaFarleyCoteMurphy2017330-170">[158]</a> rejecting the political establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarnoff2016-171">[159]</a> The absolutist rhetoric emphasizes non-negotiable boundaries and moral outrage at their supposed violation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariettaFarleyCoteMurphy2017313,_317-172">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[note 10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money-Kyrle_pattern">Money-Kyrle pattern</h3></div> A particular pattern is common for authoritarian movements. First, elicit a sense of depression, humiliation and victimhood. Second, separate the world into two opposing groups: a <a href="/wiki/Demonizing_the_enemy" title="Demonizing the enemy">demonized</a> set of <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">others</a> versus those who have the power and will to overcome them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwenthalGuterman194993-176">[163]</a> This involves identifying the enemy supposedly causing the current state of affairs and then promoting <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">fearmongering</a> to inflame fear and anger. After cycling these first two patterns through the populace, the final message aims to produce a <a href="/wiki/Cathartic" title="Cathartic">cathartic</a> release of pent-up <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">ochlocracy</a> and mob energy, with a promise that salvation is at hand because the leader will deliver the nation back to its former glory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020121-177">[164]</a>This three-part pattern was identified in 1932 by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Money-Kyrle" title="Roger Money-Kyrle">Roger Money-Kyrle</a> who wrote Psychology of Propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoney-Kyrle2015166–168-178">[165]</a> Reporting on Trumpist rallies has documented expressions of the Money-Kyrle pattern and associated <a href="/wiki/Stagecraft" title="Stagecraft">stagecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuilford2016-179">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESexton2017104–108-180">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump_rallies">Trump rallies</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_(45444992061).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Donald_Trump_%2845444992061%29.jpg/250px-Donald_Trump_%2845444992061%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Donald_Trump_%2845444992061%29.jpg/375px-Donald_Trump_%2845444992061%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Donald_Trump_%2845444992061%29.jpg/500px-Donald_Trump_%2845444992061%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Trump at a <a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a> rally in Arizona, 2018</figcaption></figure> Critical theory scholar <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Douglas Kellner</a> compares the elaborate staging of <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a> with that used in Trump rallies using the example of the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo op</a> sequences and aggressive hyping of huge attendance expected for Trump's 2015 primary event in Mobile, Alabama, when the media coverage repeatedly cuts between the Trump jet circling the stadium, the rising excitement of rapturous admirers below, the motorcade and the final triumphal entrance of the individual Kellner claims is being presented as the "political savior to help them out with their problems and address their grievances".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellner202093-181">[168]</a> Connolly thinks the performance draws energy from the crowd's anger as it channels it, drawing it into a collage of anxieties, frustrations and resentments about malaise themes, such as <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a>, racial tensions, political correctness, a more humble position for the United States in global security, economics and so on. Connolly observes that animated gestures, pantomiming, facial expressions, strutting and finger pointing are incorporated as part of the theater, transforming the anxiety into anger directed at particular targets, concluding that "each element in a Trump performance flows and folds into the others until an aggressive resonance machine is formed that is more intense than its parts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201713-182">[169]</a> Some compare the symbiotic dynamics of crowd pleasing to that of the <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> style of events which Trump was involved with since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENessen2016-183">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewkirk2016-184">[171]</a> Some academics point out that the narrative common in the popular press describing the psychology of such crowds is a repetition of a 19th-century theory by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Gustave Le Bon</a> when organized crowds were seen by political elites as potential threats to the social order. In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind</a> (1895), Le Bon described a sort of collective contagion uniting a crowd into a near religious frenzy, reducing members to barbaric, if not subhuman levels of consciousness with mindless goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Bon2002xiii,_8,_91–92-185">[172]</a> Since such a description depersonalizes supporters, this type of Le Bon analysis is criticized because the would-be defenders of liberal democracy simultaneously are dodging responsibility for investigating grievances while also unwittingly accepting the same <a href="/wiki/Us_vs._them" class="mw-redirect" title="Us vs. them">us vs. them</a> framing of illiberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaretsky2016-186">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReicher20172–4-187">[174]</a> Connolly acknowledges the risks but considers it more risky to ignore that Trumpian persuasion is successful due to deliberate use of techniques evoking more mild forms of <a href="/wiki/Affective_contagion" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective contagion">affective contagion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201715-188">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg/130px-President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg/195px-President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg/260px-President_Donald_J._Trump_embraces_the_American_flag_at_CPAC_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Trump relies on theatrical devices to market his messages, including animated gestures, pantomiming and facial expressions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201713-182">[169]</a> Photo is from the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">Conservative Political Action Conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</h3></div> A constant barrage of rhetoric rivets media attention while obscuring actions such as <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>. One study concluded that significant environmental deregulation occurred during the first year of the Trump administration but, due to its concurrent use of racist rhetoric, escaped much media attention. According to the authors, the rhetoric served political objectives of dehumanizing its targets, eroding democratic norms, and consolidating power by emotionally connecting with and inflaming resentments among the base of followers and distracted media attention from <a href="/wiki/Deregulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Deregulatory">deregulatory</a> policymaking by igniting media coverage of the distractions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulidoBrunoFaiver-SernaGalentine2019-189">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG/220px-Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG/330px-Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG/440px-Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Trump was the most prominent promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Birther_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Birther movement">birther</a> conspiracy theory used to delegitimize his political rival employing a political tactic known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">big lie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellner202090-190">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201719-191">[178]</a></figcaption></figure> According to civil rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Burt_Neuborne" title="Burt Neuborne">Burt Neuborne</a> and political theorist <a href="/wiki/William_E._Connolly" title="William E. Connolly">William E. Connolly</a>, Trumpist rhetoric employs <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> similar to those used by <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a> in Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly20177-192">[179]</a> to persuade citizens (at first a minority) to give up democracy, by using a barrage of falsehoods, half-truths, personal invective, threats, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/National-security" class="mw-redirect" title="National-security">national-security</a> scares, religious bigotry, <a href="/wiki/White_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="White racism">white racism</a>, exploitation of economic insecurity, and a never-ending search for <a href="/wiki/Scapegoats" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapegoats">scapegoats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201932-193">[180]</a> Neuborne found twenty parallel practices,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeld2019-194">[181]</a> such as creating what amounts to an "alternate reality" in adherents' minds, through direct communications, by nurturing a fawning mass media and by deriding scientists to erode the notion of <a href="/wiki/Objective_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective truth">objective truth</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201934-195">[182]</a> organizing carefully orchestrated mass rallies;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201936-196">[183]</a> attacking judges when legal cases are lost;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201939-197">[184]</a> using lies, half-truths, insults, vituperation and innuendo to marginalize, demonize and destroy opponents;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201936-196">[183]</a> making <a href="/wiki/Jingoistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingoistic">jingoistic</a> appeals to <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a> fervor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201936-196">[183]</a> and promising to stop the flow of "undesirable" ethnic groups who are made scapegoats for the nation's ills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeuborne201937-198">[185]</a> Connolly presents a similar list in his book Aspirational Fascism (2017), adding comparisons of the integration of theatrics and crowd participation with rhetoric, involving grandiose bodily gestures, grimaces, hysterical charges, dramatic repetitions of alternate reality falsehoods, and totalistic assertions incorporated into signature phrases that audiences are encouraged to join in chanting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201711-199">[186]</a> Despite the similarities, Connolly stresses that Trump is no <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> but is "an aspirational fascist who pursues crowd adulation, hyperaggressive nationalism, white triumphalism, and militarism, pursues a <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law-and-order</a> regime giving unaccountable power to the police, and is a practitioner of a rhetorical style that regularly creates fake news and smears opponents to mobilize support for the <a href="/wiki/Big_Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Lie">Big Lies</a> he advances."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly20177-192">[179]</a> In his 2024 book Trump and Hitler: A Comparative Study in Lying, cultural theorist <a href="/wiki/Henk_de_Berg" title="Henk de Berg">Henk de Berg</a> points to a number of further parallels between Trump's and Hitler's rhetoric; namely, the use of jokes and personal insults; the deliberate creation of controversy; interpretative openness, allowing different groups to recognize themselves in the argument; and oratorical meandering in cases where a coherent narrative would draw attention to the argument's inconsistencies.<a href="#cite_note-200">[187]</a> De Berg also points out that extremist language is by Trump’s followers often perceived as authentic, because in real life we also tend to overstate things (e.g., "My new boss is worse than Stalin").<a href="#cite_note-201">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branding">Branding</h3></div> Trump used <a href="/wiki/Personal_branding" title="Personal branding">personal branding</a> to market himself as an extraordinary leader by using his celebrity status and name recognition. As one of the communications director for the MAGA <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">super PAC</a> put it in 2016, "Like <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, Donald Trump is a work of fiction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECegielski2016-202">[189]</a> Journalism professor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Danner" title="Mark Danner">Mark Danner</a> explains that "week after week for a dozen years millions of Americans saw Donald J. Trump portraying the business magus [in <a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a>], the grand vizier of capitalism, the wise man of the boardroom, a living confection whose every step and word bespoke gravitas and experience and power and authority and ... money. Endless amounts of money."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanner2016-203">[190]</a> Political science scholar Andrea Schneiker regards the branding strategy of the Trump public persona as that of a superhero who "uses his superpowers to save others, that is, his country. ... a superhero is needed to solve the problems of ordinary Americans ... Hence, the superhero per definition is an anti-politician. Due to his celebrity status and his identity as entertainer, Donald Trump can thereby be considered to be allowed to take extraordinary measures and even to break rules."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiker2018-204">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallGoldsteinIngram2016-205">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal_to_emotions">Appeal to emotions</h3></div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gordon_(historian)" title="Peter Gordon (historian)">Peter E. Gordon</a> observes that "Trump, far from being a violation of the norm, actually signifies an emergent norm of the social order" where the categories of the psychological and political have dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201879-206">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[note 11]</a> In accounting for Trump's election and ability to sustain high approval ratings among voters, Erika Tucker writes in the book Trump and Political Philosophy that though all presidential campaigns have strong emotions associated with them, Trump was able to recognize, and then to gain the trust and loyalty of those who felt strong emotions about perceived changes in the United States. She notes, "Political psychologist <a href="/wiki/Drew_Westen" title="Drew Westen">Drew Westen</a> has argued that <a href="/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Democratic Party">Democrats</a> are less successful at gauging and responding to affective politics—issues that arouse strong emotional states."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2018134-209">[195]</a> Examining the populist appeal of Trump, Hidalgo-Tenorio and Benítez-Castro draw on the theories of <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Ernesto Laclau</a>, writing, "The emotional appeal of populist discourse is key to its polarising effects, this being so much so that populism 'would be unintelligible without the affective component.' (Laclau 2005, 11)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHidalgo-TenorioBenítez-Castro2021-210">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaclau200511-211">[197]</a> Trump uses rhetoric that political scientists have deemed to be both dehumanizing and connected to physical violence by Trump's followers.<a href="#cite_note-212">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotion,_trust_and_media">Emotion, trust and media</h3></div> Communications scholar Michael Carpini states that "Trumpism is a culmination of trends that have been occurring for several decades. What we are witnessing is nothing short of a fundamental shift in the relationships between journalism, politics, and democracy." Among the shifts, Carpini identifies "the collapsing of the prior [media] regime's presumed and enforced distinctions between news and entertainment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpini201818–19-213">[199]</a> Examining Trump's use of media for the book Language in the Trump Era, communication professor Marco Jacquemet writes that this approach "assumes (correctly, it appears) that his audiences care more about shock and entertainment value in their media consumption than almost anything else."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacquemet2020187-214">[200]</a> Plasser & Ulram (2003) describe a media logic which emphasizes "personalization ... a political star system ... [and] sports based dramatization."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlasserUlram2003-215">[201]</a> Olivier Jutel notes that "Donald Trump's celebrity status and reality-TV rhetoric of 'winning' and 'losing' corresponds perfectly to these values", asserting that "<a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> and conservative personalities from <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a> do not simply represent a new political and media voice but embody the convergence of politics and media in which affect and enjoyment are the central values of media production."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutel2019249,_255-216">[202]</a> Studying paranoia in media, anthropologist Jessica Johnson writes, "Rather than finding accurate news meaningful, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> users find the affective pleasure of connectivity addictive, whether or not the information they share is factual, and that is how communicative <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> captivates subjects as it holds them captive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2018-217">[203]</a> Looking back at the world prior to social media, communications researcher <a href="/wiki/Brian_L._Ott" title="Brian L. Ott">Brian L. Ott</a> writes: "I'm nostalgic for the world of television that <a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">[Neil] Postman</a> (1985) <a href="/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death" title="Amusing Ourselves to Death">argued</a>, produced the 'least well-informed people in the Western world' by packaging news as entertainment. (pp. 106–107)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostman2005106-218">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> is producing the most self-involved people in history by treating everything one does or thinks as newsworthy. Television may have assaulted journalism, but Twitter killed it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt201766-219">[205]</a> Commenting on Trump's support among Fox News viewers, <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a> Communication Dean Mark Lukasiewicz has a similar perspective, writing, "<a href="/wiki/Tristan_Harris" title="Tristan Harris">Tristan Harris</a> famously said that social networks are about '<a href="/wiki/Self-affirmation" title="Self-affirmation">affirmation</a>, not information'—and the same can be said about <a href="/wiki/Cable_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable news">cable news</a>, especially in prime time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer2021-220">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_(colorized,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_%28colorized%2C_cropped%29.jpg/220px-American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_%28colorized%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_%28colorized%2C_cropped%29.jpg/330px-American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_%28colorized%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_%28colorized%2C_cropped%29.jpg/440px-American_way_of_life_1937_Bourke-White_photo_%28colorized%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_way" title="American way">American way</a> of upward mobility for the deserving is, according to Kimmel and Hochschild, a promise that many Americans feel has been denied them due to forces described within a shared "deep story" commonly held among Trump supporters.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a> holds that Trump supporters trust their preferred sources of information due to the <a href="/wiki/Affective_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Affective bond">affective bond</a> they have with them. As media scholar Daniel Kreiss summarizes Hochschild, "Trump, along with Fox News, gave these strangers in their own land the hope that they would be restored to their rightful place at the center of the nation, and provided a very real emotional release from the fetters of <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a> that dictated they respect people of color, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gays</a>, and those of other faiths ... that the network's personalities share the same 'deep story' of political and social life, and therefore they learn from them 'what to feel afraid, angry, and anxious about.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreiss201893–94-221">[207]</a> From Kreiss's 2018 account of conservative personalities and media, information became less important than providing a sense of familial bonding, where "family provides a sense of identity, place, and belonging; emotional, social, and cultural support and security; and gives rise to political and social affiliations and beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreiss201893,_94-222">[208]</a> Hochschild gives the example of a woman who states, "<a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</a> is like a steady, reliable dad. <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a> is like a difficult uncle who rises to anger too quickly. <a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Megyn Kelly</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[note 12]</a> is like a smart sister. Then there's <a href="/wiki/Greta_Van_Susteren" title="Greta Van Susteren">Greta Van Susteren</a>. And <a href="/wiki/Juan_Williams" title="Juan Williams">Juan Williams</a>, who came over from <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, which was too left for him, the adoptee. They're all different, just like in a family."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochschild2016126-224">[209]</a> Media scholar Olivier Jutel notes that, "<a href="/wiki/Affect_(rhetoric)" title="Affect (rhetoric)">Affect</a> is central to the brand strategy of Fox which imagined its journalism not in terms of servicing the rational citizen in the public sphere but in 'craft[ing] intensive relationships with their viewers' (Jones, 2012: 180) in order to sustain audience share across platforms."<a href="#cite_note-Jones2012-225">[note 13]</a> In this segmented market, Trump "offers himself as an ego-ideal to an individuated public of enjoyment that coalesce around his media brand as part of their own performance of identity." Jutel states that news media companies benefit from offering spectacle and drama. "Trump is a definitive product of <a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">mediatized</a> politics providing the spectacle that drives ratings and affective media consumption, either as part of his populist movement or as the liberal resistance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutel2019250,_256-226">[210]</a> Researchers give differing emphasis to which emotions are important to followers. Michael Richardson argues in the Journal of Media and Cultural Studies that "affirmation, amplification and circulation of disgust is one of the primary affective drivers of Trump's political success." Richardson agrees with Ott about the "entanglement of Trumpian affect and social media crowds" who seek "affective affirmation, confirmation and amplification. Social media postings of crowd experiences accumulate as 'archives of feelings' that are both dynamic in nature and affirmative of social values (Pybus 2015, 239)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson2017-227">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPybus2015239-228">[212]</a> Using Trump as an example, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">social trust</a> expert Karen Jones follows philosopher <a href="/wiki/Annette_Baier" title="Annette Baier">Annette Baier</a> in explaining that the masters of the art of creating trust and distrust are populist politicians and criminals, who "show a masterful appreciation of the ways in which certain emotional states drive out trust and replace it with distrust."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2019-229">[213]</a> Jones sees Trump as an exemplar of this class who recognize that fear and contempt are tools that can reorient networks of trust and distrust in social networks in order to alter how a potential supporter "interprets the words, deeds, and motives of the <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">other</a>."<a href="#cite_note-231">[note 14]</a> She holds that "A core strategy of Donald Trump, both as candidate and president, has been to manufacture fear and contempt towards some undocumented migrants (among other groups)", a strategy which "has gone global ... in Australia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Italy and the United Kingdom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2019-229">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falsehoods">Falsehoods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal</a> and <a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements by Donald Trump</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png/236px-2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png" decoding="async" width="236" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png/354px-2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png/472px-2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="1750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fact-checkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-checkers">Fact-checkers</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WashPostDatabase-232">[215]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TorontoStar_20190605-233">[216]</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><a href="#cite_note-Dale_20200309-234">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dale_Subramaniam_3/9/2020-235">[218]</a> compiled data on "false or misleading claims", and "false claims", respectively. The Post reported 30,573 false or misleading claims in four years,<a href="#cite_note-WashPostDatabase-232">[215]</a> an average of more than 20.9 per day.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/198px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="198" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/297px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg/396px-20240524_Trump_groundwork_for_election_denial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">To sow election doubt, Trump escalated use of "rigged election" and "election interference" statements in advance of the 2024 election compared to the previous two elections—the statements described as part of a "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20240524-236">[219]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_(topic)_on_Google_Trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/217px-20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/326px-20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/434px-20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a> topic searches for "<a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a>" began a substantial increase in 2016, at the time of the campaign for the U.S. presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends-237">[220]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:20241116_%22Fake_news%22_(topic)_on_Google_Trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/217px-20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/326px-20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/434px-20241116_%22Fake_news%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a> topic searches for "<a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a>" began a substantial increase in late 2016, about the time of the U.S. presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-FakeNews_GoogleTrends-238">[221]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_(US).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_%28US%29.svg/220px-2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_%28US%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_%28US%29.svg/330px-2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_%28US%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_%28US%29.svg/440px-2017_Human-related_causes_of_bird_deaths_%28US%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Trump's opposition to <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> involves repeated claims that "<a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>" "kill the birds",<a href="#cite_note-Mashable_20240817-239">[222]</a> but cats in the U.S. actually kill on the order of 10,000 times as many birds as <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind turbines">wind turbines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FWSbirdDeaths-240">[223]</a></figcaption></figure> There are <a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">many falsehoods</a> which Trump presents as facts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerKelly2018-241">[224]</a> Drawing on <a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry G. Frankfurt">Harry G. Frankfurt</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/On_Bullshit" title="On Bullshit">On Bullshit</a>, political science professor Matthew McManus argues that Trump as a bullshitter whose sole interest is to persuade, and not a liar (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>) who takes the power of truth seriously and so deceitfully attempts to conceal it. Trump by contrast is indifferent to the truth or unaware of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcManus2020178-242">[225]</a> Unlike conventional lies of politicians exaggerating their accomplishments, Trump's lies are egregious, making lies about easily verifiable facts. At one rally Trump stated his father "came from Germany", even though <a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a> was born in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerRizzoKelly202016,_24,_46,_47(ebook_edition)-243">[226]</a> Leaders at the 2018 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> burst into laughter at his boast that he had accomplished more in his first two years than any other United States president. Visibly startled, Trump responded to the audience: "I didn't expect that reaction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKesslerRizzoKelly202016,_24,_46,_47(ebook_edition)-243">[226]</a> Trump lies about the trivial, such as claiming that there was no rain on the day of <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">his inauguration</a> when in fact it did rain, as well as making grandiose "Big Lies", such as claiming that Obama founded <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>, or promoting the <a href="/wiki/Birther_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Birther movement">birther movement</a>, a conspiracy theory which claims that Obama was born in Kenya, not Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfiffner202017–40-244">[227]</a> Connolly points to the similarities of such reality-bending <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a> with fascist and post Soviet techniques of propaganda including <a href="/wiki/Kompromat" title="Kompromat">Kompromat</a> (scandalous material), stating that "Trumpian persuasion draws significantly upon the repetition of Big Lies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly201718–19-245">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a>, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Psychohistory" title="Psychohistory">psychohistory</a> and authority on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Cults">cults</a>, emphasizes the importance of understanding Trumpism "as an assault on reality". A leader has more power if he is in any part successful at making truth irrelevant to his followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton2019131–132-246">[229]</a> Trump biographer <a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._O%27Brien" title="Timothy L. O'Brien">Timothy L. O'Brien</a> agrees, stating: "It is a core operating principle of Trumpism. If you constantly attack objective reality, you are left as the only trustworthy source of information, which is one of his goals for his relationship with his supporters—that they should believe no one else but him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2020-247">[230]</a> Lifton believes Trump is a purveyor of a <a href="/wiki/Solipsistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Solipsistic">solipsistic</a> reality<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton201911epub_edition)-248">[231]</a> which is hostile to facts and is made collective by amplifying frustrations and fears held by his community of zealous believers. Research published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a> found that Trump's lying helped boost his "authentic appeal". It argued that in systems viewed as flawed or with low political legitimacy, a "flagrant violator of established norms" is seen "as an authentic champion" by being perceived as "bravely speaking a deep and otherwise suppressed truth" against a political establishment that does not appear to be working on behalf of the people. While a perceived establishment candidate "may be more likable or perceived to be more competent", voters question the candidates opposition to "the injustice that is said to have permeated the established political system".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahlKimZuckerman_Sivan2018-249">[232]</a> Andrew Gumbel, writing for The Guardian after the 2024 presidential election, wrote that many Trump voters in <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a> saw both parties as filled with crooks and liars, but that Trump "comes across as someone who doesn't pretend to be anything other than what he is, and that perceived authenticity counts for more with many Youngstown voters than his character flaws or even his policy positions". Gumbel aruged that voters preferred "gut instincts" to "carefully scripted messaging of a Democrat like Kamala Harris or even a mainstream Republican".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumbel2025-250">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_psychology">Social psychology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance_orientation">Dominance orientation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg/220px-Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg/330px-Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg/440px-Tyler_Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>Trump supporters employed a variety of dominance imagery in flags, clothing and a mock gallows on January 6, 2021, when violent Trumpist rioters attempted to overturn the 2020 election, temporarily succeeding in preventing Congress from certifying Trump's loss.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a> research into the Trump movement, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Altemeyer" title="Bob Altemeyer">Bob Altemeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Pettigrew_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas F. Pettigrew (sociologist)">Thomas F. Pettigrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Stenner" title="Karen Stenner">Karen Stenner</a>, views the Trump movement as primarily being driven by the psychological predispositions of its followers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer202011-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStennerHaidt2018136-251">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew2017107-252">[235]</a> although political and historical factors (reviewed elsewhere in this article) are also involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew2017107-252">[235]</a> An article in <a href="/wiki/Social_Psychological_and_Personality_Science" title="Social Psychological and Personality Science">Social Psychological and Personality Science</a> described a study concluding that Trump followers prefer hierarchical and ethnocentric social orders that favor their <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">in-group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomick_et_al.2018-253">[236]</a> In the non-academic book, Authoritarian Nightmare: Trump and His Followers, Altemeyer and <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a> describe research which reaches the same conclusions. Despite disparate and inconsistent beliefs and ideologies, a coalition of such followers can become cohesive and broad in part because each individual "<a href="/wiki/Compartmentalization_(psychology)" title="Compartmentalization (psychology)">compartmentalizes</a>" their thoughts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer2020140-254">[237]</a> and they are free to define their sense of the threatened tribal in-group<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer2020154-255">[238]</a> in their own terms, whether it is predominantly related to their <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">cultural</a> or religious views<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer2020188-256">[239]</a> (e.g. the mystery of evangelical support for Trump), nationalism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer2020218-257">[240]</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a> slogan), or their race (maintaining a white majority).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer2020258-258">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png/330px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png/440px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09156_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Mock gallows and Trump supporters attacking Congress on January 6, 2021</figcaption></figure> Altemeyer, MacWilliams, Feldman, Choma, Hancock, Van Assche and Pettigrew claim that instead of directly attempting to measure such ideological, racial or policy views, supporters of such movements can be reliably predicted by using two social psychology scales (singly or in combination), namely <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian">right-wing authoritarian</a> (RWA) measures which were developed in the 1980s by Altemeyer and other <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">authoritarian personality</a> researchers,<a href="#cite_note-259">[note 15]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">social dominance orientation</a> (SDO) scale developed in the 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social dominance theorists">social dominance theorists</a>. In May 2019, <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_University_Polling_Institute" title="Monmouth University Polling Institute">Monmouth University Polling Institute</a> conducted a study in collaboration with Altemeyer in order to empirically test the hypothesis using the SDO and RWA measures. The finding was that social dominance orientation and affinity for authoritarian leadership are highly correlated with followers of Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer2020227-260">[242]</a> This study further confirmed of the studies discussed in MacWilliams (2016), Feldman (2020), Choma and Hancock (2017), and Van Assche & Pettigrew (2016).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew20175–6-261">[243]</a> The research does not imply that the followers always behave in an authoritarian manner but that expression is contingent, which means there is reduced influence if it is not triggered by fear and what the subject perceives as threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStennerHaidt2018136-251">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew2017108-262">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman2020-263">[245]</a> Similar social psychological techniques for analyzing Trumpism have been effective in identifying adherents of similar movements in Europe, including in Belgium and France (Lubbers & Scheepers, 2002; Swyngedouw & Giles, 2007; Van Hiel & Mervielde, 2002; Van Hiel, 2012), the Netherlands (Cornelis & Van Hiel, 2014) and Italy (Leone, Desimoni & Chirumbolo, 2014).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettigrew2017112–113-264">[246]</a> Quoting comments from participants in focus groups made up of people who had voted for Democrat Obama in 2012 but flipped to Trump in 2016, pollster Diane Feldman noted the anti-government, anti-coastal-elite anger: "'They think they're better than us, they're <a href="/wiki/Politically_correct" class="mw-redirect" title="Politically correct">P.C.</a>, they're <a href="/wiki/Virtue_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtue signaling">virtue-signallers</a>.' '[Trump] doesn't come across as one of those people who think they're better than us and are screwing us.' 'They lecture us.' 'They don't even go to church.' 'They're in charge, and they're ripping us off.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemann2020-153">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparisons_to_animal_social_behavior">Comparisons to animal social behavior</h3></div> Former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> explained the central role of dominance in his speech "Principles of Trumpism", comparing the needed leadership style to that of a violent bear. Psychology researcher <a href="/wiki/Dan_P._McAdams" title="Dan P. McAdams">Dan P. McAdams</a> thinks a better comparison is to the dominance behavior of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha male">alpha male</a> chimpanzees such as Yeroen, the subject of an extensive study of chimp social behavior conducted by renowned <a href="/wiki/Primatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Primatologist">primatologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">Frans de Waal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdams2020329-265">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a>, a professor of biology and anthropology agrees, writing, "his model of political posturing has echoes of what I saw in the wild in six years in Tanzania studying the Gombe chimpanzees," and "seems like a classic alpha display."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm2016-266">[248]</a> Using the example of Yeroen, McAdams describes the similarities: "On Twitter, Trump's incendiary tweets are like Yeroen's charging displays. In chimp colonies, the alpha male occasionally goes berserk and starts screaming, hooting, and gesticulating wildly as he charges toward other males nearby. Pandemonium ensues as rival males cower in fear ... Once the chaos ends, there is a period of peace and order, wherein rival males pay homage to the alpha, visiting him, grooming him, and expressing various forms of submission. In Trump's case, his tweets are designed to intimidate his foes and rally his submissive base ... These verbal outbursts reinforce the president's dominance by reminding everybody of his wrath and his force."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdams2020318-267">[249]</a> Primatologist Dame <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> explains that like the dominance performances of Trump, "In order to impress rivals, males seeking to rise in the dominance hierarchy perform spectacular displays: Stamping, slapping the ground, dragging branches, throwing rocks. The more vigorous and imaginative the display, the faster the individual is likely to rise in the hierarchy, and the longer he is likely to maintain that position." The comparison has been echoed by political observers sympathetic to Trump. <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a>, an enthusiastic backer of Trump, stated that in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">2016 United States presidential debates</a> where Trump loomed up on Clinton, he "looked like a big <a href="/wiki/Silverback_gorilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverback gorilla">silverback gorilla</a>", and added that "he is that big alpha male. The leader of the pack!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows2016-268">[250]</a> McAdams points out the audience gets to vicariously share in the sense of dominance due to the <a href="/wiki/Parasocial_interaction" title="Parasocial interaction">parasocial</a> bonding that his performance produces for his fans, as shown by Shira Gabriel's research studying the phenomenon in Trump's role in <a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabrielParavatiGreenFlomsbee2018-269">[251]</a> McAdams writes that the "television audience vicariously experienced the world according to Donald Trump", a world where Trump says "Man is the most vicious of all animals, and life is a series of battles ending in victory or defeat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdams2020298-270">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_narcissism">Collective narcissism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_on_social_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump on social media">Donald Trump on social media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></div> Cultural anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stoller" title="Paul Stoller">Paul Stoller</a> thinks Trump employed celebrity culture-glitz, illusion and fantasy to construct a shared alternate reality where lies become truth and reality's resistance to one's own dreams is overcome by the right attitude and bold self-confidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoller201758-271">[253]</a> Trump's father indoctrinated his children from an early age into the <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Positive_Thinking" title="The Power of Positive Thinking">positive thinking</a> approach to reality advocated by the family's pastor <a href="/wiki/Norman_Vincent_Peale" title="Norman Vincent Peale">Norman Vincent Peale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair2000275(epub_edition)-272">[254]</a> Trump said that Peale considered him the greatest student of his philosophy that regards facts as not important, because positive attitudes will instead cause what you "image" to materialize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansfield201777-273">[255]</a> Trump biographer <a href="/wiki/Gwenda_Blair" title="Gwenda Blair">Gwenda Blair</a> thinks Trump "weaponized" Peale's <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruse2017-274">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a> measures have been shown to be a powerful predictor of membership in authoritarian movements including Trump's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedericoGolec_de_Zavala20181-275">[257]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?448033-1/believe-me">Presentation by John Fea on Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump, July 7, 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?447988-3/john-fea-evangelicals-president-trump">Washington Journal interview with Fea on Believe Me, July 8, 2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In his book Believe Me which details Trump's exploitation of white evangelical politics of fear, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah College">Messiah College</a> history professor John Fea points out the <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcissistic">narcissistic</a> nature of the fanciful appeals to nostalgia, noting that "In the end, the practice of nostalgia is inherently selfish because it focuses entirely on our own experience of the past and not on the experience of others. For example, people nostalgic for the world of <a href="/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver" title="Leave It to Beaver">Leave It to Beaver</a> may fail to recognize that other people, perhaps even some of the people living in the Cleaver's suburban "paradise" of the 1950s, were not experiencing the world in a way that they would describe as 'great.' Nostalgia can give us tunnel vision. Its selective use of the past fails to recognize the complexity and breadth of the human experience ... ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFea2018140-276">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG/190px-Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG/285px-Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG/380px-Cleaver_family_Leave_it_to_Beaver_1960.JPG 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>According to historian John Fea, many Trump followers seek refuge from change by urging return to a utopian <a href="/wiki/Leave_it_to_Beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Leave it to Beaver">Leave it to Beaver</a> version of America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFea2018139–140-277">[259]</a></figcaption></figure> According to Fea, the hopelessness of achieving an idealized past "causes us to imagine a future filled with horror" leading to conspiratorial narratives that easily mobilize white evangelicals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFea201845,_67-278">[260]</a> As a result, they are easily captivated by a strongman such as Trump who repeats and amplifies their fears while posing as the deliverer from them. In his review of Fea's analysis of the impact of conspiracy theories on white evangelical Trump supporters, scholar of religious politics David Gutterman writes: "The greater the threat, the more powerful the deliverance." Gutterman's view is that "Donald J. Trump did not invent this formula; evangelicals have, in their lack of spiritual courage, demanded and gloried in this message for generations. Despite the literal biblical reassurance to 'fear not,' white evangelicals are primed for fear, their identity is stoked by fear, and the sources of fear are around every unfamiliar turn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutterman2020-279">[261]</a> Social theory scholar John Cash notes that disaster narratives of impending horrors have a broad audience, pointing to a 2010 Pew study which found that 41 percent of those in the US think that the world will probably be destroyed by the middle of the century. Cash points out that certainties may be found in other narratives which also have the effect of uniting like minded individuals into shared "<a href="/wiki/Us_versus_them" class="mw-redirect" title="Us versus them">us versus them</a>" narratives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitebook2017-280">[262]</a> Cash thinks that psychoanalytic theorist Joel Whitebook is correct that "Trumpism as a social experience can be understood as a <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> like phenomenon, that "[Trumpism is] an intentional [...] attack on our relation to reality." Whitebook thinks Trump's playbook is like that of Putin's strategist <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a> who employs "ceaseless <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">shapeshifting</a>, appealing to nationalist skinheads one moment and human rights groups the next."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitebook2017-280">[262]</a> Cash compares <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a> to Trump's ability to seemingly embrace disparate fantasies in a series of contradictory tweets and pronouncements, for example appearing to encourage the "neo-Nazi protestors" after <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_white_supremacist_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottesville white supremacist rally">Charlottesville</a> or for audiences with felt grievances about America's first black president, the claim that <a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">Obama wiretapped</a> him. Cash writes: "Unlike the resilient Alice, who ... insists on truth and accuracy when confronted by a world of reversals, contradictions, nonsense and irrationality, Trump reverses this process. ... Trump has dragged the uninhibited and distorted world of the other side of the looking-glass into our shared world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECash2017-281">[263]</a> Lifton sees important differences between Trumpism and typical cults, such as not advancing a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/totalism" class="extiw" title="wikt:totalism">totalist</a> ideology and lack of isolation from the outside world. Lifton identifies similarities with cults that disparage the "fake world" created by the cult's titanic enemies. Cultlike persuasion techniques are used, such as echoing of catch phrases. Examples include the use of <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a> ("Clinton" triggers "lock her up"; "immigrants" triggers "build that wall"; "who will pay for it?" triggers "Mexico"), deepening the sense of unity between the leader and the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton2019129-282">[264]</a> Participants and observers at rallies have remarked on a liberating feeling which Lifton calls a "high state" that "can even be called experiences of transcendence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton2019128-283">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg/220px-Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg/330px-Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg/440px-Pence_posing_with_QAnon_police_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Conspiracy theories such as <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> are widely accepted among Trump supporters according to polling data from 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBote2020-284">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBump2020-285">[267]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Pictured are Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward County, Florida</a> SWAT team assigned to a high-profile security detail, one of whom is wearing a QAnon patch.</figcaption></figure> Conservative culture commentator <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(commentator)" title="David Brooks (commentator)">David Brooks</a> observes that under Trump, this <a href="/wiki/Post-truth" title="Post-truth">post-truth</a> mindset, heavily reliant on conspiracy themes, came to dominate Republican identity, providing its believers a sense of superiority since such insiders possess important information most people do not have.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2020-286">[268]</a> This results in an empowering sense of agency<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImhoffLamberty20184-287">[269]</a> with the liberation, entitlement and group duty to reject "experts" and the influence of hidden cabals seeking to dominate them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2020-286">[268]</a> Prior to 2015, Trump already had established a bond with followers due to television and media appearances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabrielParavatiGreenFlomsbee2018-269">[251]</a> For those sharing his political views, Trump's use of Twitter to share his views caused those bonds to intensify, causing his supporters to feel a deepened empathetic bond as with a friend—sharing his anger and outrage, taking pride in his successes, sharing in his denial of failures and his oftentimes conspiratorial views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavatiNaiduGabrielWiedemann2019-288">[270]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_(50813677883)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09426-2_%2850813677883%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Dominance imagery using the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal</a> conspiracy theme erected on the day of the Capitol assault. 75 percent of Republicans believe the conspiracy theory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECillizza2021-289">[271]</a> with nearly half approving of the Capitol assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2021-290">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[note 16]</a></figcaption></figure> Brooks thinks sharing of conspiracy theories has become the most powerful community bonding mechanism of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2020-286">[268]</a> Hofstadter's <a href="/wiki/The_Paranoid_Style_in_American_Politics" title="The Paranoid Style in American Politics">The Paranoid Style in American Politics</a> describes the political efficacy of conspiracy theories. Some attribute Trump's political success to making such narratives a rhetorical staple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Prooijen201865-294">[275]</a> The conspiracy theory <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> asserts that top Democrats run a child sex-trafficking ring and Trump is trying to dismantle it. An October 2020 <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>-<a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll showed that elements of the QAnon claims are said to be true by half of Trump supporters polled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBote2020-284">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBump2020-285">[267]</a> Some social psychologists see the predisposition of Trumpists towards interpreting social interactions in terms of dominance frameworks as extending to their relationship towards facts. A study by Felix Sussenbach and Adam B. Moore found that the dominance motive strongly correlated with hostility towards disconfirming facts and affinity for conspiracies among 2016 Trump voters but not among Clinton voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuessenbachMoore2020abstract-295">[276]</a> Many critics note Trump's skill in exploiting narrative, emotion, and a whole host of rhetorical ploys to draw supporters into the group's common adventure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenby2015-296">[277]</a> as characters in a story much bigger than themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBader2016-297">[278]</a> It is a story that involves not just a community-building call to arms to defeat titanic threats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariettaFarleyCoteMurphy2017330-170">[158]</a> or of the leader's heroic deeds restoring American greatness, but of a restoration of each supporter's individual sense of liberty and control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrump2019-298">[279]</a> Trump channels and amplifies these aspirations, explaining in one of his books that his bending of the truth is effective because it plays to people's greatest fantasies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumpSchwartz201149(epub_edition)-299">[280]</a> By contrast, Clinton was dismissive of such emotion-filled storytelling and ignored the emotional dynamics of the Trumpist narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart20204-300">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_of_personality">Cult of personality</h3></div> Trump's support has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cult2-310">[d]</a> Trump's message and self-representation involved the creation of an identity as a non-politician, businessman, and great leader, distancing himself from traditional politicians and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. His strategy involved the creation of an ethos of "<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">saving America</a>" through populist intentions and fighting imagined enemies with "I versus them" rhetoric that constituted the formation of a cult of personality.<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-302">[283]</a> Trump's embrace by a contingent of hard-core supporters allowed him to maintain a grip on his political party even after several actions and controversies would have discredited other politicians.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-303">[284]</a> Trump was also widely described by news media and commentators as the recipient of a personality cult.<a href="#cite_note-Haltiwanger-307">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor-308">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ghiat-309">[290]</a> His support was found to satisfy all parameters needed to determine a personality cult based on <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundahl2022-40">[35]</a> Research found examples of asymmetric bias by his supporters in favor of Trump that did not exist among left-leaning individuals among alleged cases of "<a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021-41">[36]</a> Other research has argued that Trump's personality cult revolves around an "all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism" based on the analysis of psycoanalists and sociopolitical historians.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-304">[285]</a> Research has found positive correlations that his most loyal followers have a personality-based attraction to the president and that those with a positive correlation to conscienciousness among the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five personality traits</a> among the self-dicipline facet were the most likely to be attracted to "personalistic, loyalty-demanding leaders" like Trump.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-303">[284]</a> Several aspects of Trump's cult-like loyalty have been found to have religious-parallels among certain supporters, and that certain evangelicals have referred to him in religious terms by casting him as a divinely ordained savior and "chosen one".<a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-303">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2020-132">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_media">Relationship with media</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_industry_and_pillarization">Culture industry and pillarization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gordon_(historian)" title="Peter Gordon (historian)">Peter E. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>, sociologist David L. Andrews and Harvard political theorist David Lebow look on <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>'s concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">culture industry</a>" as useful for comprehending Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-312">[note 17]</a> As Ross explains the concept, the culture industry replicates "fascist methods of mass hypnosis ... blurring the line between reality and fiction", explaining, "Trump is as much a pop-culture phenomenon as he is a political one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2016-313">[292]</a> Gordon observes that these purveyors of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> are not just leveraging outrage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201870-314">[293]</a> but are turning politics into a more commercially lucrative product, a "polarized, standardized reflection of opinion into forms of humor and theatricalized outrage within narrow niche markets ... within which one swoons to one's preferred slogan and already knows what one knows. Name just about any political position and what sociologists call '<a href="/wiki/Pillarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillarization">pillarization</a>'—or what the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> called 'ticket' thinking—will predict, almost without fail, a full suite of opinions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201869,_70-315">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[note 18]</a> Trumpism is from Lebow's perspective, more of a result of this process than a cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebow2019381-318">[296]</a> In the intervening years since Adorno's work, Lebow believes the culture industry has evolved into a politicizing culture market "based increasingly on the internet, constituting a self-referential <a href="/wiki/Hyperreality" title="Hyperreality">hyperreality</a> shorn from any reality of referants ... <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> and insulation intensify intolerance of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">dissonance</a> and magnify hostility against alternative hyperrealities. In a self-reinforcing logic of escalation, intolerance and hostility further encourage sensationalism and the retreat into insularity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebow2019381-318">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[note 19]</a> From Gordon's view, "Trumpism itself, one could argue, is just another name for the culture industry, where the performance of undoing repression serves as a means for carrying on precisely as before."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201872-321">[298]</a> From this viewpoint, the susceptibility to psychological manipulation of individuals with social dominance inclinations is not at the center of Trumpism, but is instead the "culture industry" which exploits these and other susceptibilities by using mechanisms that condition people to think in standardized ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201879-206">[193]</a> The burgeoning culture industry respects no political boundaries as it develops these markets with Gordon emphasizing "This is true on the left as well as the right, and it is especially noteworthy once we countenance what passes for political discourse today. Instead of a public sphere, we have what <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> long ago called the <a href="/wiki/Refeudalization" title="Refeudalization">refeudalization</a> of society."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201869-322">[299]</a> What Kreiss calls an "identity-based account of media" is important for understanding Trump's success because "citizens understand politics and accept information through the lens of partisan identity. ... The failure to come to grips with a socially embedded public and an identity group–based democracy has placed significant limits on our ability to imagine a way forward for journalism and media in the Trump era. As Fox News and <a href="/wiki/Breitbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart">Breitbart</a> have discovered, there is power in the claim of representing and working for particular publics, quite apart from any abstract claims to present the truth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreiss201898,_99-323">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profitability_of_spectacle_and_outrage">Profitability of spectacle and outrage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Outrage_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrage discourse">Outrage discourse</a></div> Examining Trumpism as an entertainment product, some media research focuses on <a href="/wiki/Outrage_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrage discourse">outrage discourse</a>, relating the entertainment value of Trump's rhetoric to the commercial interests of media companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaisbordTuckerLichtenheld201829,_31-324">[301]</a> Outrage narratives on political blogs, talk radio and cable news shows were, in the decades prior, a new genre which grew due to its profitability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobierajBerry2011-325">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerrySobieraj2014-326">[303]</a> Media critic David Denby writes, "Like a good standup comic, Trump invites the audience to join him in the adventure of delivering his act—in this case, the barbarously entertaining adventure of running a Presidential campaign that insults everybody." Denby claims that Trump is good at delivering entertainment that consumers demand. He observes that "The movement's standard of allowable behavior has been formed by popular culture—by standup comedy and, recently, by reality TV and by the snarking, trolling habits of the Internet. ... it's exactly vulgar sensationalism and buffoonery that his audience is buying. Donald Trump has been produced by America."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenby2015-296">[277]</a> Trump made false assertions, mean spirited attacks and <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">dog whistle</a> appeals to racial and religious intolerance. CBS's CEO <a href="/wiki/Les_Moonves" title="Les Moonves">Les Moonves</a> remarked that "It may not be good for America, but it's damn good for CBS,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond2016-327">[304]</a> demonstrating how Trump's messaging is compatible with the financial goals of media companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaisbordTuckerLichtenheld201831-328">[305]</a> Peter Wehner, senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a> considers Trump a political "<a href="/wiki/Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">shock jock</a>" who "thrives on creating disorder, in violating rules, in provoking outrage."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWehner2017-329">[306]</a> The political profitability of incivility was demonstrated by the amount of airtime devoted to Trump's 2016 primary campaign—estimated at two billion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConfessoreYourish2016-330">[307]</a> to almost five billion dollars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaisbordTuckerLichtenheld201830-331">[308]</a> The advantage of incivility was as true in social media, where "a BuzzFeed analysis found that the top 20 fake election news stories emanating from hoax sites and hyperpartisan blogs generated more engagement on Facebook (as measured by shares, reactions, and comments) than the top 20 election stories produced by 19 major news outlets combined, including the New York Times, Washington Post, Huffington Post, and NBC News."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpini201817-332">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Donald J. Trump <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@realDonaldTrump</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left"> My use of social media is not Presidential – it's MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL. Make America Great Again! </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">July 1, 2017<a href="#cite_note-TweetrealDonaldTrump-333">[310]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> Surveying research of how Trumpist communication is well suited to social media, Brian Ott writes that, "commentators who have studied Trump's public discourse have observed speech patterns that correspond closely to what I identified as Twitter's three defining features [Simplicity, impulsivity, and incivility]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt201763-334">[311]</a> Media critic <a href="/wiki/Neal_Gabler" title="Neal Gabler">Neal Gabler</a> has a similar viewpoint writing that "What FDR was to radio and JFK to television, Trump is to Twitter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabler2016-335">[312]</a> Outrage discourse expert Patrick O'Callaghan argues that social media is most effective when it utilizes the particular type of communication which Trump relies on. O'Callaghan notes that sociologist Sarah Sobieraj and political scientist Jeffrey M. Berry almost perfectly described in 2011 the social media communication style used by Trump long before his presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2020115-336">[313]</a> They explained that such discourse "[involves] efforts to provoke visceral responses (e.g., anger, righteousness, fear, moral indignation) from the audience through the use of overgeneralizations, sensationalism, misleading or patently inaccurate information, <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a> attacks, and partial truths about opponents, who may be individuals, organizations, or entire communities of interest (e.g., progressives or conservatives) or circumstance (e.g., immigrants). Outrage sidesteps the messy nuances of complex political issues in favor of melodrama, misrepresentative exaggeration, mockery, and improbable forecasts of impending doom. Outrage talk is not so much discussion as it is verbal competition, political theater with a scorecard."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobierajBerry201120-337">[314]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png/220px-Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png/330px-Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png/440px-Twitter_activity_of_Donald_Trump.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Trump's hourly tweet activity from his first tweet in May 2009 until his suspension from the website in 2021. His tweet activity pattern changed markedly in 2013.</figcaption></figure> Due to Facebook's and Twitter's <a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">narrowcasting</a> environment in which outrage discourse thrives,<a href="#cite_note-339">[note 20]</a> Trump's employment of such messaging at almost every opportunity was from O'Callaghan's account extremely effective because tweets and posts were repeated in viral fashion among like minded supporters, thereby rapidly building a substantial information echo chamber,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2020116-340">[316]</a> a phenomenon <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a> identifies as <a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">group polarization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunstein200760-341">[317]</a> and other researchers refer to as a kind of self re-enforcing <a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">homophily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassachsMontiMoralesBonchi20202-342">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[note 21]</a> Within these information cocoons, it matters little to social media companies whether much of the information spread in such pillarized information silos is false, because as digital culture critic Olivia Solon points out, "the truth of a piece of content is less important than whether it is shared, liked, and monetized."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolon2016-346">[321]</a> Citing Pew Research's survey that found 62% of US adults get their news from social media,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfriedShearer2016-347">[322]</a> Ott expresses alarm, "since the 'news' content on social media regularly features fake and misleading stories from sources devoid of editorial standards."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt201765-348">[323]</a> Media critic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> is similarly alarmed, observing, "Silicon Valley monopolies have taken a hands-off, ideologically vacant attitude toward the upswelling of ugliness on the Internet," and that "the failure of Facebook to halt the proliferation of fake news during the [Trump vs. Clinton] campaign season should have surprised no one. ... Traffic trumps ethics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2016-313">[292]</a> O'Callaghan's analysis of Trump's use of social media is that "outrage hits an emotional nerve and is therefore grist to the populist's or the social antagonist's mill. Secondly, the greater and the more widespread the outrage discourse, the more it has a detrimental effect on <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>. This is because it leads to mistrust and misunderstanding amongst individuals and groups, to entrenched positions, to a feeling of 'us versus them'. So understood, outrage discourse not only produces extreme and polarising views but also ensures that a cycle of such views continues. (Consider also in this context Wade Robison (2020) on the 'contagion of passion'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison2020180-349">[324]</a> and Cass Sunstein (2001, pp. 98–136)<a href="#cite_note-351">[note 22]</a> on 'cybercascades'.)"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2020116-340">[316]</a> Ott agrees, stating that contagion is the best word to describe the viral nature of outrage discourse on social media, and writing that "Trump's simple, impulsive, and uncivil Tweets do more than merely reflect sexism, racism, homophobia, and xenophobia; they spread those ideologies like a social cancer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtt201764-67">[61]</a> Robison warns that <a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">emotional contagion</a> should not be confused with the contagion of passions that <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> were concerned with.<a href="#cite_note-352">[note 23]</a> Robison states they underestimated the contagion of passions mechanism at work in movements, whose modern expressions include the surprising phenomena of rapidly mobilized social media supporters behind both the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and the Trump presidential campaign writing, "It is not that we experience something and then, assessing it, become passionate about it, or not", and implying that "we have the possibility of a check on our passions." Robison's view is that the contagion affects the way reality itself is experienced by supporters because it leverages how subjective certainty is triggered, so that those experiencing the contagiously shared alternate reality are unaware they have taken on a belief they should assess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison2020182-353">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_movements,_politicians_and_personalities">Similar movements, politicians and personalities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_associated_with_Trumpism" title="List of politicians associated with Trumpism">List of politicians associated with Trumpism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign political endorsements">List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign political endorsements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign non-political endorsements</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background_in_the_United_States">Historical background in the United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Andrew_the_First_(political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg/170px-King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg/255px-King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg/340px-King_Andrew_the_First_%28political_cartoon_of_President_Andrew_Jackson%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="2089" /></a><figcaption>An 1832 political cartoon depicting two-term President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> as an autocratic king, with the constitution trampled beneath his feet</figcaption></figure> The roots of Trumpism in the United States can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian era">Jacksonian era</a> according to scholars <a href="/wiki/Walter_Russell_Mead" title="Walter Russell Mead">Walter Russell Mead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasser2018-354">[327]</a> Peter Katzenstein,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatzenstein2019-158">[148]</a> and Edwin Kent Morris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201920-355">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Rauchway" title="Eric Rauchway">Eric Rauchway</a> says: "Trumpism—<a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>—has deep roots in American history. But Trump himself put it to new and malignant purpose."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyall2021-356">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s followers felt he was one of them, enthusiastically supporting his defiance of <a href="/wiki/Politically_correct" class="mw-redirect" title="Politically correct">politically correct</a> norms of the nineteenth century and even constitutional law when they stood in the way of public policy popular among his followers. Jackson ignored the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruling in <a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a> and initiated the forced <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Cherokee removal</a> from their treaty protected lands to benefit white locals at the cost of between 2,000 and 6,000 dead Cherokee men, women, and children. Notwithstanding such cases of Jacksonian inhumanity,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Trump criticises the courts and implemented what he called the ''Muslim ban'' and Wikipedia calls the ''Trump travel ban'', so why "notwithstanding"? Better remove this phrase and start with "Mead's view..." (January 2024)">clarification needed</a>] Mead's view is that Jacksonianism provides the historical precedent explaining the movement of followers of Trump, marrying grass-roots disdain for elites, deep suspicion of overseas entanglements, and obsession with American power and sovereignty, acknowledging that it has often been a <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a>, "whites only" political movement. Mead thinks this "hunger in America for a Jacksonian figure" drives followers towards Trump but cautions that historically "he is not the second coming of Andrew Jackson," stating that Trump's "proposals tended to be pretty vague and often contradictory," exhibiting the common weakness of newly elected populist leaders, commenting early in his presidency that "now he has the difficulty of, you know, 'How do you govern?'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasser2018-354">[327]</a> Morris agrees with Mead, locating Trumpism's roots in the Jacksonian era from 1828 to 1848 under the presidencies of Jackson, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>. On Morris's view, Trumpism also shares similarities with the post-World War I faction of the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive movement</a> which catered to a conservative populist recoil from the looser morality of the cosmopolitan cities and America's changing racial complexion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201920-355">[328]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reform" title="The Age of Reform">The Age of Reform</a> (1955), historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> identified this faction's emergence when "a large part of the Progressive-Populist tradition had turned sour, became illiberal and ill-tempered."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2016-357">[330]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election,_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election%2C_1927.jpg/170px-%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election%2C_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election%2C_1927.jpg/255px-%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election%2C_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election%2C_1927.jpg/340px-%22America_First%22_ad_from_Chicago_mayoral_election%2C_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4673" data-file-height="6402" /></a><figcaption>A 1927 "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" political advertisement advocating isolationism and establishing emotional ties of <a href="/wiki/1927_Chicago_mayoral_election" title="1927 Chicago mayoral election">1927 Chicago mayoral</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/William_Hale_Thompson" title="William Hale Thompson">William Hale Thompson</a> with his German and Irish supporters by vilifying the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> Prior to World War II, conservative themes of Trumpism were expressed in the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a> movement in the early 20th century, and after World War II were attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> faction known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a>. By the 1990s, it became referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservative</a> movement, which according to Morris has now been rebranded as Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201921-358">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Deceit" title="Prophets of Deceit">Prophets of Deceit</a> (1949) summarized common narratives expressed in the post-World War II period of this populist fringe, specifically examining American <a href="/wiki/Demagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogues">demagogues</a> of the period when modern mass media was married with the same destructive style of politics that historian Charles Clavey thinks Trumpism represents. According to Clavey, Löwenthal's book best explains the enduring appeal of Trumpism and offers the most striking historical insights into the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClavey2020-359">[332]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a> states the post-war Republican Party ideology of <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a>, a fusion of pro-business party establishment with <a href="/wiki/Nativism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativism in the United States">nativist</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationist</a> elements who gravitated towards the Republican and not the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, later joined by Christian evangelicals "alarmed by the rise of secularism", was made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the "mutual fear and hatred of the spread of Communism". An article in Politico has referred to Trumpism as "<a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a> on steroids".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacWilliams2020-360">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemann2020-153">[144]</a> Championed by <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> and brought to fruition by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1980, the fusion lost its glue with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, which was followed by a growth of <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> that "created major discontent among middle and low income whites" within and without the Republican Party. After the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> saw the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the party establishment embraced an "autopsy" report, titled the <a href="/wiki/Growth_and_Opportunity_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth and Opportunity Project">Growth and Opportunity Project</a>, which "called on the Party to reaffirm its identity as pro-market, government-skeptical, and ethnically and culturally inclusive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemann2020-153">[144]</a> Ignoring the findings of the report and the party establishment in his campaign, Trump was "opposed by more officials in his own Party ... than any Presidential nominee in recent American history," but at the same time he won "more votes" in the Republican primaries than any previous presidential candidate. By 2016, "people wanted somebody to throw a brick through a plate-glass window", in the words of political analyst <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemann2020-153">[144]</a> His success in the party was such that an October 2020 poll found 58% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents surveyed considered themselves supporters of Trump rather than the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2020-361">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallels_with_fascism_and_trend_towards_illiberal_democracy">Parallels with fascism and trend towards illiberal democracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/255px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/340px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Historians and election experts have compared Trump's <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">anti-democratic</a> tendencies and <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotistical</a> personality to the sentiments and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[335]</a></figcaption></figure> Trumpism has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[e]</a> Trumpism heavily features <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> elements,<a href="#cite_note-Authoritarian-11">[a]</a> and siginifcant academic <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">debate exists</a> over the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a> within Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-Fascist-16">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan2016-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2017-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewFascism-32">[note 3]</a> Several scholars have rejected comparisons with fascism, instead viewing Trump as authoritarian and populist.<a href="#cite_note-391">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[364]</a> Some commentators have rejected the populist designation for Trumpism and view it instead as part of a trend towards a new form of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> or neo-fascism, with some referring to it as explicitly fascist and others as authoritarian and illiberal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2017-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adler-2022-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewFascism-32">[note 3]</a> Others have more mildly identified it as a specific light version of <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_States" title="Fascism in the United States">fascism in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan2016-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018-18">[14]</a> Some historians, including many of those using a new fascism classification,<a href="#cite_note-NotOldFascism-398">[note 24]</a> write of the hazards of direct comparisons with <a href="/wiki/European_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="European fascist">European fascist</a> regimes of the 1930s, stating that while there are parallels, there are also important dissimilarities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2021-399">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2021-400">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[note 25]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> changed his opinion on whether the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> of Trumpism is <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> or not. In 2017, Paxton believed it bore greater resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinn2017-403">[373]</a> Paxton changed his opinion following the <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">2021 storming of the United States Capitol</a>, stating that it is "necessary" to understand Trumpism as a form of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2021-404">[374]</a> Drawing on <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s 1995 essay <a href="/wiki/Ur-Fascism" title="Ur-Fascism">Ur-Fascism</a>, which outlines 14 characteristics of fascism, historian Bret Devereaux discusses how Trumpism satisfies each of the 14.<a href="#cite_note-405">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Dylan_John_Riley" title="Dylan John Riley">Dylan John Riley</a> calls Trumpism "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Bonapartist">neo-Bonapartist</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonialism</a>" because it does not capture the same <a href="/wiki/Mass_movement_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass movement (politics)">mass movement</a> appeal of classical fascism to be fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevore2019-406">[376]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_(43707702255).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_%2843707702255%29.jpg/220px-Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_%2843707702255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_%2843707702255%29.jpg/330px-Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_%2843707702255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_%2843707702255%29.jpg/440px-Trumpism_Projection_SumOfUs_Final_2_%2843707702255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Activist group <a href="/wiki/SumOfUs" title="SumOfUs">SumOfUs</a>'s Projection of "Resist Trumpism Everywhere" on London's <a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a> as part of protests during Trump's July 2018 visit</figcaption></figure> Argentine historian <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a> believes intersections exist between <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> and Trumpism in terms of their disregard for the political system (in the areas of both domestic and foreign policy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinchelstein201711–13-407">[377]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a> considers the long-term consequences of Trump's policies and the support which he receives for them from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> to be potentially dangerous for democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2018-408">[378]</a> In the German-speaking debate, the term "fascism" initially appeared sporadically, mostly in connection with the crisis of confidence in politics and the media and described the strategy of mostly right-wing political actors who wish to stir up this crisis in order to profit from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeßlen2017-409">[379]</a> German literature has a more diverse range of analysis of Trumpism.<a href="#cite_note-410">[note 26]</a> Others have argued that Trump is a <a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">totalitarian capitalist</a> exploiting the "fascist impulses of his ordinary supporters that hide in plain sight."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020-381">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201910-382">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021178-396">[368]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Michelle Goldberg</a>, an opinion columnist for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, compares Trumpism to classical <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> themes.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg1-413">[note 27]</a> The "mobilizing vision" of fascism is of "the national community rising phoenix-like after a period of encroaching decadence which all but destroyed it", which "sounds a lot like MAGA" (<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>) according to Goldberg. Similarly, like the Trump movement, fascism sees a "need for authority by natural chiefs (always male), culminating in a national chieftain who alone is capable of incarnating the group's historical destiny." They believe in "the superiority of the leader's instincts over abstract and universal reason".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg2020-414">[382]</a> Conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> considers Trumpism similar to fascism, stating that Trumpism is "a mood masquerading as a doctrine". Will argues that national unity is based "on shared domestic dreads"—for fascists the "Jews", for Trump the media ("enemies of the people"), "<a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalists</a>". Solutions come not from tedious "incrementalism and conciliation", but from the leader (who claims "only I can fix it") unfettered by procedure. The political base is kept entertained with mass rallies, but inevitably the <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (politics)">strongman</a> develops a contempt for those he leads.<a href="#cite_note-Will1-416">[note 28]</a> Will argues both are based on <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a>, and in the case of Trumpism, "appeals to those in thrall to country-music manliness: 'We're truck-driving, beer-drinking, big-chested Americans too freedom-loving to let any itsy-bitsy [<a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>] virus make us wear masks.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWill2020-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Will2-419">[note 29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/How_to_Lose_a_Country" title="How to Lose a Country">How to Lose a Country: The 7 Steps from Democracy to Dictatorship</a>, Turkish author <a href="/wiki/Ece_Temelkuran" title="Ece Temelkuran">Ece Temelkuran</a> describes Trumpism as similar to rhetoric and actions of the Turkish politician <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> during his rise to power. Some of these tactics and views are <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">demonization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fake_news_(Donald_Trump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake news (Donald Trump)">the press</a>, subversion of well-established and proven facts through the <a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">big lie</a> (both historical and scientific), <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> such as dismantling judicial and political mechanisms; portraying systematic issues such as <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">isolated incidents</a>, and crafting an ideal citizen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemelkuran2019-420">[386]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Blyth" title="Mark Blyth">Mark Blyth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hopkin" title="Jonathan Hopkin">Jonathan Hopkin</a> believe similarities exist between Trumpism and similar movements towards <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiberal democracies">illiberal democracies</a> worldwide, but that the Trumpist movement is not merely being driven by revulsion, loss, and racism. They argue that both on the right and on the left, the global economy is driving the growth of <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-nationalist">neo-nationalist</a> coalitions which find followers who want to be free of the constraints which are being placed on them by establishment elites whose members advocate <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal economics">neoliberal economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020-12">[9]</a> Others emphasize the lack of interest in finding real solutions to the social malaise which have been identified, and they also believe those individuals and groups who are executing policy are actually following a pattern which has been identified by sociology researchers like <a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Guterman" title="Norbert Guterman">Norbert Guterman</a> as originating in the post-World War II work of the Frankfurt School of social theory. Based on this perspective, books such as Löwenthal and Guterman's Prophets of Deceit offer the best insights into how movements like Trumpism dupe their followers by perpetuating their misery and preparing them to move further towards an illiberal form of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClavey2020-359">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rush_Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rush_Limbaugh_(49291182727).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rush_Limbaugh_%2849291182727%29.jpg/220px-Rush_Limbaugh_%2849291182727%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rush_Limbaugh_%2849291182727%29.jpg/330px-Rush_Limbaugh_%2849291182727%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rush_Limbaugh_%2849291182727%29.jpg/440px-Rush_Limbaugh_%2849291182727%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Rush Limbaugh speaking in West Palm Beach in 2019</figcaption></figure> Trump is considered by some analysts to be following a blueprint of leveraging outrage, which was developed on partisan cable TV and talk radio shows<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2020116-340">[316]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> radio show—a style that transformed <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> and American conservative politics decades before Trump.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFaddenGrynbaum2021-421">[387]</a> Both shared "media fame" and "over-the-top showmanship", and built an enormous fan base with politics-as-entertainment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFaddenGrynbaum2021-421">[387]</a> attacking political and cultural targets in ways that would have been considered indefensible and beyond the pale in the years before them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021-422">[388]</a> Both featured "the insults, the nicknames", and conspiracy theories. Both maintained <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> was a hoax, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Barack Obama was not a natural-born U.S. citizen</a>, and the danger of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> was vastly exaggerated by liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFaddenGrynbaum2021-421">[387]</a> Both mocked people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021-422">[388]</a> Limbaugh, to whom Trump awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 2020, preceded Trump in moving the Republican Party away from "serious and substantive opinion leaders and politicians", towards political provocation, entertainment, and anti-intellectualism, and popularizing and normalizing for "many Republican politicians and voters" what before his rise "they might have thought" but would have "felt uncomfortable saying".<a href="#cite_note-423">[note 30]</a> His millions of fans were intensely loyal and "developed a capacity to excuse ... and deflect" his statements no matter how offensive and outrageous, "saying liberals were merely being hysterical or hateful. And many loved him even more for it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021-422">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_impact">Future impact</h3></div> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, Yaseem Serhan states Trump's post-impeachment claim that "our historic, patriotic, and beautiful movement to Make America Great Again has only just begun," should be taken seriously as Trumpism is a "personality-driven" populist movement, and other such movements—such as <a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> in Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a> in Peru, "rarely fade once their leaders have left office".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerhan2021-424">[389]</a> Joseph Lowndes, a professor of political science at the University of Oregon, argued that while current far-right Republicans support Trump, the faction rose before and will likely exist after Trump.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowndes2021-425">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Castellanos" title="Alex Castellanos">Alex Castellanos</a> wrote in Newsweek that separating Trumpism from Donald Trump himself was key to the Republican Party's future following his loss in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJindalCastellanos2021-426">[391]</a> In 2024, President <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Roberts (academic)">Kevin Roberts</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> stated that he sees the role of Heritage as "institutionalizing Trumpism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia-Navarro2024-427">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration</a></div> Trumpism "promises new jobs and more domestic investment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarwood2017-428">[393]</a> Trump's hard line against export surpluses of American trading partners and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> trade policies led to a tense situation in 2018 with mutually imposed tariffs by the United States and the European Union versus China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartington2018-429">[394]</a> Trump secures the support of his political base emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of globalization">criticism of globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2017-430">[395]</a> One book suggested that Trump "radicalized economics" for white working- to middle-class voters by implying that "undeserving [minority] groups are getting ahead while their group is being left behind."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2020-431">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration</a></div> In terms of foreign policy in the sense of <a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)#Donald_Trump" title="America First (policy)">Trump's "America First"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> is preferred to a <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang2018-432">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanSavageHaberman2023-433">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2024-434">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2024-70">[64]</a> National interests are particularly emphasized, especially in the context of economic treaties and alliance obligations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolf2017-435">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssheuer2018-436">[401]</a> Trump has shown a disdain for traditional American allies such as Canada as well as transatlantic partners <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithTownsend2018-437">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETharoor2018-438">[403]</a> Conversely, Trump has shown sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> rulers, such as Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, whom Trump often praised even before taking office,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2016-439">[404]</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Russia–United States summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2018-440">[405]</a> The "America First" foreign policy includes promises by Trump to end American involvement in foreign wars, notably in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a>, while also issuing tighter foreign policy through <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>, among other countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZengerle2019-441">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintour2020-442">[407]</a> Trump's proposals during his second presidency to expand the United States by acquiring <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> were described by CNN as part of his nationalist "America First" agenda and having "modern echoes of the 19th century doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>".<a href="#cite_note-443">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_the_United_States">Beyond the United States</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Category:Conservatism in Canada">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#1034A6; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Conservatism in Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/90px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/135px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="706" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_School" title="Calgary School">Calgary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right#Canada" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Right-wing populism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Toryism">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Toryism">Red</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#Canada" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Tories" title="Lower Canada Tories">Lower Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hope_Conference" title="Port Hope Conference">Port Hope Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_(Canada)" title="Unite the Right (Canada)">Unite the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_K._Alexander" title="Bruce K. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bouchard" title="Gérard Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Byfield" title="Ted Byfield">Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Brodie" title="Ian Brodie">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_F._Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry F. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dart" title="Ron Dart">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Farthing" title="John Farthing">Farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Flanagan_(political_scientist)" title="Tom Flanagan (political scientist)">Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley" title="Bruce Gilley">Gilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Granatstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell#Cold_War" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leacock" title="Stephen Leacock">Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pageau" title="Jonathan Pageau">Pageau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Tiger" title="Lionel Tiger">Tiger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett (R. B.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">Bennett (W. A. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime" title="Maxime">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Gordon Campbell (Canadian politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_De_Cosmos" title="Amor De Cosmos">De Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">Legault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning (Ernest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning (Preston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Vander_Zalm" title="Bill Vander Zalm">Vander Zalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Wall" title="Brad Wall">Wall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Camp" title="Dalton Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Chen" title="Lauren Chen">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Crowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Jivani" title="Jamil Jivani">Jivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normand_Lester" title="Normand Lester">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McIntyre" title="Steve McIntyre">McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Segal" title="Hugh Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Speer" title="Sean Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Steyn" title="Mark Steyn">Steyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Canadian_Question" title="Canada and the Canadian Question">Canada and the Canadian Question</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lament_for_a_Nation" title="Lament for a Nation">Lament for a Nation</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_Canadian_History%3F" title="Who Killed Canadian History?">Who Killed Canadian History?</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_Meaning" title="Maps of Meaning">Maps of Meaning</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais" title="Le Livre noir du Canada anglais">The Black Book of English Canada</a> (Series; 2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Uniqueness_of_Western_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Uniqueness of Western Civilization">The Uniqueness of Western Civilization</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harperism_(book)" title="Harperism (book)">Harperism</a> (2014)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gilley#The_Case_for_Colonialism" title="Bruce Gilley">The Case for Colonialism</a>" (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Rules_for_Life" title="12 Rules for Life">12 Rules for Life</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteshift:_Populism,_Immigration_and_the_Future_of_White_Majorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities">Whiteshift</a> (2018)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Federal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a></li></ul> Provincial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_United" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia United">British Columbia United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_British_Columbia" title="Conservative Party of British Columbia">Conservative Party of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (2009–present)">Conservative Party of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Manitoba" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba">Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party of NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Progressive Conservative Party of NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia">Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island">Progressive Conservative Party of PEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan">Progressive Conservative Party of Sask.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Party" title="Yukon Party">Yukon Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Federal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> Provincial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Quebec_(historical)" title="Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)">Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFRA" title="CFRA">CFRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Audit" title="Climate Audit">Climate Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Dominion" title="Free Dominion">Free Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeSiteNews" title="LifeSiteNews">LifeSiteNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Millennial" title="The Post Millennial">The Post Millennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dorchester_Review" title="The Dorchester Review">The Dorchester Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Standard" title="Western Standard">Western Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun" title="Winnipeg Sun">Winnipeg Sun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Life_Coalition" title="Campaign Life Coalition">Campaign Life Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Bio-Ethical_Reform" title="Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform">Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coalition_for_Democracies" title="Canadian Coalition for Democracies">Canadian Coalition for Democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Taxpayers_Federation" title="Canadian Taxpayers Federation">Canadian Taxpayers Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Civil_Rights_League" title="Catholic Civil Rights League">Catholic Civil Rights League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Centre_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy">Citizens Centre for Freedom and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family_Canada" title="Focus on the Family Canada">Focus on the Family Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy" title="Institute for Research on Public Policy">Institute for Research on Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTory" title="LGBTory">LGBTory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macdonald%E2%80%93Laurier_Institute" title="Macdonald–Laurier Institute">Macdonald–Laurier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Institute" title="Mackenzie Institute">Mackenzie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Economic_Institute" title="Montreal Economic Institute">Montreal Economic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Coalition" title="National Citizens Coalition">National Citizens Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Group_for_Independent_Business" title="Progressive Group for Independent Business">Progressive Group for Independent Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAL_Women_of_Canada" title="REAL Women of Canada">REAL Women of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_(company)" title="Rumble (company)">Rumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_North_Centre_for_Public_Policy" title="True North Centre for Public Policy">True North Centre for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Canadians" title="Voice of Canadians">Voice of Canadians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Revolution" title="Common Sense Revolution">Common Sense Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada#Criticism_of_Canadian_censorship" title="Censorship in Canada">Censorship under the Canadian Human Rights Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Canada" title="Illegal immigration to Canada">Illegal immigration to Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Old Stock Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Pure laine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Agenda" title="Alberta Agenda">Alberta Agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Trumpism exists as a political current in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelacourt2020-444">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonolo2021-445">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett2021-446">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonolo2020-447">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobal2021-448">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFournier2021-449">[414]</a> Law professor Allan Rock, Canada's former attorney general and ambassador to the U.N., said Trump had "given expression to an underlying frustration and anger, that arises from economic inequality, from the implications from globalisation." Rock that the "overtly racist behaviour" associated with Trumpism emboldened racists and white supremacists, resulting in a rise in the number of these organizations and hate crimes in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Current2020-450">[415]</a> According to an October 2020 poll of Canadian voters, the number of "pro-Trump conservatives" was growing in Canada. Maclean's said this was influencing Canadian political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFournier2020-451">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">Erin O'Toole</a>, the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, featured the slogan—"Take Back Canada"—in a video, stating "[j]oin our fight, let's take back Canada."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2020-452">[417]</a> When asked if his "Canada First" policy was different from Trump's "America First" policy, O'Toole said, "No, it was not."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CBC_News'',_September_8,_2020-453">[418]</a> O'Toole criticized what he considered to be Trumpism following one of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a>'s tweets being flagged as “manipulated media” and compared her to <a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">Trump’s flagged tweets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-454">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[420]</a> prior to Twitter’s acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[421]</a> Writing for The Hill in 2021, Markik Von Rennenkampff stated that there are "striking differences" between the Conservative Party under Erin O'Toole and the Republican Party under Trump, notably O'Toole being <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movement" title="Abortion-rights movement">pro-choice</a> and his support for Canada’s <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">single-payer health care system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-457">[422]</a> Rennenkampff also described Canadian Conservatives as "far more closely aligned with Democrats than Republicans".<a href="#cite_note-458">[423]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">2022 Conservative Party leadership election</a>, some journalists have compared Conservative Party leader <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> to American Republicans such as Donald Trump and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-459">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[425]</a> however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex marriage positions.<a href="#cite_note-461">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-465">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-467">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[433]</a> In 2024, Zack Beauchamp of Vox stated that while Poilievre's rhetoric draws Trump comparisons, in terms of policy "he's actually considerably more moderate than Trump or European radicals".<a href="#cite_note-469">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right (Europe)</a></div> Trumpism has also been said to be on the rise in Europe. Political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Helsinki_Times'',_April_13,_2019-470">[435]</a> France's <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2017-471">[436]</a> and Spain's far-right <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> party<a href="#cite_note-472">[437]</a> have been described as Trumpist in nature. Trump's former advisor <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> called Hungarian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> "Trump before Trump".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakissis2019-473">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Isabel Díaz Ayuso</a> has also received the Trumpism label.<a href="#cite_note-474">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3></div> In Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, sometimes referred to as the "Brazilian Donald Trump",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaltiwanger2018-476">[441]</a> who is often described as a right-wing extremist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Survival_International''2020-477">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsPhillips2019-478">[443]</a> sees Trump as a role model<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisbrot2017-479">[444]</a> and according to Jason Stanley uses the same fascist tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrant2018-480">[445]</a> Like Trump, Bolsonaro finds support among evangelicals for his views on <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2017-481">[446]</a> Along with allies he publicly questioned Joe Biden's vote tally after the November election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlyushina2020-482">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a>, an Argentinian <a href="/wiki/Austrian_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian economist">Austrian economist</a> who was <a href="/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election" title="2023 Argentine general election">elected in 2023</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> has sometimes been likened to Donald Trump.<a href="#cite_note-483">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[451]</a> Many other commentators have stressed that the two men are different, however, describing Milei's <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Javier_Milei" title="Political positions of Javier Milei">views</a> as mostly <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a>, such as rejecting protectionism and supporting free trade.<a href="#cite_note-487">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[456]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, there is a significant affinity towards Trump in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkinwotu2020-492">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENwaubani2020-493">[458]</a> Donald Trump's comments on the <a href="/wiki/Herder-farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria">ethno-religious conflicts between Christians and the predominantly Muslim Fulani tribe</a> has contributed to his popularity among Christians in Nigeria, in which he stated: "We have had very serious problems with Christians who are being murdered in Nigeria. We are going to be working on that problem very, very hard because we cannot allow that to happen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkinwotu2020-492">[457]</a> Donald Trump is praised by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People_of_Biafra" title="Indigenous People of Biafra">Indigenous People of Biafra</a> (IPOB), a secessionist group that supports the independence of <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and is designated as a terrorist group by the Nigerian government. IPOB has claimed that he "believes in the inalienable right of an indigenous people to self-determination" and it also praised him for "the direct and serious manner he addressed and demanded immediate end to the serial slaughter of Christians in Nigeria, especially Biafran Christians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOduah2016-494">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENwachukwu2018-495">[460]</a> After Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, IPOB leader <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Kanu" title="Nnamdi Kanu">Nnamdi Kanu</a> wrote a letter to Trump stating he had a "historic and moral burden ... to liberate the enslaved nations in Africa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOduah2016-494">[459]</a> As Trump was inaugurated in January 2017, IPOB organized a rally in support of Trump that resulted in violent clashes with Nigerian security forces and resulted in multiple deaths and arrests.<a href="#cite_note-496">[461]</a> On January 30, 2020, IPOB leader Nnamdi Kanu attended a Trump rally in Iowa as a special VIP guest, at the invitation of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Republican Party of Iowa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBankole2020-497">[462]</a> According to a 2020 poll from <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a>, 58% of Nigerians had favorable views of Donald Trump, the fourth highest percentage globally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdebayo2020-498">[463]</a> According to John Campbell of <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, Trump's popularity in Nigeria can be explained by a "manifestation of the widespread disillusionment in a country characterized by growing poverty, multiple security threats, an expanding crime wave, and a government seen as unresponsive and corrupt", and his popularity is likely stronger among wealthier urban Nigerians rather than the majority of Nigerians who live in rural areas or urban slums and are unlikely to have strong opinions on Trump.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2020-499">[464]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restart_(group)" title="Restart (group)">Restart (group)</a></div> Donald Trump and his policy towards Iran has been praised by the Iranian opposition group 'Restart', led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a>, which also <a href="/wiki/Support_for_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Support for military action against Iran">supports American military action against Iran</a> and offered to fight alongside Americans to overthrow the Iranian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020-500">[465]</a> The group has adopted the slogan "Make Iran Great Again".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020-500">[465]</a> Restart has been compared to <a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ariane_Tabatabai" title="Ariane Tabatabai">Ariane Tabatabai</a>, in terms of "conspiracist thinking going global".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020-500">[465]</a> Among conspiracy theories advocated by the group is that Iran's Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> has died (or went into coma) in 2017 and a <a href="/wiki/Look-alike" title="Look-alike">double</a> plays his role in public.<a href="#cite_note-db-501">[466]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_%281%29.jpg/220px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_%281%29.jpg/330px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_%281%29.jpg/440px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Kawagoe_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Shinzo Abe and US President Trump in 2017 with "<a href="/wiki/MAGA" class="mw-redirect" title="MAGA">MAGA</a>"-style hats reading "Donald & Shinzo, Make Alliance Even Greater"</figcaption></figure> In Japan, in a speech to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> lawmakers in Tokyo on 8 March 2019, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> said that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> was "Trump before Trump" and "a great hero to the grassroots, the populist, and the nationalist movement throughout the world."<a href="#cite_note-502">[467]</a> Shinzo Abe was described as a "right-wing nationalist" or "<a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultra-nationalist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-503">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[469]</a> but whether he was a "populist" is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-505">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netto-uyoku" title="Netto-uyoku">Netto-uyoku</a> is the term used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Netizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Netizens">netizens</a> who espouse ultranationalist far-right views on Japanese social media, as well as in English to those who are proficient. Netto-uyoku are typically very friendly not only to Japanese nationalists but also to Donald Trump, and oppose liberal politics. They began spreading Trump's conspiracy theories in an <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempt to overturn the 2020 American presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo_trumpism-506">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div> The politics of <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president of South Korea</a>, has been called "Trumpist" for his right-wing populist elements.<a href="#cite_note-507">[472]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_S._Coronel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila S. Coronel">Sheila S. Coronel</a> has argued that the political strategies of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> from 1965 to 1986, and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, who held the same position from 2016 to 2022, share certain features with Trumpism, including disregard for facts, encouragement of fear, and a "loud, bombastic, hypermasculine" aesthetic; and that each has benefited from uncertain political environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoronel2020-508">[473]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/37px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/50px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_MAGA" title="Blue MAGA">Blue MAGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Emperor_Trump" title="God Emperor Trump">God Emperor Trump</a> (statue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_distortion_field" title="Reality distortion field">Reality distortion field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Political positions of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Caucus" title="Sedition Caucus">Sedition Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> Organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Policies" title="America First Policies">America First Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Partnership_Institute" title="Conservative Partnership Institute">Conservative Partnership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGA_Inc." title="MAGA Inc.">MAGA Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Accountability" title="Republican Accountability">Republican Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">The Lincoln Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_for_the_Rule_of_Law" title="Republicans for the Rule of Law">Republicans for the Rule of Law</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hovland1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Hovland1_2-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lea_Tribune" title="Albert Lea Tribune">Albert Lea Tribune</a>'s description of the scene at the September 13, 2020, "United We Stand & Patriots March for America" was that "[p]eople rallied outside the Minnesota Capitol in St. Paul on Saturday in support of President Trump, and against statewide pandemic policies they say are infringing on personal freedoms and damaging the economy. ... Some in the crowd carried long guns and wore body armor." There were physical confrontations resulting in the arrest of two counter-protesters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovland2020-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capitol1-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Capitol1_8-0">^</a> Believing the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal</a> conspiracy theory of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>, Trumpists acted after being told minutes prior by Trump to "fight like hell" to "take back our country",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthyHoGreve2021-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersen2021-4">[3]</a> with his personal lawyer <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> calling for "<a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2021-5">[4]</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> in the prior week warning "we are coming for you" and calling for "total war" over election results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberman2021-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEda_Silva2020-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewFascism-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewFascism_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewFascism_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewFascism_32-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a> uses the term neofascist. Badiou describes Trump signaling the birth of a "new fascism" or "democratic fascism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiou201915-394">[366]</a> while Traverso prefers the term postfascist to describe "new faces of fascism" such as Trump or <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> who advance a model of democracy "that destroys any process of collective deliberation in favour of a relationship that merges people and leader, the nation and its chief."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraverso201735-395">[367]</a> By contrast, Tarizzo describes Trump as part of what <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a> called new fascism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021178-396">[368]</a> employing a "political grammar" analysis which shares similar perspectives on ties between new fascism and dystopian economics argued in the analyses of Giroux, West, Hedges and Badiou. Chomsky instead uses the term authoritarianism. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Papacharissi notes that examples can also be found on the left for the use of open signifiers when affectively engaging their bases ("publics").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolerDavis202162-81">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> The 88% figure is based on the CBS news report that as of April 16, 2021, 45 out of the 370 arrested were arrested were women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHymesMcDonaldWatson2021-115">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plott1-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Plott1_149-0">^</a> Elaina Plott covers the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> as a national political reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. In her in-depth article on how Trump has remade the Republican Party, Plott interviewed thirty or so Republican officials. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher1-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher1_154-0">^</a> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> adopted "a 91-page document with headings such as 'Healing the Soul of America' and 'Restoring and Strengthening Our Democracy'", with disputes over the lack of "language endorsing" <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> A reference to a metaphor found at the close of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address</a>. Cognitive scientist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> explains the impact of these appeals in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Better_Angels_of_Our_Nature" title="The Better Angels of Our Nature">The Better Angels of Our Nature</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> For a detailed description of this evocation of intense collective emotions in order to engineer group identity, see <a href="#CITEREFCui2018">Cui 2018</a>. Cui writes: "The collective emotions that audiences feel during media events is the modern day equivalent of the collective effervescence in <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> worship (Dayan & Katz, 1992). In primitive societies, intense feelings about the collectivity are generated through the participants physically enacting rituals together. Possessed by these intense feelings, they experience themselves as sharing the <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">collective identity</a> represented by the symbolism in the rituals. In sophisticated industrial societies, people often participate in rituals through the media. Through the live broadcast of ceremonial events, a geographically dispersed population can be temporally synchronized through the symbolic representation of a higher reality. The intense collective emotions these events generate reinforce social identity (Jiménez-Martínez, 2014; Uimonen, 2015; Widholm, 2016)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECui201895-168">[157]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Trump's scenic construction (introduction of characters and setting stage depicting an issue) use black and white terms to describe malevolent forces, or the coming victory. <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> is a "total disaster" and <a href="/wiki/Obamacare" class="mw-redirect" title="Obamacare">Obamacare</a> would "destroy American health care forever"; Kenneth Burke referred to this "all or none" staging as characteristic of "<a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>" rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppel2018162–163-173">[161]</a> Instead of a world involving a variety of complex situations requiring nuanced solutions acceptable to a multiplicity of interested groups, for the agitator the world is a simple stage populated by two irreconcilable groups and dramatic action involves decisions with simple either-or choices. Because all players and issues are painted using black and white terms, there is no possibility of working out a common solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwenthalGuterman194992–95-174">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Ann Stoler writes, "These are divisive cuts through our social, political, and affective landscapes that are not eruptions, as they are so often described. Rather, these figures [Trump, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Wilders</a>] register deep tectonic shifts not readily visible with the conceptual tools at hand, nor by the metrics we have used to measure durable sensibilities or to capture sonics to which we are so adverse, askew to our shared radars. Prevailing political categories and concepts may now seem inadequate or inoperative."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler2020117-207">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Kelly left Fox in 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2012-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2012_225-0">^</a> The "(Jones, 2012: 180)" quote appears in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Jeffry P. (2012). "Fox News and the Performance of Ideology". Cinema Journal. 51 (4): 178–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.2012.0073">10.1353/cj.2012.0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23253592">23253592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669733">145669733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=Fox+News+and+the+Performance+of+Ideology&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145669733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23253592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcj.2012.0073&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Jones elaborates on her view that trust is central to <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> in a chapter entitled "Trusting Interpretations" which appeared in the book "Trust – Analytic and Applied Perspectives".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2013-230">[214]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> The measure is a refinement of the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">authoritarian personality</a> theory published in 1950 by researchers <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Else_Frenkel-Brunswik" title="Else Frenkel-Brunswik">Else Frenkel-Brunswik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levinson" title="Daniel Levinson">Daniel Levinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevitt_Sanford" title="Nevitt Sanford">Nevitt Sanford</a>. Despite its name, RWA measures predisposition towards authoritarianism regardless of political orientation. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> The skull with Trump hair refers to the <a href="/wiki/The_Punisher_(TV_series)" title="The Punisher (TV series)">Punisher</a> comic book vigilante serial killer who murders those he considers evil. More stylized Punisher images appeared on patches worn by some rioters in combat attire, multiple police at <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">Black lives matter protests</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2021-291">[273]</a> and frequently as a Sean Hannity's lapel pin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2020-292">[274]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> For instance in the introduction to his book Making Sport Great Again, Andrews writes, "The prescience of much Frankfurt School theorizing informs this analysis of the relationship between ubersport as a popular culture industry, the politics of neoliberal America, and Trump's cacophonous political-cultural-economic project."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews201914-311">[291]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> The idea is that while markets attempt to turn the population into unthinking mass consumers, political actors (from parties to politicians to interest groups) use the same mechanisms to turn us into unthinking mass citizens—a Frankfurt school concept which Marcuse explored further in his book <a href="/wiki/One_Dimensional_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="One Dimensional Man">One Dimensional Man</a>. Horkheimer and Adorno's "ticket" metaphor refers to the political party sense of a slate of candidates and policies that followers expect to vote for in its entirety because they have come to believe that the ideas from the opposing political blocs are so irreconcilable their political power is simplified to a binary choice which despite the intense rhetoric reduces them to passive observers of the spectacle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorkheimerAdorno2002169,_170-316">[295]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Political scientist Matthew McManus makes a similar observation writing that Trump is the culmination of this trend towards pillarized tribalistic market niches where the hyperpartisan discourses characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> in the US or <a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADr_TV" title="Hír TV">Hír TV</a> in Hungary have displaced nuanced analysis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcManus202068-319">[297]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> One of Sobieraj and Berry's key findings was that, "Outrage thrives in a narrowcasting environment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobierajBerry201122-338">[315]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> Homophily is the sociological term corresponding to the saying "Birds of a feather flock together." Pointing to a 2015 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study revealing that the average Facebook user has five politically like-minded friends for every one from the opposing end of the spectrum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleibergWest2015-343">[319]</a> like Massachs et al. (2020), <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> takes note of the combination of social media and homophily's self-reinforcing impact on our perceived world writing, "The information that comes to us has increasingly been tailored to appeal to our prior prejudices, and it is unlikely to be challenged by the like-minded with whom we interact day-to-day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower201877-344">[320]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> The 2001 reference is to an earlier edition of Sunstein's Republic.com. An updated chapter on cybercascades may be found in his Republic.com 2.0 (2007).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunstein200746–96-350">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Hume argued that democracy in <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a> of ancient Greece failed because in small cities, sentiments could rapidly spread in the population, meaning agitators were "more likely to succeed in sweeping aside the old order". Madison responded to this threat of tyrannical majority factions unified by a shared sentiment in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist paper number 10</a> with the argument (Robison's paraphrase): "In an extensive country, distance immunizes citizens from the contagion of passions and hinders their coordination even when passions are shared."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobison2020180-349">[324]</a> Robison thinks this portion of Madison's argument is obsolete due to the near instantaneous social media sharing of sentiments wherever we are due to the commonplace use of wirelessly connected handheld devices. </li> <li id="cite_note-NotOldFascism-398"><a href="#cite_ref-NotOldFascism_398-0">^</a> Giroux notes that "Trump is not Hitler in that he has not created concentration camps, shut down the critical media or rounded up dissidents; moreover, the United States at the current historical moment is not the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiroux2017-397">[369]</a> Tarizzo writes that both paleofascism and new fascism undermine the fundamentals of modern democracy, but the new mode of fascism "does not do this by absolutizing popular sovereignty at the expense of individual rights. New fascism celebrates our freedoms and absolutizes human rights to the detriment of our sense of belonging to a social-political community."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163-26">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> For a wide ranging review and critique of the use of the term fascist to describe Trump as of late 2017, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Boggs" title="Carl Boggs">Carl Boggs</a>' postscript chapter in his book Fascism Old and New.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2018195–205-401">[372]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> Consider the titles of papers listed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochNanzRogers2020" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Lars; Nanz, Tobias; Rogers, Christina, eds. (2020). "The Great Disruptor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oapen.org/download/?type=document&docid=1007339">The Great Disruptor—Über Trump, die Medien und die Politik der Herabsetzung</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-476-04976-6">10.1007/978-3-476-04976-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3476049759" title="Special:BookSources/978-3476049759"><bdi>978-3476049759</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226426921">226426921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Disruptor&rft.btitle=The+Great+Disruptor%E2%80%94%C3%9Cber+Trump%2C+die+Medien+und+die+Politik+der+Herabsetzung&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226426921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-476-04976-6&rft.isbn=978-3476049759&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oapen.org%2Fdownload%2F%3Ftype%3Ddocument%26docid%3D1007339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg1-413"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg1_413-0">^</a> Yale's <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Jason Stanley</a> observed that while Trump is not a fascist, "I think you could legitimately call Trumpism a fascist social and political movement" and that "he's using fascist political tactics. I think there's no question about that. He is calling for national restoration in the face of humiliations brought on by immigrants, liberals, liberal minorities, and leftists. He's certainly playing the fascist playbook."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2020-411">[380]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a> agrees that Trump has fascist proclivities and claims his popularity signals that <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a> is displacing <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2016-412">[381]</a> Harvard historian Charles Clavey thinks the authors of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>) who studied the sudden victory of fascism in Germany offer the best insights into Trumpism. These similarities include the rhetoric of self-aggrandizement, victimhood, accusation, and his solicitation of unconditional support to return the country from moral and political decay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClavey2020-359">[332]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Will1-416"><a href="#cite_ref-Will1_416-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone_Smith" title="David Livingstone Smith">David Livingstone Smith</a>, a scholar of history, psychology and anthropology, compares Trump and the fascist pattern of persuasion described by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Money-Kyrle" title="Roger Money-Kyrle">Roger Money-Kyrle</a>, who witnessed fascist rallies in 1930s Germany. The psychological linkage between the leader and supporters in mass protests, the melancholia-paranoia-megalomania pattern, recitation of shared domestic dreads, promotion of fear-mongering conspiracy theories painting out-groups as the cause of the problems, simplified solutions presented in absolute terms and the promotion of singular leader capable of returning the country to its former greatness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2020119–121-415">[383]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Will2-419"><a href="#cite_ref-Will2_419-0">^</a> Described as "the sociologist who studied Trump's base before Trump",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConroy2017-417">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Michael Kimmel</a> examined the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> and radicalization of pre-Trump supporters. In his 2018 book Healing from Hate: How Young Men Get Into—and Out of—Violent Extremism Kimmel describes a theme he "came to call 'aggrieved entitlement', a sense of righteous indignation, of undeserved victimhood in a world suddenly dominated by political correctness. The rewards these white men felt had been promised for a lifetime of, as they saw it, playing by the rules that someone else had established had suddenly dried up—or, as they saw it, the water had been diverted to far less deserving 'others'" who "were not worthy of the rewards they were now reaping, because 'they' were not 'real men.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel2018xii–xiii-418">[385]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> Quotes are from Brian Rosenwald, described as "a Harvard scholar who tracks disinformation in talk radio."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2021-422">[388]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Authoritarian-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Authoritarian_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Authoritarian_11-1">b</a> Attributed to multiple sources:<a href="#cite_note-371">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bender-2023-372">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnsdorf-2023-374">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2023-376">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beinart-2019-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaul2021-380">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adler-2022-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-2021-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellner2018-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbish2020-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburn2020-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2020-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorski2019-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020-381">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201910-382">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020-12">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fascist-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fascist_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascist_16-1">b</a> Attributed to multiple sources:<a href="#cite_note-Adler-2022-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-2021-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist_New_Nationalism-383">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rushkoff-2016-385">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-2016-386">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2016-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky2020-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_News2020-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbish2020-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburn2020-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrutman2021-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2020-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorski2019-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020-381">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201910-382">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[361]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cult-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Cult_51-0">^</a> Attributed to multiple sources:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundahl2022-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cult2-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Cult2_310-0">^</a> Attributed to multiple sources:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundahl2022-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reyes-302">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-303">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-304">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haltiwanger-307">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor-308">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ghiat-309">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2020-132">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> Attributed to multiple sources:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2021-363">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoucheron2020-364">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2020-365">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2020-366">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbinati2020-367">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenk2016-368">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlling2018-369">[342]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovland2020-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovland2020_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHovland2020">Hovland 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthyHoGreve2021-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthyHoGreve2021_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCarthyHoGreve2021">McCarthy, Ho & Greve 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersen2021-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersen2021_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersen2021">Andersen 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake2021-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake2021_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake2021">Blake 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberman2021-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaberman2021_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberman2021">Haberman 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEda_Silva2020-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEda_Silva2020_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFda_Silva2020">da Silva 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReicherHaslam2016-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReicherHaslam2016_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReicherHaslam2016">Reicher & Haslam 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer202011-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer202011_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeanAltemeyer202011_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeanAltemeyer2020">Dean & Altemeyer 2020</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinBlyth2020_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkinBlyth2020">Hopkin & Blyth 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201868-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon201868_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2018">Gordon 2018</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler-2022-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-2022_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-2022_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-2022_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-2022_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerAdlyArmaniosBattilana2022" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Paul S.; Adly, Amr; Armanios, Daniel Erian; Battilana, Julie; Bodrožić, Zlatko; Clegg, Stewart; Davis, Gerald F.; Gartenberg, Claudine; Glynn, Mary Ann; Gümüsay, Ali Aslan; Haveman, Heather A.; Leonardi, Paul; Lounsbury, Michael; McGahan, Anita M.; Meyer, Renate; Phillips, Nelson; Sheppard-Jones, Kara (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/190496/3/10564926221119395.pdf">"Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Global Retreat of Democracy: A Curated Discussion"</a> (PDF). Journal of Management Inquiry. 32 (1): 3–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10564926221119395">10.1177/10564926221119395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251870215">251870215</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114182626/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/190496/3/10564926221119395.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024. <q>The decoupling of the man from the movement suggests that authoritarianism can continue well beyond the authoritarian's rule. The most enduring vestige—apart from the democratic institutions attacked—is Trumpism. It has metastasized from Trump's delusional framing on his inauguration day in 2017—with the biggest crowds ever—to a widespread and ambient movement, amplified by disinformation and distortion, broadcast in social and right-wing media, aggressively militant, and framed with falsehoods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Authoritarianism%2C+Populism%2C+and+the+Global+Retreat+of+Democracy%3A+A+Curated+Discussion&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10564926221119395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251870215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Adly%2C+Amr&rft.au=Armanios%2C+Daniel+Erian&rft.au=Battilana%2C+Julie&rft.au=Bodro%C5%BEi%C4%87%2C+Zlatko&rft.au=Clegg%2C+Stewart&rft.au=Davis%2C+Gerald+F.&rft.au=Gartenberg%2C+Claudine&rft.au=Glynn%2C+Mary+Ann&rft.au=G%C3%BCm%C3%BCsay%2C+Ali+Aslan&rft.au=Haveman%2C+Heather+A.&rft.au=Leonardi%2C+Paul&rft.au=Lounsbury%2C+Michael&rft.au=McGahan%2C+Anita+M.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Renate&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Nelson&rft.au=Sheppard-Jones%2C+Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F190496%2F3%2F10564926221119395.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachmann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lachmann, Richard (January 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/spp/5340?lang=en">"Trump: authoritarian, just another neoliberal republican, or both?"</a>. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas (89): 9–31. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0873-6529">0873-6529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociologia%2C+Problemas+e+Pr%C3%A1ticas&rft.atitle=Trump%3A+authoritarian%2C+just+another+neoliberal+republican%2C+or+both%3F&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.issn=0873-6529&rft.aulast=Lachmann&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fspp%2F5340%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagan2016-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan2016_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan2016_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKagan2016_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKagan2016">Kagan 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey2018_18-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGaughey2018">McGaughey 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2017-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2017_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2017_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2017_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster2017">Foster 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler2016-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2016_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2016_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2016_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler2016_20-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler2016">Butler 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky2020-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky2020_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky2020_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky2020_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky2020_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFChomsky2020">Chomsky 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_News2020-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_News2020_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_News2020_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_News2020_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_News2020_22-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerkeley_News2020">Berkeley News 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiou201919_23-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadiou2019">Badiou 2019</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiroux2021_24-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiroux2021">Giroux 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraverso201730-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraverso201730_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraverso201730_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraverso201730_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraverso2017">Traverso 2017</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarizzo2021163_26-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarizzo2021">Tarizzo 2021</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbish2020-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbish2020_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbish2020_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbish2020_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbish2020_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbish2020_27-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFIbish2020">Ibish 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECockburn2020-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburn2020_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburn2020_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburn2020_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburn2020_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECockburn2020_28-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCockburn2020">Cockburn 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrutman2021-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrutman2021_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrutman2021_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrutman2021_29-2">c</a> <a 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Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+Makes+a+Mockery+of+the+Constitution&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Lusane&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump-makes-a-mockery-of-the-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowndes2019-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowndes2019_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowndes2019">Lowndes 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennhold2020-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennhold2020_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennhold2020">Bennhold 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaac2017-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaac2017_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaac2017">Isaac 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundahl2022-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundahl2022_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundahl2022_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundahl2022_40-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSundahl2022">Sundahl 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranksHesami2021_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranksHesami2021">Franks & Hesami 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kenneth Alan (Spring 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/c5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407">"The Trump Death Cult"</a>. Journal of Psychohistory. 48 (4): 256–276. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-3378">0145-3378</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychohistory&rft.atitle=The+Trump+Death+Cult&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0145-3378&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fc5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Reyes, Antonio (May 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20002.rey">"I, Trump The cult of personality, anti-intellectualism and the Post-Truth era"</a>. Journal of Language and Politics. 19 (6): 869–892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjlp.20002.rey">10.1075/jlp.20002.rey</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2159">1569-2159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305071023/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20002.rey">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Politics&rft.atitle=I%2C+Trump+The+cult+of+personality%2C+anti-intellectualism+and+the+Post-Truth+era&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E869-%3C%2Fspan%3E892&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjlp.20002.rey&rft.issn=1569-2159&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fjlp.20002.rey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithMoen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Goldsmith, Benajmin E.; Moen, Lars J. K. (May 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpops.12991">"The personality of a personality cult? Personality characteristics of Donald Trump's most loyal supporters"</a>. Political Psychology. 46 (Special Issue): 225–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpops.12991">10.1111/pops.12991</a>. <q>We contend that, for his most committed followers, the attraction is personality-based — both in terms of Trump's self-presentation to citizens and in terms of the personality characteristics making some citizens attracted to such leadership. Trump's appeal appears to fit Sundahl's (2023) three characteristics of a personality cult. The phenomenon of a political personality cult may have arrived in full force in U.S. democracy — and could potentially be its undoing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+personality+of+a+personality+cult%3F+Personality+characteristics+of+Donald+Trump%27s+most+loyal+supporters&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=Special+Issue&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12991&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Benajmin+E.&rft.au=Moen%2C+Lars+J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fpops.12991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2023" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Michael J. (February 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147">"Perverted Containment: Trumpism, Cult Creation, and the Rise of Destructive American Populism"</a>. Psychoanalytic Inquiry. 43 (2). Taylor & Francis: 96–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07351690.2023.2163147">10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-1690">0735-1690</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241106102947/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024. <q>The cult of Trumpism fosters and exploits paranoia and allegiance to an all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Perverted+Containment%3A+Trumpism%2C+Cult+Creation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Destructive+American+Populism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07351690.2023.2163147&rft.issn=0735-1690&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07351690.2023.2163147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Hassan, Steven</a> (2019). The Cult of Trump. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982127336" title="Special:BookSources/9781982127336"><bdi>9781982127336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Trump&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781982127336&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthea_Butler" title="Anthea Butler">Butler, Anthea</a> (2020). White Evangelical Racism: The Politics of Morality in America. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469661179" title="Special:BookSources/9781469661179"><bdi>9781469661179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Evangelical+Racism%3A+The+Politics+of+Morality+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781469661179&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltiwanger2021" class="citation web cs1">Haltiwanger, John (March 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3">"Republicans have built a cult of personality around Trump that glosses over his disgraced presidency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115171921/https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Republicans+have+built+a+cult+of+personality+around+Trump+that+glosses+over+his+disgraced+presidency&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.aulast=Haltiwanger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frepublicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2022" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (August 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/19/trump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states/">"Analysis | Trump's personality cult and the erosion of U.S. democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831130419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/19/trump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Trump%27s+personality+cult+and+the+erosion+of+U.S.+democracy&rft.date=2022-08-21&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F08%2F19%2Ftrump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ghiat2020" class="citation web cs1">Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (December 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-12-09/donald-trump-strongman-personality-cult">"Op-Ed: Trump's formula for building a lasting personality cult"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092934/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-12-09/donald-trump-strongman-personality-cult">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Op-Ed%3A+Trump%27s+formula+for+building+a+lasting+personality+cult&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.aulast=Ben-Ghiat&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fstory%2F2020-12-09%2Fdonald-trump-strongman-personality-cult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2024298"In_2016,_a_populist_won_the_presidential_election_in_the_United_States."-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2024298"In_2016,_a_populist_won_the_presidential_election_in_the_United_States."_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2024">Ross 2024</a>, p. 298, "In 2016, a populist won the presidential election in the United States.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbinati2019-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrbinati2019_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrbinati2019">Urbinati 2019</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFUrbinati2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rowland, Robert C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/msup/rpa/article-pdf/22/3/343/939150/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343.pdf">"The Populist and Nationalist Roots of Trump's Rhetoric"</a> (PDF). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+has+now+said+more+than+5%2C000+false+things+as+president&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fanalysis%2F2019%2F06%2F05%2Fdonald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale_20200309-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Dale_20200309_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2020" class="citation news cs1">Dale, Daniel (March 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1237083913496989702">"Trump is averaging about 59 false claims per week since ... July 8, 2019"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309184231/https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1237083913496989702">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+is+averaging+about+59+false+claims+per+week+since+...+July+8%2C+2019.&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fddale8%2Fstatus%2F1237083913496989702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415192932/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ESsA5nTXYAA562e?format=png">direct link to chart image</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale_Subramaniam_3/9/2020-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Dale_Subramaniam_3/9/2020_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaleSubramaniam2020" class="citation web cs1">Dale, Daniel; Subramaniam, Tara (March 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-february/index.html">"Donald Trump made 115 false claims in the last two weeks of February"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803235929/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-february/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+made+115+false+claims+in+the+last+two+weeks+of+February&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Subramaniam%2C+Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2Fpolitics%2Ffact-check-trump-false-claims-february%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes_20240524-236"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes_20240524_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYourishSmart2024" class="citation news cs1">Yourish, Karen; Smart, Charlie (May 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/24/us/politics/trump-election-results-doubt.html">"Trump's Pattern of Sowing Election Doubt Intensifies in 2024"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524231457/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/24/us/politics/trump-election-results-doubt.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Pattern+of+Sowing+Election+Doubt+Intensifies+in+2024&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft.aulast=Yourish&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Smart%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2024%2F05%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-election-results-doubt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241213180704/https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=%2Fm%2F07h4c7&hl=en&date=all">"Gaslighting / topic"</a>. 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November 16, 2024. <q>Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Trends&rft.atitle=Fake+news+%2F+topic&rft.date=2024-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrends.google.com%2Ftrends%2Fexplore%3Fdate%3Dall%26q%3D%252Fg%252F1210rwkh%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Mashable_20240817-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Mashable_20240817_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2024" class="citation news cs1">Kaufman, Mark (August 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/article/trump-wind-energy-turbine-birds-death">"Trump won't stop making a deceptive bird claim. Experts debunk it"</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks2020_286-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks2020_286-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks2020">Brooks 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImhoffLamberty20184-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImhoffLamberty20184_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImhoffLamberty2018">Imhoff & Lamberty 2018</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavatiNaiduGabrielWiedemann2019-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavatiNaiduGabrielWiedemann2019_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParavatiNaiduGabrielWiedemann2019">Paravati et al. 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECillizza2021-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECillizza2021_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCillizza2021">Cillizza 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2021-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoper2021_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoper2021">Roper 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2021-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2021_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlter2021">Alter 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2020-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2020_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston2020">Johnston 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Prooijen201865-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Prooijen201865_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Prooijen2018">van Prooijen 2018</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuessenbachMoore2020abstract-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuessenbachMoore2020abstract_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuessenbachMoore2020">Suessenbach & Moore 2020</a>, abstract. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenby2015-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenby2015_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenby2015_296-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenby2015">Denby 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBader2016-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBader2016_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBader2016">Bader 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrump2019-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrump2019_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrump2019">Trump 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumpSchwartz201149(epub_edition)-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumpSchwartz201149(epub_edition)_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrumpSchwartz2011">Trump & Schwartz 2011</a>, p. 49, (epub edition). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart20204-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart20204_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart2020">Hart 2020</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2021" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Kenneth Alan (Spring 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/c5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407">"The Trump Death Cult"</a>. Journal of Psychohistory. 48 (4): 256–276. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-3378">0145-3378</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychohistory&rft.atitle=The+Trump+Death+Cult&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0145-3378&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fc5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D35407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reyes-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reyes_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Reyes, Antonio (May 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20002.rey">"I, Trump The cult of personality, anti-intellectualism and the Post-Truth era"</a>. Journal of Language and Politics. 19 (6): 869–892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjlp.20002.rey">10.1075/jlp.20002.rey</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2159">1569-2159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305071023/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20002.rey">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Politics&rft.atitle=I%2C+Trump+The+cult+of+personality%2C+anti-intellectualism+and+the+Post-Truth+era&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E869-%3C%2Fspan%3E892&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjlp.20002.rey&rft.issn=1569-2159&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fjlp.20002.rey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_303-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_303-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_303-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithMoen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Goldsmith, Benajmin E.; Moen, Lars J. K. (May 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pops.12991">"The personality of a personality cult? Personality characteristics of Donald Trump's most loyal supporters"</a>. Political Psychology. 46 (Special Issue): 225–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpops.12991">10.1111/pops.12991</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2024. <q>We contend that, for his most committed followers, the attraction is personality-based — both in terms of Trump's self-presentation to citizens and in terms of the personality characteristics making some citizens attracted to such leadership. Trump's appeal appears to fit Sundahl's (2023) three characteristics of a personality cult. The phenomenon of a political personality cult may have arrived in full force in U.S. democracy — and could potentially be its undoing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+personality+of+a+personality+cult%3F+Personality+characteristics+of+Donald+Trump%27s+most+loyal+supporters&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=Special+Issue&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12991&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Benajmin+E.&rft.au=Moen%2C+Lars+J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diamond-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond_304-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2023" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Michael J. (February 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147">"Perverted Containment: Trumpism, Cult Creation, and the Rise of Destructive American Populism"</a>. Psychoanalytic Inquiry. 43 (2). Taylor & Francis: 96–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07351690.2023.2163147">10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-1690">0735-1690</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241106102947/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024. <q>The cult of Trumpism fosters and exploits paranoia and allegiance to an all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoanalytic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Perverted+Containment%3A+Trumpism%2C+Cult+Creation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Destructive+American+Populism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07351690.2023.2163147&rft.issn=0735-1690&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07351690.2023.2163147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Hassan, Steven</a> (2019). The Cult of Trump. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781982127336" title="Special:BookSources/9781982127336"><bdi>9781982127336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Trump&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781982127336&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthea_Butler" title="Anthea Butler">Butler, Anthea</a> (2020). White Evangelical Racism: The Politics of Morality in America. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469661179" title="Special:BookSources/9781469661179"><bdi>9781469661179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Evangelical+Racism%3A+The+Politics+of+Morality+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781469661179&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haltiwanger-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haltiwanger_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haltiwanger_307-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltiwanger2021" class="citation web cs1">Haltiwanger, John (March 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3">"Republicans have built a cult of personality around Trump that glosses over his disgraced presidency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115171921/https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Republicans+have+built+a+cult+of+personality+around+Trump+that+glosses+over+his+disgraced+presidency&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.aulast=Haltiwanger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frepublicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tharoor-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor_308-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2022" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (August 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/19/trump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states/">"Analysis | Trump's personality cult and the erosion of U.S. democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831130419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/19/trump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Trump%27s+personality+cult+and+the+erosion+of+U.S.+democracy&rft.date=2022-08-21&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F08%2F19%2Ftrump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Ghiat-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Ghiat_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Ghiat_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ghiat2020" class="citation web cs1">Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (December 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-12-09/donald-trump-strongman-personality-cult">"Op-Ed: Trump's formula for building a lasting personality cult"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092934/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-12-09/donald-trump-strongman-personality-cult">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. 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Retrieved January 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+and+allies+plot+revenge%2C+Justice+Department+control+in+a+second+term&rft.date=2023-11-05&rft.aulast=Arnsdorf&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft.au=Dawsey%2C+Josh&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Devlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F11%2F05%2Ftrump-revenge-second-term%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvinBarrow2023" class="citation web cs1">Colvin, Jill; Barrow, Bill (December 8, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72">"Trump's vow to only be a dictator on 'day one' follows growing worry over his authoritarian rhetoric"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208055611/https://apnews.com/article/trump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+vow+to+only+be+a+dictator+on+%27day+one%27+follows+growing+worry+over+his+authoritarian+rhetoric&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Barrow%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ftrump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-2023-376"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone-2023_376-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2023" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Peter (November 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/22/trump-revenge-game-plan-alarm">"'Openly authoritarian campaign': Trump's threats of revenge fuel alarm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127003512/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/22/trump-revenge-game-plan-alarm">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Openly+authoritarian+campaign%27%3A+Trump%27s+threats+of+revenge+fuel+alarm&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2023%2Fnov%2F22%2Ftrump-revenge-game-plan-alarm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreslin2021" class="citation web cs1">Breslin, Maureen (November 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/media/580595-former-aide-trump-would-absolutely-impose-some-form-of-autocracy-in-second/">"Former aide: Trump would 'absolutely' impose some form of autocracy in second term"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925201857/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/580595-former-aide-trump-would-absolutely-impose-some-form-of-autocracy-in-second/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Former+aide%3A+Trump+would+%27absolutely%27+impose+some+form+of+autocracy+in+second+term&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.aulast=Breslin&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fmedia%2F580595-former-aide-trump-would-absolutely-impose-some-form-of-autocracy-in-second%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2022" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (June 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearing.html">"Trump Is Depicted as a Would-Be Autocrat Seeking to Hang Onto Power at All Costs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035216/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearing.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Is+Depicted+as+a+Would-Be+Autocrat+Seeking+to+Hang+Onto+Power+at+All+Costs&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-jan-6-hearing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGessen2020" class="citation news cs1">Gessen, Masha (June 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/27/since-day-one-donald-trump-autocrat-making-surviving-autocracy-masha-gessen">"Since day one, Donald Trump has been an autocrat in the making"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925201856/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/27/since-day-one-donald-trump-autocrat-making-surviving-autocracy-masha-gessen">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Since+day+one%2C+Donald+Trump+has+been+an+autocrat+in+the+making&rft.date=2020-06-27&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Gessen&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2020%2Fjun%2F27%2Fsince-day-one-donald-trump-autocrat-making-surviving-autocracy-masha-gessen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaul2021-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaul2021_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaul2021">Kaul 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020-381">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020_381-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020_381-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenjamin2020_381-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenjamin2020">Benjamin 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201910-382">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201910_382-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201910_382-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris201910_382-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2019">Morris 2019</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_New_Nationalism-383"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_New_Nationalism_383-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous">"Trump's world: The new nationalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. November 19, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824202740/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+world%3A+The+new+nationalism&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism">"The growing peril of national conservatism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. February 15, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195332/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+growing+peril+of+national+conservatism&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2024%2F02%2F15%2Fthe-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rushkoff-2016-385"><a href="#cite_ref-Rushkoff-2016_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushkoff2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Rushkoff, Douglas</a> (July 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcoexist.com/3061574/the-new-nationalism-of-brexit-and-trump-is-a-product-of-the-digital-age">"The New Nationalism Of Brexit And Trump Is A Product Of The Digital Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301173438/https://www.fastcoexist.com/3061574/the-new-nationalism-of-brexit-and-trump-is-a-product-of-the-digital-age">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=The+New+Nationalism+Of+Brexit+And+Trump+Is+A+Product+Of+The+Digital+Age&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.aulast=Rushkoff&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcoexist.com%2F3061574%2Fthe-new-nationalism-of-brexit-and-trump-is-a-product-of-the-digital-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-2016-386"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg-2016_386-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg, Jonah</a> (August 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/opinion/new-nationalism-amounts-to-generic-white-identity-politics-1.12184083">"'New nationalism' amounts to generic white identity politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194708/http://www.newsday.com/opinion/new-nationalism-amounts-to-generic-white-identity-politics-1.12184083">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2024. <q>To listen to both his defenders and critics, Donald Trump represents the U.S. version of a new nationalism popping up around the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=%27New+nationalism%27+amounts+to+generic+white+identity+politics&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fopinion%2Fnew-nationalism-amounts-to-generic-white-identity-politics-1.12184083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2019" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Zack (July 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696543/national-conservatism-conference-2019-trump">"Trump and the dead end of conservative nationalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109192155/https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696543/national-conservatism-conference-2019-trump">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2024. 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CNN. Retrieved December 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+is+teasing+US+expansion+into+Panama%2C+Greenland+and+Canada&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft.aulast=Contorno&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F23%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-us-expansion-panama-canada-greenland%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelacourt2020-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelacourt2020_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelacourt2020">Delacourt 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonolo2021-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonolo2021_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonolo2021">Donolo 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcett2021-446"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcett2021_446-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFawcett2021">Fawcett 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonolo2020-447"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonolo2020_447-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonolo2020">Donolo 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobal2021-448"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal2021_448-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlobal2021">Global 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFournier2021-449"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFournier2021_449-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFournier2021">Fournier 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Current2020-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Current2020_450-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Current2020">The Current 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFournier2020-451"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFournier2020_451-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFournier2020">Fournier 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2020-452"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2020_452-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoods2020">Woods 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CBC_News'',_September_8,_2020-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''CBC_News'',_September_8,_2020_453-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCBC_News,_September_8,_2020">CBC News, September 8, 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/video/8456653/otoole-compares-freeland-to-trump-after-tweet-flagged-as-manipulated-media">"O'Toole compares Freeland to Trump after tweet flagged as 'manipulated media'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a>. December 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O%27Toole+compares+Freeland+to+Trump+after+tweet+flagged+as+%27manipulated+media%27&rft.pub=Global+News&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fvideo%2F8456653%2Fotoole-compares-freeland-to-trump-after-tweet-flagged-as-manipulated-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2021" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Ashley (August 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/twitter-labels-freeland-tweet-manipulated-media-1.6149734">"Twitter adds 'manipulated' warning label to tweet from Liberal candidate Chrystia Freeland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twitter+adds+%27manipulated%27+warning+label+to+tweet+from+Liberal+candidate+Chrystia+Freeland&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2021-08-21&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftwitter-labels-freeland-tweet-manipulated-media-1.6149734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2022" class="citation web cs1">Duffy, Clare (April 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/05/tech/elon-musk-twitter-board/index.html">"Elon Musk to join Twitter's board"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Business" title="CNN Business">CNN Business</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elon+Musk+to+join+Twitter%27s+board&rft.pub=CNN+Business&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F04%2F05%2Ftech%2Felon-musk-twitter-board%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Rennenkampff2021" class="citation web cs1">Von Rennenkampff, Markik (September 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/international/571892-canadas-conservatives-show-how-dangerously-skewed-us-politics-have/">"Canada's Conservatives show how dangerously skewed US politics have become"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <q>A comparison between Canada's Conservative Party and the Republican Party illustrates these striking differences. In stark contrast to Republicans, the leader of Canada's Conservatives is pro-choice. [...] In another striking example, Canada's single-payer health care system is sacrosanct among voters (just as the UK's system is to Britons). Most Canadian Conservatives would never dream of shifting their popular, government-run health system towards the wasteful, bankruptcy-inducing, for-profit American insurance state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Conservatives+show+how+dangerously+skewed+US+politics+have+become&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Von+Rennenkampff&rft.aufirst=Markik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Finternational%2F571892-canadas-conservatives-show-how-dangerously-skewed-us-politics-have%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Rennenkampff2021" class="citation web cs1">Von Rennenkampff, Markik (September 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/international/571892-canadas-conservatives-show-how-dangerously-skewed-us-politics-have/">"Canada's Conservatives show how dangerously skewed US politics have become"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <q>Ultimately, Canadian Conservatives – like mainstream conservative political parties in virtually all advanced, industrialized democracies – are far more closely aligned with Democrats than Republicans on many issues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Conservatives+show+how+dangerously+skewed+US+politics+have+become&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Von+Rennenkampff&rft.aufirst=Markik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Finternational%2F571892-canadas-conservatives-show-how-dangerously-skewed-us-politics-have%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2023" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Michael (September 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2023/09/18/in-pierre-poilievres-world-were-all-living-in-leave-it-to-beaver/397291/">"In Pierre Poilievre's world, we'd all be living in 'Leave it to Beaver'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_Times" title="The Hill Times">The Hill Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Pierre+Poilievre%27s+world%2C+we%27d+all+be+living+in+%27Leave+it+to+Beaver%27&rft.pub=The+Hill+Times&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilltimes.com%2Fstory%2F2023%2F09%2F18%2Fin-pierre-poilievres-world-were-all-living-in-leave-it-to-beaver%2F397291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_News2018" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau/">"Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. September 12, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+Conservatives+elect+%22right-wing+populist%22+Pierre+Poilievre+to+lead+fight+against+Justin+Trudeau&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/opinion/np-view-the-unstoppable-pierre-poilievre">"NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. August 5, 2022. <q>Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=NP+View%3A+The+unstoppable+Pierre+Poilievre&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fnp-view-the-unstoppable-pierre-poilievre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest2022" class="citation web cs1">Forrest, Maura (September 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/12/canada-conservative-leader-poilievre-00056205">"The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader"</a>. Politico. <q>He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+quick+take+on+Canada%27s+new+Conservative+leader&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Maura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F09%2F12%2Fcanada-conservative-leader-poilievre-00056205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConkey2022" class="citation web cs1">McConkey, David (October 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandonsun.com/opinion/2022/10/24/pierre-poilievre-populist-politician">"Pierre Poilievre, populist politician?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brandon_Sun" title="The Brandon Sun">The Brandon Sun</a>. <q>In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brandon+Sun&rft.atitle=Pierre+Poilievre%2C+populist+politician%3F&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=McConkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandonsun.com%2Fopinion%2F2022%2F10%2F24%2Fpierre-poilievre-populist-politician&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2022" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Clark (September 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-the-making-of-pierre-poilievre-conservative-proselytizer/">"The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <q>But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+making+of+Pierre+Poilievre%2C+conservative+proselytizer&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-the-making-of-pierre-poilievre-conservative-proselytizer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/09/15/canadas-conservatives-pick-a-brainy-brawler-as-leader">"Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. September 15, 2022. <q>His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Conservatives+pick+a+brainy+brawler+as+leader&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2022%2F09%2F15%2Fcanadas-conservatives-pick-a-brainy-brawler-as-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Samuel (November 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cherwell.org/2022/11/04/pierre-poilievre-canadas-next-pm/">"Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(newspaper)" title="Cherwell (newspaper)">Cherwell</a>. <q>Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cherwell&rft.atitle=Pierre+Poilievre%3A+Canada%27s+next+Prime+Minister%3F&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcherwell.org%2F2022%2F11%2F04%2Fpierre-poilievre-canadas-next-pm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2022" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Joe (September 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialpost.com/opinion/joe-oliver-liberals-risk-drowning-in-the-poilievre-wave">"Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a>. <q>The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Liberals+risk+drowning+in+the+Poilievre+wave&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fjoe-oliver-liberals-risk-drowning-in-the-poilievre-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2022" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Stuart (July 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehub.ca/2022/07/28/one-of-the-worlds-leading-populism-experts-says-pierre-poilievre-isnt-quite-a-populist/">"One of the world's leading populism experts says Pierre Poilievre isn't quite a populist"</a>. 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February 25, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225110143/https://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/noticias/isabel-diaz-ayuso-estrella-pop-alumna-mas-aventajada-trumpismo-espana_20220225621949005bbac90001008dc8.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2024. 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Retrieved June 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Javier+Milei%2C+a+%27Mini-Trump%2C%27+Could+Be+Argentina%27s+Next+President&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nicas&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F20%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fjavier-milei-argentina-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/20/populist-milei-wins-argentina-presential-election_6270242_4.html">"Trump-admiring populist Javier Milei triumphs in Argentina presidential election"</a>. Le Monde.fr. November 20, 2023. 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January 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824145915/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38688798">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Biafran+pro-Trump+rally+turns+violent+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-38688798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBankole2020-497"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBankole2020_497-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBankole2020">Bankole 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdebayo2020-498"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdebayo2020_498-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdebayo2020">Adebayo 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2020-499"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2020_499-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2020">Campbell 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020-500">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020_500-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020_500-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai2020_500-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabatabai2020">Tabatabai 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-db-501"><a href="#cite_ref-db_501-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-app-powering-the-uprising-in-iran">"The App Powering the Uprising in Iran, Where Some Channels Pushed for Violence"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, January 11, 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201192853/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-app-powering-the-uprising-in-iran">archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2019, retrieved February 5, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+App+Powering+the+Uprising+in+Iran%2C+Where+Some+Channels+Pushed+for+Violence&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-app-powering-the-uprising-in-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsaki2019" class="citation web cs1">Osaki, Tomohiro (March 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/08/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes/#.XILevy2ZPOR">"Ex-adviser Steve Bannon says Abe was 'Trump before Trump,' urges him to play hardball with China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829232041/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/08/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes/#.XILevy2ZPOR">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-adviser+Steve+Bannon+says+Abe+was+%27Trump+before+Trump%2C%27+urges+him+to+play+hardball+with+China&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Osaki&rft.aufirst=Tomohiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Fnational%2Fpolitics-diplomacy%2Fex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes%2F%23.XILevy2ZPOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchiTanakaKlug2022" class="citation news cs1">Yamaguchi, Mari; Tanaka, Chisato; Klug, Foster (July 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/japan-shinzo-abe-shooting-22ec2248d92304deb9cc46b2142402d2">"Japan's ex-leader Shinzo Abe assassinated during a speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105642/https://apnews.com/article/japan-shinzo-abe-shooting-22ec2248d92304deb9cc46b2142402d2">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. <q>Even though he was out of office, Abe was still highly influential in the governing Liberal Democratic Party and headed its largest faction, Seiwakai, but his ultra-nationalist views made him a divisive figure to many.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+ex-leader+Shinzo+Abe+assassinated+during+a+speech&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Chisato&rft.au=Klug%2C+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjapan-shinzo-abe-shooting-22ec2248d92304deb9cc46b2142402d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat">"Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. March 16, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105448/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. <q>But many in South Korea did not consider Japan's remorse as sufficiently sincere, especially as the ultranationalist former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was assassinated last year, and his allies sought to whitewash Japan's colonial abuses, even suggesting there was no evidence to indicate Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Yoon+visits+Japan%2C+seeking+to+restore+ties+amid+N+Korea+threat&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F16%2Fs-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHJsoCAREsg">"Japan's rising right-wing nationalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. May 26, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHJsoCAREsg&feature=youtu.be">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2023 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+rising+right-wing+nationalism&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIHJsoCAREsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo_trumpism-506"><a href="#cite_ref-yahoo_trumpism_506-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF倉山2020" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">倉山, 満 (December 14, 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214035332/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/b0ed4202a9e415f966879cbaeb9bbef1c207ff63?page=1"><bdi lang="ja">ネトウヨ芸人も安倍信者も、社会から消えてもらうのみ</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_News" title="Yahoo News">Yahoo News</a> (in Japanese), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/b0ed4202a9e415f966879cbaeb9bbef1c207ff63?page=1">the original</a> on December 14, 2020, retrieved February 16, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=%E3%83%8D%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A8%E8%8A%B8%E4%BA%BA%E3%82%82%E5%AE%89%E5%80%8D%E4%BF%A1%E8%80%85%E3%82%82%E3%80%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E6%B6%88%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82%E3%82%89%E3%81%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%BF&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=%E5%80%89%E5%B1%B1&rft.aufirst=%E6%BA%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.co.jp%2Farticles%2Fb0ed4202a9e415f966879cbaeb9bbef1c207ff63%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2023" class="citation news cs1">Moon, Rhys (January 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardpolitics.com/feminism-is-the-new-f-word-populism-patriarchy-among-young-south-korean-men/">"Feminism is the New F-Word – Populism & Patriarchy Among Young South Korean Men: K-Trumpism is part of the global rise of right-wing populism, experts say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Political_Review" title="Harvard Political Review">Harvard Political Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203093608/https://harvardpolitics.com/feminism-is-the-new-f-word-populism-patriarchy-among-young-south-korean-men/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023. <q>The case of South Korea parallels the lasting effects of Trumpism on conservative nativism in the United States, which attributes economic troubles to asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Feminism+is+the+New+F-Word+%E2%80%93+Populism+%26+Patriarchy+Among+Young+South+Korean+Men%3A+K-Trumpism+is+part+of+the+global+rise+of+right-wing+populism%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2023-01-15&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardpolitics.com%2Ffeminism-is-the-new-f-word-populism-patriarchy-among-young-south-korean-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoronel2020-508"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoronel2020_508-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoronel2020">Coronel 2020</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2019" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, David L. (2019). "Making Sport Great Again". Making Sport Great Again: The Uber-Sport Assemblage, Neoliberalism, and the Trump Conjuncture (e-book ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-15002-0">10.1007/978-3-030-15002-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030150020" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030150020"><bdi>978-3030150020</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159089360">159089360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+Sport+Great+Again&rft.btitle=Making+Sport+Great+Again%3A+The+Uber-Sport+Assemblage%2C+Neoliberalism%2C+and+the+Trump+Conjuncture&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159089360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15002-0&rft.isbn=978-3030150020&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadiou2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou, Alain</a> (2019). Trump (e-book ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509536092" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509536092"><bdi>978-1509536092</bdi></a>. <q>...we could speak of these new figures in terms of a kind of "democratic fascism", a paradoxical but effective designation. After all, the Berlusconis, the Sarkozys, the Le Pens, the Trumps, are operating inside the democratic apparatus, with its elections, its oppositions, its scandals, etc. But, within this apparatus, they are playing a different score, another music. This is certainly the case with Trump, who is racist, a male chauvinist, violent—all of which are fascist tendencies—but who, in addition, displays a contempt for logic and rationality and a muffled hatred of intellectuals. The music proper to this type of democratic fascism is a discourse that does not worry in the least bit about coherence, a discourse of impulse, comfortable with a few nighttime tweets, and that imposes a sort of dislocation of language, positively flaunting its ability to say everything and its opposite. For these new political figures, the aim of language is no longer to explain anything or to defend a point of view in an articulate manner. Its aim is to produce affects, which are used to create a fleetingly powerful unity, largely artificial but capable of being exploited in the moment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trump&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1509536092&rft.aulast=Badiou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrySobieraj2014" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Jeffrey M.; Sobieraj, Sarah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/search?q=the+outrage+industry&mode=everything">The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility</a> (e-book ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199928972" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199928972"><bdi>978-0199928972</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314230145/https://openlibrary.org/search?q=the+outrage+industry&mode=everything">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outrage+Industry%3A+Political+Opinion+Media+and+the+New+Incivility&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199928972&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Sobieraj%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dthe%2Boutrage%2Bindustry%26mode%3Deverything&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwenda_Blair" title="Gwenda Blair">Blair, Gwenda</a> (2000). The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684808498" title="Special:BookSources/0684808498"><bdi>0684808498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trumps%3A+Three+Generations+of+Builders+and+a+Presidential+Candidate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0684808498&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Gwenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs2018" class="citation book cs1">Boggs, Carl (2018). Fascism Old and New (e-book ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351049696" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351049696"><bdi>978-1351049696</bdi></a>. <q>At this juncture [November 2017] it is worth noting that the 2016 ascendancy of Donald Trump to the White House does not occur to the author as a specifically fascist moment in U.S. history, contrary to what is commonly heard in liberal and progressive circles. To be sure, Trump does possess strong elements of a leadership cult, replete with narcissism and grandiose visions ('making American great again') ... I have chosen to view Trump as representing an interregnum between existing power arrangements—that is, a militarized state-capitalism—and potential American fascism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+Old+and+New&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xii&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1351049696&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Boyd_(theologian)" title="Greg Boyd (theologian)">Boyd, Gregory</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_a_Christian_Nation" title="The Myth of a Christian Nation">The Myth of a Christian Nation: How the Quest for Political Power Is Destroying the Church</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0310281245" title="Special:BookSources/0310281245"><bdi>0310281245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+a+Christian+Nation%3A+How+the+Quest+for+Political+Power+Is+Destroying+the+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0310281245&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpini2018" class="citation book cs1">Carpini, Michael X. Delli (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2FSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">"Alternative Facts: Donald Trump and the Emergence of a New U.S. Media Regime"</a>. In Boczkowski, Pablo; Papacharissi, Zizi (eds.). Trump and the Media (e-book ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262037969" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262037969"><bdi>978-0262037969</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240115090008/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2FSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternative+Facts%3A+Donald+Trump+and+the+Emergence+of+a+New+U.S.+Media+Regime&rft.btitle=Trump+and+the+Media&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0262037969&rft.aulast=Carpini&rft.aufirst=Michael+X.+Delli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2FSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Connolly" title="William E. Connolly">Connolly, William</a> (2017). Aspirational Fascism: The Struggle for Multifaceted Democracy under Trumpism. Minneapolis, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1517905125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1517905125"><bdi>978-1517905125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspirational+Fascism%3A+The+Struggle+for+Multifaceted+Democracy+under+Trumpism&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1517905125&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanAltemeyer2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">Dean, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Altemeyer" title="Bob Altemeyer">Altemeyer, Robert A.</a> (2020). "Chapter 10: National Survey on Authoritarianism". Authoritarian Nightmare: Trump and his Followers (e-book ed.). Brooklyn, New York: <a href="/wiki/Melville_House_Publishing" title="Melville House Publishing">Melville House Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612199061" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612199061"><bdi>978-1612199061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+National+Survey+on+Authoritarianism&rft.btitle=Authoritarian+Nightmare%3A+Trump+and+his+Followers&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Melville+House+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1612199061&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Altemeyer%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Berg2024" class="citation book cs1">de Berg, Henk (2024). Trump and Hitler: A Comparative Study in Lying. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3031518324" title="Special:BookSources/978-3031518324"><bdi>978-3031518324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trump+and+Hitler%3A+A+Comparative+Study+in+Lying&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3031518324&rft.aulast=de+Berg&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_TorreBarrAratoCohen2019" class="citation book cs1">de la Torre, Carlos; Barr, Robert R.; Arato, Andrew; Cohen, Jean L.; Ruzza, Carlo (2019). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. Routledge International Handbooks. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315226446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315226446"><bdi>978-1315226446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Global+Populism&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+International+Handbooks&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1315226446&rft.aulast=de+la+Torre&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Barr%2C+Robert+R.&rft.au=Arato%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Jean+L.&rft.au=Ruzza%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2018). Trumpocracy. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062796745" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062796745"><bdi>978-0062796745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trumpocracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0062796745&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionneMannOrnstein2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._J._Dionne" title="E. J. Dionne">Dionne, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Mann" title="Thomas E. Mann">Mann, Thomas E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ornstein" title="Norman Ornstein">Ornstein, Norman</a> (2017). One Nation After Trump: A Guide for the Perplexed, the Disillusioned, the Desperate, and the Not-yet Deported. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250293633" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250293633"><bdi>978-1250293633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Nation+After+Trump%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed%2C+the+Disillusioned%2C+the+Desperate%2C+and+the+Not-yet+Deported&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1250293633&rft.aulast=Dionne&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Mann%2C+Thomas+E.&rft.au=Ornstein%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFea2018" class="citation book cs1">Fea, John (2018). Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467450461" title="Special:BookSources/978-1467450461"><bdi>978-1467450461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believe+Me%3A+The+Evangelical+Road+to+Donald+Trump&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1467450461&rft.aulast=Fea&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Feldman_(political_scientist)" title="Stanley Feldman (political scientist)">Feldman, Stanley</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDDNDwAAQBAJ&dq=At%20the%20forefront%20of%20political%20psychology%3A%20Essays%20in%20honor%20of%20John%20L.%20Sullivan&pg=PT42">"Authoritarianism, threat, and intolerance"</a>. In Borgida; Federico; Miller (eds.). At the Forefront of Political Psychology: Essays in Honor of John L. Sullivan. Abingdon, England: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1000768275" title="Special:BookSources/978-1000768275"><bdi>978-1000768275</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222912/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/At_the_Forefront_of_Political_Psychology/mDDNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=At+the+forefront+of+political+psychology%3A+Essays+in+honor+of+John+L.+Sullivan&pg=PT42">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authoritarianism%2C+threat%2C+and+intolerance&rft.btitle=At+the+Forefront+of+Political+Psychology%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+John+L.+Sullivan&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1000768275&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDDNDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAt%2520the%2520forefront%2520of%2520political%2520psychology%253A%2520Essays%2520in%2520honor%2520of%2520John%2520L.%2520Sullivan%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fuchs_(sociologist)" title="Christian Fuchs (sociologist)">Fuchs, Christian</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21215dw.8">Digital Demagogue: Authoritarian Capitalism in the Age of Trump and Twitter</a>. London, England: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21215dw.8">j.ctt21215dw.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010223623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21215dw.8">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Demagogue%3A+Authoritarian+Capitalism+in+the+Age+of+Trump+and+Twitter&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt21215dw.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt21215dw.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2020" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Roderick P. (2020). "Trump's Arrival". Trump and Us (What He Says and Why People Listen). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108854979.001">10.1017/9781108854979.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108854979" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108854979"><bdi>978-1108854979</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234899569">234899569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Arrival&rft.btitle=Trump+and+Us+%28What+He+Says+and+Why+People+Listen%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234899569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108854979.001&rft.isbn=978-1108854979&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Roderick+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Hochschild, Arlie Russell</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/Strangers_in_Their_Own_Land" title="Strangers in Their Own Land">Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right</a> (e-book ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620972267" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620972267"><bdi>978-1620972267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+Their+Own+Land%3A+Anger+and+Mourning+on+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1620972267&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorkheimerAdorno2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer, Max</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a> (2002) [1947]. Noerr, Gunzelin Schmid (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment – Philosophical Fragments</a>. Cultural Memory in the Present. Translated by Jephcott, Edmund (e-book ed.). Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804788090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804788090"><bdi>978-0804788090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectic+of+Enlightenment+%E2%80%93+Philosophical+Fragments&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.series=Cultural+Memory+in+the+Present&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0804788090&rft.aulast=Horkheimer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Adorno%2C+Theodor+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1985" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, C. Stephen (1985). The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008UYP8H8">B008UYP8H8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Courtliness%3A+Civilizing+Trends+and+the+Formation+of+Courtly+Ideals&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB008UYP8H8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=C.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffress2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jeffress" title="Robert Jeffress">Jeffress, Robert</a> (2011). Twilight's Last Gleaming: How America's Last Days Can Be Your Best Days. Brentwood, Tennessee: Worthy Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1936034581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1936034581"><bdi>978-1936034581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight%27s+Last+Gleaming%3A+How+America%27s+Last+Days+Can+Be+Your+Best+Days&rft.place=Brentwood%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Worthy+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1936034581&rft.aulast=Jeffress&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Kellner, Douglas</a> (2018). "Donald Trump as Authoritarian Populist: A Frommian Analysis". In Morelock, Jeremiah (ed.). Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism. Vol. 9. London: University of Westminster Press. pp. 71–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv9hvtcf.8">10.2307/j.ctv9hvtcf.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1912656059" title="Special:BookSources/978-1912656059"><bdi>978-1912656059</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9hvtcf.8">j.ctv9hvtcf.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+as+Authoritarian+Populist%3A+A+Frommian+Analysis&rft.btitle=Critical+Theory+and+Authoritarian+Populism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=University+of+Westminster+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv9hvtcf.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv9hvtcf.8&rft.isbn=978-1912656059&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Kellner, Douglas</a> (2020). "Donald Trump and the Politics of Lying". In Peters, Michael A.; Rider, Sharon; Hyvonen, Mats; Besley, Tina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323242772">Post-Truth, Fake News: Viral Modernity & Higher Education</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-8013-5">10.1007/978-981-10-8013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811080135" title="Special:BookSources/978-9811080135"><bdi>978-9811080135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+and+the+Politics+of+Lying&rft.btitle=Post-Truth%2C+Fake+News%3A+Viral+Modernity+%26+Higher+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-10-8013-5&rft.isbn=978-9811080135&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323242772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerRizzoKelly2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Kessler_(journalist)" title="Glenn Kessler (journalist)">Kessler, Glenn</a>; Rizzo, Salvador; Kelly, Meg (2020). Donald Trump and His Assault on Truth: The Presidents Falsehoods, Misleading Claims and Flat-Out Lie. Washington Post Books. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1982151089" title="Special:BookSources/978-1982151089"><bdi>978-1982151089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donald+Trump+and+His+Assault+on+Truth%3A+The+Presidents+Falsehoods%2C+Misleading+Claims+and+Flat-Out+Lie&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Washington+Post+Books&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1982151089&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+Salvador&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Kimmel, Michael</a> (2017) [2013]. Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era (2017 ed.). New York: Perseus Books – <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568589626" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568589626"><bdi>978-1568589626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angry+White+Men%3A+American+Masculinity+at+the+End+of+an+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2017&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+%E2%80%93+PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1568589626&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Kimmel, Michael</a> (2018). Healing from Hate: How Young Men Get Into – and Out of – Violent Extremism (e-book ed.). Davis, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520966086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520966086"><bdi>978-0520966086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+from+Hate%3A+How+Young+Men+Get+Into+%E2%80%93+and+Out+of+%E2%80%93+Violent+Extremism&rft.place=Davis%2C+California&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0520966086&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaclau2005" class="citation book cs1">Laclau, Ernesto (2005). On Populist Reason. New York: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788731331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788731331"><bdi>978-1788731331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Populist+Reason&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1788731331&rft.aulast=Laclau&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon, Gustave</a> (2002) [1st pub. 1895]. <a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind</a>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486419565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486419565"><bdi>978-0486419565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowd%3A+A+Study+of+the+Popular+Mind&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0486419565&rft.aulast=Le+Bon&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifton2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Lifton, Robert Jay</a> (2019). Losing Reality: On Cults, Cultism, and the Mindset of Political and Religious Zealotry (ePub) ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/New_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="New Press">New Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620975121" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620975121"><bdi>978-1620975121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+Reality%3A+On+Cults%2C+Cultism%2C+and+the+Mindset+of+Political+and+Religious+Zealotry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=ePub%29&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1620975121&rft.aulast=Lifton&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> (Page numbers correspond to the <a href="/wiki/EPub" class="mw-redirect" title="EPub">ePub</a> edition.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöwenthalGuterman1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Löwenthal, Leo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Guterman" title="Norbert Guterman">Guterman, Norbert</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4581255W/Prophets_of_deceit?edition=key%3A/books/OL14350900M">Prophets of Deceit: A Study of the Techniques of the American Agitator</a> (PDF). New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870151828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870151828"><bdi>978-0870151828</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101030643/http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=6530">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+of+Deceit%3A+A+Study+of+the+Techniques+of+the+American+Agitator&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0870151828&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6wenthal&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Guterman%2C+Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL4581255W%2FProphets_of_deceit%3Fedition%3Dkey%253A%2Fbooks%2FOL14350900M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mansfield" title="Stephen Mansfield">Mansfield, Stephen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19722021W/Choosing_Donald_Trump?edition=key%3A/books/OL26935144M">Choosing Donald Trump: God, Anger, Hope, and Why Christian Conservatives Supported Him</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1493412259" title="Special:BookSources/978-1493412259"><bdi>978-1493412259</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314224144/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19722021W/Choosing_Donald_Trump?edition=key:/books/OL26935144M">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2024. 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Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-906-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-906-8"><bdi>978-1-62349-906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demagogue+for+President%3A+The+Rhetorical+Genius+of+Donald+Trump&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62349-906-8&rft.aulast=Mercieca&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmwy2ywEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_McIntyre" title="Lee McIntyre">McIntyre, Lee</a> (2018). Post-Truth. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. 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Nash">Nash, George H.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4UlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7">"American Conservatism and the Problem of Populism"</a>. In Kimball, Roger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19747585W/Vox_populi?edition=key%3A/books/OL26960638M">Vox Populi: The Perils and Promises of Populism</a>. New York: Encounter Books. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594039584" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594039584"><bdi>978-1594039584</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222841/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Vox_Populi/Q4UlDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT7&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Conservatism+and+the+Problem+of+Populism&rft.btitle=Vox+Populi%3A+The+Perils+and+Promises+of+Populism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1594039584&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4UlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuborne2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burt_Neuborne" title="Burt Neuborne">Neuborne, Burt</a> (2019). When at Times the Mob Is Swayed: A Citizen's Guide to Defending Our Republic (<a href="/wiki/EPub" class="mw-redirect" title="EPub">ePub</a>) ed.). 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"The Lies of Donald Trump: A Taxonomy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfiffner.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pfiffner-The-Lies-of-Donald-Trump-A-Taxonomy.pdf">Presidential Leadership and the Trump Presidency</a> (PDF). New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 17–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18979-2_2">10.1007/978-3-030-18979-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030189792" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030189792"><bdi>978-3030189792</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235085363">235085363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227080444/https://pfiffner.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pfiffner-The-Lies-of-Donald-Trump-A-Taxonomy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2020. 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Berkeley, California: Counterpoint Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1619029569" title="Special:BookSources/978-1619029569"><bdi>978-1619029569</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314224143/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19715290W/The_people_are_going_to_rise_like_the_waters_upon_your_shore?edition=key:/books/OL26928426M">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2024. 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New York: Dey Street Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062696212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062696212"><bdi>978-0062696212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authoritarianism+is+not+a+momentary+madness%2C+but+an+eternal+dynamic+within+liberal+democracies&rft.btitle=Can+It+Happen+Here%3F+Authoritarianism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=ePub&rft.pub=Dey+Street+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0062696212&rft.aulast=Stenner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Haidt%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoler2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Laura_Stoler" title="Ann Laura Stoler">Stoler, Ann Laura</a> (2020). "Interior Frontiers". In Stoler, Ann Laura; Gourgouris, Stathis; Lezra, Jacques (eds.). Thinking With Balibar A Lexicon of Conceptual Practice. Idiom: Inventing Writing Theory. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 117–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780823288502-010">10.1515/9780823288502-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823288489" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823288489"><bdi>978-0823288489</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243377812">243377812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interior+Frontiers&rft.btitle=Thinking+With+Balibar+A+Lexicon+of+Conceptual+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Idiom%3A+Inventing+Writing+Theory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243377812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780823288502-010&rft.isbn=978-0823288489&rft.aulast=Stoler&rft.aufirst=Ann+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarizzo2021" class="citation book cs1">Tarizzo, Davide (2021). Political grammars : the unconscious foundations of modern democracy. Square One: First Order Questions in the Humanities. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1503615328" title="Special:BookSources/978-1503615328"><bdi>978-1503615328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+grammars+%3A+the+unconscious+foundations+of+modern+democracy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.series=Square+One%3A+First+Order+Questions+in+the+Humanities&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1503615328&rft.aulast=Tarizzo&rft.aufirst=Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemelkuran2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ece_Temelkuran" title="Ece Temelkuran">Temelkuran, Ece</a> (2019). How to Lose a Country: The 7 Steps from Democracy to Dictatorship. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008340612" title="Special:BookSources/978-0008340612"><bdi>978-0008340612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Lose+a+Country%3A+The+7+Steps+from+Democracy+to+Dictatorship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0008340612&rft.aulast=Temelkuran&rft.aufirst=Ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Traverso, Enzo</a> (2017). The New Faces of Fascism. Brooklyn, New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788730464" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788730464"><bdi>978-1788730464</bdi></a>. <q>'Populism' is a category used as a self-defence mechanism by political elites who stand ever further from the people. According to <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a>: "Populism is the convenient name under which is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissimulation" class="extiw" title="wikt:dissimulation">dissimulated</a> the exacerbated contradiction between popular legitimacy and expert legitimacy, that is, the difficulty the government of science has in adapting itself to manifestations of democracy and even to the mixed form of representative system. This name at once masks and reveals the intense wish of the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarch</a>: to govern without people, in other words, without any dividing of the people; to govern without politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Faces+of+Fascism&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1788730464&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumpSchwartz2011" class="citation book cs1">Trump, Donald J.; <a href="/wiki/Tony_Schwartz_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Schwartz (author)">Schwartz, Tony</a> (2011) [1987]. Trump: The Art of the Deal. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307575333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307575333"><bdi>978-0307575333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trump%3A+The+Art+of+the+Deal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+%E2%80%93+Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0307575333&rft.aulast=Trump&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Prooijen2018" class="citation book cs1">van Prooijen, Jan-Willem (2018). The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories. The Psychology of Everything. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315525419" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315525419"><bdi>978-1315525419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Conspiracy+Theories&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Psychology+of+Everything&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1315525419&rft.aulast=van+Prooijen&rft.aufirst=Jan-Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a> (2018). <a href="/wiki/Fear:_Trump_in_the_White_House" title="Fear: Trump in the White House">Fear: Trump in the White House</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1471181306" title="Special:BookSources/978-1471181306"><bdi>978-1471181306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear%3A+Trump+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1471181306&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdebayo2020" class="citation news cs1">Adebayo, Bukola (January 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/africa/africa-trump-pew-poll-intl/index.html">"A majority of Nigerians and Kenyans have confidence in President Trump, according to Pew research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829003527/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/africa/africa-trump-pew-poll-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+majority+of+Nigerians+and+Kenyans+have+confidence+in+President+Trump%2C+according+to+Pew+research&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Adebayo&rft.aufirst=Bukola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fafrica%2Fafrica-trump-pew-poll-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinwotu2020" class="citation news cs1">Akinwotu, Emmanuel (October 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/he-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump">"'He just says it as it is': why many Nigerians support Donald Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721220043/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/he-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27He+just+says+it+as+it+is%27%3A+why+many+Nigerians+support+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2020-10-31&rft.aulast=Akinwotu&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Foct%2F31%2Fhe-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2021" class="citation news cs1">Alter, Ethan (January 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/the-punisher-jon-bernthal-capitol-hill-rioters-disney-marvel-hero-skull-symbol-controversy-220259977.html">"'The Punisher' star Jon Bernthal lashes out at 'misguided and lost' Capitol rioters for appropriating Marvel hero's famous skull symbol"</a>. Yahoo Entertainment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209141401/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/the-punisher-jon-bernthal-capitol-hill-rioters-disney-marvel-hero-skull-symbol-controversy-220259977.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Entertainment&rft.atitle=%27The+Punisher%27+star+Jon+Bernthal+lashes+out+at+%27misguided+and+lost%27+Capitol+rioters+for+appropriating+Marvel+hero%27s+famous+skull+symbol&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fthe-punisher-jon-bernthal-capitol-hill-rioters-disney-marvel-hero-skull-symbol-controversy-220259977.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Appel, Edward C. (March 12, 2018). "Burlesque, Tragedy, and a (Potentially) 'Yuuuge' 'Breaking of a Frame': Donald Trump's Rhetoric as 'Early Warning'?". Communication Quarterly. 66 (2): 157–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463373.2018.1439515">10.1080/01463373.2018.1439515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149031634">149031634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Burlesque%2C+Tragedy%2C+and+a+%28Potentially%29+%27Yuuuge%27+%27Breaking+of+a+Frame%27%3A+Donald+Trump%27s+Rhetoric+as+%27Early+Warning%27%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01463373.2018.1439515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149031634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2021" class="citation web cs1">Andersen, Travis (January 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/">"Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210107014042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Before+mob+stormed+US+Capitol%2C+Trump+told+them+to+%27fight+like+hell%27&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fmetro%2Fheres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssheuer2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Assheuer, Thomas (May 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/2018/21/donald-trump-weltordnung-claremont-philosophie-leo-strauss/komplettansicht">"Donald Trump: Das Recht bin ich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035658/https://www.zeit.de/2018/21/donald-trump-weltordnung-claremont-philosophie-leo-strauss/komplettansicht">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%3A+Das+Recht+bin+ich&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Assheuer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2018%2F21%2Fdonald-trump-weltordnung-claremont-philosophie-leo-strauss%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBader2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bader, Michael (December 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/what-is-he-thinking/201612/the-decline-empathy-and-the-appeal-right-wing-politics">"The Decline of Empathy and the Appeal of Right-Wing Politics – Child psychology can teach us about the current GOP"</a>. Psychology Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210317221240/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/what-is-he-thinking/201612/the-decline-empathy-and-the-appeal-right-wing-politics">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Empathy+and+the+Appeal+of+Right-Wing+Politics+%E2%80%93+Child+psychology+can+teach+us+about+the+current+GOP&rft.date=2016-12-25&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fintl%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-he-thinking%2F201612%2Fthe-decline-empathy-and-the-appeal-right-wing-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2017" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (November 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/">"Acts of Faith. A Trump-like politician in Brazil could snag the support of a powerful religious group: evangelicals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218173247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2018. 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"Keep America Christian (and White): Christian Nationalism, Fear of Ethnoracial Outsiders, and Intention to Vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential Election". 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New Scientist. 229 (3060): 26–27. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NewSc.229...26B">2016NewSc.229...26B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2816%2930320-7">10.1016/S0262-4079(16)30320-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Political+Animals&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=3060&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2816%2930320-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NewSc.229...26B&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucheron2020" class="citation web cs1">Boucheron, Patrick (February 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/08/real-power-is-fear-donald-trump-machiavelli-boucheron">"'Real power is fear': what Machiavelli tells us about Trump in 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201233343/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/08/real-power-is-fear-donald-trump-machiavelli-boucheron">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Real+power+is+fear%27%3A+what+Machiavelli+tells+us+about+Trump+in+2020&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft.aulast=Boucheron&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2020%2Ffeb%2F08%2Freal-power-is-fear-donald-trump-machiavelli-boucheron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolerDavis2021" class="citation book cs1">Boler, Megan; Davis, Elizabeth (2021). "Affect, Media, Movement – Interview with Susanna Paasonen and Zizi Papacharissi". In Boler, Megan; Davis, Elizabeth (eds.). Affective Politics of Digital Media (e-book ed.). 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São Paulo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090853/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2019. 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Retrieved August 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Convention+shows+Republican+Party+has+died+and+been+replaced+by+Trump+Party&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft.aulast=Brazile&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fopinion%2Frepublican-convention-trump-acceptance-speech-donna-brazile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettschneiderCalvelli2024" class="citation journal cs1">Brettschneider, Corey; Calvelli, Aidan G. (July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-051120-113134">"The US Presidency: Power and Constraint"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 27: 205–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-051120-113134">10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-113134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+US+Presidency%3A+Power+and+Constraint&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2024-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-051120-113134&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Brettschneider&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft.au=Calvelli%2C+Aidan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-051120-113134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brewster, Jack (November 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/11/22/republicans-ask-whether-or-not-trump-runs-in-2024-what-will-come-of-trumpism/?sh=2b33501d4786">"Republicans Ask, Whether Or Not Trump Runs In 2024, What Will Come Of Trumpism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130401/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/11/22/republicans-ask-whether-or-not-trump-runs-in-2024-what-will-come-of-trumpism/?sh=2b33501d4786">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Republicans+Ask%2C+Whether+Or+Not+Trump+Runs+In+2024%2C+What+Will+Come+Of+Trumpism%3F&rft.date=2020-11-22&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjackbrewster%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Frepublicans-ask-whether-or-not-trump-runs-in-2024-what-will-come-of-trumpism%2F%3Fsh%3D2b33501d4786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookings2020" class="citation web cs1">Husser, Jason (April 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/04/06/why-trump-is-reliant-on-white-evangelicals/">"Why Trump is reliant on white evangelicals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brookings_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brookings Institution">The Brookings Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075111/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/04/06/why-trump-is-reliant-on-white-evangelicals/">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. 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Retrieved December 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+rotting+of+the+Republican+mind&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F26%2Fopinion%2Frepublican-disinformation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (October 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/10/25/suffocation-of-democracy/">"The Suffocation of Democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Review">The New York Review</a>. 65 (16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609053228/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/10/25/suffocation-of-democracy/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020. <q>Trump is not Hitler and Trumpism is not Nazism, but regardless of how the Trump presidency concludes, this is a story unlikely to have a happy ending.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review&rft.atitle=The+Suffocation+of+Democracy&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2018%2F10%2F25%2Fsuffocation-of-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBump2020" class="citation news cs1">Bump, Philip (October 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/20/even-if-they-havent-heard-qanon-most-trump-voters-believe-its-wild-allegations/">"Even if they haven't heard of QAnon, most Trump voters believe its wild allegations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213202903/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/20/even-if-they-havent-heard-qanon-most-trump-voters-believe-its-wild-allegations/">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Even+if+they+haven%27t+heard+of+QAnon%2C+most+Trump+voters+believe+its+wild+allegations&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.aulast=Bump&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F10%2F20%2Feven-if-they-havent-heard-qanon-most-trump-voters-believe-its-wild-allegations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a>; Salmon, Christian (December 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3025-trump-fascism-and-the-construction-of-the-people-an-interview-with-judith-butler">"Trump, fascism, and the construction of "the people": An interview with Judith Butler"</a>. VersoBooks. Translated by Broder, David. Verso. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514103154/https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3025-trump-fascism-and-the-construction-of-the-people-an-interview-with-judith-butler">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VersoBooks&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+fascism%2C+and+the+construction+of+%22the+people%22%3A+An+interview+with+Judith+Butler&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Salmon%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fblogs%2F3025-trump-fascism-and-the-construction-of-the-people-an-interview-with-judith-butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>The Verso published English translation is of the article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerSalmon2016" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butler, Judith; Salmon, Christian (December 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/181216/judith-butler-pourquoi-trump-est-un-phenomene-fasciste">"Judith Butler: pourquoi "Trump est un phénomène fasciste""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mediapart" title="Mediapart">Mediapart</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518233650/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/181216/judith-butler-pourquoi-trump-est-un-phenomene-fasciste">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021. 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Retrieved July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Donald+Trump%27s+praise+for+Vladimir+Putin&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F07%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump-vladimir-putin-quotes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonolo2020" class="citation news cs1">Donolo, Peter (August 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-trumpism-wont-happen-in-canada-but-not-because-of-our-politics/">"Trumpism won't happen in Canada – but not because of our politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> (Opinion). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107201804/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-trumpism-wont-happen-in-canada-but-not-because-of-our-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Trumpism+won%27t+happen+in+Canada+%E2%80%93+but+not+because+of+our+politics&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=Donolo&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-trumpism-wont-happen-in-canada-but-not-because-of-our-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonolo2021" class="citation news cs1">Donolo, Peter (January 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/01/09/what-will-become-of-trumps-canadian-fan-base.html">"What will become of Trump's Canadian fan base?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> (Opinion). Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125600/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/01/09/what-will-become-of-trumps-canadian-fan-base.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=What+will+become+of+Trump%27s+Canadian+fan+base%3F&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.aulast=Donolo&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcontributors%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fwhat-will-become-of-trumps-canadian-fan-base.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrutman2021" class="citation news cs1">Drutman, Lee (June 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/08/american-democracy-fighting-for-its-life-republicans">"The Republican party is now an explicitly illiberal party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630165812/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/08/american-democracy-fighting-for-its-life-republicans">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Republican+party+is+now+an+explicitly+illiberal+party&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Drutman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fjun%2F08%2Famerican-democracy-fighting-for-its-life-republicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnjeti2021" class="citation web cs1">Enjeti, Saagar (March 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7hounv0lco">"Trump defines Trumpism"</a>. Rising. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309030852/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7hounv0lco">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rising&rft.atitle=Trump+defines+Trumpism&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft.aulast=Enjeti&rft.aufirst=Saagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Do7hounv0lco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2021" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (January 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2021/01/why-trump-isnt-fascist">"Why Trump isn't a fascist – The storming of the Capitol on 6 January was not a coup. But American democracy is still in danger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312204123/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2021/01/why-trump-isnt-fascist">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Why+Trump+isn%27t+a+fascist+%E2%80%93+The+storming+of+the+Capitol+on+6+January+was+not+a+coup.+But+American+democracy+is+still+in+danger.&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F01%2Fwhy-trump-isnt-fascist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallows2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Fallows, James (October 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/10/trump-time-capsule-137-primate-dominance-moves-at-the-debate/503528/">"Trump Time Capsule #137: Primate Dominance Moves at the Debate"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219142605/https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/10/trump-time-capsule-137-primate-dominance-moves-at-the-debate/503528/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Trump+Time+Capsule+%23137%3A+Primate+Dominance+Moves+at+the+Debate&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft.aulast=Fallows&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnotes%2F2016%2F10%2Ftrump-time-capsule-137-primate-dominance-moves-at-the-debate%2F503528%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2021" class="citation news cs1">Fawcett, Max (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/01/12/opinion/why-canadas-conservatives-cant-quit-donald-trump">"Rigged Canadian election? Why Canada's Conservatives can't seem to quit Donald Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Observer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Observer (Canada)">National Observer</a> (Opinion). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133659/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/01/12/opinion/why-canadas-conservatives-cant-quit-donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Observer&rft.atitle=Rigged+Canadian+election%3F+Why+Canada%27s+Conservatives+can%27t+seem+to+quit+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalobserver.com%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-canadas-conservatives-cant-quit-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedericoGolec_de_Zavala2018" class="citation journal cs1">Federico, Christopher M.; Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka (March 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.gold.ac.uk/21878/1/Federico%20%26%20Golec%20POQ%202017.pdf">"Collective Narcissism and the 2016 US Presidential Vote"</a> (PDF). Public Opinion Quarterly. 82 (1). Oxford University Press: 110–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfx048">10.1093/poq/nfx048</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054515/https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/21878/1/Federico">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Collective+Narcissism+and+the+2016+US+Presidential+Vote&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfx048&rft.aulast=Federico&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=Golec+de+Zavala%2C+Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.gold.ac.uk%2F21878%2F1%2FFederico%2520%2526%2520Golec%2520POQ%25202017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanStenner2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Feldman_(political_scientist)" title="Stanley Feldman (political scientist)">Feldman, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karen_Stenner" title="Karen Stenner">Stenner, Karen</a> (June 28, 2008). "Perceived threat and authoritarianism". Political Psychology. 18 (4): 741–770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0162-895X.00077">10.1111/0162-895X.00077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Perceived+threat+and+authoritarianism&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E770&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0162-895X.00077&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Stenner%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinchelstein2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Finchelstein, Federico</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkwsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">From Fascism to Populism in History</a>. University of California Press. pp. 11–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520968042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520968042"><bdi>978-0520968042</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222838/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkwsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Fascism+to+Populism+in+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0520968042&rft.aulast=Finchelstein&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjkwsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2017" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Ed (May 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theindependent.ca/2017/05/13/is-trump-a-fascist/">"Is Trump a fascist?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent_(Newfoundland)" title="The Independent (Newfoundland)">The Independent</a>. Newfoundland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604093512/https://theindependent.ca/2017/05/13/is-trump-a-fascist/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Is+Trump+a+fascist%3F&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheindependent.ca%2F2017%2F05%2F13%2Fis-trump-a-fascist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2019" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Marc (May 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-a-two-decade-friendship-and-waves-of-lavish-praise-trump-pardons-newspaper-magnate-conrad-black/2019/05/16/d89317b0-77eb-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html">"After a two-decade friendship and waves of lavish praise, Trump pardons newspaper magnate Conrad Black"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116000909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-a-two-decade-friendship-and-waves-of-lavish-praise-trump-pardons-newspaper-magnate-conrad-black/2019/05/16/d89317b0-77eb-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+a+two-decade+friendship+and+waves+of+lavish+praise%2C+Trump+pardons+newspaper+magnate+Conrad+Black&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fafter-a-two-decade-friendship-and-waves-of-lavish-praise-trump-pardons-newspaper-magnate-conrad-black%2F2019%2F05%2F16%2Fd89317b0-77eb-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster, John Bellamy</a> (June 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2017/06/01/this-is-not-populism/">"This Is Not Populism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a> (Editorial). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701173211/https://monthlyreview.org/2017/06/01/this-is-not-populism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2015. <q>Commenting on the hegemonic framing of the radical right as populist, and the analytical problems that it presents, Andrea Mammone observes in his Transnational Neofascism in France and Italy that "the terms populism and national populism" were deliberately introduced in recent decades by liberal European commentators in order to "replace fascism/neofascism as the used terminology." This move was designed to "provide a sort of political and democratic legitimization of right-wing extremism."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=This+Is+Not+Populism&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Bellamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2017%2F06%2F01%2Fthis-is-not-populism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier2020" class="citation news cs1">Fournier, Philippe J. (October 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-much-do-canadians-dislike-donald-trump-a-lot/">"How much do Canadians dislike Donald Trump? A lot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075449/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-much-do-canadians-dislike-donald-trump-a-lot/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=How+much+do+Canadians+dislike+Donald+Trump%3F+A+lot&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Philippe+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fhow-much-do-canadians-dislike-donald-trump-a-lot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier2021" class="citation news cs1">Fournier, Philippe J. (January 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/338canada-canada-is-not-immune-to-trumpism/">"Canada is not immune to Trumpism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112014447/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/338canada-canada-is-not-immune-to-trumpism/">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Canada+is+not+immune+to+Trumpism&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Philippe+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2F338canada-canada-is-not-immune-to-trumpism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranksHesami2021" class="citation journal cs1">Franks, Andrew S.; Hesami, Farhang (September 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc11030113">"Seeking Evidence of The MAGA Cult and Trump Derangement Syndrome: An Examination of (A)symmetric Political Bias"</a>. Societies. 11 (3): 113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc11030113">10.3390/soc11030113</a>. <q>Trump supporters consistently showed bias in favor of the interests and ostensible positions of Trump, whereas Trump's detractors did not show an opposing bias ... 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Educational Philosophy and Theory. 55 (6): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00131857.2021.1884066">10.1080/00131857.2021.1884066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234851204">234851204</a>. <q>As the social state came under severe attack, the punishing state grew with its ongoing militarization of civil society and its increasing criminalization of social problems. War, dehumanization, divisiveness, hate, and the language of racial cleansing and sorting became central governing principles and set the stage for the rebirth of an updated fascist politics. 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Retrieved September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Collective+Narcissism+and+Its+Social+Consequences&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1074-%3C%2Fspan%3E1096&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0016904&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19968420&rft.aulast=Golec+de+Zavala&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft.au=Cichocka%2C+Aleksandra&rft.au=Eidelson%2C+Roy&rft.au=Jayawickreme%2C+Nuwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.mdx.ac.uk%2F4252%2F1%2FGolec_collectivenarcissism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gordon_(historian)" title="Peter Gordon (historian)">Gordon, Peter E.</a> (2018). 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226597300.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226597300.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226597300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226597300"><bdi>978-0226597300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Authoritarian+Personality+Revisited%3A+Reading+Adorno+in+the+Age+of+Trump&rft.btitle=Authoritarianism%3A+Three+Inquiries+in+Critical+Theory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226597300.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0226597300&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Peter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>An earlier version appeared in peer-reviewed journal <a href="/wiki/Boundary_2" title="Boundary 2">Boundary 2</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Peter E. 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European Journal of Social Psychology. 48 (7): 909–926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.2494">10.1002/ejsp.2494</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150284134">150284134</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011121/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2494">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=How+paranoid+are+conspiracy+believers%3F+Toward+a+more+fine-grained+understanding+of+the+connect+and+disconnect+between+paranoia+and+belief+in+conspiracy+theories.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E909-%3C%2Fspan%3E926&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150284134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Imhoff&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Lamberty%2C+Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2017" class="citation journal cs1">Isaac, Jeffrey (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592717000871">"Making America Great Again?"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press: 625–631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592717000871">10.1017/S1537592717000871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Making+America+Great+Again%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E625-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592717000871&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1537592717000871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Jacobs, Thomas (October 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/masculinity-in-the-time-of-trump-416ac0cf5571#.yny60wi98">"Masculinity in the Time of Trump"</a>. Pacific Standard. Grist Magazine, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054519/https://psmag.com/news/masculinity-in-the-time-of-trump#.yny60wi98">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=Masculinity+in+the+Time+of+Trump&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fmasculinity-in-the-time-of-trump-416ac0cf5571%23.yny60wi98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquemet2020" class="citation book cs1">Jacquemet, Marco (2020). "45 as a Bullshit Artist: Straining for Charisma". 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Cambridge: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108887410">10.1017/9781108887410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108745031" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108745031"><bdi>978-1108745031</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241149659">241149659</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420122934/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-trump-era/45-as-a-bullshit-artist-straining-for-charisma/517B5C97A2B922F2AEA7C60670C69579">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021. 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The Mike Gallagher Show. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222844/https://mikeonline.com/dr-robertjeffress-peter_wehner-join-mike-for-an-important-debate-over-evangelical-christians-support-of-trump/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. 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Communication, Culture & Critique. 11 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fccc%2Ftcx014">10.1093/ccc/tcx014</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240115090008/https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/11/1/100/4953075">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2024. 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ABC's Religion and Ethics. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124214355/https://www.abc.net.au/religion/understanding-emotions-and-breaking-the-cycle-of-distrust/11704032">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC%27s+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+emotions+is+key+to+breaking+the+cycle+of+distrust&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Funderstanding-emotions-and-breaking-the-cycle-of-distrust%2F11704032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Karen (2013). "Trusting Interpretations". 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Retrieved April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=This+is+how+fascism+comes+to+America&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fthis-is-how-fascism-comes-to-america%2F2016%2F05%2F17%2Fc4e32c58-1c47-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahanPetersDawsonSlovic2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kahan" title="Dan Kahan">Kahan, Dan</a>; Peters, Ellen; Dawson, Erica Cantrell; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Slovic" title="Paul Slovic">Slovic, Paul</a> (2017). "Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government". Behavioural Public Policy. 1 (1). 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Retrieved January 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=In+Trump%2C+Hungary%27s+Viktor+Orban+Has+A+Rare+Ally+In+The+Oval+Office&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Kakissis&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F05%2F13%2F722620996%2Fin-trump-hungarys-viktor-orban-has-a-rare-ally-in-the-oval-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Katzenstein, Peter J.</a> (March 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us">"Trumpism is Us"</a>. WZB Mitteilungen. 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Retrieved October 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WZB+Mitteilungen&rft.atitle=Trumpism+is+Us&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzb.eu%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftrumpism-is-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kaul, Nitasha (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/7e19f59c2c84f78c60ac317258515960c4d8e79c51797ef6de756e40923874d0/345793/ISR%20article%20June%202021%20viab028.pdf">"The Misogyny of Authoritarians in Contemporary Democracies"</a> (PDF). 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Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 44 (1): 233–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F698284">10.1086/698284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149487672">149487672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Ask+a+Feminist%3A+Michael+Kimmel+and+Lisa+Wade+Discuss+Toxic+Masculinity&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F698284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149487672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wade%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreiss2018" class="citation book cs1">Kreiss, Daniel (2018). 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(2021). "Activating Animus: The Uniquely Social Roots of Trump Support". American Political Science Review. 115 (4). Cambridge University Press: 1508–1516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055421000563">10.1017/S0003055421000563</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237860170">237860170</a>. <q>Trump's support is thus uniquely tied to animus toward minority groups. Our findings provide insights into the social divisions underlying American politics and the role of elite rhetoric in translating animus into political support.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Activating+Animus%3A+The+Uniquely+Social+Roots+of+Trump+Support&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1508-%3C%2Fspan%3E1516&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055421000563&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237860170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rft.au=Wronski%2C+Julie&rft.au=Kane%2C+John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachsMontiMoralesBonchi2020" class="citation book cs1">Massachs, Joan; Monti, Corrado; Morales, Gianmarco De Francisci; Bonchi, Francesco (2020). 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Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+F+Word&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F22225472%2Ffascism-definition-trump-fascist-examples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2020" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Dylan (October 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21521958/what-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump">"Is Trump a fascist? 8 experts weigh in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104070839/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21521958/what-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Is+Trump+a+fascist%3F+8+experts+weigh+in&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F21521958%2Fwhat-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFaddenGrynbaum2021" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D.; Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html">"Rush Limbaugh Dies at 70; Turned Talk Radio Into a Right-Wing Attack Machine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309031623/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html?searchResultPosition=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rush+Limbaugh+Dies+at+70%3B+Turned+Talk+Radio+Into+a+Right-Wing+Attack+Machine&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=Grynbaum%2C+Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F02%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Flimbaugh-death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyHoGreve2021" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Tom; Ho, Vivian; Greve, Joan E. (January 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden">"Schumer calls pro-Trump mob 'domestic terrorists' as Senate resumes election certification – live"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230506/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Schumer+calls+pro-Trump+mob+%27domestic+terrorists%27+as+Senate+resumes+election+certification+%E2%80%93+live&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Ho%2C+Vivian&rft.au=Greve%2C+Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2Flive%2F2021%2Fjan%2F06%2Fgeorgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGaughey2018" class="citation journal cs1">McGaughey, Ewan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbjals-2018-0012">"Fascism-Lite in America (or the Social Ideal of Donald Trump)"</a>. British Journal of American Legal Studies. 7 (2): 291–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbjals-2018-0012">10.2478/bjals-2018-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195842347">195842347</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773217">2773217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+American+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Fascism-Lite+in+America+%28or+the+Social+Ideal+of+Donald+Trump%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195842347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2773217%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fbjals-2018-0012&rft.aulast=McGaughey&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fbjals-2018-0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Johnnie (August 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2017/08/24/johnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house/">"Evangelical Trump Adviser: Why I Won't Bail on the White House"</a>. Religion News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222915/https://religionnews.com/2017/08/24/johnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=Evangelical+Trump+Adviser%3A+Why+I+Won%27t+Bail+on+the+White+House&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Johnnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2017%2F08%2F24%2Fjohnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2019" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Edwin Kent (2019). "Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism". New Political Science. 41 (1): 17–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393148.2018.1558037">10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149978398">149978398</a>. <q>Trumpian fascism is a different kind of fascism. It is better understood as an inverted, American kind of fascism, distinct from European fascism, but not entirely dissimilar from it. Inverted American-style fascism differs from European fascist in one crucial way: the role of corporate power in the politics of the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Inversion%2C+Paradox%2C+and+Liberal+Disintegration%3A+Towards+a+Conceptual+Framework+of+Trumpism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393148.2018.1558037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149978398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mullen, Lincoln (June 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/06/romans-13/562916/">"The Fight to Define Romans 13"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222916/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/06/romans-13/562916/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Fight+to+Define+Romans+13&rft.date=2018-06-16&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2018%2F06%2Fromans-13%2F562916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Post,_June_5,_2018" class="citation news cs1">Platt, Brian (June 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ontario-proud-the-right-wing-facebook-giant-in-ontarios-election-eyes-federal-election-involvement">"Ontario Proud, the right-wing Facebook giant in Ontario's election, eyes federal election involvement"</a>. National Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190818160526/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ontario-proud-the-right-wing-facebook-giant-in-ontarios-election-eyes-federal-election-involvement">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Ontario+Proud%2C+the+right-wing+Facebook+giant+in+Ontario%27s+election%2C+eyes+federal+election+involvement&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fontario-proud-the-right-wing-facebook-giant-in-ontarios-election-eyes-federal-election-involvement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNessen2016" class="citation web cs1">Nessen, Stephen (April 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/04/30/476198343/4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today">"4 Ways Donald Trump's Pro Wrestling Experience Is Like His Campaign Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222849/https://www.npr.org/2016/04/30/476198343/4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=4+Ways+Donald+Trump%27s+Pro+Wrestling+Experience+Is+Like+His+Campaign+Today&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.aulast=Nessen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F04%2F30%2F476198343%2F4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewkirk2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Newkirk, Vann R. 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Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%2C+Wrestling+Heel&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Newkirk&rft.aufirst=Vann+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2016%2F03%2Ftrump-politics-and-professional-wrestling%2F473652%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYTimes11_092016" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/books/6-books-to-help-understand-trumps-win.html">"6 Books to Help Understand Trump's Win"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. November 9, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222900/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/books/6-books-to-help-understand-trumps-win.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=6+Books+to+Help+Understand+Trump%27s+Win&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F10%2Fbooks%2F6-books-to-help-understand-trumps-win.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwachukwu2018" class="citation news cs1">Nwachukwu, John Owen (May 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailypost.ng/2018/05/01/biafra-ipob-reacts-trumps-warning-buhari-killing-christians/">"Biafra: IPOB reacts to Trump's warning to Buhari on killing of Christians"</a>. Daily Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905170841/https://dailypost.ng/2018/05/01/biafra-ipob-reacts-trumps-warning-buhari-killing-christians/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Post&rft.atitle=Biafra%3A+IPOB+reacts+to+Trump%27s+warning+to+Buhari+on+killing+of+Christians&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft.aulast=Nwachukwu&rft.aufirst=John+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailypost.ng%2F2018%2F05%2F01%2Fbiafra-ipob-reacts-trumps-warning-buhari-killing-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwaubani2020" class="citation news cs1">Nwaubani, Adaobi Tricia (February 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-trashes-nigeria-and-bans-its-immigrants-nigerians-love-him-for-it/2020/02/07/ed985a4c-4853-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html">"Trump trashes Nigeria and bans its immigrants. Nigerians love him for it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224003907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-trashes-nigeria-and-bans-its-immigrants-nigerians-love-him-for-it/2020/02/07/ed985a4c-4853-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. 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Why white, working-class voters could be key to the US election"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129010141/https://theconversation.com/who-exactly-is-trumps-base-why-white-working-class-voters-could-be-key-to-the-us-election-147267">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Who+exactly+is+Trump%27s+%27base%27%3F+Why+white%2C+working-class+voters+could+be+key+to+the+US+election&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Brendon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwho-exactly-is-trumps-base-why-white-working-class-voters-could-be-key-to-the-us-election-147267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOduah2016" class="citation web cs1">Oduah, Chika (November 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-biafra-separatists-see-hope-donald-trump/3595549.html">"Nigeria's Biafra Separatists See Hope in Trump"</a>. 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European Journal of Political Research. 51 (2): 166–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2011.01991.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01991.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-2109499">1854/LU-2109499</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223008/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2109499">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (2): e2020589118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11820589V">2021PNAS..11820589V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2020589118">10.1073/pnas.2020589118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7812802">7812802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397724">33397724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hegemonic+masculinity+predicts+2016+and+2020+voting+and+candidate+evaluations&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e2020589118&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7812802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33397724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2020589118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11820589V&rft.aulast=Vescio&rft.aufirst=Theresa+K.&rft.au=Schermerhorn%2C+Nathaniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7812802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaisbordTuckerLichtenheld2018" class="citation book cs1">Waisbord, Silvio; Tucker, Tina; Lichtenheld, Zoey (2018). 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Retrieved February 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+Donald+Trump%3F&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Weisbrot&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fworld-report%2Farticles%2F2017-10-20%2Fcould-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West, Cornel</a> (November 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election">"American Neoliberalism: A New Neo-Fascist Era Is Here"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (Opinion). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153319/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=American+Neoliberalism%3A+A+New+Neo-Fascist+Era+Is+Here&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fnov%2F17%2Famerican-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2020" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Livesey, Bruce</a> (October 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118223527/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/10/08/features/all-elements-are-place-american-style-fascism-says-cornel-west">"All the elements are in place for American-style fascism, says Cornel West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Observer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Observer (Canada)">National Observer (Canada)</a> (interview). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/10/08/features/all-elements-are-place-american-style-fascism-says-cornel-west">the original</a> on January 18, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Observer+%28Canada%29&rft.atitle=All+the+elements+are+in+place+for+American-style+fascism%2C+says+Cornel+West&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Livesey&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalobserver.com%2F2020%2F10%2F08%2Ffeatures%2Fall-elements-are-place-american-style-fascism-says-cornel-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitebook2017" class="citation news cs1">Whitebook, Joel (March 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/opinion/trumps-method-our-madness.html">"Opinion: Trump's Method, Our Madness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515214950/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/opinion/trumps-method-our-madness.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Trump%27s+Method%2C+Our+Madness&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Whitebook&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F20%2Fopinion%2Ftrumps-method-our-madness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteheadPerryBaker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L.; Baker, Joseph O. (January 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.etsu.edu/context/etsu-works/article/3692/viewcontent/Whitehead_Perry_Baker___Make_America_Christian_Again___Final.pdf">"Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election"</a> (PDF). Sociology of Religion. 79 (2): 147–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx070">10.1093/socrel/srx070</a>. <q>Why did Americans vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election? Social scientists have proposed a variety of explanations, including economic dissatisfaction, sexism, racism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia. The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump, even after controlling for economic dissatisfaction, sexism, anti-black prejudice, anti-Muslim refugee attitudes, and anti-immigrant sentiment, as well as measures of religion, sociodemographics, and political identity more generally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Make+America+Christian+Again%3A+Christian+Nationalism+and+Voting+for+Donald+Trump+in+the+2016+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx070&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Samuel+L.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Joseph+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.etsu.edu%2Fcontext%2Fetsu-works%2Farticle%2F3692%2Fviewcontent%2FWhitehead_Perry_Baker___Make_America_Christian_Again___Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2020" class="citation news cs1">Will, George F. 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Retrieved December 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+difference+between+Trumpism+and+fascism&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fthe-difference-between-trumpism-and-fascism%2F2020%2F07%2F09%2F377ae76e-c208-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2020" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick (September 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/21/donald-trump-legal-power-to-impose-sanctions-on-iranians-questioned">"US announces new Iran sanctions and claims it is enforcing UN arms embargo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/21/donald-trump-legal-power-to-impose-sanctions-on-iranians-questioned">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2021. 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(November 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/what-matters-november-9/index.html">"Election 2020: How the Trump administration's roadblocks could cause problems for Biden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130024543/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/what-matters-november-9/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2020%3A+How+the+Trump+administration%27s+roadblocks+could+cause+problems+for+Biden&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Zachary+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F11%2F09%2Fpolitics%2Fwhat-matters-november-9%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"> Update November 10, 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2020" class="citation news cs1">Woods, Mel (June 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/erin-otoole-take-back-canada_ca_5ee2af10c5b67f9eb84b61c9">"Erin O'Toole's 'Take Back Canada' Slogan Prompts Plenty Of Questions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170609/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/erin-otoole-take-back-canada_ca_5ee2af10c5b67f9eb84b61c9">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2021. 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(June 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/psychology/documents/facultypublications/johnjost/Group-Based%20Dominance%20&%20Authoritarian%20Aggression%20Predict%20Support%20for%20Trump.pdf">"Group-Based Dominance and Authoritarian Aggression Predict Support for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election"</a> (PDF). Social Psychological and Personality Science. 10 (5): 643–652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1948550618778290">10.1177/1948550618778290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55503314">55503314</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040252/https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/psychology/documents/facultypublications/johnjost/Group-Based%20Dominance%20%26%20Authoritarian%20Aggression%20Predict%20Support%20for%20Trump.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychological+and+Personality+Science&rft.atitle=Group-Based+Dominance+and+Authoritarian+Aggression+Predict+Support+for+Donald+Trump+in+the+2016+U.S.+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E652&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1948550618778290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55503314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Womick&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft.au=Rothmund%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Azevedo%2C+Flavio&rft.au=King%2C+Laura+A.&rft.au=Jost%2C+John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnyu-as%2Fpsychology%2Fdocuments%2Ffacultypublications%2Fjohnjost%2FGroup-Based%2520Dominance%2520%26%2520Authoritarian%2520Aggression%2520Predict%2520Support%2520for%2520Trump.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Mimi (September 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0170-0">"Trumpism: a disfigured Americanism"</a>. Palgrave Communications. 4: 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0170-0">10.1057/s41599-018-0170-0</a>. <q>Trump's "America First" is not exactly original but from a culturally genetic and historic make-up that builds the vertical America. The xenophobic and anti-immigration rhetoric has its origin in nativism that harbors white nationalism, populism, protectionism and isolationism ... Trumpism is not Americanism, but a masqueraded white supremacism and nativism; it is a disfigured Americanism in its vertical form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=Trumpism%3A+a+disfigured+Americanism&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0170-0&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-018-0170-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaretsky2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zaretsky, Robert (July 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/trump-le-bon-mob/493118/">"Donald Trump and the myth of mobocracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207135202/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/trump-le-bon-mob/493118/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+and+the+myth+of+mobocracy&rft.date=2016-07-07&rft.aulast=Zaretsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F07%2Ftrump-le-bon-mob%2F493118%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZengerle2019" class="citation news cs1">Zengerle, Patricia (February 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-afghanistan/with-eye-on-afghanistan-talks-trump-vows-to-stop-endless-wars-idUSKCN1PV07M">"With eye on Afghanistan talks, Trump vows to stop 'endless wars'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234359/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-afghanistan/with-eye-on-afghanistan-talks-trump-vows-to-stop-endless-wars-idUSKCN1PV07M">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters.com&rft.atitle=With+eye+on+Afghanistan+talks%2C+Trump+vows+to+stop+%27endless+wars%27&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.aulast=Zengerle&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-afghanistan%2Fwith-eye-on-afghanistan-talks-trump-vows-to-stop-endless-wars-idUSKCN1PV07M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrumpism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurcher2020" class="citation news cs1">Zurcher, Anthony (August 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53914829">"RNC 2020: The Republican Party Now the Party of Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015654/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53914829">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. 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color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian values">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Jurists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">Yoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen_(political_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Deneen (political theorist)">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Perot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative parties in the United States">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Think tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Historical factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Republic,_Not_an_Empire" title="A Republic, Not an Empire">A Republic, Not an Empire</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/23px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Donald_Trump496" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Donald_Trump496" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">45th</a> (2017–2021) and <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">47th</a> (2025–present) <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia" title="Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia">business projects in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between business partners and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group" title="Trump Media & Technology Group">Trump Media & Technology Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Relationship to fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Donald Trump and the American Civil War">Views on the American Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="2021 Conservative Political Action Conference">2021 CPAC speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Promotion of conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of protests against Donald Trump">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas rally incident</a></li></ul></li> <li>Attempted assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">in Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">raised-fist photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">in Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Donald_Trump" title="Age and health concerns about Donald Trump">Age and health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_religion" title="Donald Trump and religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Trump" title="Ivana Trump">Ivana Trump</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marla_Maples" title="Marla Maples">Marla Maples</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trump" title="Eric Trump">Eric Trump</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Trump" title="Tiffany Trump">Tiffany Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump" title="Mary Anne MacLeod Trump">Mary Anne MacLeod Trump</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr." title="Fred Trump Jr.">Fred Trump Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trump" title="Robert Trump">Robert Trump</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Trump" title="Frederick Trump">Frederick Trump</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Christ_Trump" title="Elizabeth Christ Trump">Elizabeth Christ Trump</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Trump" title="Lara Trump">Lara Trump</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Boulos" title="Michael Boulos">Michael Boulos</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Trump" title="Vanessa Trump">Vanessa Trump</a> (former daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Trump" title="Blaine Trump">Blaine Trump</a> (former sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalija_Knavs" title="Amalija Knavs">Amalija Knavs</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Trump" title="Mary L. Trump">Mary L. Trump</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_III" title="Fred Trump III">Fred Trump III</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Walter" title="John W. Walter">John W. Walter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Deal" title="The Art of the Deal">The Art of the Deal</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_Surviving_at_the_Top" title="Trump: Surviving at the Top">Trump: Surviving at the Top</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Comeback" title="Trump: The Art of the Comeback">Trump: The Art of the Comeback</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_America_We_Deserve" title="The America We Deserve">The America We Deserve</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_How_to_Get_Rich" title="Trump: How to Get Rich">Trump: How to Get Rich</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_the_Top" title="The Way to the Top">The Way to the Top</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_101" title="Trump 101">Trump 101</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Want_You_to_Be_Rich" title="Why We Want You to Be Rich">Why We Want You to Be Rich</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big_and_Kick_Ass" title="Think Big and Kick Ass">Think Big and Kick Ass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_to_Get_Tough" title="Time to Get Tough">Time to Get Tough</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_Touch_(book)" title="Midas Touch (book)">Midas Touch</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippled_America" title="Crippled America">Crippled America</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">announcement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAGA_hat" title="MAGA hat">hat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between campaign officials and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Accountability" title="Republican Accountability">Republican opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">Mitt Romney speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood recording</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_rallies_(December_2016%E2%80%932022)#2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Donald Trump rallies (December 2016–2022)">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Tulsa_Trump_rally" title="2020 Tulsa Trump rally">2020 Tulsa rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempts to overturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro#Legal_work" title="Kenneth Chesebro">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Announcement_and_Convention" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">annoucement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_is_for_they/them" title="Kamala is for they/them">Kamala is for they/them</a> (attack ad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A._Bible" title="God Bless the U.S.A. Bible">Trump Bible</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A." title="God Bless the U.S.A.">God Bless the U.S.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Y.M.C.A._(song)" title="Y.M.C.A. (song)">Y.M.C.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">FBI investigation into handling of government documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization" title="New York investigations of the Trump Organization">New York investigations of the Trump Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_business_fraud_lawsuit_against_the_Trump_Organization" title="New York business fraud lawsuit against the Trump Organization">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization#Criminal_investigation" title="New York investigations of the Trump Organization">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump" title="E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump">Carroll v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States (2022)</a></li> <li>State prosecutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li>Federal prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">classified documents case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">election obstruction case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">Trump mug shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">In popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_Sex_I%27ve_Ever_Had" title="Best Sex I've Ever Had">Best Sex I've Ever Had</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_dance" title="Trump dance">Trump dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_music" title="Donald Trump in music">in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump#Queens" title="Residences of Donald Trump">85-15 Wareham Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_penthouse_of_Donald_Trump" title="Trump Tower penthouse of Donald Trump">penthouse apartment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_Bedminster" title="Trump National Golf Club Bedminster">Bedminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-a-Lago" title="Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visionary" title="The Visionary">The Visionary</a></li> <li>Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media" title="Donald Trump's conflict with the media">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_News_Update" title="Real News Update">Real News Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covfefe" title="Covfefe">covfefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_State_Park" title="Donald J. Trump State Park">Donald J. Trump State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump">Nicknames used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Force_One" title="Trump Force One">Trump Force One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Trump" title="Fort Trump">Fort Trump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a></li> <li>Support groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikers_for_Trump" title="Bikers for Trump">Bikers for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Black_Man" title="Michael the Black Man">Blacks for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump" title="Black Voices for Trump">Black Voices for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_for_Trump" title="Gays for Trump">Gays for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_Trump" title="Women for Trump">Women for Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">Pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Wikipedia coverage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">← Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">← Joe Biden →</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump" title="Category:Donald Trump">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a> (2017–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tenure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_First_Inaugural_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Donald Trump's First Inaugural Address">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Opinion polling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2017 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2018 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2019 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 midterm elections</a></li> <li>Government shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the first presidency of Donald Trump">executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" title="Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump">presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">State funeral of George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">Executive clemency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Joe_Arpaio" title="Pardon of Joe Arpaio">pardon of Joe Arpaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wallie_Howard_Jr." title="Murder of Wallie Howard Jr.">commutation of Jaime Davidson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Travel bans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban" title="Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban">legal challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769" title="Protests against Executive Order 13769">protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Family separation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_migrant_detentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration migrant detentions">Migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">Operation Faithful Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Part_of_the_Resistance_Inside_the_Trump_Administration" title="I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration">Anonymous senior official op-ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="Israel–United States relations">Relations with Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Peace plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">Kosovo–Serbia agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">North Korea crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="Russia–United States relations">Relations with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">Farmer bailouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria strikes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela" title="Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela">Proposed invasion of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call" title="Trump–Tsai call">Taiwan call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House COVID-19 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration">Political interference with science agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach" title="2020 United States federal government data breach">Federal government data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Classified information disclosures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Mueller special counsel investigation">Mueller special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation" title="Durham special counsel investigation">Durham special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li>Impeachments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump_during_his_first_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump during his first presidency">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">first impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">first trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">proposed expungements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">Photo op at St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Garden_of_American_Heroes" title="National Garden of American Heroes">National Garden of American Heroes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">continued protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_presidency" title="First 100 days of the first Donald Trump presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q4)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q4)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q4)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021)#January_2021" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">2020–2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">international</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">by Rex Tillerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">by Mike Pompeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ summit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2017 Donald Trump speech in Warsaw">Warsaw speech</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_National_Scout_Jamboree" title="2017 National Scout Jamboree">National Scout Jamboree</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2018 State of the Union Address">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2019 State of the Union Address">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2020 State of the Union Address">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Oval_Office_address" title="2019 Oval Office address">2019 Oval Office address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address" title="2020 Oval Office address">2020 Oval Office address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_first_farewell_address" title="Donald Trump's first farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">tax cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Trump_tariffs" title="First Trump tariffs">tariffs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States and the Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Donald_Trump_during_the_2016_presidential_election" title="Foreign policy of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election">as candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">as President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Social policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Space policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the first Trump administration">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">Cabinet</a> <ul><li>formation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump_(2017%E2%80%932021)" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump (2017–2021)">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">Attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump" title="List of economic advisors to Donald Trump">Economic advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_nominees_who_have_withdrawn" title="List of Donald Trump nominees who have withdrawn">Withdrawn appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_short-tenure_Donald_Trump_political_appointments" title="List of short-tenure Donald Trump political appointments">Short-tenure appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trump_administration_dismissals_and_resignations" title="List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations">Dismissals and resignations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys" title="2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys">attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey" title="Dismissal of James Comey">Comey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dismissal_of_inspectors_general" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 dismissal of inspectors general">inspectors general</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">← Obama administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2025–present)294" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template:Second presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:Second presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2025–present)294" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second presidency of Donald Trump</a> (2025–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tenure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">Inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_Second_Inaugural_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Donald Trump's Second Inaugural Address">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the second Donald Trump administration">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the second presidency of Donald Trump">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">Executive clemency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_defendants" title="Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants">pardon of January 6 U.S. Capitol attack defendants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against the second presidency of Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_March" title="People's March">People's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Immigrants_(2025)" title="Day Without Immigrants (2025)">Day Without Immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50501" title="50501">50501</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Relations with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Putin%E2%80%93Trump_call" title="2025 Putin–Trump call">2025 Putin call</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_presidency" title="First 100 days of the second Donald Trump presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_second_presidency_(2025_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's second presidency (2025 Q1)">Q1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2025)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2025)">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">by Marco Rubio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2025 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Domestic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14172" title="Executive Order 14172">Gulf of America & Mt. McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_government_grant_pause" title="2025 United States federal government grant pause">Federal funding freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_federal_hiring_freeze" title="2025 United States federal hiring freeze">Federal hiring freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States#Trump_presidency_(2025-present)" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-trans executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_government_data_removals" title="2025 United States government data removals">Government data removals</a></li></ul></li> <li>Economy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico" title="2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico">Canada and Mexico trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Trump_tariffs" title="Second Trump tariffs">tariffs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Foreign_policy" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">as candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration">as president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater United States">Greater United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deportation_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump">Deportation of illegal immigrants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_protests_against_mass_deportation" title="2025 United States protests against mass deportation">Anti-deportation protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laken_Riley_Act" title="Laken Riley Act">Laken Riley Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the second Trump administration">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_dismissals_of_inspectors_general" title="2025 dismissals of inspectors general">2025 dismissals of inspectors general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_nominated_by_Donald_Trump_(2025%E2%80%93present)" title="List of ambassadors nominated by Donald Trump (2025–present)">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second cabinet of Donald Trump">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">U.S. attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Government_Efficiency" title="Department of Government Efficiency">Department of Government Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_deferred_resignation_program" title="U.S. federal deferred resignation program">"Fork in the Road" memo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">← Biden administration </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Template talk:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dunn_(police_officer)" title="Harry Dunn (police officer)">Harry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Gonell" title="Aquilino Gonell">Aquilino Gonell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goodman" title="Eugene Goodman">Eugene Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogananda_Pittman" title="Yogananda Pittman">Yogananda Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sund" title="Steven Sund">Steven Sund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Contee" title="Robert Contee">Robert Contee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fanone" title="Michael Fanone">Michael Fanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hodges_(police_officer)" title="Daniel Hodges (police officer)">Daniel Hodges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_violent_incidents_at_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol">Timeline of prior security incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">Election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Trump's_2012_accusations_of_electoral_fraud" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Uncertainty_over_accepting_the_election_results" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">2020–21 presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">2021 Electoral College vote count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_violence_ahead_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Predictions of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30_storming_of_the_Michigan_State_Capitol" title="April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol">Michigan State Capitol storming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements by Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Bobb" title="Christina Bobb">Christina Bobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro" title="Kenneth Chesebro">Kenneth Chesebro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark" title="Jeffrey Clark">Jeffrey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_diGenova" title="Joseph diGenova">Joseph diGenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ellis" title="Jenna Ellis">Jenna Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">John McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleta_Mitchell" title="Cleta Mitchell">Cleta Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Navarro" title="Peter Navarro">Peter Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Sidney Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Toensing" title="Victoria Toensing">Victoria Toensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Troupis" title="Jim Troupis">Jim Troupis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Timeline of attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_response_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Law enforcement response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ashli_Babbitt" title="Killing of Ashli Babbitt">killing of Ashli Babbitt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Death of Brian Sicknick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Joe Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Pezzola" title="Dominic Pezzola">Dominic Pezzola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Rhodes" title="Stewart Rhodes">Stewart Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Meggs" title="Kelly Meggs">Kelly Meggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bertino" title="Jeremy Bertino">Jeremy Bertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Epps_(military_veteran)" title="Ray Epps (military veteran)">Ray Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Minuta" title="Roberto Minuta">Roberto Minuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Marie_Watkins" title="Jessica Marie Watkins">Jessica Marie Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnett_(Capitol_rioter)" title="Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)">Richard Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chansley" title="Jacob Chansley">Jacob Chansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Clapp" title="Cameron Clapp">Cameron Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Evans_(politician)" title="Derrick Evans (politician)">Derrick Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(influencer)" title="Baked Alaska (influencer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gold" title="Simone Gold">Simone Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couy_Griffin" title="Couy Griffin">Couy Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Hemphill" title="Pamela Hemphill">Pamela Hemphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hostetter" title="Alan Hostetter">Alan Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Huttle" title="Matthew Huttle">Matthew Huttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Christian_Johnson" title="Adam Christian Johnson">Adam Christian Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Johnston" title="Jay Johnston">Jay Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klete_Keller" title="Klete Keller">Klete Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Kicinski" title="Carol Kicinski">Carol Kicinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_James_Lyons" title="Kevin James Lyons">Kevin James Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Mastriano" title="Doug Mastriano">Doug Mastriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Neumann" title="Evan Neumann">Evan Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ochs" title="Nicholas Ochs">Nicholas Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perna" title="Matthew Perna">Matthew Perna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Powell" title="Rachel Powell">Rachel Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Chaya "Libs of TikTok" Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Reffitt" title="Guy Reffitt">Guy Reffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Riddle" title="Jason Riddle">Jason Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Saccone" title="Rick Saccone">Rick Saccone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Samsel" title="Ryan Samsel">Ryan Samsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sandlin" title="Ronald Sandlin">Ronald Sandlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Schaffer" title="Jon Schaffer">Jon Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Seefried" title="Kevin Seefried">Kevin Seefried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Shroyer" title="Owen Shroyer">Owen Shroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Stager" title="Peter Francis Stager">Peter Francis Stager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WalkAway_campaign" title="WalkAway campaign">Brandon Straka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_Sullivan" title="John Earle Sullivan">John Earle Sullivan‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Worrell" title="Christopher John Worrell">Christopher John Worrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">2021 U.S. inauguration week protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_that_halted_U.S._political_contributions_in_January_2021" title="List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021">Companies that halted political contributions</a></li> <li>Reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Suicides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Howard_Liebengood" title="Death of Howard Liebengood">Howard Liebengood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_L._Smith" title="Death of Jeffrey L. Smith">Jeffrey L. Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proceedings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election" title="United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election">Justice Department investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">House Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_proceedings_in_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack">criminal proceedings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_v._United_States" title="Fischer v. United States">Fischer v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">public hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Trump" title="Thompson v. Trump">Thompson v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">Federal prosecution of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_J6_rally" title="Justice for J6 rally">Justice for J6 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_defendants" title="Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alexander" title="Ali Alexander">Ali Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Barnette" title="Kathy Barnette">Kathy Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_March" title="Jericho March">Jericho March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Caucus" title="Sedition Caucus">Sedition Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Rage:_How_Trump_Supporters_Took_the_U.S._Capitol" title="Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol">Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Hours_at_the_Capitol" title="Four Hours at the Capitol">Four Hours at the Capitol</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Place_Rules" title="This Place Rules">This Place Rules</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_All_(song)" title="Justice for All (song)">"Justice for All"</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_Foretold" title="A Storm Foretold">A Storm Foretold</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_(2024_film)" title="The Sixth (2024 film)">The Sixth</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_FBI_field_office_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati FBI field office attack">Cincinnati FBI field office attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFColvinBarrow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConfessoreYourish2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConroy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContinetti2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContorno2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelisVan_Hiel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoronel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCui2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaleSubramaniam2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarby2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeanAltemeyer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelacourt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenby2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereaux2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDionneMannOrnstein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonolo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonolo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrutman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards-Levy2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnjeti2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspinoza2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFact_Checker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallows2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFassassi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawcett2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFea2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedericoGolec_de_Zavala2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmanStenner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchelstein2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFournier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFournier2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranksHesami2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrielParavatiGreenFlomsbee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-Navarro2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGessen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiroux2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiroux2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlobal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmithMoen2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGolec_de_ZavalaCichockaEidelsonJayawickreme2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottfriedShearer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoñi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrahamHomans2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGravesSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGryboski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilford2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumbel2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutterman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermanSavageSwan2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahlKimZuckerman_Sivan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallGoldsteinIngram2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltiwanger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltiwanger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltiwanger2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarwood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHavercroftWienerKummDunoff2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedges2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelsinki_Times,_April_13,_2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenninger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHidalgo-TenorioBenítez-Castro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilditch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHochschild2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoggvan_KnippenbergRast2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinBlyth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorkheimerAdorno2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovland2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHymesMcDonaldWatson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbish2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlling2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlyushina2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImhoffLamberty2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacquemet2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaeger1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffress2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffressFea2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffressWehner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJindalCastellanos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJutel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahanPetersDawsonSlovic2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakissis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzenstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaul2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesslerKelly2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesslerRizzoKelly2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmelWade2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlepper2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochNanzRogers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreiss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruse2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachmann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaclau2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeVineArnsdorf2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Bon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeoneDesimoniChirumbolo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhardt2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLifton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowndes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowndes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubbersScheepers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLusane2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwenthalGuterman1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacWilliams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacWilliams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariettaFarleyCoteMurphy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonWronskiKane2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassachsMontiMoralesBonchi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAdams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthyHoGreve2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConkey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFaddenGrynbaum2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGaughey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManus2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercieca2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoney-Kyrle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurtySimonez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNYTimes11_092016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNacosShapiroBloch-Elkon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Post,_June_5,_2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNessen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuborne2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewkirk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicas2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugentStott2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwachukwu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwaubani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOduah2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOphir2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsaki2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPape2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParavatiNaiduGabrielWiedemann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartington2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepin-NeffCohen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryWhiteheadGrubbs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrovic2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettigrew2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPew_Research,_April_26,_2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfiffner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsPhillips2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlasserUlram2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlott2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulidoBrunoFaiver-SernaGalentine2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPybus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaisbeck2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaupp2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReicher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReicherHaslam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResano2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyes2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobison2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoper2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbergRutenberg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolf2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRushkoff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutenberg_et_al.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaldinTeles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamphir2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeeßlen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerhan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerwer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSexton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShabadBennettAlbaPettypiece2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiroIntagliataVenkat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShellnutt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithTownsend2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobierajBerry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStennerHaidt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens-Dougan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartBoboHochschild2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuessenbachMoore2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundahl2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurvival_International2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanSavageHaberman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwyngedouwIvaldi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabatabai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarizzo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarnoff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTashman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeague2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemelkuran2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Current2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Interest,_September_17,_2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheidon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToddMurrayDann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTollefson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraverso2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrump2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumpSchwartz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbinati2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVakil2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallejo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_AsscheDhontPettigrew2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Hiel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_HielMervielde2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVescioSchermerhorn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Rennenkampff2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWaisbordTuckerLichtenheld2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbrot2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitebook2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteheadPerryBaker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWomick_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamaguchiTanakaKlug2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYourishSmart2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaretsky2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeitz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZengerle2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZurcher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFda_Silva2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Berg2024\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_TorreBarrAratoCohen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Prooijen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF倉山2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian_Trumpism\"] = 1,\n [\"Trump_supporters\"] = 1,\n [\"Trumpian_sentiments\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"!(\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\")!\"] = 1,\n [\"2021 United States Capitol attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 101,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 138,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 103,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism in Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Donald Trump\"] = 1,\n [\"Donald Trump series\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"External media\"] = 2,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"First presidency of Donald Trump\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Notefoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 35,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Republican Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"Second presidency of Donald Trump\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 458,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Split section\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nno target: CITEREFUrbinati2019\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","720","13.8"],["?","620","11.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","460","8.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","420","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","360","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","300","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","300","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","3.5"],["type","180","3.5"],["[others]","1460","28.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-2wsjz","timestamp":"20250217094638","ttl":1001626,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Trumpism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trumpism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q31838499","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q31838499","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2016-03-02T19:56:27Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T09:46:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6e\/Trump_MAGA_rally_in_Greenville_%281%29.jpg","headline":"U.S. right-wing populist political movement adhering to the policies of Donald Trump"}</script> </body> </html>